CN1145740C - 真空玻璃窗的结构改进 - Google Patents

真空玻璃窗的结构改进 Download PDF

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CN1145740C
CN1145740C CNB951966561A CN95196656A CN1145740C CN 1145740 C CN1145740 C CN 1145740C CN B951966561 A CNB951966561 A CN B951966561A CN 95196656 A CN95196656 A CN 95196656A CN 1145740 C CN1145740 C CN 1145740C
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R·E·科林斯
唐健正
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University of Sydney
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B37/00Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
    • B32B37/0076Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised in that the layers are not bonded on the totality of their surfaces
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06BFIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/66Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • B32B17/10045Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets with at least one intermediate layer consisting of a glass sheet
    • B32B17/10055Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets with at least one intermediate layer consisting of a glass sheet with at least one intermediate air space
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B37/00Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06BFIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/66Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
    • E06B3/6612Evacuated glazing units
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06BFIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/66Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
    • E06B3/663Elements for spacing panes
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06BFIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/66Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
    • E06B3/663Elements for spacing panes
    • E06B3/66304Discrete spacing elements, e.g. for evacuated glazing units
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A30/00Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
    • Y02A30/24Structural elements or technologies for improving thermal insulation
    • Y02A30/249Glazing, e.g. vacuum glazing
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B80/00Architectural or constructional elements improving the thermal performance of buildings
    • Y02B80/22Glazing, e.g. vaccum glazing
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24174Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including sheet or component perpendicular to plane of web or sheet
    • Y10T428/24182Inward from edge of web or sheet

Abstract

本发明描述了真空玻璃窗及其制造方法;所述玻璃窗提供了改善的剪切应力抗力,因为所述真空玻璃窗包括:两块绕边缘(4)气密密封的玻璃板(2、3),具有绝热的内部真空以及一组置于玻璃板(2、3)之间的支撑柱(5),其中支撑柱(5)包括由较高抗压强度材料制成的芯(13),且至少一端被一层较软的材料(14)覆盖。另一种替换形式是,所述真空玻璃窗包括两块绕边缘(4)气密密封的玻璃板(2,3),具有绝热的内部真空以及一组置于两块玻璃板(2,3)之间的支撑柱(5),其中支撑柱包括少量的熔融焊接用玻璃柱,这些玻璃柱位于玻璃窗的表面上且处在具有较高抗压强度的支撑柱之间。有利地是支撑柱(5)包括两个为提供稳定平衡而形成的平行的平端(15,16)以及为提供不稳定平衡而形成的侧面(17),以确保支撑柱置于玻璃板上时能落在其中一个平坦表面(15,16)上并且随后位于该表面上。

Description

真空玻璃窗的结构改进
简介
本发明涉及真空玻璃窗结构的改进,真空玻璃窗包括两块绕边缘气密密封的玻璃板,且有绝热的内部真空。为了在大气压力产生的强压作用下能使玻璃板保持分离,有一组非常小的支撑柱设置在这两块玻璃板的表面上。
发明背景
真空玻璃窗的结构涉及热性能与应力之间复杂的综合协调。尤其是,支撑柱起到集中大气压所产生的力的作用,在玻璃板上最邻近支撑柱的地方达到应力的最高值。这些应力会导致玻璃板的局部破裂。此外,玻璃板在支撑柱处是弯曲的,这就会在紧邻支撑柱上方的玻璃板的外表面上形成张应力区。此外,支撑柱本身受到高应力的作用而必须由抗压强度非常高的材料制成。最后,支撑柱本身在玻璃板之间起到热桥作用,导致有热流通过此玻璃窗。
过去几年中在真空玻璃窗的结构与制造方面已有了显著的改进。制造出的高达1m×1m的真空玻璃窗具有很高的绝热水平。业已证明,在与机械张应力有关的抗约束条件和通过玻璃的热流这两者之间已实现了合理的设计折衷。
1.支撑柱附近的剪切应力
支撑柱集中了由大气压所产生的力,在玻璃和支撑柱中导致了高应力。应力集中的本质是众所周知的。由于集中的力而引起的玻璃破裂的概率可以参考有关玻璃压痕破裂的文献来确定。在真空玻璃窗的结构研究中,选择支撑柱组的尺寸使其能确保在玻璃中不会形成由于支撑柱而产生的标准锥形压痕破裂。
制造真空玻璃窗的经验表明存在另一种破裂方式,它可能在玻璃板上靠近支撑柱处出现。这种破裂起因于玻璃板与支撑柱之间的剪切(侧向)应力。所述剪切应力与一块玻璃板相对于另一块玻璃板的平面运动有关。由于玻璃板的弯曲、特别是玻璃板不作球面变形的复杂弯曲方式,或者由于任何一块玻璃板的温度不均匀,都会产生这种运动。上述任何一种作用都使在支撑柱与一块玻璃板之间的界面相对于另一块板的这一界面产生侧向运动。但支撑柱与玻璃板之间大的轴向力又阻止接触面作相互的相对运动。结果就在支撑柱和玻璃板之间产生了剪切力并且在玻璃板上邻近于支撑柱处产生了小的新月形裂痕。这类裂痕与剪切应力有关的这一事实可通过在任一玻璃板的支撑柱的相对边缘上观察到成对的裂痕而得以证实。
之所以产生这种剪切应力的原因之一是由于在真空玻璃窗的实际结构中,支撑柱必须由具有抗压强度非常高的材料制成。如果支撑柱不具有足够高的抗压强度,那么在玻璃窗中形成真空的过程中,所述支撑柱会产生非弹性的变形,这将导致玻璃板在边缘密封附近产生很大的弯曲。支撑柱具有高强度的这一事实意味着:当出现剪切力时,所述支撑柱不会产生显著变形。
1.发明概述
根据本发明的第一方面,正如现在所设想的,提供了一种真空玻璃窗,它包括两块绕边缘气密密封的玻璃板,具有绝热的内部真空以及一组置于玻璃板之间且与其相接触的支撑柱,其中所述支撑柱是单体元件,它包括由较高抗压强度材料制成的芯或中心体以及至少一个由较软金属材料制成的接触层,该金属材料优选地选自包括镍、铁、铬、铜、银、金、铝以及这些金属的合金或软质碳的一组材料,该接触层设置成在中心体的至少一端形成完整的界面以便于吸收支撑柱-玻璃板接触区中的剪切力。这种结构的支撑柱具有总体非常高的抗压强度,只要位于所述芯的一端或两端上的软材料接触层较薄即可。然而,由于在剪切作用下软材料接触层比所述芯更易于变形,所以能允许少量的横向移动。这减少了玻璃板上的应力值并因此减少了剪切裂痕的形成几率。
支撑柱的尺寸是较不关键的。一般而言,支撑柱的总体高度为0.1至0.2mm而直径约为0.2至0.3mm。支撑柱一端或两端的软材料接触层可厚达30μm(0.03mm)而不会在玻璃窗的边缘附近产生过大的应力。所述芯和软质接触层的材料能够承受形成玻璃窗边缘密封所必需的高温(约500℃),而不会产生过度氧化或退火。它们还要与高度的内部真空相匹配。
一种由芯和位于支撑柱一个或两个接触端的软质接触层来制造整体支撑柱的方法是由包括高强度中心层和置于其一侧或两侧的软材料层的复合材料板开始。接着用常规技术从这块板形成支撑柱。所述支撑柱可通过对上述复合板进行冲压、冲孔、磨削或锯切而以机械方式制成,或者也可以用光刻方法对该板以化学方式或电解方式蚀刻而成。
制造支撑柱的另一种方法是在形成硬芯后淀积上软层。该软层可利用常规的电解或无电敷镀方法淀积。在这种情况下,软层还可涂覆到支撑柱的侧面,但这并不影响软层在两端部的作用。这种支撑柱可以通过将硬芯塑性变形成平盘件而产生。硬芯可在变形过程之前或之后涂覆软材料。
所述复合支撑柱结构的另一优点是它能确保支撑柱的端部在其整个接触面积上与玻璃均匀接触。已有某种证据表明非常硬的芯不能制造出完整的平坦接触面,因而就不能与玻璃均匀接触,这样就加大了玻璃上的局部应力,因此也就加大了玻璃的破裂几率。在支撑柱端部,上述软材料中产生的小变形解决了这一问题。
根据本发明的另一个方面,应当认为还解决了上面提到的有关剪切应力的问题,本发明提供了一种真空玻璃窗,它包括两块绕边缘气密密封的玻璃板,具有绝热的内部真空以及一组置于玻璃板之间且与其接触的支撑柱,其中所述支撑柱包括少量的完全由熔融焊接用玻璃制成的第一支撑柱以及大多数的具有高抗压强度的第二支撑柱,第一支撑柱位于玻璃窗的整个表面上的第二支撑柱之间,所述第一支撑柱在使用中吸收剪切力并且减小作用在第二支撑柱上的这些力的值。具有较高抗压强度的大多数第二支撑柱可以是陶瓷的或是高强度金属的支撑柱。所述熔融焊接用玻璃柱可以在围绕玻璃板的周边形成气密的焊接用玻璃边缘密封的同一过程中形成。上述焊接用玻璃柱在两块玻璃板内表面上形成了坚固的机械联接。当真空玻璃窗上存在剪切力时,此焊接用玻璃柱可吸收剪切力,减少作用在绝大多数支撑柱上的这些力的值。
所述焊接用玻璃柱的直径一般可大于支撑柱的0.2至0.3mm,以便于有足够的强度来吸收剪切力。通常只有较少的一部分支撑柱是由焊接用玻璃制成的,否则由于通过这些支撑柱的热流会使真空玻璃窗的导热性显著提高。多达约10%的支撑柱可由焊接用玻璃制成而不会导致与通过支撑柱的热流有关的玻璃导热性的过大增长。
焊接用玻璃柱的一般尺寸是直径可大到2mm,但一般情况下这些玻璃柱会小于上述尺寸、即直径不大于1mm。制造所述焊接用玻璃柱的玻璃可以是高度透明的,从而这些玻璃柱不会显著降低玻璃的光学性能。
2.支撑柱的结构
一般的真空玻璃窗包括大量的机械支撑柱,约1500个/m2。利用自动化技术将这些支撑柱置于玻璃窗的表面上。支撑柱的一般尺寸为直径0.2至0.3mm,高0.1至0.2mm。令人满意的真空玻璃窗需使所有支撑柱的高度几近相同。如果不是这种情况,玻璃窗的玻璃板在那些稍高于邻近支撑柱的支撑柱接触点附近就会产生显著的应力。业已制成了具有圆形端支撑柱(圆柱)或方形端支撑柱(方形或矩形棱柱)的真空玻璃窗。
在真空玻璃窗的制造过程中,特别重要的是所有的支撑柱都应以相同的定位置于玻璃的表面上。例如,对于圆柱形支撑柱,支撑柱的平端面必须接触玻璃而该支撑柱的轴线垂直于玻璃。如果支撑柱需位于玻璃的边缘上,则这个支撑柱的高度就会不同于其邻近支撑柱的高度,当施加真空时,玻璃板中便有大的应力形成。因此非常重要的是,所有的支撑柱都应按其所设计的定位而置于玻璃板的表面上。
2.发明概述
根据本发明的又一方面,正如现在所设想的,提供了用于真空玻璃窗的支撑柱,它包括为提供稳定平衡而形成的两个平行的平端以及为提供不稳定平衡而形成的侧面,以确保支撑柱置于玻璃板上时会落在其中一个平坦表面上并以随后位于该平面上。所述侧面可向外弯曲似尖状或者向外逐渐变细成锥形。此尖状或锥形可以是相对于支撑柱的两侧对称的,或者是不对称的而是该支撑柱的一面大于另一面。
支撑柱可具有圆形横截面;或者,支撑柱可具有包括方形、矩形、多边形或不规则形状在内的其它横截面形状。
本发明的这一方面的内容也综合到所述真空玻璃窗中,该玻璃窗包括两块绕边缘气密密封的玻璃板,具有绝热的内部真空以及一组置于玻璃板之间的支撑柱,其中每个支撑柱都包括为提供稳定平衡而形成的两个平行的平端以及为提供不稳定平衡而形成的侧面,以确保支撑柱置于玻璃板上时会落在其中的一个平坦表面上并随后位于该平面上。
3.真空玻璃窗结构
真空玻璃窗的制造要求将形成玻璃窗的玻璃板的温度保持到高值,而同时形成了焊接用玻璃边缘密封。这个过程基本上免除了将热钢化玻璃用于制造这种玻璃窗,因为高温边缘成形工艺已除去了玻璃的大部分残余应力。但也不可能把常规的叠层玻璃用作上述玻璃窗,因为形成边缘密封所需的温度会使叠层玻璃中的塑性粘合剂变质。
3.发明概述
根据本发明的又一方面,正如现在所设想的,提供了真空玻璃窗,它包括两块绕边缘气密密封的玻璃板,具有绝热的内部真空以及一组置于玻璃板之间的支撑柱,其中至少有一块玻璃板是当真空玻璃窗制成后叠层压制上去的。
根据本发明的再一个方面,正如现在所设想的,提供了一种制造真空玻璃窗的方法,它包括以下步骤:
将玻璃板置于高温下,同时形成焊接用玻璃边缘密封件;以及
随后将至少一块玻璃板与另一块玻璃板叠层压制到一起。
上述步骤可包括将一层塑料置于玻璃窗的一面,然后将另一层玻璃板置于这层塑料之上。整个组件被用力压在一起并加热到一定温度,在该温度下塑料软化且粘接到两块板上。可在玻璃窗的一侧或者如果需要也可在两侧实现叠层压制。这一制造方法克服了层压玻璃不能承受高温边缘密封工艺的有关问题。不过,真空玻璃窗本身则颇能承受与叠层压制工艺中在玻璃板之间形成粘接相关的较低温度。
附图简述
下面本发明将参照附图仅借助于实施例的形式作出描述,其中:
图1a是常规真空玻璃窗的透视图,图1b是图1a所示玻璃窗的横截面图;
图2是示出由于剪切力形成新月形裂痕的划痕截面图;
图3是示出本发明第一方面的划痕截面图;
图4示出从高强度材料和软材料的层压板材制造根据本发明第一方面的复合支撑柱的方法;
图5示出从一单个的高强度芯制造根据本发明第一方面的复合支撑柱的方法;
图6a、b、c和d示出体现本发明另一方面的支撑柱结构的实施例;
图7a、b和c示出制造叠层压制真空玻璃窗的步骤。
实施本发明的最佳方式
下面参照图1,真空玻璃窗1包括两块绕边缘气密密封的玻璃板2和3,且由焊接用玻璃密封件4来封闭出真空。具有一组置于玻璃板之间的支撑柱5,用来抵抗大气压所产生的大作用力以维持两块玻璃板的分离。在一或两块玻璃板上采用内部透明的低辐射涂层可以将辐射传热降至低水平。
将空气从两块玻璃板之间经排出管6泵送出而形成玻璃窗结构后,通常就形成了真空。排出管6由焊接用玻璃密封件7密封在玻璃板2的孔中。在另一块玻璃板3中机加工出腔8,该腔与排出管的端部对齐以便于将其容纳在两块玻璃板之间提供的小空间内。在第一玻璃板2的外表面上机加工出第二腔9,当把排出管6排空和关闭后,此第二腔便容纳了排出管6的外根部,接着用来抽空底板。
当存在一块玻璃板相对于另一块玻璃板的平面运动时,玻璃板与支撑柱之间就会有侧向或剪切应力。在玻璃板弯曲的过程中或者由于玻璃板间有温度差便会出现这种平面运动。如图2所示,这将导致在支撑柱和玻璃板之间积聚有剪切力10而形成高的张应力区11。在任何一块玻璃板的支撑柱的相对边缘上都可观察到成对出现的小新月形裂痕12。
复合支撑柱
下面参照图3,支撑柱5具有高抗压强度芯13和软端14的复合结构。这种支撑柱具有非常高的整体抗压强度,只要任何一端上的软材料层较薄即可。然而,在剪切力作用下,软材料总会发生变形,故可以允许少量的横向运动、减少玻璃板的应力值并且降低形成剪切裂痕的几率。
支撑柱的整体高度通常为0.1至0.2mm,直径约为0.2至0.3mm。软材料层14的厚度可厚达30μm而不会在玻璃窗的边缘产生过大的应力。支撑柱和柔软层的材料能够承受在形成边缘密封过程中所经历的约500℃的高温,而并未产生过度氧化或退火。所述材料还必须与高度的内部真空相匹配,例如镍、铁、铬、铜、银、金、铅等金属和这些金属的合金以及碳的软膜可以被用作软材料14。
如图4所示,复合支撑柱可以由包括高强度中心层13和在一侧或两侧具有柔软层14的复合材料板制造。于是,支撑柱5可以通过冲压、冲孔、磨削或锯切或其它机械方式而由这块复合材料板制成,或者也可利用光刻方法以化学或电解方式蚀刻这块板而成。
制造支撑柱的另一种方法是在形成硬芯13后淀积上柔软层14。如图5所示,可采用常规的电蚀或电镀方法来淀积上软层14。在这种情况下,柔软层还会涂覆到支撑柱的侧面,但这并不会影响这两层在端部上的作用。所述支撑柱可以通过将硬芯塑性变形形成平盘件而制造出。前述芯则可以在此变形过程前或变形过程后涂覆柔软材料。
熔融焊接用玻璃柱
某些支撑柱5可以由熔融的焊接用玻璃制成,而大多数支撑柱则可以由具有高抗压强度的材料、例如陶瓷或高强度金属制成。在围绕玻璃板周边形成气密焊接用玻璃边缘密封件的同一过程中,形成所述熔融焊接用玻璃柱。
焊接用玻璃柱在两块玻璃板的内表面间形成了坚固的机械联接。当真空玻璃窗中存在有剪切力时,焊接用玻璃柱可以吸收剪切力,减少作用在大多数支撑柱上的这些力的值。
焊接用玻璃枝柱的直径大于支撑柱一般所用直径的0.2至0.3mm。只有较少的一部分支撑柱通常是由焊接用玻璃制成,否则通过这些支撑柱的热流将会使真空玻璃窗的导热性显著提高。多达约10%的支撑柱是由焊接用玻璃制成,并且不会导致与通过支撑柱的热流有关的玻璃窗导热性的过大增长。
焊接用玻璃柱的直径可达2mm,但一般这些支撑柱的直径会小于这一尺寸,即不大于1mm。制造焊接用玻璃柱的玻璃是高度透明的,因此这些支撑柱不会显著降低玻璃窗的光学性能。
支撑柱的结构
下面参看图6,支撑柱5包括两个为提供稳定平衡而形成的平行平端15和16以及为提供不稳定平衡而形成的侧面17,以确保支撑柱5置于玻璃板上时会落在其中的一个平坦表面上并随后位于该表面上。
图6(a)示出侧面17沿外部逐渐变细,其一端大于另一端。图6(b)示出侧面向两端逐渐变细而似尖状。图6(c)示出侧面是弯曲的,而图6(d)示出侧面向两端弯曲而似尖状。
真空玻璃窗结构
图7示出制造叠层压制抽空板方法的步骤。首先在图7(a)中示出了所制造的已抽空的板。接着将层压塑料20置于玻璃窗的一个表面上。图7(b)示出另一块玻璃板(21)被置于这层材料上。整个组件被用力压在一起,接着被加热到一定温度,在该温度下塑料20软化且粘接到两块玻璃薄板2和21上,如图7(c)所示。叠层压制工艺可以在玻璃窗的一侧或两侧进行来制造叠层压制的抽空板。
上面虽然已参照特定实施例描述了本发明,但应当理解也可以由其它形式实现本发明。根据本发明上述的各个方面,可以对玻璃窗结构作出一种或多种改进。

Claims (16)

1.真空玻璃窗,它包括两块绕边缘气密密封的玻璃板,具有绝热的内部真空以及一组设置在玻璃板之间与其接触的支撑柱,其特征在于,所述支撑柱是单体元件,它包括由较高抗压强度材料制成的芯或中心体以及至少一个由较软金属或碳质材料制成的接触层,所述接触层在中心体的至少一端与邻近玻璃板之间提供了一个完整的界面,所述接触层用来吸收剪切力。
2.按照权利要求1所述的真空玻璃窗,其特征在于,支撑柱的高度为0.1至0.2mm,直径为0.2至0.3mm。
3.按照权利要求1或2所述的真空玻璃窗,其特征在于,所述芯体的一端或两端上的软质材料的整个接触层厚达30μm。
4.按照权利要求1、2或3所述的真空玻璃窗,其特征在于,较软的金属材料层选自包括镍、铁、铬、铜、银、金、铝等金属及这些金属合金的一组材料。
5.真空玻璃窗,它包括两块绕边缘气密密封的玻璃板,具有绝热的内部真空以及一组设置在玻璃板之间与其接触的支撑柱,其特征在于,该组支撑柱包括少量的完全由熔融焊接用玻璃制成的第一支撑柱以及大多数的具有高抗压强度的第二支撑柱,第一支撑柱位于玻璃窗的整个表面上的第二支撑柱之间,所述第一支撑柱在使用中吸收剪切力并且减小作用在第二支撑柱上的这些力的值。
6.按照权利要求5所述的真空玻璃窗,其特征在于,所述焊接用玻璃柱的直径在0.2至2mm之间。
7.按照权利要求5或6所述的真空玻璃窗,其特征在于,所述支撑柱组中多达10%的支撑柱是第一支撑柱。
8.一种用于真空玻璃窗的支撑柱,它包括为提供支撑柱的稳定平衡而形成的两个平行的平坦端面以及为提供不稳定平衡而形成的侧面,所述表面的形状和位置使得在使用中位于一块玻璃板上的支撑柱能够稳定地位于其中一个平坦端面上。
9.一种按照权利要求8所述的支撑柱,其特征在于,所述侧面向外弯曲似尖状或向外逐渐变细成锥形。
10.一种按照权利要求9所述的支撑柱,其特征在于,所述尖状或锥形相对于支撑柱的两个端面是对称的。
11.一种按照权利要求8至10中任意一项所述的支撑柱,其特征在于,所述支撑柱的横截面为圆形。
12.真空玻璃窗,它包括两块绕边缘气密密封的玻璃板,具有绝热的内部真空以及一组置于玻璃板之间的支撑柱,其特征在于,所述支撑柱具有为提供支撑柱的稳定平衡而形成的两个平行的平坦端面以及为提供不稳定平衡而形成的侧面,所述表面的形状和位置使得在使用中位于一块玻璃板上的支撑柱能够稳定地位于其中一个平坦端面上。
13.真空玻璃窗,它包括两块绕边缘气密密封的玻璃板,具有绝热的内部真空以及一组置于玻璃板之间的支撑柱,其特征在于,其中一块玻璃板是在制造成真空玻璃窗之后经叠层压制上的。
14.一种制造真空玻璃窗的方法,它包括以下步骤:
将玻璃板置于高温下,同时形成焊接用玻璃边缘密封件;以及
接着将至少一块玻璃板与另一块玻璃板叠层压制到一起。
15.一种按照权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤包括:
将一层塑料置于玻璃窗的一面,然后将另一层玻璃板置于这层塑料之上;
将整个组件用力压在一起;以及
将所述组件加热到使所述塑料软化且粘接到两层玻璃板上的温度。
16.一种按照权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述真空玻璃窗的两侧施行叠层压制工艺。
CNB951966561A 1994-10-19 1995-09-28 真空玻璃窗的结构改进 Expired - Lifetime CN1145740C (zh)

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