CN1210004C - 辐射器 - Google Patents
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- A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
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Abstract
辐射器包括一细长装置,其尖端有一天线(240,340),以将辐射耦合入生物物质,还包括一围绕天线的绝缘体(250,350),以便基本包容天线的整个近场区,和/或增强辐射向前进方向的输送。绝缘体(250,350)可以是圆柱形的,沿其轴有天线(240,340)。天线的长度可为λ/2,半径也可为λ/2。天线(240)的尖端(270)呈半径为λ/2的半球形,以增强向前输送的辐射。绝缘体(250,350)的介电常数(ε)要尽可能高,以便在一种合于需要的工作频率下减小其半径,但是也可加上另一层介电常数介于绝缘体(350)的芯部(360)介电常数(ε)与生物组织介电常数之间的绝缘材料(380),使其与周围生物组织相匹配。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及辐射器,特别是涉及微波烧蚀装置。
背景技术
用于微波烧蚀组织的一种已知的辐射器包括一个与一根细长的波导管有效耦合的微波发生器,以传送微波到烧蚀部位。波导管足够细,可插入体内,并有一个绝缘材料的核,能通过波导管有效传输微波。在波导管的发射端,绝缘核可伸出,为耦合微波进入周围组织提供一个辐射尖点。发明人的目的是提供一种改进的辐射器。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面,本发明在于提供一种可插入活体的细长装置。这种装置在其尖端有一可将辐射耦合进生物物质的天线,还有一围绕天线的绝缘体,以基本上包容天线所发射辐射的整个近场。
本发明是基于对下述事实的了解:天线产生近场,近场含有一些大的场振幅,这些场振幅准静态地存在于天线的局域中,不辐射能量。在正常通讯天线中,局部区域充满空气,近场振幅,除了对天线阻抗贡献电抗外,没有影响。然而,在医学应用中,如果近场区含有高度损耗性的生物物质,近场振幅将产生热。因为近场区的高振幅、小范围,在近场区可以产生很多热,这降低了远场的能量。所以削弱了场穿透力,近场区中的局部烧焦变成了向天线输入功率的一个限制因素。
本发明在于提供一种可插入活体的细长装置,这种装置在其尖端有一天线,用于把辐射耦合进生物物质,并且围绕天线有一个绝缘体,该绝缘体尺寸确定成可以基本包容天线发射的全部近场辐射。
据本发明制造的绝缘体用于提供一种可包容近场区的低损耗环境,以致有较大的功率输给远场区的生物物质。
近场区的范围可由辐射在绝缘体中的波长λ和天线的主尺寸L根据关系式2L2/λ来确定。而且在天线中,L与λ成正比。所以,近场区的范围与λ成正比,故通过增加绝缘体的介电常数以减小体内辐射的波长,从而缩小近场区的范围是可能的。所以为了插入活体,这种装置的总外部尺寸可以缩小。较高的介电常数也适应较低频率辐射的使用,但这却可增加近场的波长和范围;不过,较低频率的辐射有利于增加进入远场的辐射穿透力。
在本发明的一个实施例中,绝缘体呈圆柱状,天线在其中心径向伸出一段距离L,圆柱的半径基本等于2L2/λ。为了插入肝脏之类活体,可设计这种装置有最小半径,这样将在绝缘体周围产生一环形辐射场。在绝缘体的自由端可装一尖锐的尖端,以帮助穿透生物物质。
天线的长度可基本等于半波长,此时,圆柱状绝缘体的半径也基本等于半波长。然后调节天线到起一个谐振器的作用,以加大天线辐射的功率。
然而,介电常数增大,可能超过生物物质的介电常数,进而可能导致辐射在绝缘体中的全面内反射,和传输辐射的降低。为了克服这个问题,可这样制造绝缘体,使其核部的介电常数大于其外边缘的介电常数,而外边缘的介电常数居于核部介电常数与生物物质介电常数之间。于是,核部的介电常数可高于周围生物物质的介电常数,以便帮助降低装置的总直径。不同介电常数可对应绝缘体中的不同层,即每层有不同的介电常数,也可对应不同介电水平,即介电常数在绝缘体的整个深度上是变化的。
根据本发明的另一方面,本发明在于提供一种可插入活体的细长装置,这种装置在其尖端有一天线,用于把辐射耦合进生物物质,并且围绕天线有一个绝缘体,以便增加辐射向插入前进方向的传输。
这个绝缘体最好完全包围天线,有一尖端部分延伸到天线尖端外,以承受前进方向辐射的内反射。这样,有利的是,可对绝缘体加以调节,使其起谐振器的作用,以进一步增大来自这种细长装置尖端沿插入方向的辐射。特别是,绝缘体的直径基本等于辐射的波长,尖端部分基本呈半球形,有一基本等于辐射波长一半的半径。
这种细长装置可进一步包括一同轴导体(最好用绝缘材料包裹),从辐射发生器向天线供应辐射。天线最好在其同轴导体远端有一段中心导体裸露在外。这段供作天线的裸露在外的中心导体大致等于半波长。同轴导体可以是刚性电缆,也可以是软电缆。
绝缘体最好有一介电常数或一相对电容率,以致可使天线的长度减小。这样,有利的是,在同轴导体与绝缘体之间可存在一变压器,以降低从同轴导体与绝缘体之间边界返回进入同轴导体的辐射的反射。这样一个变压器可有利地包含一空间,供包裹同轴导体的绝缘材料膨胀占用。
根据本发明的再一方面,本发明在于使用根据本发明制造的装置将辐射耦合入生物物质的方法。
附图说明
通过考虑下面对本发明实施例的描述,本发明进一步的优点和特点对于业内人士将是显而易见的;实施例将只通过例子、并参照附图来描述。在附图中:
图1表示辐射器的第一个实施例;
图2表示辐射器的第一个实施例尖端部分的细节;
图3表示辐射器的第二个实施例,其尖端部分连着一个变压器;
图4表示辐射器的第三个实施例;
图5表示图4所示辐射器的尖端;
图6表示图4所示辐射器一种不同设计的侧视图。
具体实施方式
图1表示辐射器系统100的总布局。辐射发生器110,即微波发生器,产生辐射,被耦合进同轴电缆120,输送辐射到一个远端区130,那里有一天线,用于把辐射发射进远端130周围的物质。在使用中,同轴电缆120插进活体,远端130放在希望受到辐射的区域附近。例如,这个装置可插入动脉,照射动脉壁上的病变,也可插入子宫,照射子宫内膜。辐射的供给由控制装置140控制;它常常有一脚踏开关,用于控制微波发生器开始、调整和停止向远端130供应辐射。
图2表示图1所示辐射器尖端区130的细节。这个尖端区,总的标为200,示出由外导体210和与之相隔的芯导体220构成的同轴电缆的远端。导体210与导体220之间充填绝缘材料230。用于发射同轴电缆所输送辐射的天线包括一段同轴电缆芯导体240,延伸到同轴电缆远端外导体之外。为了提高天线240的发射质量,供作天线的芯导体的长度最好等于辐射在绝缘体中波长的大约一半。天线240用绝缘体250包裹,在此绝缘体中,所用辐射的波长被降至其自由空间值以下,因而能使供作天线的那段裸露的芯导体240比别的方法可能实现的短。为了提高天线向前进方向的辐射,绝缘体250,除了有一个包裹那段裸露芯导体240的圆柱形部分260外,还有一半球形部分270,承受天线辐射沿箭头280和290所示前进方向的部分内反射。这个半球形部分270最好有一种尺寸,以致提供一个谐振器,进一步提高绝缘体250沿前进方向的辐射。绝缘体250内部部分反射的辐射的谐振可受到比如半球形部分270的尺寸的助长,如果其半径近似等于所用辐射的一半波长的话。将会知道,绝缘体可以有其他尺寸和形状,只要它们可以借助内反射和/或谐振助长辐射向前传播。
当这个装置被用于子宫内膜烧蚀时,使用频率约9.2GHz的辐射是合于需要的。在自由空间,这种辐射的波长约为32mm。如果用介电常数εR=25的材料制作绝缘体,可使波长减至6mm。相应地,绝缘体的直径和总长度也大约6mm。
图3表示辐射器装置尖端部分的另一个实施例,总体标为300。这里,为了降低来自同轴电缆的辐射在同轴电缆与绝缘体之间的反射,一个变压器310被加在同轴电缆与绝缘体之间。变压器310包括几个圆柱形部分(如三个,320、330、340),半径向绝缘体依次增大。这样,有利的是,至少变压器邻接同轴电缆的部分320不包含固体充填材料。其好处在于,当受热时,如在制造或使用时,充填同轴电缆芯导体与外导体之间空间的绝缘材料不会膨胀到变压器中,因而减轻了在其他方面的有害压力。
由图2和图3所示辐射器产生的近场辐射从天线240延伸出来的距离,可用公式2L2/λ确定;式中,L是天线的裸露长度,λ是辐射在绝缘体250中的波长。L的优选值是λ/2,这样近场辐射就被限制在天线周围一个半径为λ/2的区域内。所以,使用中近场辐射不会波及更多的围绕辐射器的高损耗生物物质,从而可减小或避免由此造成的局部烧焦的有害效应,以及辐射穿透力的降低。相反,微波功率被发射到远场增加了穿透性和功率转换。
图4表示的是又一个本发明的实施例,其中,辐射发生器310通过刚性同轴导体320向此导体远端的尖端区供应微波能。在同轴导体320的内外导体之间是绝缘包裹材料330。如图5详细表示的,在尖端部分,通过去掉外导体使一段内导体340裸露出来,以形成一发射辐射的天线。这段天线340轴向嵌入一个绝缘的圆柱体350,其直径基本上与同轴导体320的外径一样。一个尖锐的金属尖端370安在绝缘体350的端部,用以帮助穿进生物物质,如肝脏,以在肿瘤上进行烧蚀。天线340的长度最好大致等于辐射在绝缘体中的波长的一半,绝缘体350的半径也最好大致等于辐射在绝缘体中的波长的一半。这样,天线发射的近场就将位于一个2L2/λ所确定的区域内。这个区域的半径等于辐射在绝缘体中的波长的一半,以致近场基本上全包在绝缘体内。绝缘体的介电常数要选择得很高,以便降低在绝缘体内的损失。因此,微波能可以环状型式被发射到尖端部分周围的远场区,以便增加场穿透力和功率传送。一般地说,装有一个10GHz工作电压的发生器和一个介电常数εR=25的绝缘体的辐射器,其绝缘体的半径为3mm。
为了减小辐射器尖端的直径,绝缘体是用介电常数尽可能高的材料制造的,除了要受辐射器所用于的生物物质的介电常数的限制外。当绝缘体的介电常数大于生物物质的介电常数时,全面内反射可出现在绝缘体的外表面,场穿透力将逐渐消散,局部化。为了克服这个限制,绝缘体350由一个内核360和一个外层380构成,内核材料有很高的介电常数,外层材料介电常数较低,介于内核与周围生物物质之间,以便匹配辐射在内核与生物物质之间的阻抗。为了做到这一点,外层380的折射指数应当等于芯部360和生物物质折射指数的几何平均值,外层的厚度应当等于辐射在外层中波长的1/4。于是,内核半径也要等于辐射在内核中的波长的1/4,以在尖端产生一个半波长的总标称半径。
在本发明的另一些实施例中,可以采用多个外层,使每个外层有适当的折射指数和厚度,以增大辐射器的带宽(即可以使用辐射器的频率范围)。不过,这会导致尖端总半径的增加。为了对付这个问题,可以这样制造绝缘体:使其折射指数向其外表面连续降低。
可使外层380介电常数减小的另一种可选技术是使其外表面形成图6所示沟槽390,绝缘体和沟槽中的物质的平均介电常数背降低。沟槽在绝缘体350上可以是纵向的,也可以是一圈一圈的。
显然,图2和图3所示实施例也可被改造成图5和图6所示那样,加进一个或几个具有不同介电常数的外层,外层要有半球形尖端的形状。
具有适当高介电常数的绝缘材料包括电容率100的TiO2和电容率155的CaTiO2之类材料。这些绝缘材料适合用于制造内核360,以减小其直径。外层370可以用电容率在内核与生物物质之间的TiO2和AlO2的混合物制造。具有更高电容率的材料也可以使用,如铁电体材料;一个例子是Ba1-xSrxTiO3(BST),它的电容率约为600。
因此,通过适当选择绝缘材料,有可能制造尖端直径3-6mm、可以用于腹腔镜检查的辐射器,也有可能制造尖端直径甚至小于3mm、允许作经由皮肤治疗的辐射器。
根据本发明制造的辐射器,还可以用于测量经由同轴导体从尖端发射回来的辐射,测定生物物质的介电常数。
Claims (21)
1.一种可插入活体的细长装置,尖端有一用于将辐射耦合进生物物质的天线(240,340),围绕天线有一绝缘体(250,350),该绝缘体尺寸确定为可以基本包容天线发射的全部近场辐射。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中绝缘体(250,350)从天线(240,340)伸出一段至少基本等于2L2/λ的距离,式中L是天线在绝缘体中的主尺寸,λ是辐射在绝缘体中的波长。
3.如权利要求2所述的装置,其中绝缘体(250,350)有一大致呈圆柱形的部分,天线(240,340)在其中心径向伸出所述距离L。
4.如权利要求2所述的装置,其中绝缘体(250,350)从天线(240,340)伸出一段基本等于所述辐射在绝缘体中波长的一半的距离。
5.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中绝缘体(350)是这样的:其芯部(360)的介电常数高于其外缘(380)的介电常数,后者与所述活组织的介电常数更为匹配。
6.如权利要求5所述的装置,其中绝缘体(350)有一内芯(360)和一外层(380),各有不同的介电常数。
7.如权利要求6所述的装置,其中内芯(360)和外层(380)有这样的尺寸:它们从天线(340)伸出部分据各自的介电常数确定,以致总尺寸是辐射在绝缘体中名义波长的一个预定的分数。
8.如权利要求7所述的装置,其中内芯(360)和外层(380)各有基本上等于其中辐射的波长1/4的尺寸。
9.如权利要求6到8中任何一项所述的装置,其中外层(380)在其外表面有沟槽,当沟槽为其他物质充填时,可用以降低这个区域的介电常数。
10.如权利要求5所述的装置,其中绝缘体(350)的介电常数至少在离开天线(340)的部分距离上是连续变化的。
11.如权利要求1-8和10中任何一项所述的装置,其中有一尖端部分(270,370)延伸到天线端部之外。
12.如权利要求11所述的装置,其中尖端部分(370)很尖锐,有助于穿透生物物质。
13.如权利要求12所述的装置,其中尖端部分(370)由不同于绝缘体(340)的材料制成。
14.如权利要求11所述的装置,其中尖端部分(270)是绝缘体(250)的外延部分,呈圆形,以支持辐射向前输送。
15.如权利要求14所述的装置,其中尖端部分(270)基本上是半球形的。
16.如权利要求15所述的装置,其中尖端部分(270)有一基本等于辐射在绝缘体(250)中半波长的半径
17.如权利要求1-8和10中任何一项所述的装置,其中所述天线(240、340)由一细长装置形成,该细长装置包括一同轴导体(120,320),其中心导体(220,240)在远端突出于同轴导体外屏蔽之外,以构成天线(240,340)。
18.如权利要求17所述的装置,其中天线(240,340)长度基本等于辐射在绝缘体中的半波长
19.如权利要求17所述的装置,在同轴导体(120,320)与绝缘体(250,350)之间有一变压器(310),以降低辐射在同轴导体与绝缘体边界处返回进入同轴导体的反射。
20.如权利要求18所述的装置,在同轴导体(120,320)与绝缘体(250,350)之间有一变压器(310),以降低辐射在同轴导体与绝缘体边界处返回进入同轴导体的反射。
21.如权利要求19所述的装置,其中变压器(310)在同轴导体内有一供同轴导体包裹材料膨胀进入的空间。
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1999
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2000
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