CN1244814A - 净化方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种从布置在膜片组件(4)中的多个多孔膜片的表面清除污物的方法和设备,其借助装置(10)而不是借助通过所述的膜片孔的气体,通过从组件的内部提供相对于多孔膜片组均匀分布的气泡,使得气泡流过膜片(9)的表面来从其上驱逐污物。膜片(9)彼此紧邻布置并且被固定得可防止在它们之间的过份的移动。气泡还对膜片产生振动和摩擦,以便进一步有助于清除污物。
Description
本发明涉及采用气泡法来从用于过滤系统等装置中的膜片的表面清除污物。
已知各种膜片过滤系统，它们中有许多采用在高的跨膜压力(TMP)下工作的加压系统来产生有效的过滤和高的滤液流量。这些系统是非常有效的，但是制造，运营和维护也是昂贵的。采用沿着竖向大量安装在一个箱中的膜片组和采用施加在纤维腔中的吸力来产生跨膜压力的简单的系统已经被研制出来，然而，这些系统在过去已经被发现比加压系统的效率低。
这些已知系统的实例在授予ISHIDA等人的美国专利5192456，授予COTE等人的美国专利5248424和授予ZENON环保股份有限公司(ZENONENVIRONMENTAL INC)的WO 97/06880中有所说明。
ISHIDA等人的专利描述了一种活化污泥的处理设备，在那里，气流被用来清洁过滤器膜片的外表面。在该装置中，用于废水生物处理的鼓风机也被用作次级扰动源来清洁膜片的表面。膜片组件是板式的。膜片还具有低的组装密度，因而不存在清理紧密组装的过滤纤维束有关的问题。空气从组件之下起泡，并且从膜片组的外部供给。
COTE等人的专利也是描述了一种过滤纤维组系统。在该案例中，纤维被固定成束而形成倒U形的或者抛物形的系统，空气从该系统之下引入来产生气泡，气泡以这样的力量接触纤维，使得它们可保持表面没有附着的微生物和无生命颗粒的沉积物。纤维是可以自由摇摆的，因为它们仅连接在任一端部，而这有助于去掉在它们外表面上的沉积物。气体/空气流的气泡供自纤维束的外源，并且大致横向于纤维的长度流动。这限制了可以被有效清洁的纤维束的深度。
在ZENON环保股份有限公司的PCT申请WO 97/06880中公开的发明与COTE等人的专利密切相关。在该文件中，纤维是不受限制的，竖向布置的，并且尺寸设定得稍稍长于纤维端部固定在其内的端板的对置的表面之间的距离，以便容许各个纤维摆动和独立运动。纤维束利用可产生大量气泡的气体分布装置来充气，而气泡用于洗涤竖向布置的纤维的外表面，因为它们上升通过纤维束。
我们自己的国际专利申请WO 96/07470描述了一种较早的清洁膜片的方法，其通过向膜片的渗入侧施加气体压力然后使包围着膜片的供给侧的壳体迅速减压来采用气体逆洗去驱逐膜片壁上的污物。供给供应壳体时发生该气体逆洗，引起围绕膜片壁的紊流和泡沫，导致进一步驱逐累积的固体。
本发明特别是涉及布置得形成较紧装束的膜片组件的多个多孔的膜片。这些多孔膜片可以是纤维形式的或者板式的膜片，如在上述的现有技术中所述的。
本发明寻求通过提供用于采用气泡来从多孔膜片的表面清除污物的简单有效的装置和方法来克服或者至少减轻现有技术的问题。
根据一个方面的内容，本发明提供了一种从布置在膜片组件中的多个多孔膜片的表面清除污物的方法，该方法借助一个装置而不是通过所述的膜片孔的气体，通过从组件内部提供相对于多孔膜片组均匀分布的气泡，使得所述的气泡流过所述的膜片的表面，以便从其上驱逐污物，所述的膜片彼此紧邻布置并且被固定得可防止在它们之间的过份移动。最好是，纤维膜片布置成束，由穿孔的网屏所包围，该网屏用于防止在它们(膜片)之间的所述的过分的移动。
根据第二方面的内容，本发明提供一种膜片组件，它包括多个多孔膜片，所述的膜片彼此紧邻布置并且被固定得可以防止在它们之间的过份移动，和借助一个从组件内提供气泡的装置，而不是通过所述的膜片孔的气体，使得在使用时，所述的气泡流过所述的膜片的表面，以便从其上驱逐污物。
气泡可以从组件内通过各种方法予以提供，包括气体分布孔或者在用来固定纤维膜片的套筒中的孔，在组件内的多孔管，布置得可在组件内输出气体的一个管或者多个管。管可以是坐落在组件内的含有孔的管束的形式。提供气泡的另外的方法包括借助火花式臭氧发生器等在现场制造气体。其他类的气体提供方法在下面予以详细描述并且体现在本发明的较佳实施例中。
根据一个较佳形式，本发明提供了一种从被固定成和纵向延伸成组以形成膜片组件的多个多孔中空纤维膜片的表面清除污物的方法，所述的膜片被布置得彼此紧邻并且被固定得可防止在它们之间的过份的移动，该方法包括下列步骤：借助一个装置而不是通过所述的膜片孔的气体从所述的组内提供均匀分布的气泡，所述的分布是这样的，使得所述的气泡基本上均匀地在所述组的每个膜片之间通过，以便冲刷所述的膜片的表面，从而从膜片组件的内部清除聚集的固体。
最好是，所述的膜片被竖向固定，以便形成所述的组，并且所述的气泡大致平行地通至所述的纤维的纵向长度。最好是，所述的均匀分布的气泡在所述组的下端被提供。可选择的是，逆洗可以与清除方法结合使用，以便有助于从膜片孔和膜片的外表面清除固体。
最好是，膜片包括多孔的中空纤维，纤维在每一端被固定在盖上，下盖具有形成在其内的多个孔，通过这些孔可引入提供气泡的气体。纤维通常在下端被密封而在它们的上端是敞开的，以容许清除滤液。某些纤维也可以借助通过在组中被选择的一根纤维供给气体用来提供冲刷的气泡。纤维最好是布置成筒形组或者束。
滤液通常通过应用施加在其上的吸力来从纤维中吸出。然而，可以理解，任何适当的可提供跨膜压力的装置都可以被采用。多孔板可以与气体分布孔结合或者单独使用，以便提供更均匀的气泡分布。多孔板还可以提供防止固体侵入气源增压室的附加优点。
根据又一个较佳方面的内容，本发明提供一种膜片组件，它包括多个多孔的中空膜片纤维，这些纤维纵向延伸在各个封装盖之间并且在每一端被固定在它们之上，所述的膜片纤维被布置得彼此紧邻并且被固定得可防止在它们之间的过份的移动，所述的封装盖之一具有在其内形成的均匀分布的充气排孔，并且所述的纤维被基本均匀地相对于所述的充气孔固定在所述的一个封装盖上。
根据又一个较佳方面的内容，本发明提供一种过滤系统，该系统包括如所述的第二方面内容的膜片组件，其中，所述的膜片组件被竖向布置在含有被过滤的供给液体的一个箱中，将跨膜压力施加给在所述的组中的所述的纤维以便使滤液通过所述纤维中的孔的装置，以及连续地或者间断地将供气供给所述的充气孔以便产生气泡的装置，所述的气泡向上和均匀地在所述的纤维之间流动，以便冲刷其外表面。
可选择的是，当组件含在单独的容器中时，在清除于净化过程中集聚的固体的净化步骤之后，进行容器的定期排泄。除了排泄以外，还可以采用用于清除集聚固体的其他方法。这些方法包括不断地放出在过滤循环中变浓的供给液，或者通过将供给液每隔一定时间间隔泵送入箱的底部来在箱的顶部产生溢流，泵送速率足以引起溢流和清除集聚的固体。在逆洗循环的终了通常进行这项工作。
应当理解，在这里所用的术语“气体”包括任何气体，其中包括空气，各种气体的混合物以及臭氧等。
可以理解，上述的发明可以容易地应用于我们的连续超滤系统的并且在我们的较早期美国专利NO.5405528的说明书中描述的我们自己的标准型式的微孔过滤器芯子上。这些芯子可以通过在下塞子处提供气体分布孔并且提供用于供应气体给所述的孔的歧管来改进，使得在使用时，气体可通过孔并且形成其向上通过过滤介质的冲刷气泡。在一个较佳的布置中，过滤介质在下端是密封的并且滤液在真空作用下从上端吸走，同时一个芯子或者多个芯子布置在含有供给液的箱中。
本发明的实施例将就微孔纤维膜片予以描述，然而，可以理解，本发明同样适用于任何型式的膜片组件。
现在参照附图仅以举例的方式描述本发明的实施例。
图1示出了本发明的膜片组件的一个实施例的简化的横截面图；
图2示出了本发明的一个较佳形式的膜片组件的封装装置的两个部件的简化图；
图3示出了图2的套筒底座的的放大图；
图4A和4B分别示出了套筒底座环形部分的销子构成和套筒底座的柱塞部分；
图5示出了采用图1的膜片组件的过滤系统的简图；
图6示出了本发明的膜片组件的另一个实施例的简化的横截面图；
图7示出了关于向本发明的膜片组件供应空气的另一个实施例的简化的横截面图；
图8A和8B示出了说明组件在不同的条件下的吸气性能的两幅图；
图9示出了在30分钟吸气期的时间内阻力增加的情况图；
图10示出了在无多孔板的情况下，在逆洗之间的时间内阻力增加图；
图11示出了在有多孔板的情况下，在逆洗之间的时间内阻力增加图；
图12示出了在对纤维膜片每隔一定时间的气泡冲刷但是无液体逆洗的条件下经过一定时间的阻力变化图；
图13示出了与图12相似的图，但说明无气泡冲刷对逆洗效率的影响；
图14示出了与图12相似的图，但说明仅对纤维束外侧施加气泡冲刷的作用。
请参阅图1，该实施例的膜片组件4包括纵向延伸在上和下封装盖6，7之间的中空纤维膜片圆筒组或者束5。可选择的是，一个网屏或者罩8包围着圆筒组5，用于将纤维9彼此紧邻固定并且防止过分移动。纤维9在上封装盖6处敞开，以便容许滤液从其腔流走，而在下封装盖7处予以密封。下封装盖7具有在其内均匀分布的一些孔10，以便容许气体/空气通过其予以供应。纤维均匀地固定在封装盖6，7内，而孔10相对于每根纤维9均匀地形成，以便在使用时使气泡均匀地分布在纤维之间。
如下所述，孔10是作为封装过程的一部分形成的。孔彼此间的布置以及纤维相对于孔和彼此间的布置被发现影响着气泡的净化效率。
气体在纤维束中的不良分布可以通过孔的适当分布和定尺寸来予以克服，以确保围绕纤维的气泡流横跨纤维束都是均匀的。在被紧密装束起来的纤维圆筒束中，已经发现，由被引向纤维束中央的气泡所流过纤维束的距离大于被引向纤维束外端的气泡的，因而导致对在纤维束中央的气泡流的阻力大于在其边界或者周边的。
如上所概括所述的，改变气泡不良分布的一种方法是提供一个横跨孔的多孔板，以便提供一种均匀的孔分布，因而提供均匀的气流。另一个方法是提供一种相对于阻力分布的孔尺寸分布。因为每单位面积(A)的气体流量(Q)与阻力(R)成反比，
Q/A～1/R孔直径(d)和阻力之间的关系为
d～(R)1/2采用上述的关系式，则可以设计其可补偿纤维束内阻力差的孔尺寸和位置布局。例如，如果在纤维束中央的阻力比在其周边的大50％，则为得到均匀的气体分布，在中央的孔尺寸(dc)和在周边的孔尺寸(dp)应当如下：
dc/dp＝1.50.5＝1.22
构成孔的已知方法要求钻孔或者其他形式的柱状开口结构(post-porting formation)。这样的方法当进行钻孔等作业时要求躲避纤维/膜片，以避免损坏。这限制了纤维装束密度和孔的尺寸，因为，在纤维紧密装束的情况下，要不干涉或者损坏纤维是很难钻孔的。
在本发明一个方面中所采用的方法是寻求克服或者至少改善上述的问题或者缺点。
根据本发明的该方面的内容，本发明提供了一种在膜片套筒中构成用于气体分布的孔的方法，该方法包括下列步骤：
提供一种用于封装膜片端部的模具，所述的模具在其内设置有用于在封装过程中形成所述孔的构造；
在所述的被填充以可固化的封装材料的模具中放置所述的膜片端部；
让所述的封装材料至少部分固化和
使所述的膜片脱模。
最好是，所述的膜片端部相对于所述的构造均匀分布。在另外一个方面的内容中，本发明包括一个膜片总成，该总成包括至少一个按照上述的方法构成的膜片套筒。
现在参照附图2-4描述构成气体分布孔的最佳方法。如图2的右侧部分所示，封装设备(所示为空的)包括一个安装在竖向可移动的平台21上的封装模具20，而该平台21可借助液压缸22上升和下降。每个模具20的中央设置有一个由液压顶推器缸24操动的竖向可移动的顶推器柱塞23.纤维导向装置或者安装环25围绕模具的周边安装，以便在封装过程中引导和固定纤维端部以及将封装混合物，通常是聚氨基甲酸(乙)酯，保持在模具中。纤维当被插入导向装置25时被固持在套筒26中。模具20的台板20′具有多个直立的销子27，这些销子用于帮助纤维端部的均匀分布和将气体分配孔形成在套筒中的双重目的。销子按照正确的气泡分布的要求来定尺寸和分布。销子分布的一种形式被示于图4中。
在使用时，导向装置25围绕模具20放置，而模具20被填充以封装材料至所要求的水平。然后平台21被提升，以便使纤维端部降入模具20中。纤维端部在插入之前通常被展成扇形，以确保均匀分布，并且被修饰，以确保一致的长度。
一旦封装材料已经部分固化，可以借助提升模具的中央推顶器部分23使套筒从模具中推顶出来。模具通常被加热以便有助于固化。如果需要，可以在封装过程中使模具20被离心处理，以便有助于使封装材料渗入纤维壁。
该过程通常导致在该套筒中的纤维端部是被密封的，然而，可以理解，通过对套筒适当的横向切割，纤维端部可以是敞开的，以便滤液从腔中吸出。
该类的一种试验组件4装束有11000根纤维(外径/内径-650/380微米)。在下端的纤维腔用聚氨基甲酸(乙)酯堵塞起来，直径4.5毫米的60个孔分布在纤维束中。下端连接在与供给部分密封起来的空气管上。
图5示出了所建立的试验装置。组件4被竖向地布置在筒箱15中，滤液通过吸力从封装上盖6中吸走。空气被引入组件4的底部，从而在纤维之间产生气泡，以便驱逐累积在膜片表面上的固体。为了清除堵塞在膜片孔中的固体，少量的渗气被泵过纤维腔(渗气逆洗)。一种运行方法是控制吸力达15分钟，然后充气2分15秒。在充气的头一分钟之后，引入渗气逆洗达15秒。循环返回至吸气。在几个循环之后，在筒箱15中的固体被聚集起来，在箱15中的水被向下排泄，以清除聚集的逆洗液。
在图1所示的较佳实施例中，气体/空气应当均匀分布和流过在组件4的下端的小孔10，以便气泡可以在纤维之间产生。气泡然后向上流动，产生剪切力，以便清除堆积在膜片表面上的固体。如果围绕孔10的阻力由于纤维束的不同区域所提供的阻力不同而变化，气体/空气往往会流过与低阻力有关的那些孔，从而导致通过这些孔的旁通流。
在制造膜片组件4时，希望将纤维9装束成相对于孔10是均匀分布的。另外，孔较小和较多将有助于气体/空气的分布，但是太小的孔会减小气泡的尺寸，因而减小施加在纤维外表面上的剪切力。最好是，孔的尺寸在0.01-5毫米的范围内，然而，应当认识到，孔10的尺寸和位置将随着部件尺寸，纤维装束密度，纤维直径，纤维孔尺寸和其他因素而变化。
另外的减小气体/空气不良分布的方法，是使用一层具有比孔10小得多的孔尺寸的多孔板。在该情况下，空气的主要压降将是跨过多孔板时的压降。如果多孔板具有均匀分布的孔，跨过组件空气端的空气分布往往会是均匀分布的。
为了进一步改进气泡的分布情况，一个多孔管16可以插入筒形组件4的中央。当空气通过多孔管16时，其将产生通过纤维组通出来的均匀的气泡，从而可清除在纤维膜片壁上的固体。可以理解，可以采用一个以上的多孔管，并且这些管可以分布在整个纤维束中。大孔尺寸的纤维或者由非编织材料制成的纤维也可以被用作纤维束中的多孔管。图6示出了这种形式的组件。
参阅图7，空气可以通过从膜片组件上方的供给箱延伸到其底部的空气供应管来予以供入在充气孔10之下的充气室17。该管可以向下延伸到膜片组件的中央或者向下到外部。充气室17还可以连接到或者形成下歧管18的一部分，而该下歧管可能被用来交替地供应充气或者在从组件的底部下泄期间作为用于清除累积的逆洗液的液体歧管，或者作为从组件底部进行逆洗的液体歧管。
图8A和8B示出了同一组件在由几个区域标示的不同条件下的试验结果。在区域1-4中，在筒形箱中的水每10个循环被下泄。这样，累积废液的排泄率被计算为供给量的3.2％。在每3个循环进行废液排泄之下运行的区域5，其累积废液的排泄率是供给量的10.2％。
区域1和2比较了对于网屏包围着纤维束的组件在空气端采用多孔板对吸气性能的影响。开始，由于组件是新的，吸气压力迅速降低(TMP增加)。然后，吸气压力和阻力这两者趋于稳定。根据比较可知，在去掉多孔板之后吸气阻力增加较快，如区域2所示。这些结果说明，结合有多孔板的空气端有助于在纤维之间分布空气。
网屏的采用对过滤具有双重作用。由网屏对纤维运动的限制便于在吸气期间固体的累积。另一方面，在纤维之间的有限的自由空间将减少气泡的聚合，从而可产生较好的净化作用。还发现，对纤维运动的限制与气泡运动相结合将在纤维中产生高频振动和在紧密装束的纤维表面之间的摩擦作用，这可进一步改善对累积固体的清除作用。在图8A和8B中的区域3和4代表对于带有和不带有网屏的同一组件的结果。
在区域3的工作期间，看到一些旁通气泡。这是由于围绕充气孔的阻力不同，特别是在围绕那些孔分布着较少纤维的边界处。因此，我们采用了一种多孔环形板来覆盖在下封装盖的外边界处的孔。在区域4中的结果表明了与区域3比较的改进。
固体的集聚对过滤和结污率是很重要的问题。当每10个循环进行一次箱排泄时，固体聚集得很快，这将影响过滤性能。当每3个循环排泄一次箱时，吸气阻力的增加大大降低，如在区域5中所反映的。
还调查了空气洗涤和逆洗的频率对过滤性能的影响。图9示出了对于吸气30分钟然后进行逆洗和空气洗涤时阻力增加的情况。与图8中区域5的阻力增加的情况相比较，当逆洗之间的吸气时间较长时，阻力增加较快。
进行了较长期的试验，以便比较多孔板对吸气性能的影响。图10和11示出了在带有和不带有多孔板的情况下，在运行6天多时，阻力增加的情况。对于不连接多孔板的组件，在8天内吸气阻力缓慢增加大约20％，而当采用多孔板来改善空气分布时，在运行6天内没有显著的阻力增加。这些结果和示于图8中区域1和2中的结果暗示，多孔板有助于空气均匀分布。
图12-14是展示气泡净化对逆洗效率的影响图。每隔一定间隔进行净化，如图所示，增加的阻力在净化期时紧跟着急剧减小。
图12示出了不采用液体逆洗而有气体净化的作用。在试验的开始阶段，进行通常的液体逆洗，即在那里，滤液被泵回通过纤维腔作为液体逆洗流，同时结合沿着纤维外侧的气体净化。然后停止液体逆洗并且仅仅采用定期的气体净化。发现，既使没有液体逆洗，但是可达到大约90％的逆洗效率。
图13示出了在逆洗阶段没有气体净化的作用。在试验的初始部分还是采用了通常的液体逆洗，即在那里，滤液被泵送回来通过纤维腔作为液体逆洗流，同时结合有沿着纤维外侧的气体净化。然后在大约9∶15和10∶45之间停止气体净化，如图所示，逆洗效率从采用气体净化时的大约96％急剧降低到无气体净化时的大约41％。恢复气体净化显示出逆洗效率的显著改善。
图14展示了充分在纤维束中净化的作用，作为与仅仅外纤维净化的对比。试验的开始还是显示了通常的逆洗方式，液体逆洗和气体净化的进行直至大约9：00。然后气体净化被限制在纤维束的外侧。逆洗效率还是从通常的运行期间的大约98％急剧下降到有限的气体净化时的58％。
上述的实施例涉及的是膜片过滤系统，特别是采用吸气以产生跨膜压力的系统，然而应当理解，该净化系统同样适用于任何形式的纤维膜片过滤方法包括加压的过滤系统。
该净化过程和方法可以与任何标准的逆洗方式结合采用，这些标准的逆洗方式包括液体逆洗，加压气体逆洗，两者的组合，以及化学清洗和配药装置。
该净化方法通常是与逆洗期结合采用的，然而，其也可以在过滤和逆洗期连续采用。清洗的化学物质例如氯可以添加在提供气泡的气体中，以进一步有助于该净化方法。在净化过程中要被清除的固体可以间断地或者连续地予以清除。在连续清除固体的情况下，可以采用澄清器等。澄清器可以用在组件的前方，平行于组件，或者组件可以在澄清器本身中。当需要时，化学药剂可以与澄清器结合使用。
采用这种净化方法的滤清器系统可以用于污水/生物废物处理或者与生物反应器，活化淤泥的或者相似的系统组合使用。
应当理解，在不脱离所述本发明的精神和范围的情况下还可以有其他实施例和例子。
Claims (40)
1.一种从布置在膜片组件中的多个多孔膜片的表面清除污物的方法，该方法借助一个装置而不是通过所述的膜片孔的气体，通过从组件内部提供相对于多孔膜片组均匀分布的气泡，使得所述的气泡流过所述的膜片的表面，以便从其上驱逐污物，所述的膜片彼此紧邻布置并且被固定得可防止在它们之间的过份移动。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，它包括借助所述气泡来振动所述的膜片的步骤。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，它包括彼此相关地安装所述的膜片，以便被振动时在所述的膜片之间产生摩擦作用。
4.如权利要求1，2或者3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述多孔膜片包括中空的纤维膜片。
5.如前述权利要求中任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述纤维膜片布置成束，由穿孔的网屏所包围，该网屏用于防止在它们(膜片)之间的所述的过分的移动。
6.如前述权利要求中任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，它包括借助气体分布孔或者借助在用来安装纤维膜片的套筒中的孔来从组件内提供气泡。
7.如权利要求1-6中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，它包括借助在组件内的至少一个多孔管来从组件内提供气泡的步骤。
8.如权利要求1-6中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，它包括借助布置得可在组件内输出气体的一个管或者多个管来从组件内提供气泡的步骤。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，所述管位于组件内，其形式为带孔的梳状管。
10.一种膜片组件，它包括多个多孔膜片，所述的膜片彼此紧邻布置并且固定得可以防止在它们之间的过份移动，和借助一个从组件内提供气泡的装置，而不是通过所述的膜片孔的气体，使得在使用时，所述的气泡流过所述的膜片的表面，以便从其上驱逐污物。
11.如权利要求10所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，所述的多孔膜片布置得可由所述的气泡来振动。
12.如权利要求11所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，所述的多孔膜片彼此相关地固定，以便当被振动时可在所述的膜片之间产生摩擦作用。
13.如权利要求10-12中任何一项所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，所述多孔膜片包括中空的纤维膜片。
14.如权利要求13所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，所述纤维膜片布置成束，由穿孔的网屏所包围，该网屏用于防止在它们(膜片)之间的所述的过分的移动。
15.如权利要求10-14中任何一项所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，用于从组件中提供气泡的装置包括气体分布孔或者在用来固定纤维膜片的套筒中的孔。
16.如权利要求15所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，一个多孔板与气体分布孔结合使用，以便提供均匀的气泡分布。
17.如权利要求10-14中任何一项所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，用于从组件内提供气泡的装置包括一个多孔板，通过该多孔板提供气体，以便提供所述的气泡。
18.如权利要求10-14中任何一项所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，用于从组件内提供气泡的装置包括至少一个位于组件内的多孔管。
19.如权利要求10-14中任何一项所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，用于从组件内提供气泡的装置包括布置得可在组件内输出气体的一个管或者多个管。
20.如权利要求19所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，所述管是坐落在组件内的含有孔的管束的形式。
21.如权利要求9-18中任何一项所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，膜片包括多孔的中空纤维，纤维在每一端被固定在盖上，下盖具有形成在其内的多个孔，通过这些孔可引入提供气泡的气体。
22.如权利要求21所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，所述纤维在下端被密封而在它们的上端是敞开的，以容许清除滤液。
23.如权利要求21或者22所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，所述纤维在所述的盖之间被固定成基本拉紧的方式。
24.一种膜片组件，它包括多个多孔的中空膜片纤维，这些纤维纵向延伸在各个封装盖之间并且在每一端被固定在它们之上，所述的膜片纤维被布置得彼此紧邻并且被固定得可防止在它们之间的过份的移动，所述的封装盖之一具有在其内形成的分布的充气孔，并且所述的纤维被基本均匀地相对于所述的充气孔固定在所述的一个封装盖上。
25.如权利要求24所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，所述的充气孔这样定尺寸和就位，使得当组件被浸入液体时由通过其的气体所形成的气泡基本上均匀地在每个膜片之间通过。
26.如权利要求24-25所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，所述的多孔膜片被布置得可借助所述的气泡来振动。
27.如权利要求26所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，所述的多孔膜片彼此相关地固定，以便当被振动时可在所述的膜片之间产生摩擦作用。
28.如权利要求24或者25所述的膜片组件，其特征在于，所述纤维在所述的封装盖之间被固定成基本拉紧的方式。
29.一种从被固定成和纵向延伸成组以形成膜片组件的多个多孔中空纤维膜片的表面清除聚集的固体的方法，所述的膜片被布置得彼此紧邻并且被固定得可防止在它们之间的过份的移动，该方法包括下列步骤：借助一个装置而不是通过所述的膜片孔的气体从所述的组内提供均匀分布的气泡，所述的分布是这样的，使得所述的气泡基本上均匀地在所述组的每个膜片之间通过，以便冲刷所述的膜片的表面，从而从膜片组件的内部清除聚集的固体。
30.如权利要求29所述的方法，其特征在于，它包括借助所述的气泡来振动所述的膜片的步骤。
31.如权利要求30所述的方法，其特征在于，它包括彼此相关地固定所述的膜片，以便当所述的膜片被振动时可在所述的膜片之间产生摩擦作用。
32.如权利要求29所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的膜片被竖向固定，以便形成组，并且所述的气泡大致平行地通至所述的纤维的纵向长度。
33.如权利要求32所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的均匀分布的气泡在所述组的下端被提供。
34.一种包括如权利要求10-33中任何一项所述的膜片组件的过滤系统，其特征在于，所述的膜片组件被竖向布置在含有被过滤的供给液体的一个箱中，并且包括将跨膜压力施加给在所述的组中的所述的纤维以便使滤液通过在所述的纤维中的孔的装置和连续地或者间断地将供气供给用于提供气泡的所述的装置的装置，使得所述的气泡向上和均匀地在所述的纤维之间流动，以便冲刷其外表面。
35.如权利要求34所述的过滤系统，其特征在于，逆洗与冲刷方法结合使用，以便有助于从膜片孔和膜片的外表面清除固体。
36.一种在膜片套筒中形成孔的方法，它包括下列步骤：
提供用于封装膜片端部的模具，所述的模具在其内设置有用于在封装过程中形成所述的孔的构造；
将所述的膜片端部布置在其填充以可固化的封装材料的所述的模具中；
让所述的封装材料至少部分地固化；和使所述的膜片脱模。
37.如权利要求36所述的在膜片套筒中形成孔的方法，其特征在于，其中，所述的膜片端部相对于所述的构造均匀分布。
38.一种膜片总成，包括至少一个按照权利要求36或者37的方法形成的膜片套筒。
39.一种从被固定成和纵向延伸成一个组以形成膜片组件的多个多孔中空纤维膜片的外表面清除集聚的固体的方法，所述的膜片彼此紧邻布置并且被固定得可防止在它们之间的过份的移动，该方法包括下列步骤：借助一个装置而不是通过所述膜片孔的气体从所述的组内提供气泡，所述的气泡借助在它们之间通过时对所述的膜片产生振动而清除所述的集聚的固体。
40.如权利要求39所述的方法，其特征在于，它包括彼此相关地固定所述的膜片，以便在当所述的膜片被振动时在所述的膜片之间产生摩擦作用。
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| AUPO4312A AUPO431296A0 (en) | 1996-12-20 | 1996-12-20 | Module cleaning |
| AUPO4312 | 1996-12-20 | ||
| AUPO8918A AUPO891897A0 (en) | 1997-09-01 | 1997-09-01 | Scouring method |
| AUPO8918 | 1997-09-01 |
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