CN1119393A - Dmd显示系统 - Google Patents

Dmd显示系统 Download PDF

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CN1119393A
CN1119393A CN94119304A CN94119304A CN1119393A CN 1119393 A CN1119393 A CN 1119393A CN 94119304 A CN94119304 A CN 94119304A CN 94119304 A CN94119304 A CN 94119304A CN 1119393 A CN1119393 A CN 1119393A
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杰弗里·B·桑普塞尔
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Texas Instruments Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/74—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/3433—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
    • G09G3/346—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on modulation of the reflection angle, e.g. micromirrors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
    • G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
    • G02B26/0816—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements
    • G02B26/0833—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements the reflecting element being a micromechanical device, e.g. a MEMS mirror, DMD
    • G02B26/0841—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements the reflecting element being a micromechanical device, e.g. a MEMS mirror, DMD the reflecting element being moved or deformed by electrostatic means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/44—Receiver circuitry for the reception of television signals according to analogue transmission standards
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/74—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor
    • H04N5/7416—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor involving the use of a spatial light modulator, e.g. a light valve, controlled by a video signal
    • H04N5/7458—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor involving the use of a spatial light modulator, e.g. a light valve, controlled by a video signal the modulator being an array of deformable mirrors, e.g. digital micromirror device [DMD]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3102—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM] using two-dimensional electronic spatial light modulators
    • H04N9/3111—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM] using two-dimensional electronic spatial light modulators for displaying the colours sequentially, e.g. by using sequentially activated light sources
    • H04N9/3117—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM] using two-dimensional electronic spatial light modulators for displaying the colours sequentially, e.g. by using sequentially activated light sources by using a sequential colour filter producing two or more colours simultaneously, e.g. by creating scrolling colour bands
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3102—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM] using two-dimensional electronic spatial light modulators
    • H04N9/312—Driving therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/2007—Display of intermediate tones
    • G09G3/2018—Display of intermediate tones by time modulation using two or more time intervals
    • G09G3/2022—Display of intermediate tones by time modulation using two or more time intervals using sub-frames
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/2092—Details of a display terminals using a flat panel, the details relating to the control arrangement of the display terminal and to the interfaces thereto

Abstract

一种数字视频显示系统(100)。该系统接收来自广播视频源(102)或另一种源(107)的数字数据，或者以模拟形式或以数字形式。该系统把数据处理成显示数据，并把数据加载于数字微镜装置上(112)。所述数据或者按色顺序构成或者对单个元件分成色数据。该数据使装置上的单个元件响应，然后这些元件被照亮。从偏转元件到来的光在显示表面上被显示。

Description

DMD显示系统
本发明涉及一种显示系统，具体地说，涉及高清晰度显示系统(HDD)或高清晰度电视(HDTV)显示系统。
在显示领域内，HDTV对现有技术提出了不少问题，这是因为这些现有技术试图采用新的标准。显示系统的主要类型有阴极射线管(CRT)，和液晶显示(LCD)。每种显示系统对HDTV都有明显的缺点。
阴极射线管显示或许是最通用的一种显示，作为电视、计算机监视器以及许多其它的显示任务为全世界所采用。CRT一般具有电子枪，即跨越用各种荧光物质处理过的玻璃的背面从一边到另一边进行扫描的电子枪。当电子枪的能量触及荧光物质时，荧光物质发亮，因而在屏上形成影象。当前的美国电视标准(NTSC)以大约480条水平行显示图象。图象数据是隔行扫描的，即在一个时间间隔内显示奇数行，在另一时间间隔内显示偶数行。(当前的欧洲标准与此类似，大约有576行)。在NTSC标准中，时间间隔为16.7毫秒。这时间使得电子枪能“驻留”在屏上任一具体象素斑点上一段微小的时间。
上述的时间和行数是现在的标准清晰度的电视采用的。然而，某些HDTV和EDTV(增强的清晰度电视)标准不是隔行扫描的，而是逐行扫描的，即数据按行的顺序1，2，3…被显示。因此，在上述的显示240行的时间内，EDTV和HDTV必须分别显示480行或960行。在这种情况下，象素驻留时间要分别下降到1/2或1/4，因为收到的能量减小，每个象素的亮度必须降低。此外，HDTV的高宽比为16∶9而不是4∶3，这使得行更长，使每个象素的时间更少。
因此，使用CRT对于HDTV可能是不满意的。除非进行某种补偿。否则亮度将至少下降到1/4。因为CRT是成熟的技术，因而极少有机会投入大量的工业力量去实现HDTV显示中标准CRT的亮度水平。这使得HDTV显示在亮度上比标准的电视差很多。因而用户不易接受。出于上述原因，CRT似乎并不易为HDTV所选用，人们必须转向LCD。
液晶显示具有许多优点，因为它们具有可单独寻址的元件。在显示环境中，这些单个元件成为单个的可控的元素或象素。为适用于HDTV，元件数必须增加，但并不须要由于象素的增加而牺牲亮度。然而，LCD有其它的隔行扫描问题。首先，它们的产量低，因而价格昂贵。其次，它们的发射效率低，第三和第四，它们的响应时间长，对比度低。
若干因素导致LCD的高的成本。最大因素是在制造阶段的产量低。象素寻址晶体管必须制成在玻璃基片上。一般地，这些基片大而难于处理，并且通常不能使用标准的硅片处理技术或使用标准的硅处理设备。因此，制造厂不能从大规模的硅处理工业获得利益。完成LCD需要复杂的装配技术，因而又不能利用相同的硅封装工艺，此外，LCD材料本身就昂贵。
LCD一般由中间夹着晶体材料的两片玻璃板构成。一片或两片玻璃板具有用来作为驱动晶体材料的电极的晶体管。当电极被驱动时，沿极化轴对齐的晶体逐层地被扭曲。其结果是进入LCD一边上的偏振器的光通过扭曲的晶体行进，并被第二偏振器吸收，产生暗的象素。在进入晶体矩阵之前，光必须被偏振。一般地，显示前板上的偏振涂层完成这一任务，在这两个偏振器中的吸收量一般共引起60％以上的入射损失，因而使LCD效率低。
扭曲晶体的过程本身是一个问题。晶体对电极信号的响应时间慢，数量级为30毫秒，如上所述，HDTV要求快的而不是慢的显示响应时间，因为大量的信息要被显示。因为LCD依赖于发射光在显示器本身内部吸收，所以通过吸收幅射使器件发热是一个问题。同时LCD的低的百分数活性区域，进一步导致其效率低。
因为高成本、低速率、慢的响应时间和低的对比度，LCD对HDTV是不理想的。HDTV必须被广大用户的所接受，必须产生与现有电视显著的不同。对LCD和CRT达到这些是困难的。
因此，HDTV需要一种显示技术，它具有好的亮度、低的成本、容易制造以及容易适应不同电视制成的标准。
为了更完整地理解本发明及其优点，参照附图对其详述如下，其中：
图1表示DMD显示系统的方块图；
图2表示其上具有列阵的上层基片；
图3表示灰度时序图；
图4表示DMD阵列的透视图；
图5表示DMD元件的电子原理；
图6表示驱动阵列周围电子的原理；
图7表示用于DMD阵列的光系统的不同结构。
图1为数字电视或显示系统100的总图。信号由天线/接收器102接收。接收器102把信号送入调谐单元104，它把音频和视频信号与载波信号分离开。然后音频部沿单独路径106被视频信号再同步，这一问题不在此讨论。调谐电路用来识别多个电视标准并解码，使得输出的视频信号为统一的制式而不管进入电视信号的制式。
可以使用相位平方译码器或其它的这类译码器把视频信号分成色度信号和亮度信号，进一步处理可以得到包括红、绿、兰信号信息单个帧的视频信号分量。虽然可以制造模拟的和数字的两种DMD系统，但由于下述原因，数字微镜装置(DMD，这也叫可变形的镜装置，为了说明方便，我们把两者都叫数字微镜装置)最好采用数字式操作，因此，数据然后进入数字器108，对于每一象素，把数据转换成数字。该数字长度取决于所需的彩色和系统的清晰度。例如，对于每种颜色有8位清晰度的系统将有24位(3色×8位)数据长度。数字化的数据被存贮在存储器105中，然后送入信号处理器110。
此处讨论的显示系统可以从不同的视频信号源例如源107发投射影象。源107可以提供计算机产生的影象以及上述的视频影象。上述的由天线/接收器为源接收到的视频信号被称为“广播”视频信号，以便与由107所示的另一种视频源区别开来。另一种视频信息可以沿路径111以模拟形式进入显示系统或以数字形式沿路径113进入。
对于基于数字DMD的显示系统，对进入源信号的首要要求是，在到达DMD之前，它必须是数字形式的。接收器102和调谐器104本身可以是数字源，如果广播电视标准是数字式的话，象对USHDTV提出的那样。如用模拟标准输入，数字源将包括接收器102，调谐器104和数字器108。类似地，另一种源107本身可以是数字源，或者，在模拟输入情况下，数字源将包括另一种源107和数字器108。
出于下面说明的理由，DMD以每次一帧的形式显示视频信息。因为许多电视标准由在时间上和空间上构成以产生帧影象的隔行场构成，信号处理器必须完成被显示的电视标准所要求的场对场的空间和时间的交错。已经提出了实现这种转换的许多不同的算法。
除去隔行到逐行的转换之外，可能还需要其它的信号处理，当显示数字数据时，可能出现不同的抖动，例如突然转换而不是平滑地过渡。借助于各种数据控制算法，信号处理器可以消除这些问题。信号处理器也可以执行标准的电视功能，例如伽马校正和色调、颜色、亮度、清晰度以及对比度控制。此外，如果先前没有处理，信号处理器单元可以完成分量视频信号的合成转换。当信号处理器已完成用于显示的数据准备时，信号处理器把处理过的数据存入存储器109中，在那里被保留到直到送给DMD为止。
显然，DMD上数字数据的顺序对显示系统的操作是重要的，这与逐象素和逐行的方式不同，在那种方式下数据按电视标准提供。因此，信号处理功能的关键部分是数据从存储器109输入到DMD模块112时的合适的顺序，模块112包括可单独寻址的镜元件DMD阵列以及有关的存储电路，它存储影象数据，直到数据按顺序输入给DMD阵列。
当处理过的数据被按顺序输入(加载)到DMD以后，阵列由光源结合聚光和亮度光学系统照亮。来自DMD镜的反射光在合适的偏转状态下通过投射光学系统送入视屏。如上所述，可以使用模拟和数字DMD建立这种光学系统，在模拟的DMD实施例中，镜元件的偏转随所加电压的大小而改变。这一般用运转在模拟域(也可运转在数字域中)的膜片DMD或“束状”DMD完成，前者由在一刚性支撑上的薄的反射膜组成，后者由枢轴上的镜构成。束状DMD将参照图4讨论。在膜状DMD情况下的偏转大于整体膜的局部变形。这些系统的例子可以在US4,680,579和4,638,309中找到，两者都已发给Ott。
在显示系统中使用这一类型的模拟DMD有一明显的限制，尤其是用在HDTV系统中，因为DMD在通常的半导体芯片制造领域中制造，可被使用的镜材料，通常为某种高反射率的金属，例如铝，其厚度可以改变高达5％。在束状器件下，镜偏转再随所加电压的改变正比于由于厚度改变而引起的厚度的立方的改变。这引起由于材料厚度5％的变化而产生横跨元件的偏转特性的15％的差。由于非均匀偏转，会难于获得用开关元件进行均匀的光调制。
数字操作产生这一问题，因为在束状DMD中，ON或“1”状态以两个相同角之一偏转，而OFF或“0”状态则以另两个角偏转。同样，膜状DMD，也有两种不同的状态，其中每个都代表两个数字状态之一(ON或OFF)。这两个状态包括平直状态和完全变形状态。
在数字模式中，DMD镜的快速转换时间使其在两个位置之间转换，即或者把光反射进一套投射光系统，因而增加显示影象的强度，或者把光反射使其离开投射光系统。这种以数字方式进行的器件的详细操作后面将要讨论。基本上，器件的每个镜，它相当于投射影象中的一具体象素，以二进制方式操作，使每个元件在ON与OFF间转换。镜在ON状态花费的时间越长，则相应的象素就越亮。
ON时间正比于数字化影象的强度水平。观众的眼睛把投射到屏上每个象素位置的不同强度的时间总合，就产生了完整的模拟影象的印象。如果使用时间变量颜色滤光器(例如色轮)，并且合适的红、绿、兰的亮度被滤过的红、绿、兰亮度同步，用这种方式一个DMD便可产生完整的彩色图象。可使用的数字DMD有多种选择，包括3片系统，每片对应一种颜色，使用滤光器例如色轮滤光器，以及甚至2片系统，其中一个器件在两种颜色之间转换而第一个发出一种色。光学讨论将在图7a-7c中讨论。
使用依靠观众眼睛来合成亮度和颜色的器件有一带宽的问题。器件必须足够快，以便以所有颜色来显示和转换所有影象数据而没有任何可觉察的闪烁。具有3个DMD的系统，一个用于一种颜色，会有较低的带宽。3个DMD实际上可能是实体上分离的片或在一个大的器件上的三个区域，但仍然需要足够的带宽，以便在每16.7毫秒的视频帧期间把几十万的镜在ON和OFF之间转换数百次。
三片方法相对于单片方法可以减少带宽，然而却导致极高的成本。假定处理过的硅芯片成本为1000美元，一片硅芯片上可以有12片这种大小的片子，片产量为33％，则每个装置的成本为250美元。封装过的片子的成本可以接近350美元。在任何其它电子功能要求被考虑之前，3片系统的成本将为1050美元。对于用户可用的系统，这似乎不是可接受的开始。另一种选择是在同一器件上有3个区。然而，器件尺寸将是条状的，每个芯片上只能有4个器件，假定产量相同，以每个芯片一个器件则为1000美元，不考虑封装。
提高产量当然能降低成本，不过进一步降低成本，用一个元件的使用彩色顺序法似乎是可取的。然后问题转向了带宽方面，即能够制造具有足够的I/O能力以便在所需的视频频率下实现全色影象的合理的芯片吗？因为单帧时间为16.7毫秒，每种颜色为1/3帧，或5.5毫秒被显示，要达到8位的彩色清晰度，这些5500微秒必须被分成256个单个时间窗，每个21微秒的持续时间。数字DMD有一10微秒的运动或“飞行”时间。因此，足够的时间可以使DMD从一个状态转向另一状态，对那段小时间为ON或OFF。然后返回。
为了使在这21微秒的时间内对整个DMD寻址，必须提供高的数据I/O带宽。对2048×1152个象素的器件，一种可能的结构是在器件的顶上提供512个输入销，以及在器件底部提供512个销，每个输入以1比4的系数分离。当4位数据装进每个销时，2个2048位行数据可被装进DMD象素阵列。为了在21微秒内对器件寻址，在器件顶上和底下的576行中的每一行必须在36纳秒(ns)内寻址。要对每一销在36ns内提供4位，需要每销为107MHz的数据频率。这些销数和数据频率，虽然是一种挑战，但可以实现，从而表明基于DMD的单片、全部数字高清晰度显示系统是可以实现的。
具有512个输入销的DMD与为其提供输入信号的存储器远距离地安装是不方便的，并且，支持DMD、存储器以及信号处理电路的电路板装进光学系统也是不方便的。因而，把DMD和存储器装在一远离信号处理板的混合模块内可能是可取的。这种模块的一种可能的结构已被披露了。
如图2所示，DMD一般是装在一陶瓷片载体200上。器件被支撑保护窗204的环202围绕着，并且在窗和陶瓷基片之间密封有惰性气体。DMD输入端口被捆成束在环下方通过，并且通过32帧缓冲器RAM206a和206b与片互连。帧缓冲器RAM(FRAM)不断地用在2.36百万个象素中的每个象素的红、绿、兰的强度数据更新DMD。这些缓冲器可以是任何形式的随机存储器(RAM)，倒如视频随机存储器(VRAM)，或先进先出(F1F0)缓冲器。在本实施例中，假定7位数据，它要求总的FRAM容量为49.5百万位(3帧×2048×1152×7位)。因而，32FRAM中的每一个应当有1.55兆位的容量。8位电视数据则要求1.77兆位容量的32FRAM。这些要求对当前的存储器技术并不构成挑战。
每一FRAM将供给DMD输入销中的32个，DMD象素的每一行将依次被一系列不同长度的时钟脉冲寻址。如图3所示，最重要的强度位(MSB)被装进象素接近更新时间的一半的持续时间，第二个MSB则为1/4更新时间，依此类推。因而数据强度值被用来直接地寻址象素的工作周期。每16.7ms必须更新FRAM的两个空白，这对8位系统要求每秒3.4吉位的数据频率。假定4倍的32位总线供给4个显示象限中的每一个，则产生每线26.5MHz的数据频率，是完全可以达到的。
已经确定数字彩色操作是可能的，并且合适的DMD和支持电路也可以实现，这就有助于详细讨论DMD的操作。图4表现了一片阵列400。基片402一般是硅，具有CMOS寻址电路。在寻址电路的顶上有金属层，其形式使得可安装电极404和406。
悬在电极上方的镜元件408的一种处理顺序说明如下。电极被涂以大约2微米厚的聚合物，然后将涂层硬化。聚合物被形成图形以便形成通向下方基片的通路。然后淀积上铰合部金属410，并在铰合层上淀积氧化层，并形成铰链形状，胶链将在后面的过程中形成。一层较厚的金属被淀积在氧化铰链罩上。这层的顶面就是镜面。已被填充在先前形成的通路中的两层金属形成均匀地支撑基片上的镜层的支柱。然后镜金属被成形，并且氧化层保护薄的铰接金属不致在这一刻蚀期间被除去。阵列可以被等离子刻蚀，从而除去刚好在镜下方的聚合物，剩下铰链部分用来把镜连到支柱/通路的顶部。
上述DMD的结构称为扭转铰链。还在其它结构，包括悬臂束，它由一个铰链支撑，以及由4个铰链支撑的挠曲束。悬臂束的运动类似于潜水板，挠曲束类似于活塞。这些结构的每一种都可用于DMD显示系统中，调节光学系统可获得不同的系统运动特性。
这些结构的操作也是类似的，除去悬臂和挠曲束结构之外一般只有一个寻址电极。扭转束的特点在于，它有三个不同的数字寻址状态：平直的，扭转向一侧，或扭转向另一侧。扭转束的一个侧视图示于图5中。
在图5中，如果左栏选择线502a被启动，它就把一电压加在左寻址电极506a上，该电压引起镜元件508和寻址电极506a之间的静电吸引。镜508偏转，其末端接触沉陷电极(landing electrode)504a。沉陷电极504a和504b保持在与镜508相同的电压上以防止任何短路或流过电流，它们可能破坏寻址电路或使镜粘在沉陷电极上。
如果镜被偏转。那么进入光将偏转一定角度。镜元件可以以转向左边相同的方式偏向右边。这有许多优点，例如两个方向可以是ON与OFF，从而使来自处于OFF状态的镜的光避免进入ON状态镜的影象系统。
DMD的结构如图6所示。2048×1152个象素的中央阵列600被CMOSDRAM电路寻址。大的元件尺寸(20μm)将允许对所需电路采用松散的设计规则从而对大的芯片尺寸提高其产量。上部576行被设在片的顶部的4∶1分离器602a从512行到2048行寻址。第二分离器602b供给底部576行。合成的1024输入行以107MHz输入，使得分离器的输出运行在26.8MHz。这26.8MHz行频产生46.5KHz的帧频。
46.5KHz帧频足以使在单色顺序电视帧期间使显示更新256次。因而，基于单片DMD的发射器(Projector)可以把视频帧分成三个时间片，并且在这些时间片中顺序地过滤照射光红、绿、兰。在每一时间片内，光强用256个离散的间隔进行脉宽调制(PWM)，这样整个发射器对比度将在三种颜色的每一种中在256个离散步的每一步的每个象素得到。
DMD输入分离器必须能够支持107MHz输入数据流以达到26.8MHz的行频。实际上，这一数据速率不需要连续地维持。如图3所示，被传输入到DMD的灰度数据的8位足够能在1/3帧5.5ms内控制256个时间片。对于每一象素的每一数据位(最重要的位或MSB)，在1/3帧时间开始时传送给DMD。下一个MSB数据在1/3帧时间的一半时传送给每一象素。第三个重要位在帧时间的3/4时(一半加上一半的一半)传送，依此类推直到所有8位传给DMD为止。每位用来确定每一象素的ON/OFF状态，其时间长短正比于每位相对的加权。
这类寻址减少了传送给DMD的数据平均带宽，然而要求DMD的数据具有位平面的形式而不是以象素平面的形成。因而，图1所示的缓冲存储器结合DMD基片上的存储器必须包括数据重构的特点，即对在存储器输入端收到的象素平面形式的数据输出进行重新排序，使其变为存储器输出要求的位平面形式。
因为这一寻址方法提供的效率，由单个分离器驱动的576行的每一行必须在1/3帧5.5ms内只寻址8次。这等于在每一DMD阵的垂直栏上时间平均数据频率为838KHz；它在512位宽DMD输入数据的两个端口的每一销上使数据频率增加到3.35MHz。这样，只在每一DMD数据销内部的存储缓冲器的层可以降低峰值输入数据速率，从107MHz变为3.35MHz的平均数据速率。在每一输入数据销的缓冲器的一层的作用将把要求的输入数据速率从107MHz降到53.5MHz。缓冲器的两位将把这一速率降低到27.7MHz，依此类推。
能够按高清晰度彩色显示的需要对DMD寻址使得对光学系统的设计有若干的选择。某些例子示于图7a-7c中。图7a表示三片系统，其中每一器件具有其自己的合适颜色的照度。为了讨论方便，图中朝向底部的部分认为是“兰”系统。光源704a是一兰光源，它可以是一兰色灯泡，或具有兰滤色器的白光源(未示出)。从光源704a发出的光由透镜706a扩展，并通过兰滤色器708a发射。然后，兰光打到兰器件702a的表面上。702a上的每一单个的镜代表屏上的一个点。在此图中由镜表示照射的时间顺序。
通路712a代表来自不向屏716反射光的那些象素的光。这些象素或者是在其所有的色调中没有兰光的象素或者是在其色调中有某些混合的或兰色的象素并且对那一具体位处于“OFF”。通路710a代表把光反射到屏716上的象素。类似于不反射光到屏的象素，这些象素，或者全部是兰的，或偶然刚好在一位是兰的，在那里它们在屏上显示为兰色作为其色调的一部分。在通路710a内的光通过成象透镜714a在屏716上聚焦。
这一单一的色系统在本例中对绿和红光是一样的。为了完整起见，光源704b的系统是绿光系统，光源704c的系统是红光系统。这些系统根据需要定位，并不一定如图所示。当被适当定位并滤过时，这些光的色束可由一单独的白光源得到。
对于为什么三片系统是理想的有若干理由。根据系统的尺寸以及所用的光学元件，它可以提供较高的强度和较好的图象。然而，如前所述，它可能太贵。使用三个器件，过滤器和光系统对较低的或较小的系统可能是太贵或太大。许多可用的另一个例子如图7b所示。
在图7b中，光源704是一种白光源。光通过聚光装置706和滤色器708，它们必须能给器件702提供红、绿、兰光。实现这个的一种方法是使用色轮并相应于轮上的彩色顺序在器件上安排数据。这一为光排序的方式要求器件702分开“处理”(把每个象素ON或OFF一所需时间)每种颜色的数据。达到屏716的每种色的光再次沿路径710通过成象透镜714。不被发送到屏上的每种色的光将沿路径712行进。此处的数据处理是一更复杂的位，因为数据必须被排序，然而光学系统却比三片系统简单的多。
在两者之间的一种中间系统是两片系统，如图7C所示。器件702b把来自两个光源704b或704c之一的光发送出去，如果它向一个方向偏转，来自兰色系统704c、706c、708c的光就被反射给屏716。如果镜向另一方向偏转，来自红色系统704b，706b，708b的光就反射给屏716。路径712c代表来自红系统的未被使用的光，712b代表来自兰色系统的未被使用的光。未被使用的光是未偏转的镜的反射光，以及铰链和DMD结构的支柱反射的光。来自光源704的光被708a过滤，用来提供影象的绿色部分，由于人眼对绿色敏感，所以系统专用于绿光。象在三片系统中一样，光学系统可以被安置对所有光都用一个光源。
如上所述，数字空间光调制器例如DMD的使用使得设计者可以选择不同的系统结构。
基于DMD的显示具有前述的优点，即响应快，成本低。好的清晰度，较好的亮度和对比度。此外，如上所述，它可用于所有不同的显示需要。
因此，尽管已经描述了数字微镜元件的特定实施例，但这些描述并不是对本发明的限制，而用下附的权利要求限制本发明。

Claims (27)

1.一种显示系统，包括：
(a)数字化的视频数据源；
(b)接收来自所述源的数据的视频存储器；
(c)信号处理器，用来接收来自所述视频存储器的所述数字视频数据，并处理所述数据以便显示；
(d)缓冲存储器，用来接收来自所述处理器的处理过的数据；
(e)至少一个数字式的微镜元件，用来接收来自所述缓冲存储器的所述处理过的数据，每个所述调制器包括单独可寻址的元件的阵列和寻址电路；其中所述寻址电路接收处理过的数据用于所述单个元件，使得每个所述单个元件响应所述处理过的数据；
(f)至少一个光源，用来在所述单个元件响应所述寻址数据的期间照亮所述单个元件；以及
(g)光学系统，使来自接收操作数据的单个元件的反射光在显示表面上被接收和聚焦，所述操作数据用来改变所述元件的偏转角。
2.如权利要求1的系统，其中所述数字视频数据源还包括接收器，调谐器和数字器。
3.如权利要求1的系统，其中所述数字视频数据源进一步包括接收器和调谐器。
4.如权利要求1的系统，其中所述数字视频数据源是一种非广播模拟视频源。
5.如权利要求1的系统，其中所述数字视频数据源是一种非广播数字视频源。
6.如权利要求1的系统，其中所述缓冲器包括至少一个先进先出缓冲器。
7.如权利要求1的系统，其中所述缓冲存储器是可操作的，以便实现象素平面对位平面的转换。
8.如权利要求1的系统，其中所述缓冲存储器包括至少一个随机存取存贮器。
9.如权利要求8的系统，其中所述缓冲存储器包括至少一个视频随机存储器。
10.如权利要求8的系统，其中所述缓冲存储器包括至少一个帧随机存取存储器。
11.如权利要求1的系统，其中所述至少一个数字微镜元件进一步包括两个数字微镜元件，一个用来接收红、绿、兰中的两个，另一个接收剩余的一种颜色。
12.如权利要求1的系统，其中所述至少一个数字微镜元件进一步包括三个数字微镜元件，一个接收红光，一个接收兰光，一个接收绿光。
13.如权利要求1的系统，其中所述缓冲存储器、所述接收电路和所述单个元件的阵列全部包含在一片基片上。
14.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中每个镜按照一系列脉冲被置为ON状态，一个用于数字强度值的每一位，其中每个所述脉冲的时间长度正比于所述数字强度值的每位的加权。
15.一种显示系统，包括：
(a)数字化的视频数据源；
(b)接收来自所述源的所述数据的视频存储器；
(c)信号处理器，用来接收来自所述视频存储器的数字视频数据，并且处理该数据，以便显示；
(d)缓冲存储器，用来接收来自所述处理器的处理过的数据；
(e)数字微镜装置，用来接收来自所述缓冲存储器的处理过的数据，每个所述调制器包括单个可寻址元件的阵列和寻址电路，其中所述寻址电路接收用于所述单个元件的所述处理过的数据，使得每一所述单个元件响应所述处理过的数据；
(f)光源，用来在所述单个元件响应所述寻址数据期间照亮所述单个元件，其中所述光源照到所述单个元件上的顺序为红光、绿光和兰光；以及
(g)一个这样的光学系统，使得来自那些接收操作数据的所述单个元件的反射光被捕获并在显示表面上聚焦，所述操作数据用来改变所述元件的偏转角。
16.如权利要求15的系统，其中所述数字视频数据源进一步包括接收器、调谐器和数字器。
17.如权利要求15的系统，其中所述数字视频数据源进一步包括接收器和调谐器。
18.如权利要求15的系统，其中所述数字视频数据源是一种非广播模拟视频源。
19.如权利要求15所述的系统，其中所述数字视频数据源是一非广播数字视频源。
20.如权利要求15的系统，其中所述缓冲存储器包括至少一个先进先出缓冲器。
21.如权利要求15的系统，其中所述缓冲存储器包括至少一个随机存储器。
22.如权利要求21的系统，，其中所述缓冲存储器包括至少一个视频随机存储器。
23.如权利要求21的系统，其中所述缓冲存储器包括至少一帧随机存储器。
24.如权利要求15的系统，其中所述至少一个数字微镜装置进一步包括两个数字微镜元件，一个用来接收或者红、绿或者兰中的两个，一个接收剩余的一种颜色。
25.如权利要求15的系统，其中所述至少一个数字微镜装置进一步包括三个数字微镜元件，一个接收红光，一个接收兰光、一个接收绿光。
26.如权利要求15的系统，其中所述缓冲存储器，所述接收电路以及所述单个元件的阵列都包含在一个基片上。
27.一种重构数字数据的方法，包括：
(a)接收输入到存储器的象素平面数据；
(b)把所述象素平面数据转换成位平面数据；
(c)从所述存储器中输出所述位平面数据；以及
(d)用数字微镜元件接收所述位平面数据。
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