CN1152134A - 用作集成光学元件的液晶盒 - Google Patents

用作集成光学元件的液晶盒 Download PDF

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CN1152134A
CN1152134A CN96122673A CN96122673A CN1152134A CN 1152134 A CN1152134 A CN 1152134A CN 96122673 A CN96122673 A CN 96122673A CN 96122673 A CN96122673 A CN 96122673A CN 1152134 A CN1152134 A CN 1152134A
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J·芬夫施林
M·鲁茨奇
M·沙德特
H·塞伯勒
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Rolic Technologies Ltd
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Abstract

一种光学元件，其构成有：一块基片或含有两块彼此隔开的基片的盒、在基片上的一或多个取向层以及一或多层交联的液晶单体或齐聚物的各向异性层，其中的液晶分子局部取向不同。邻近液晶层的取向层的表面具有在高局部限定区域内的确定的平行或扇形线条结构的取向图形。线条间的平均间隔不大于液晶层的厚度，相邻线条间的角度不大于3°。

Description

用作集成光学元件的液晶盒
本发明涉及一种光学元件，它含一块或两块基片以及在每块基片上的一个或多个取向层，以及在基片上或基片间的一层或多层交联了的液晶单体或齐聚物的各向异性薄膜，其中的液晶分子局部取向不同。本发明也涉及此种元件的生产和应用。
具有高分辨、预置的光轴三维取向的、各向异性的透明或着色高聚物网络层，在显示技术、集成光学和防伪方面均是非常重要的。
EP-A-545 234公开具有精细结构的液晶盒，它含有确定的不同取向和由此而来的不同折射率的区域。液晶的这种折射率图形是通过显微机械法产生，即用按照扫描强化显微镜的扫描笔(扫描探针或原子强化(atomic force)显微镜〔AFM〕)移动的触针在束缚液晶的取向层表面上制得线条结构。所得线条是明显的漕沟，或只是排列均一的分子的线条，这取决于触针所施压力。在下文中所述的“刻痕”一词，是表示通过触针产生线条结构的方法。以此法所得的板状液晶盒，在取向层上的图形构成转移到液晶上的取向图形。光学非线型液晶或光学冻结的光波导结构都是重要应用领域。
EP-A-611 981公开了所用材料，以及通过交联单体液晶来稳定取向结构的方法。液晶取向结构是通过可光取向的聚合物网络的取向层(“PPN层”)而导致。为此，第一步在PPN取向层上，用偏振光光化学法制得所需图形，第二步，用旋转涂覆法(PPN法)，将之转移到液晶层上。然后通过交联稳定液晶结构。为简便起见，以后称这种交联的液晶层为LCP(液晶聚合物)。
欧洲专利申请NO.689 084描述具有若干PPN取向层和交联液晶单体的各向异性层的层结构的光学元件，它完全受PPN法的限制，即限制分辨率、指示器的很小的可变方向性以及倾斜角的有限调整。
尚未发表的瑞士专利申请No.2036/95描述用以掩膜：即转移偏振图形至偏振敏感层上的光学元件的生产和应用。
EP-A-689 065描述具有一层结构的光学PPN元件及其生产，该元件特别适合于防伪。
现已发现，用具有显微机械刻痕取向层的可交联液晶，能产生有好得多或甚至全新性能的结构。
根据本发明，上文提供的元件的特征在于：邻近液晶层的取向层表面，在局部限定区域内，有一确定的平行或扇形线状结构的取向图形，线条间的平均间隙不大于液晶层的厚度，相邻线条间的角不大于3°。
与PPN方法不同，例如，用这方法能产生较小结构。除优选方向外，分子倾斜角可以控制和改变，以及可以局部地连续变化优选方向。与EP-A-545 234所述液晶盒不同，本元件只需一块基片。三维结构(多层)也能构造出来。
现在参照附图来叙述本发明的实施方案，其中：
图1是表示根据本发明实施方案的元件的截面图；
图2是表示另一个实施方案的载面图；
图3是表示另一个实施方案的俯视图；
图4表示根据本发明生产元件的一种布置图；
图5表示导控触针的不同方式。
如图1所示，取向层2是配置在基片1(玻璃板)上，取向层优选聚酰亚胺，以本领域技术人员已知方式优选旋转涂覆法涂覆上此层。第一步，以平行图示Y的方向以常法摩擦取向层。如所知，其目的是为了获得平行摩擦方向的相邻的液晶层的基本均一的取向。其次，通过显微机械的触针刻痕法获得所需取向图形。控制触针的方法由显微扫描探针技术可知。触针平行X轴移动，在表面上产生如图所示的槽沟4的精细结构。其次，通过旋转涂覆法涂覆法涂覆一种所需厚度的合适的液晶单体混合物。在非刻痕区域5，液晶层平行最初摩擦的Y方向取向；而在刻痕区域4，平行刻痕X方向取向。取向图形可以用单个的触针或若干个平行的触针来刻划。
其后，液晶层通过化学或光化学交联而稳定。若此层的各个部分不需固定，在光化学交联情况下，在以上最后提及的步骤中通过一个合适的掩膜进行光照。所以，在这实施例中制得的LCP层包括区域7，其中的液晶分子均平行取向于摩擦的Y方向，和区域6，其中的分子均平行取向于摩擦的X方向。
操纵触针，以便控制和调整液晶分子的倾斜角。如所知，液晶分子不需平行于表面，而是要通过取向层中的聚合物的角度倾斜于平面。摩擦或刻痕的方向决定其以正角或负角向X方向倾斜。怎样根据本发明使用这技术示于图5；当a)返回时触针提升，或b)返回中每条已刻划的轨迹再次刻划时，刻痕移动总是在相同方向上产生。在后一种情况，在Y方向的进给必须相应地同步。这两种刻痕方法产生最大的聚合物特征倾斜角。示于c)的刻痕图形产生0°倾斜角，而图d)或e)产生小于最大值的倾斜角。所以通过刻痕方法的选择，能控制和调整倾斜角。
因为交联聚合物是机械稳定的，不论有无聚合物缓冲层存在，上述方法都可重复使用。这点如图2所示。层21，22和23相当于图1中的层1，2，3。在层23交联后，再次摩擦和进行显微机械刻痕。另外，为了改进光学性质或取向性质，可以在摩擦和刻痕前再涂覆几层。旋转涂覆层24和随后的交联产生进一步的取向图形25，26。当需要时，这方法就可重复使用，这样在Z方向也获得结构化的三维折光率图形。
本发明在凡是需要固定的(即非转接(non-switching)的)具有高分辨折光率图形的地方是有用的。应用范围还包括可使用由PPN法生产的元件的全部领域。但是，本发明还可用于获得更精细结构、导向器方向的连续变化、以及倾斜角的辅助控制，这样，除了已知的PPN应用外，开拓了全新的前景。
此前景包括例如集成光学的光波导结构，例如：耦合器，耦合输入结构(如光栅)，延迟线或偏光感应结构。结合活化或NLO活化的元件，这些光波导结构也能以简单方式用作连接网络。尤其，三维网络可用作各层间耦合或各波导管间无相互作用的交叉。本发明可应用的一个实施例是图3所示的180°弯曲的光波导管。光31在波导33中传送，至点32止，做了180°弯曲。为了产生这种波导结构，刻痕方向必须在弯管外侧区34和弯管内侧区35(即弯管33本身)作局部连续变化。这是任何在方法所不能完成的。
固定的折射率图形也可用于生产如适于PPN照射的高分辨率掩膜。本发明可生产分辨率和复杂性都高于瑞士专利申请NO.2036/95所述平板照相印刷法所得的掩膜。
在身份证和各种证件的防伪上，固定的折光率图形也是非常重要的。由于根据本发明的刻痕图形的高分辨率，衍射效应可用作辅助的保密元件，即折射率图形起与偏振相关的全息照相作用。若三维结构(立体全息图)按上文所述产生，则在散射效应上会得到大大改进。
与PPN工艺相结合，本发明也是很重要的。用PPN法光学构造大面积区域，其后，通过本发明方法，其微细结构得到铺设。在那种场合，例如在实施例图1所示的取向层2、或图2所示的取向层22不含摩擦过的聚合物层或在23和24之间可能的中间层不含刻痕聚合物层，而是含光致结构聚合物网络，其中的辅助图形在交联后得致刻痕。在上文所列举的所有实施例都有相同的铺设。
实施例：本发明元件的生产
下面的双丙烯酸酯组分用作可交联单体：单体1
Figure A9612267300071
单体2 单体3
这些组分是用来研制具有特低熔点(约35℃)、可深冷的向列相混合物MLCP，使其能进行室温制备。在混合物中，单体1、2、3的比例为80∶15∶5，向混合物中，加入2％的Ciba-Geigy光引发剂IRGACURE369。
通过旋转涂覆，用已知方法在镀ITO(氧化铟锡)的玻璃试板上，铺设厚约100nm的聚酰亚胺层。这层在常用摩擦装置上摩擦。有不同光栅常数和与原摩擦方向成45°角的光栅结构通过压电驱动的触针刻痕。这点图示于图4。涂覆了的试样41固定在按方向45机械移动(V＝3.6mm/s)的台上。触针43固定于小棒44，可沿方向46和47压电移动。在方向46上施加恒定频率240Hz，对应于刻痕线条间平均间隙为7.5nm，线长为10μm，光栅周期是通过调整的周期中断而产生。另外，触针在方向47上作交替周期地上升和下降。
通过旋转涂覆(参数：2000rpm下2分钟)，将LCP层铺设。此层厚度可通过MLCP在苯甲醚溶剂中浓度的选择而大范围改变。如5％浓度时，所得层厚约65nm。其后，将此层于真空下光交联(Hg弧灯下30分钟)。将交联的结构用偏光显微镜和原子强化显微镜(AFM)进行研究。在偏光显微镜下，直至显微镜的分辨极限(即直至光栅周期为720nm)时，光栅是清晰可见，即图4中的狭条42有着与试样的其余部分不同的取向双折射。在AFM下观察，显示周期为240nm的光栅。这些测量表示：在各向异性的交联聚合物中，能产生极精细的折射率图形。

Claims (14)

1.一种由一块基片、一个或多个取向层以及一层或多层交联的其中液晶分子局部不同取向的液晶单体或齐聚物的各向异性层构成的光学元件，其中，在邻近液晶层的取向层的表面局部有限区域内具有确定的平行或扇形线条结构的取向图形，其线条间的平均间隔不大于液晶层厚度，相邻线条间的角度不大于3°。
2.一种光学元件，其构成有：两块分隔开的基片组成的盒子、在每块基片上有一个或多个取向层、以及一层或多层保存在层间而液晶分子具有局部不同取向的交联液晶单体或齐聚物的各向异性层，其中，在邻近液晶层的取向层的表面局部有限区域内具有确定的平行或扇形线条结构的取向图形，其线条间的平均间隔不大于液晶层厚度，相邻线条间的角度不大于3°。
3.根据权利要求1-2中之一所述的光学元件，其中，取向层含有光致结构聚合物网络。
4.根据权利要求1-2之一所述的光学元件，其中线条结构含有显微机械法产生的槽沟状结构单元。
5.根据权利要求1-2之一所述的光学元件，其中至少一层交联液晶分子由单体或齐聚物的混合物组成，该混合物在交联前至少在加工中和0℃到60℃的温度范围内的至少超过1℃的温度间隔内是液晶态。
6.根据权利要求1-5的任何一项所述光学元件的生产方法，包括在取向层的表面上，用显微机械法产生精细结构，然后铺设一层液晶齐聚物或单体，随后使液晶层交联。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中光轴方向的变化取决于刻痕线条排列方向。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其中两块基片之一在液晶盒中交联后可以移走。
9.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中至少有一层交联的液晶分子含有单体或齐聚物的混合物，该混合物在交联前至少在加工中和0℃到60℃的温度范围内的至少超过1℃的温度间隔内是液晶态。
10.根据权利要求1-5的任何一项所述光学元件的用途，用作生产确定的光偏振图形的掩膜，即具有局部不同偏振的光束。
11.根据权利要求1-5的任何一项所述光学元件的用途，用于在偏振敏感的光敏层中光诱导生产取向图形。
12.根据权利要求1-5的任何一项所述光学元件的用途，用作光波导或光波导网络。
13.根据权利要求1-5的任何一项所述光学元件的用途，用作身份证和证件上的保密单元。
14.根据权利要求1-5的任何一项所述光学元件的用途，用作光折射单元。
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