CN1103133C - 涡轮发电机设备 - Google Patents

涡轮发电机设备 Download PDF

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CN1103133C
CN1103133C CN97195012A CN97195012A CN1103133C CN 1103133 C CN1103133 C CN 1103133C CN 97195012 A CN97195012 A CN 97195012A CN 97195012 A CN97195012 A CN 97195012A CN 1103133 C CN1103133 C CN 1103133C
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generator
equipment
winding
stator
cable
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CN1220041A (zh
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马茨·雷永
比德·潭普林
克拉斯·伊瓦森
拉斯·格特马尔
比德·卡斯藤森
伯蒂尔·拉尔森
索伦·伯格伦
欧兰·索伦森
伯蒂尔·伯格伦
冈纳尔·基兰德
蒙斯·霍里兰
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60M—POWER SUPPLY LINES, AND DEVICES ALONG RAILS, FOR ELECTRICALLY- PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60M3/00—Feeding power to supply lines in contact with collector on vehicles; Arrangements for consuming regenerative power
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K15/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/02—Disposition of insulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/288—Shielding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
    • H01F27/323—Insulation between winding turns, between winding layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/34—Special means for preventing or reducing unwanted electric or magnetic effects, e.g. no-load losses, reactive currents, harmonics, oscillations, leakage fields
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
    • H01F29/14—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/10—Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/10—Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
    • H01F3/14—Constrictions; Gaps, e.g. air-gaps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/02—Details
    • H02H3/025—Disconnection after limiting, e.g. when limiting is not sufficient or for facilitating disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K11/00—Structural association of dynamo-electric machines with electric components or with devices for shielding, monitoring or protection
    • H02K11/04—Structural association of dynamo-electric machines with electric components or with devices for shielding, monitoring or protection for rectification
    • H02K11/049—Rectifiers associated with stationary parts, e.g. stator cores
    • H02K11/05—Rectifiers associated with casings, enclosures or brackets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K15/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K15/12—Impregnating, heating or drying of windings, stators, rotors or machines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02K3/12—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors arranged in slots
    • H02K3/14—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors arranged in slots with transposed conductors, e.g. twisted conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
    • H02K3/04—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
    • H02K3/28—Layout of windings or of connections between windings
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
    • H02K3/32—Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation
    • H02K3/40—Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation for high voltage, e.g. affording protection against corona discharges
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
    • H02K3/46—Fastening of windings on the stator or rotor structure
    • H02K3/48—Fastening of windings on the stator or rotor structure in slots
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/2823—Wires
    • H01F2027/2833—Wires using coaxial cable as wire
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
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    • H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
    • H01F2027/329—Insulation with semiconducting layer, e.g. to reduce corona effect
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
    • H01F29/14—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias
    • H01F2029/143—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias with control winding for generating magnetic bias
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/12—Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/16—Stator cores with slots for windings
    • H02K1/165—Shape, form or location of the slots
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K2203/00—Specific aspects not provided for in the other groups of this subclass relating to the windings
    • H02K2203/15—Machines characterised by cable windings, e.g. high-voltage cables, ribbon cables
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

在涡轮发电机设备中，涡轮发电机的磁路可直接供应20-800kV的高电压，最好电压高于36kV。该发电机的绝缘系统是由含有一或多个载流导体31的电缆所构成，该导体内含有许多导线36，而导线外则被内外半导体层34，32以及中间绝缘层所包围。外半导体层34为地电位。绕组为Y-连接相位。该Y点可通过浪涌避雷器予以绝缘与保护以避免过电压，或是该Y点可经由一抑制过滤器将其接地。

Description

涡轮发电机设备
本发明主要涉及一种热电厂的设备，以用于与之相连的高压配电或传输网络所需的有功与无功功率。更进一步说，本发明涉及一种用于对高电压配电或传输网络产生电功率的旋转式电机设备，而不需中间的变压器。此设备中的发电机有一磁路，其通常含有一铁心与一气隙，一冷却系统以及至少一组，通常两组分别位于定子与转子上的绕组。
今日的热电厂是依据一些不同的原理来建造。所使用的不同燃料有如天然气，油，生化燃料，煤，或上述燃料的混合物以及核燃料等，使得不论在燃烧过程或核反应过程皆能使气体达到极高温度。此气体可来自燃烧后的废气或来自间接加热的蒸气。此加热过程是在极为狭小的空间内完成，也就意味着将产生极高的压力。然后此热气可在逐渐增大的空间中输送，所以热能可转换成动能。该快速移动的气体可以数部分方式影响涡轮机中的叶片，而使转速增加。至少有一组发电机与涡轮机同轴，或是经由一齿轮将能量转换成电力，该电力又可经由一升压变压器传送至配电或传输网络，也称之为电网。
只含有一个依上述原理之单元的电厂在某些情形下可自然成为最佳的选择。然而，一个电厂最好能由多组单元所建造。如此可提供较大的弹性与坚固性以抵抗设备中的干扰。不同的单元也可设计成用许多不同燃料操作，而可使用当时最便宜的燃料。也有其他形式可增加电厂的整体效率，其中某一单元的残留热量可被其他单元所利用。
一般常见的有两种涡轮机：燃气轮机与蒸气轮机。燃气轮机是直接由燃烧气体所带动(在气体清洁之后)，而蒸气轮机则是由高压的蒸气所带动。
燃气轮机的主要零件含有至少一个压缩器部分，一个燃烧室，至少一个涡轮机部分与一个发电机等。在许多实例中，实际的涡轮机部分最好是几个部分，以使热能的运用达最佳化效果。涡轮机内相关零件的尺寸依每一部分之不同压力而有所不同。通常使用的是一个高压与低压零件，或是一个高压，中压与低压零件。而压缩器也有几个部分，通常是两个。压缩器内的压力可予以调整以达最佳之燃烧效果。吸入燃烧室内的空气需加以预热。
蒸气轮机内的主要零件含有一个燃烧或反应炉，蒸气发生器，蒸气轮机与一个电机发电机。蒸气发生器主要是由钢管所组成，而钢管中流有循环水，该钢管位于炉中以获得最佳的热传递效果。高温与高压的蒸气将被输往涡轮机使用。蒸气轮机最好也能如上所述依压力之不同而划分成各种不同部分。
为达最大的效率，上述两种组合式的涡轮机最好能使用两部分的方式，也就是一种联合循环式的电厂。比如说，燃气轮机电厂可利用燃气轮机产生大部分的电力，而附加的蒸气发生器则利用轮机最终部分之废气的残余热量来发电，因此可获得额外的能量。PFBC(压力流化床燃烧)型式的燃煤电厂可将燃煤做最有效与最环保的燃烧，其可利用炉中的蒸气发生器产生大部分的电能。蒸气发生后的燃烧气体经冷却及除尘后可输往燃气轮机使用。
许多电厂也可用于分区供暖而且在许多情形下可达极高的效率。
相关的电厂形式如下所述。这些电厂里的燃气轮机是燃烧气体(最好是天然气)，油或是气和油的混合物。燃气轮发电厂
该电厂含有一个或多个单元，每一单元含有一燃气轮机与相关的发电机。联合循环式多轴燃气轮发电厂
该电厂含有一个或多个单元，每一单元含有一燃气轮机与相关的发电机，其中来自燃气轮机的热气被输往一热交换器以供蒸气发生之用。此蒸气可驱动蒸气轮机和相关的发电机。联合循环式单轴燃气轮发电厂
该电厂含有一个或多个单元，每一单元含有一燃气轮机与随附的发电机，其中来自燃气轮机的热气被输往一热交换器以供蒸气发生之用。该蒸气可驱动与燃气轮机之一的“自由端”相连的蒸气轮机。蒸气发电厂
该电厂经由一蒸气发生器(利用位于炉中之管线输送水)的燃烧过程(比如油，煤，PFBC，生化燃料等)供应驱动燃气轮机与相关发电机所需的蒸气压力。核电厂
该电厂与蒸气发电厂相似，但蒸气发生器是位于核反应炉内。
上述所有电厂的共同点在于其发电机通常利用一共同轴，或齿轮而与涡轮机连接以产生电力。一发电机也可与两个涡轮机相连。此种转换通常发生于一同步发电机中，该发电机可产生无功功率也可转换有功功率。汽轮发电机中通常使用两极或四极形式的发电机，但也有其他极数与实施例存在。今日发电机的典型电压范围是10-30KV之间。
通常需使用一中间单元以使发电机能更可靠地与输出电力网络相连。如图3清楚所示，绝缘的母线条系统从发电机100的输出端接往含有隔离器107的发电机断路器中。该母线条系统接着与辅助的功率变压器109相连，也与一升压变压器106相连。此两个充满油的变压器通常置于室外以避免爆炸。有些防爆墙也常用来保护电厂。经由置于电厂外的高压开关设备内的另一断路器与隔离器108而可与一输出网络110相连。该开关设备最好能与电厂内之许多单元相同。
另一种使每一发电机100的升压变压器106直接与输出电力网络110相连的方法是使用该升压变压器将发电机的电压转换到一中间的电压值，然后再将此中间电压经由一系统变压器而与输出电力网络110相连。在内有许多单元的有限空间或电厂内，上述方法可提供一种较便宜的总解决方案，特别是在每一单元的功率值比输出电力网络的电压值更轻微的情形下。
上述解决方案的缺点和发电机所产生的低电压值(10-30kV)有关。该母线条系统需使用较大的铜断面以降低损耗。发电机断路器107常变得大而昂贵，以断开因低电压所导致的高电流。该升压变压器106很昂贵而且也造成安全上的顾虑。也导致效率的降低。
在个别发电机的磁力回路中通常含有一叠片铁心，比如焊接的钢片。为使铁心通风与冷却，该铁心通常被分为具有径向和/或轴向通风导管的叠件。就大机器而言，该叠片被分成数个段落并贴附于机器的支架上，该叠片铁心是以压力指与压力环予以固定。磁路的绕组置于铁心的沟槽内，该沟槽通常是矩形或梯形的断面。
在多相的发电机中，其绕组通常为单层或双层。单层绕组中每一沟槽只有一线圈边，而双层绕组中每一沟槽则有两个线圈边。所谓线圈边意指将一或多组导体以垂直或水平方式组合并外附有共同的线圈绝缘，也就该绝缘可抵抗发电机至地的额定电压。
双层绕组通常做成钻石绕组，而本文的单层绕组则做成钻石或平绕组。钻石绕组中只有一个(可能两个)线圈宽度，而平绕组则做成同心形状，也就是具有可变的线圈宽度。所谓线圈宽度是指两线圈边之间相对于同一线圈的弧形距离。
通常所有大型机器都是由双层绕组与同尺寸的线圈所组成。每一线圈之一侧置于一层而另一侧则置于另一层中。此意味着所有线圈皆在线圈末端处互相交错。如果大于两层的话，此交错处将使绕组工作变得非常复杂，而线圈末端也变得不太理想。
一般认为在10-20kV的电压范围内，旋转发电机的线圈制造可获得良好的效果。
然而，想要发展更高电压的发电机则已尝试许久。最明显的例子就是1932年十月15日在“电气世界”第524-525页所举的例子。Parson在1929年设计了一种供应33kV电压的发电机。该文也描述了一个在比利时Langerbrugge所制造的36kV的发电机。虽然该文也提到提升电压的可能性，但始终为发电机的基础原理所受限。这主要是因为在绝缘系统的每一分离层中皆内附有云母油与纸的缺点所致。
如上所述的同步发电机便是要尝试一种新方法，比如J.Elektro-technika No.1,1970的文章“水与油冷式之涡轮发电机TVM-300”，在美国专利4,429,244之“发电机的定子”第6-8页，以及苏联的专利CCCP955369等实例。
J.Elektro-technika中所提到的水与油冷式同步机可将电压达到20kV左右。该文提到一种油/纸绝缘的新绝缘系统，使定子完全浸在油中。油于是既可当作冷却剂也可作绝缘之用。心线内表面处有一介电的隔油环可使定子中的油不致泄漏于转子中。该定子绕组是由椭圆，中空并附有油与纸绝缘的导体所制成。该线圈边与其绝缘则利用一些契子将其固定在矩形的沟槽内。而油可作为中空导体与定子壁之开口两者的冷却剂。然而，此冷却系统在其线圈末端处需有大量油与电的连接点。该厚绝缘也使得导体的曲率半径加大，如此也使得线圈突出处的尺寸增大。
上述美国专利提到的同步机的定子部分包含有一个供定子绕组用的含梯形沟槽的多层板的磁心。该沟槽为阶梯状，因为定子绕组的绝缘需求是朝转子方向逐渐减少，而绕组中最靠近中性点的部分也位于转子中。定子部分也包含一个最靠近心线的内表面的介电油-分离汽缸。此部分比无此环的机器需要更多的励磁。定子绕组的每一线圈层是由相同直径的油-饱和电缆所制成。层与层之间是用沟槽中的隔板元件予以分离，并用契子将其固定。绕组的特点在于含有两个串联的所谓半绕组。一个半绕组中心地置于绝缘套管内。定子绕组的导体是由环绕油所冷却。系统内油过多的缺点是有泄漏的危险以及发生问题后所需的大量清理工作。位于沟槽外的绝缘护套含有一个圆柱部分及一个锥形屏蔽电极，其目的在于控制电缆离开层板之区域的电场强度。CCCP955369提出另一种提高同步机的额定电压的方法，其中该油冷式定子绕组的每一层皆由相同的高压电缆所组成。该电缆置于定子的沟槽内，该沟槽为一圆形，径向的开口与电缆的断面积相配，其间有供固定与冷却剂所需的空间。各径向的绕组层是由一绝缘管所包围及固定。绝缘隔板件将管子固定于定子沟槽中。同样地因为油冷却的关系，也需要一个内介电环加以密封以防止油冷却剂从内气隙中流出。该结构的绝缘或定子沟槽部分并无任何阶层形状。该设计显示，在各定子沟槽间有一个非常小的径向腰部结构，其会引起大量的沟槽漏磁通，而强烈的影响该机器的励磁需求。
在电力研究院，EPRI，1984年四月的报告EL-3391中提到一种可达高电压的发电机概念，其目的在于连接该发电机与电力网络而毋须经由中间变压器。该报告所评估的结果有着良好的效率增益与可观的财政利益。1984年之所以认为有可能发展发电机直接与电力网络连接的理由在于当时已发展出一种超导转子。超导磁场所产生的可观励磁容量使得使用足够厚的气隙-绕组即可抵挡电应力。
通过组合下列最先进的概念，也就是设计一种称之为“单块圆柱电枢”的带有绕组的磁路，将两束导体柱包覆于三束绝缘物的概念，以及将整个结构贴附于无齿的铁心上等概念，所评估后的结果是高电压的旋转电机得以直接与电力网络相连。此结果使得主绝缘需作成足够厚度以抵抗网络-对-网络以及网路-对-地的电位。此种方案的缺点除了需要一个超导转子外，也需要极厚的绝缘，此将增加机器的尺寸。该线圈末端需使用油或氟利昂予以绝缘及冷却以控制末端处产生的极大电场。该整台机器必须完全地密封以防止液态的介电物质从大气中吸收水分。
和前述发明背景不同的是，本发明的目的在于提供一种含有至少一个高压发电机，而使升压变压器变成多余的设备。也不再需要发电机断路器。功能上来说，该断路器是由现有的高压断路器所取代。而该母线条系统是被屏蔽的高压电缆所取代。所以本发明的目的之一便是要将电厂内的发电机直接与输出电力网路相连。
根据本发明的第一方面，即权利要求1的前序部分所提到的设备含有该权利要求特征部分所描述的特征，而根据本发明的第二方面，即权利要求29的前序部分所提到的发电机含有该权利要求特征部分所描述的特点以及权利要求31所描述的方法，可以达到这一目的。
由于此种绕组的绝缘系统设计，得以避免一般常见于传统高压发电机之厚绝缘层，比如云母型式的浸溃层的绝缘分解现象，该分解现象有些是部分放电，PD所致。当绝缘处承受过度电场强度时，会在制造时所产生的洞穴，孔或类似处产生内部电晕放电的现象。此种电晕放电将逐渐破坏材料，可能穿过绝缘而发生电气击穿放电。而因为每一层的温度系数基本相同，而得以避免因绕组之热变化所产生的缺陷与破裂。因上述问题使得无法设计出电压高于36kV的发电机。
本发明的绝缘系统即可消除上述问题。本发明所使用的绝缘层可使洞穴或孔的发生率降至最低，比如PEX，热塑料，含有交链热塑料，EP橡胶，或其他橡胶等适当的永久绝缘材料的挤压层。只使用具有最少缺陷的绝缘层并附有内层与外层的半导体部分，可使材料的热及电负载降低。若有温度梯度出现时，附有半导体层的绝缘部分将形成一单块部分，而不会发生因绝缘与环绕层之温度差所产生之不同膨胀的缺陷。材料的电负载得以降低的原因在于环绕绝缘的半导体部分形成一等电位的平面，也因为绝缘部分的电场均匀分布于绝缘厚度上所致。外半导体层可与地电位连接。这意谓着，对这样的电缆，整个绕组的外护套都能维持地电位。
本发明的设备因为在发电机定子的绕组上具有特殊的绝缘系统，而消除了防碍电压升高的阻碍，而且即使电压大于36kV也毋须使用升压变压器。
首先，省去变压器即可使重量，空间与成本大幅降低。
通常当变压器与涡轮机室之间有一定距离时，需使用母线条以连接发电机与变压器。因此种需求不再，所以可省却其所需的成本与空间-因高电流将产生相当的功率损耗，而母线条系统将发生2相与3相的相间故障，因而断路器与隔离器便需要高层次的维护。本发明所造成此类故障的危险已大幅度地降低。
因油-绝缘变压器所易产生的火灾机率也可降低，而有关防火的安全预防措施也可减少。
本发明的涡轮发电机设备，其优点是可以多组接点与各不同电压值相连。
总之，上述组成的优点在于可大幅提升该设备的经济效益。建造该设备的成本也可大大降低而因运行和维修的需求减少也使操作效益改善，其效率增加约0.5-1.5％。
本发明可应用于有尖峰负载的涡轮发电机中，需要的话可作为一同步的补偿器，使得发电机与涡轮机分离。
本发明的目的也在于利用内嵌于定子之辅助功率绕组而由发电机产生辅助功率，其所产生的电压比发电机之主绕组还低。
为此，涡轮发电机设备的发电机的磁路是由螺纹式永久绝缘电缆并内含接地所组成。
已知技术与本发明之实施例的主要与基本差异在于发电机的磁路，该发电机直接地经由可能的断路器与隔离器而与-20kV与800kV之间，最好是高于36kV的高供电电压相连。该磁路含有至少一个绕组所组成的多层芯，而绕组则由一个或多个永久绝缘导体的螺纹式电缆所组成，而在导体与绝缘层外各有一半导体层，外半导体层则与地电位相连。
本发明的设备中的发电机因拥有许多已知技术所没有的特征而得以解决将电机直接与各种高压电力网络相连的问题。
其余特征与其他实施例则定义于从属权利要求中，并叙述如下。
上述提及的特征与发电机以及根据本发明的涡轮发电机的其他基本特性包含有下列：
·磁路的绕组是从具有一或多个永久绝缘导体并在导体与护套皆附有半导体层之电缆所组成。此典型的导体有如PEX电缆或附有EP橡胶绝缘的电缆，而此物质可再应用于导体内的导线与外护套上。PEX＝交链聚乙烯(XLPE)。EP＝乙烯丙烯。
·电缆以圆形断面较佳，但其他可获得较佳组装密度的断面也同样可采用。
·就沟槽与齿而言，可以较新与最佳的方式依本发明设计该多层的心线。
·该绕组最好能有阶梯式绝缘，以供多层心线使用。
·该绕组最好能制成一多层，同心的电缆绕组，而使线圈末端的交点数减少。
·该沟槽设计需配合绕组电缆的断面，使得沟槽在轴向与径向上有一些圆柱形的开口，而每层的定子绕组间则有一开放式的腰部组织。
·该沟槽的设计可配合相关的电缆断面以及绕组的阶梯状绝缘层。该阶梯状的绝缘层使得不论径向延伸为何皆使磁心有固定的齿宽。
·上述的进一步结果所谈到的导线使得该绕组导体含有一些压紧层，也就是从电机的观点来说，绝缘的导线并不需正确地予以转置，无绝缘和/或互相绝缘。
·上述的进一步结果所谈到的外护套使得在沿导体的适当位置上需将外护套切除，而每一切断的部分长度皆直接与地电位相连。
使用上述形式的电缆可使得绕组之外护套的全长以及该设备的其他部分都能维持在地电位。其重要的优点是位于线圈末端区域内，外半导体层之间的电场强度趋近于零。因外护套为地表电位，所以电场不需加以控制。此意谓着，不论在心线，线圈末端区或是两者之间的过渡区等皆不会有磁场集中的情形发生。
将绝缘和/或无绝缘的压缩导线，或转置的导线混合的结果是产生非常低的杂散损耗。
磁路绕组所使用的高压电缆是由含有许多导线的内心线/导体，以及至少两个半导体层所组成，而其最内层则被一绝缘层所包围，接着是被一外径为20-200mm之外半导体层以及导体面积为50-3000平方毫米所包围。
因为本发明设备的发电机含有特殊的绝缘系统，使得定子无须在工厂内完成，而是可将其轴向分割后再予以运送并在现场组装绕组。从运输观点来看，此举很明显地有财务上的效益。
本发明也提出一种完成此设备的方法。
从本发明的另一角度看，上述所列之目的是通过权利要求29的前序部分所提到的设备所完成，而该设备的特征则定义于该权利要求的特征部分中。
因该绝缘系统，以永久式为佳，是依热力与电力观点将其设计成供36kV之电压使用，所以该设备可直接与高电压电力网络相连而毋须中间的升压变压器，从而获得所提到的优点。该设备最好能依据权利要求1至28中任一项所述的设备的特点来建造，但并非必需。
上述与其他的优良实施例将定义于从属权利要求中。
本发明将以下列涡轮发电机设备的发电机磁路的较佳实施例来做更详细的说明，所列图示为：
图1是本发明的涡轮发电机设备中发电机的一个定于的扇形部分的轴向末端示意图，
图2是图1的定子的绕组所使用的电缆的层状剥离视图，
图3是已知技术的涡轮发电机的配置示意图，
图4是本发明的涡轮发电机的配置示意图，以及
图5是本发明的涡轮发电机的修正实施例的示意图，
图6所示之发电机具有产生辅助功率的内置绕组，以及起始于单轴发电机设备的频率转换器。
如图1所示为汽轮发电机设备中的一组或多组发电机的定子1的扇形部分轴向示意图，图中亦有发电机的转子2。转子1通常是传统叠片铁心的形式。图1所示的发电机的扇形部分对应于一个极距。从位于心线径向最远处的轭铁部分3开始有一些齿状物4在转子2的径向上延伸，该齿状物以沟槽5分隔，而其中配置有定子绕组。此定子绕组是由高电压的电缆所构成，这些电缆与一般如PEX等配电电缆几乎完全相同。而不同之处在于不需要配电电缆通常环绕的机械式的保护套与金属屏蔽，所以本发明的电缆通常只含有导体以及在其绝缘层的每一侧有至少一个半导体层。因此，对金属损坏很敏感的半导体层是裸露于电缆的表层。
如图1所示的电缆只绘出每一电缆的中心传导部分或线圈侧边。如图所示的变断面沟槽5皆有交互出现的宽部分7与窄部分8。宽部分7近乎为圆形并围绕该缆线，而宽部分间的腰部则为窄部分8。腰部分可用来径向固定每一缆线。沟槽5的断面径向向内逐渐缩小。这是因为越靠近定子径向内部的电缆有着较低的电压所致。所以此处可用较细的缆线，而外围则使用较粗的缆线。如所示之例有三种不同的电缆尺寸，其分别为图中的51，52，53。
图2所示为使用于电机中之高压电缆的逐层剥离视图。该电压电缆6含有一个或多个导体31，而导体则是由数条导线36组成并形成一铜(Cu)的圆形断面。该导体31位于高压电缆6的轴心部分，并且在所示的实施例中每一个均被一绝缘零件35所包覆。然而，其中一个导线31舍去绝缘零件35也是可行的。在本发明的实施例中，数支导体31是一起被第一半导体层32所包覆。第一半导体层32外则环绕有如PEX等绝缘层33。因此，本发明所谓的“高电压电缆”并未含有一般配电电缆所包覆的金属屏蔽或外护套。
图3所示为依本发明所制造的涡轮发电机设备，其中的发电机100是经由共用轴101而由燃气轮机102所带动。驱动燃气轮机的气体是来自由控制装置104所控制的燃烧室103并由压缩机105所供应。该压缩机105设置在与发电机100及燃气轮机102相同的轴101上。
已知的涡轮发电机设备之发电机100所发出的最高电压约为25-30KV左右。为供应高压配电或传输网络110所需，从发电机100输出的电压需经由升压变压器106升压至800KV才行。在发电机100与升压变压器106之间需配置一发电机断路器107，该发电机断路器含有至少一组隔离器，功率断路器与接地装置等。
连接分配电或传输网络110尚需经过额外的隔离器，断路器与网络保护装置等，都以108表示之。
25-30KV的发电机输出电压通常有一分支接往一降压变压器109。该降压变压器109可经由一整流器回路111供应发电机100励磁电压，也同样可产生低电压112以供它需。
图4所示如图3相同的设备，但使用本发明的涡轮发电机组合。依本发明，该发电机200可发出分配电或传输网络110所需的相同电压(约为800KV左右)，并直接经由导管201而与该配电或传输网络110连接。所以这里不需任何的升压变压器或是发电机断路器(如图3中的106，107)。
如图4所示之降压变压器109，是从发电机200之定子绕组的不同输出处经由导管202，整流回路111，而其他需要则经由导管112予以供应励磁电压。
如图5所示，若发电机200依本发明建造的话则该降压变压器109也可以省略。该发电机200的定子绕组(和图1相比)有不同输出可经由导管202与整流回路111，而其他需要则经由导管203予以供应励磁电压。
因此，本发明的涡轮发电机组合可省略许多先前所需的变压器与断路器单元，而拥有如成本，操作可靠性与其他明显的优点。

Claims (32)

1.一种设备，可供应高电压配电或传输网络(110)所需的有功与无功电功率，其至少含有一个发电机(200)并经由一轴装置(101)而与至少一个燃气和/或蒸气轮机(102)连接并至少包含一个绕组，其特征在于，该至少一个发电机的绕组包括一个高压电缆，该电缆含有包括至少两个半导体层的固体绝缘系统，每一层皆基本构成一等电位平面，也含有中间的固体绝缘系统，其中至少一层与固体绝缘系统有相同的热膨胀系数。
2.如权利要求1的设备，其特征在于，该发电机含有一个附磁心的磁路。
3.如权利要求2的设备，其特征在于，该磁路的磁心的通量路径含有多层板和/或铸铁和/或粉状铁和/或锻造铁。
4.如权利要求1-3中任一项的设备的设备，其特征在于，该固体绝缘系统是由含有一或多个载流导体(31)的高压电缆(6)所构成，而导线外则被至少两个半导体层(32，34)以及固体绝缘的中间绝缘层(33)所包围。
5.如权利要求4项设备，其特征在于，该最内的半导体层(32)几乎与导体(31)同电位。
6.如权利要求4的设备，其特征在于，一个外半导体层(34)可形成一环绕导体(31)的等电位平面。
7.如权利要求6的设备，其特征在于，该半导体层(34)接往一特定的电位。
8.如权利要求7的设备，其特征在于，该特定电位是地电位。
9.如权利要求4的设备，其特征在于，至少该两层具有基本相同的热膨胀系数。
10.如权利要求4的设备，其特征在于，该载流导体含有一些导线，而只有少数导线不互相绝缘。
11.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于由电缆组成的绕组含有一或多个载流导体(2)，每一导体含有一些导线，一个内半导体层(3)可用来环绕每一导体，固体绝缘的绝缘层(4)可包围每一内半导体层(3)，而一外半导体层(5)可包围每一绝缘层4。
12.如权利要求11的设备，其特征在于，该电缆也含有一金属屏蔽与一护套。
13.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于，至少有一组发电机(200)可直接地向输出电力网络(110)供电而无须连接任何中间的升压变压器(单位变压器)。
14.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于至少一个发电机(200)供电给输出网络，设输出网络含有至少两个部分-网络，至少有一个部分-网路是经由中间系统变压器供应电压。
15.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于，它包含有数个发电机，每一发电机皆无需一单独的升压变压器但经由一共用的系统变压器可使其与输电或配电网络(110)相连。
16.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于，至少一组发电机(200)中的定子(1)的绕组(9，51-53)可连接一组以上的电压等级。
17.如权利要求15的设备，其特征在于，一组该电压等级与辅助功率的产生有关，此功率是从发电机(200)的分离绕组(9)中产生。
18.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于，至少有一发电机(200)是经由一阻抗器接地。
19.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于，至少有一发电机(200)是直接接地。
20.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于，该发电机(200)的定子(1)是通过气流和/或液体而将其冷却于地电位上。
21.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于，该高压电缆(6)，其导体面积为50至3000平方毫米之间，且其外径在20与250mm之间。
22.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于，定子(1)的至少一个绕组(9，51-52)是一种整体式的沟槽绕组。
23.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于，定子(1)的至少一个(9，51-52)是一种分散式的沟槽绕组。
24.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于，至少有一个发电机的转子(2)是有两或四个极。
25.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于，该电压等级是可控制于额定电压的±20％以内。
26.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于，该发电机的绕组可作为自我调节的磁场控制并且无需辅助装置以控制该磁场。
27.如前述权利要求1-3中任一项的设备，其特征在于，至少一个发电机的定子是由轴向组合，平板状的部分，最好在周向作为整个部分所组成。
28.一种设备，可供应高电压配电或传输网络(110)所需的有功与无功电功率，其至少含有一个发电机(200)并经由一轴装置(101)而与至少一个燃气和/或蒸气轮机(102)连接，并至少包含一个绕组，其特征在于，至少一个发电机的绕组合有一种绝缘系统，使得就热力与电气性质而言可使电压超过36kV。
29.一种发电机(200)，经由一轴装置(101)而与至少一个燃气和/或蒸气轮机(102)连接，并至少包含一个绕组，其特征在于，该发电机的绕组包括一个高压电缆，该电缆含有包括至少两个半导体层的固体绝缘系统，每一层皆构成一等电位平面，也含有中间的固体绝缘系统，其中至少一层与固体绝缘系统有基本相同的热膨胀系数。
30.如权利要求29的发电机，其含有定义于权利要求1至3中任一项的发电机的特征。
31.一种制造一发电机的方法，该发电机系如权利要求29所述，其特征在于，该定子是在发电机所在的电厂内装配。
32.如权利要求31的方法，其特征在于在工厂制造的定子是先轴向分割成一些平板状，分离的部分，每一部分最好都能在圆周方面上制成一整体部分。
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CN97195026A Expired - Fee Related CN1100377C (zh) 1996-05-29 1997-05-27 同步补偿装置
CN200910128640XA Expired - Lifetime CN101546932B (zh) 1996-05-29 1997-05-27 具有磁路的高压旋转电机及其制造方法
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