CN1312923A - 利用嵌入内容分布式幻影服务器的全局文档主系统 - Google Patents

利用嵌入内容分布式幻影服务器的全局文档主系统 Download PDF

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CN1312923A
CN1312923A CN99809674A CN99809674A CN1312923A CN 1312923 A CN1312923 A CN 1312923A CN 99809674 A CN99809674 A CN 99809674A CN 99809674 A CN99809674 A CN 99809674A CN 1312923 A CN1312923 A CN 1312923A
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CN1197027C (zh
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F·汤姆森·莱顿
丹尼尔·M·乐文
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Abstract

一种以真正全局规模支持主处理和内容分发的网络构造或构架。该构架允许内容提供者在整个世界的无限数量点处复制和供应其最流行的内容。构架包括一组以分布方式操作的服务器。要供应的实际内容最好支持在有时称作幻影服务器的主服务器(36)上。该内容包括按常规从内容提供者站点供应的HTML页对象。然而,按照本发明,Web页一个基本HTML文档部分从内容提供者站点(1)供应,而用于该页的一个或多个嵌入对象从主服务器(3、4)供应,最好这些主服务器(5)靠近客户机。通过从内容提供者的站点供应基本HTML文档,内容提供者保持对内容的控制。

Description

利用嵌入内容分布式幻影服务器的全局文档主系统
本发明一般涉及在计算机网络中的信息检索。更具体地说，本发明涉及一种在因特网上主处理和分发内容的新颖方法，该方法解决因特网服务提供者(ISP)和因特网内容提供者的问题。
环球网是因特网的多媒体信息检索系统。在Web环境中，客户机使用超文本转换传输协议(HTTP)实现到Web服务器的事务处理，该协议是熟知的应用协议，使用称作超文本置标语言(HTML)的标准页描述语言向用户提供对文件(例如文本、图表、图象、声音、视频等)的访问。HTML提供基本的文档格式化，并且允许扩展器规定对其他服务器和文件的“链接”。在因特网示例中，至服务器的网络路径由具有用来定义网络连接的专用句法的所谓统一资源定位器(URL)辨别。在客户机处HTML兼容浏览器(例如，网络导航器或微软因特网信息查询工具)的使用包括经URL指定链接。作为响应，客户向在链接中辨别的服务器进行请求，并且作为回答，接收根据HTML格式化的文档或其他对象。在Web服务器上支持的文档集合有时称作Web站点。
在先有技术中众所周知，Web站点把其内容映象在另一个服务器处。的确，当今，内容提供者较靠近其阅读器放置其内容的唯一方法是，在国内和国际上布置在不同位置中的Web主处理地段处的机器上建立其Web站点的拷贝。Web站点的这些拷贝称作镜象站点。不幸的是，镜象站点把不必要的经济和操作负担加在内容提供者上，并且他们不提供规模经济。在经济性方面，对于带有一个初级站点和一个镜象站点的内容提供者的整个成本大于单个初级站点成本的两倍。该附加成本是两个因素的结果：(1)内容提供者必须与用于每个镜象站点的分离主设施协同，和(2)内容提供者招致与保持镜象站点同步有关的额外开销费用。
在解决与映象有关的问题的努力中，诸如Cisco、Resonate、BrightTiger、F5 Labs和Alteon之类的公司正在开发帮助保持镜象站点同步和负载平衡的软件和硬件。尽管这些机构对内容提供者是有帮助的，但他们未能解决规模性的潜在问题。即使内容提供者愿意承担与映象有关的成本，技术本身也不能排列超过几个(即小于10个)的Web站点。
除这些经济性和规模性问题之外，映象还带来操作困难。使用镜象站点的内容提供者不仅租用和管理在远程位置中的物理空间，而且还必须购买和维护同步化的软件或硬件及平衡站点的负载。当前解决方案需要内容提供者供给维护多个Web站点必需的人员、技术和其他物品。总之，映象要求内容提供者把经济性和其他资源消耗在与其建立内容的核心业务无关的功能上。
况且，内容提供者还希望保持其内容的控制。当今，一些ISP正在安装中断在内容提供者与末端用户之间的链接的高速缓冲硬件。这种高速缓冲的作用能产生对内容提供者有害的结果，包括(1)防止内容提供者得到对其Web页的准确命中计数(由此减小来自广告商的收入)，(2)防止内容提供者裁剪内容和向特定读者作广告(这严重限制内容提供者的Web页的效用)，及(3)向其客户提供过时的信息(这可能导致末端用户受打击和愤怒)。
在先有技术中一直明显需要提供一种分散主处理方案，该方案使用户在较有效的基础上得到因特网内容(即不会不必要地加重网络资源的负担)，并且同样使内容提供者保持对其内容的控制。
本发明解决与先有技术有关的这些和其他问题。
本发明的一般目的在于，提供一种包括大量广泛采用的因特网服务器的计算机网络，这些服务器形成一种设计成向末端用户迅速、有效、及可靠地服务Web内容的有机、大量容错的基础结构。
本发明的另一个更一般的目的在于，提供一种分发基于Web的内容的基本上新的和较好的方法。发明的构造提供一种在分发服务器的大网络上智能寻路和复制内容、最好不用中心控制的方法。
本发明的另一个目的在于，提供一种移动内容靠近用户的网络构造。发明的构造允许Web站点扩展大量读者，而不用担心建立处理有关传输的大量基础结构。
本发明的又一个目的在于，提供一种用来分发Web内容的容错网络。该网络构造用来加速多信息Web页的发送，并且它允许内容提供者具有大量读者，最好从靠近末端用户布置的服务器向这些读者可靠和经济地服务。
本发明另外一个特征在于，在大网络上分发和管理内容而不中断内容提供者与末端用户的直接关系的能力。
本发明又一个特征在于，提供一种用于因特网的分发可规模化的基础结构，该基础结构把Web内容分发负担从内容提供者转移到最好采用几百个主服务器的网络上，例如在全局基础上。
总之，本发明是一种支持以真正全局规模主处理的网络构造。发明的构架允许内容提供者把其最流行的内容复制在全世界的无限数量点处。作为一种附加特征，在任何一个地理位置处复制的实际内容，对于在该装置的观看者专门裁剪。况且，把内容自动发送到需要它的位置，而在内容提供者方没有任何努力或额外开销。
因而本发明更一般的目的在于，提供一种使内容提供者能够保持其内容控制的全局主构架。
本发明的主构架包括一组以分发方式操作的服务器。要服务的实际内容最好支持在一组主服务器(有时称作幻影服务器)上。这种内容包括常规从内容提供者站点供应的HTML页对象。然而，按照本发明，Web页的基本HTML文档部分从内容提供者的站点供应，而用于该页的一个或多个嵌入对象从主服务器供应，最好这些主服务器最靠近客户机。通过从内容提供者的站点供应基本HTML文档，内容提供者保持对内容的控制。
哪个主服务器用来供应给定嵌入对象的确定由主构架中的其他资源实现。特别是，构架包括配置成提供顶级域名服务(DNS)的第二组服务器(或服务器资源)。另外，构架也包括配置成提供低级DNS功能性的第三组服务器(或服务器资源)。当客户机向用于给定Web页的Web站点发出HTTP请求时，如上述那样从Web站点供应基本HTML文档。用于该页的嵌入对象最好从由顶级和低级DNS服务器辨别的具体主服务器供应。为了定位要使用的适当主服务器，顶级DNS服务器确定用户在网络中的位置，以辨别响应对于嵌入对象的请求的给定低级DNS服务器。顶级DNS服务器然后把请求重新指向辨别的低级DNS服务器，该低级DNS服务器又把请求解析成用于给定主服务器的IP地址，该给定主服务器把对象供应回客户。
更一般地说，有可能(并且在某些情况下是希望的)具有一种由几级组成的DNS服务器分级结构。在分级结构中运动的级越低，离最好区域越近。
本发明另外一方面在于一种装置，通过该装置经一种服务器集合能分发和复制内容，从而优化存储器的使用，受到有满足要求的足够数量的任何对象拷贝的约束，分散对象的拷贝，从而没有服务器变得过载，拷贝在向前运动时往往位于相同的服务器上，并且把拷贝定位在靠近需要他们的客户的区域中。因而，在构架内操作的服务器不保持所有内容数据库的拷贝。而是，给定服务器保持少量数据的拷贝，从而整个系统提供要求的服务级。本发明的这方面允许主处理方案远比在任何地方高速缓冲任何对象的、或仅在预定位置高速缓冲对象的方案有效。
全局主构架在每个操作级处是容错的。特别是，顶级DNS服务器返回可以由客户用来供应用于嵌入对象的请求的低级DNS服务器的清单。同样，每个主服务器最好包括一个在失效状态的情况下用来恢复其有关主服务器的主处理责任的伙伴服务器。
根据本发明，通过用来分发嵌入对象请求的新颖技术，部分实现跨过主服务器组的负载平衡。特别是，最好通过把虚拟服务器主机名预悬在URL中修改每个嵌入对象URL。更一般地，把虚拟服务器主机名插入在URL中。最好，虚拟服务器主机名包括通过把一个给定散列函数应用于URL产生的一个值(有时称作序列号)，或通过把关于对象的给定信息编码成该值。该函数用来在虚拟服务器主机名给定组上随机分发嵌入对象。另外，通过把一个给定散列函数应用于嵌入对象本身产生用于嵌入对象的一个给定指纹值。该给定值用作辨别是否已经修改嵌入对象的指纹。最好，把用来产生诸值(即用于虚拟服务器主机名和指纹)的函数在离线过程中应用于给定的Web页。因而，当接收到用于该页的HTTP请求时，由Web站点供应基本HTML文档，并且该页的嵌入对象的某一部分从靠近(尽管不必是最近)初始化请求的客户机的主服务器供应。
以上已经概述了本发明一些较贴切的目的和特征。这些目的应该解释成仅说明本发明一些较显著的特征和应用。通过如将要描述的那样以不同方式应用公开的发明或改进本发明，能得到许多其他的有益结果。因而，通过参照最佳实施例的如下详细描述可以得到本发明的其他目的和较充分的理解。
为了更完整地理解本发明和其优点，应该参考联系附图所作的如下详细描述，在附图中：
图1是其中实施本发明的代表性系统；
图2是表明基本文档和嵌入对象组的置标语言文档的简化表示；
图3是根据本发明的全局主系统级图；
图4是简化流程图，表明一种对于在本发明中使用的修改嵌入对象URL处理Web页的方法；
图5是简化状态图，表明本发明如何响应用于Web页的HTTP请求。
如图1中所表明的那样实施已知的因特网客户机-服务器系统。一个客户机10经一个网络14连接到一个Web服务器12上。为了说明目的，网络14是因特网、内部网络、外部网络或任何其他已知网络。Web服务器12是可由客户机访问的多个服务器之一，客户机之一由机器10表明。一个代表性客户机包括一个浏览器16，浏览器16是用来访问网络的服务器的已知软件工具。Web服务器支持超文本文档和对象形式的文件(统称为“Web”站点)。在因特网示例中，至一个服务器的网络路径由一个所谓的统一资源定位器(URL)辨别。
一个代表性Web服务器12是一个包括一个处理器18、一个操作系统20、及一个诸如网络漫游企业服务器之类的Web服务器程序22的计算机。服务器12也包括支持一个用于管理和监督的图形用户接口(GUI)、和一个应用程序编程接口(API)的显示器，该应用程序编程接口提供扩展，以便使应用程序扩展器能够通过软件程序扩展和/或定制扩展器的核心功能性，这些软件程序包括公共网关界面(CGI)程序、插入、服务许可(servlet)、活动服务器页、服务器侧包括(SSI)功能等。
代表性Web客户机是个人计算机，该个人计算机基于x86、PowerPC或RISC，包括诸如IBM OS/2或微软Windows’95之类的操作系统，及包括一个带有Java虚拟机(JVM)和用于应用插入或帮助应用程序的支持的Web浏览器，如网络导航器4.0(或更高)。客户机也可以是网络计算机、手持计算装置(例如PDA)、因特网设备、或可连接到计算机网络上的任何其他这样的装置。
如图2中所示，典型的Web页包括一个置标语言(例如HTML)主要或基本文档28、和多个嵌入对象(例如图象、声频、视频等)30。因而，在典型的页中，二十或更多个嵌入图象或对象是非常普遍的。这些图象的每一个是在Web中分别检索(或对于变化有效)的独立对象。Web客户机的普通行为因此是提取基本HTML文档，并且然后立即提取一般(但不总是)位于相同服务器上的嵌入对象。根据本发明，最好置标语言基本文档28从Web服务器(即内容提供者站点)供应，而嵌入对象的给定号码(或许全部)从其他服务器供应。如将看到的那样，最好一个给定嵌入对象从靠近客户机、没有过载、及最可能已经具有需要文件的当前版本的服务器供应(除Web服务器本身之外)。
现在参照图3，该操作由本发明的主系统实现。如将看到的那样，主系统35包括一组广泛采用的服务器(或服务器资源)，这些服务器形成一种设计成迅速、有效和可靠地向末端用户供应Web内容的巨大容错基础结构。服务器可以全局或跨过任何希望的地理区域采用。如将看到的那样，主系统提供一种用来智能寻路和复制这种内容的分布构造。为此，全局主系统35包括三(3)种基本类型的服务器(或服务器资源)：主服务器(有时叫做幻影)36、顶级DNS服务器38、及低级DNS服务器40。尽管没有表明，在DNS级次中可以有附加级。另一方面，可能有把顶级和低级服务器的功能性相组合的单个DNS级。在该说明性实施例中，发明的构架35由一个因特网服务提供者(ISP)采用，尽管这不限制本发明。采用发明的全局主构架35的一个ISP或多个ISP最好带有在其网络上运行幻影服务器元件36和低级DNS元件40的大量机器。这些机器贯穿网络分布；最好他们集中在网络交换点42和网络访问点44的周围，尽管不要求这样。此外，ISP最好带有运行也可以贯穿网络分布的顶级DNS 38的少量机器。
尽管不意味着限制，但在构架35中使用的给定服务器最好包括一个处理器、一个操作系统(例如Linux、UNIX、Windows NT等)、一个Web服务器应用程序、及一组由本发明使用的应用例行程序。这些例行程序方便地在软件中实现，作为由处理器执行的一组指令，以完成在下面将要更详细描述的各种过程或方法步骤。服务器最好位于网络的边缘处(例如在存在点或POP中)。
几个因素可以确定主服务器放置在网络中的何处。因而，例如，服务器位置最好由一个允许提供者(例如ISP)监视通信请求的需要驱动网络图确定。通过研究通信图案，ISP对于给定的通信分布可以优化服务器位置。
根据本发明，给定Web页(包括一个基本HTML文档和一组嵌入对象)以分布方式供应。因而，最好基本HTML文档从通常主处理该页的内容提供者供应。嵌入对象或其一些子组最好从主服务器36，并且特别是从靠近在第一例中初始化对于Web页的请求的客户机的给定主服务器36供应。此外，最好平衡跨过主服务器的负载，以保证给定嵌入对象可以高效地从靠近客户机的给定主服务器供应，此时该客户机需要该对象以完成该页。
为了以这种方式供应页内容，修改与嵌入对象有关的URL。如众所周知的那样，在一页中可以供应的每个嵌入对象带有其自己的URL。典型地，URL带有一个辨别内容提供者的站点从何处按常规，即不用参照本发明，供应对象的主机名。根据本发明，最好在一个离线过程中，首先修改嵌入对象URL，以把URL调节成由全局主服务器供应。表明用来修改对象URL的流程图表明在图4中。
例行程序在步骤50通过确定是否已经处理在给定页中的所有嵌入对象而开始。如果是，则例行程序结束。然而，如果否，则例行程序在步骤52得到下个嵌入对象。在步骤54，一个虚拟服务器主机名预悬在用于给定嵌入对象的URL中。虚拟服务器主机名包括一个例如由把给定散列函数应用于URL产生的值(例如一个号码)。如众所周知的那样，一个散列函数具有任意长度位串作为输入，并且产生固定长度位串(散列值)作为输出。这样的函数满足两个条件：(1)不可能找到产生相同散列值的两个不同输入；和(2)给定一个输入和其散列值，不可能找到具有相同散列值的不同输入。在步骤54，用于嵌入对象的URL散列成一个然后包括在虚拟服务器主机名中的值xx,xxx。该步骤随机地把对象分发到一个给定虚拟服务器主机名。
本发明不限于通过应用上述散列函数产生虚拟服务器主机名。作为一个可选择的和最佳实施例，虚拟服务器主机名按如下产生。考虑代表性主机名a1234.g.akamaitech.net。有时称作序列号的1234值最好包括关于对象的信息，如其大小(大或小)、其预期流行性、建立对象的日期、Web站点的标识、对象类型(例如电影或静止画面)、及或许由给定随机函数产生的某些随机位。当然，不要求任何给定序列号编码所有这些信息或甚至这些元件的有效号码。的确，在最简单的情况下，序列号可以是简单的整数。在任何情况下，以任何方便的形式把信息编码成序列号。因而，例如，第一位用来指示大小，第二位用来指示流行性，一组附加位用来指示日期等等。如在散列例子中提及的那样，序列号也用于负载平衡和用于把一定类型的通信指向一定类型的服务器。一般地，关于相同页的最多URL具有相同的序列号以使每页需要的可辨别名(DN)访问的次数最少。对于较大的对象这种要求较不重要。
因而，根据本发明，虚拟服务器主机名预悬在用于给定嵌入对象的URL中，并且该主机名包括一个通过把给定函数应用于URL或对象产生的值(或序列号)。该函数可以是散列函数、编码函数等。
现在返回流程图，例行程序然后继续到步骤56，以在对象的URL中包括一个给定值。最好，通过把一个给定散列函数应用于嵌入对象产生该给定值。该步骤产生一个有益于确定是否已经修改对象的对象的唯一指纹。此后，例行程序返回步骤50并且循环。
以上文作为背景，现在在特定例子中的上下文中描述发明的全局主构架。具体地说，假定在波士顿的客户机的用户需要通常在亚特兰大主处理的内容提供者Web页。为了说明目的，假定内容提供者正在使用在一个网络内的全局主构造，该网络可以是全局的、国际的、全国的、区域的、本地的或私人的。图5表示系统的各种元件和如何处理来自客户机的请求。该操作不要当作限制，如将要解释的那样。
步骤1：浏览器向提供者的Web站点发送一个请求(项1)。在亚特兰大的内容提供者站点以与就象没有实施全局主构架那样所进行的相同方式接收请求。不同之处在于由提供者站点返回。代之以返回通常的页，根据本发明，Web站点返回带有根据图4流程图中表明的方法修改的嵌入对象URL的页。如以上描述的那样，URL最好按如下变化：
假定有100,000个虚拟幻影服务器，尽管可以仅有较小的数量(例如100)具体存在于网络上。这些虚拟幻影服务器或虚拟幻影由主机名辨别：ghostxxxxx.ghosting.com，其中xxxxx用在0与99,999之间一个号码代替。在用新信息更新内容提供者Web站点之后，运行在内容提供者站点上执行的重写嵌入URL的脚本，最好，把嵌入的URL名散列成在0与99,999之间的号码，尽管该范围不限制本发明。然后切换嵌入的URL以参考带有该号码的虚拟幻影。例如，如下是来自提供者的站点的嵌入URL：
<IMG SRC=http：
∥www.provider.com/TECH/images/space.story.gif>
如果用于由该URL参考的对象的序列号是号码1467，那么最好重写URL以便读：
<IMG SRC=http：
∥ghost1467.ghosting.akamai.com/www.provider.com/TECH/images/space.story.gif>。
这种方式的序列号的使用把嵌入URL粗略均匀地分布在100,000个虚拟幻影服务器名上。注意提供者站点仍能通过根据个人爱好重新排列在屏幕上的各种对象使该页个性化。况且，提供者也能动态地插入广告，并且能计数多少人观看每个广告。
根据该最佳实施例，进行对嵌入URL的附加改进，以保证全局主系统不会供应陈旧信息。如上所述，最好包含在嵌入URL中的数据的散列也插入在嵌入的URL本身中。就是说，每个嵌入的URL可以包含它指向的数据的指纹。当潜在信息变化时，指纹从而改变，并且这防止用户参考旧数据。
第二散列把一个位流作为输入，并且输出有时称作该流的指纹。指纹的重要特性在于两个不同的流几乎肯定产生两个不同的指纹。这种散列的例子是MD2和MD5散列函数，然而，可以使用其他更透明的方法，如简单的校验和。具体地说，假定散列的输出是128位签名。该签名能译码成一个号码，并且然后插入在嵌入的URL中。例如，如果在来自提供者Web站点的画面space.story.gif中的数据的散列是号码28765，那么修改的嵌入URL实际看作如下：
<IMG
SRC=http：∥ghost1467.ghosting.akamai.com/28765/www.provider.com/TECH/images/space.story.gif”>。
每当一页改变时，最好重新计算每个嵌入URL的散列，并且如有必要重写URL。如果URL的数据的任一个改变，例如，一个新的和不同的画面插入有名space.story.gif，那么数据的散列不同，并因此URL本身将不同。作为对原始页更新的结果，该方案防止系统来自陈旧的服务数据。
例如，假定画面space.story.gif用内容提供者服务器上的一个较新版本代替。因为画面的数据变化，所以URL的散列也变化。因而，除对于指纹插入一个新号码外，新嵌入的URL看起来相同。需要更新之后的页的任何用户接收指向新画面的一页。旧画面永远不会参考，并且不可能错误地返回代替较新的信息。
总之，最好有所作的两种散列操作以修改内容提供者的诸页。首先，散列可能是该过程的一个分量，通过它选择一个序列号以把域名转换成虚拟幻影名。如将看到的那样，该第一转换用来把客户机重新指向全局主系统以检索嵌入的URL。其次，计算由嵌入的URL指向的数据的散列，并且插入URL中。该第二转换用来防止从幻影服务器供应陈旧和过时的内容。最好，这两种转换离线进行，并因此不会造成潜在的性能瓶颈。
概括地说，最佳的URL方案如下。说明性域www.domainname.com/frontpage.jpg转换成：
xxxx.yy.zzzz.net/aaaa/www.domainname.com/frontpage.jpg，其中：
xxxx=序列号字段
yy=低级DNS字段
zzzz=顶级DNS字段
aaaa=其他信息(例如指纹)字段。
如果使用DNS级次的另外级，那么有另外的低级DNS字段，例如xxxx.y1y1.y2y2 zzz.net/aaaa/。
步骤2：在从内容提供者站点接收到初始页之后，浏览器需要加载嵌入的URL以显示该页。在这样做时的第一步骤是接触在用户的机器上(或在用户的ISP处)的DNS服务器，以解析改变的主机名，在这种情况下是：ghost1467.ghosting.akamai.com。如将看到的那样，本发明的全局主构造操纵DNS系统，从而把该名解析成靠近客户机且可能已经具有该页的幻影之一。为了理解这如何进行，如下描述由客户机启动的DNS查询的过程。
步骤3：如上所述，最好在发明的系统中有两种类型的DNS服务器：高级和低级。用于ghosting.com的顶级DNS服务器38具有一个不同于与.com域的那些相象的正常DNS服务器的特定函数。顶级DNS服务器38包括用来确定把用户定位在网络中何处的适当控制例行程序，并且然后把用户指向在近处的akamai.com(即低级DNS)服务器40。象.com域，akamai.com最好带有贯穿网络分散用于容错的多个顶级DNS服务器38。因而，一个给定顶级DNS服务器38把用户指向因特网中的一个区域(具有可以用来满足对于给定嵌入对象的请求的主服务器36的集合)，而低级DNS服务器40(在辨别区域中)辨别在该集合内从其实际供应对象的具体主服务器。
更一般地，如以上提及的那样，DNS过程能包含几级处理，其每一个用来较好地把客户机指向幻影服务器。幻影服务器名也能具有多个字段。例如，“a123.g.g.akamaitech.net”可以用来代替“a123.ghost.akamai.com”。如果仅使用一个DNS级，则代表性URL可能是“a123.akamai.com”。
尽管可以使用其他技术，但最好通过查看进行请求的客户机的IP地址，导出用户在网络中的位置。在本例子中，在用户的机器上运行DNS服务器，尽管这不是要求的。例如，如果用户正在使用ISPDNS服务器，则例行程序进行用户位于该服务器附近(在因特网的意义上)的假定。另一方面，能把用户的位置或IP地址直接编码成发送到顶级DNS的请求。为了确定在网络中IP地址的实际位置，最好顶级DNS服务器建立一个然后用来辨别有关位置的网络图。
因而，例如，当一个请求输入到用来解析a1234.g.akamaitech.net的顶级DNS时，顶级DNS查看该请求的返回地址，并且然后根据网络图形成基于该地址的响应。在该例子中，a1234是序列号，g是指低级DNS的字段，及akamaitech指顶级DNS。网络图最好包含所有因特网协议(IP)块的清单，并且对于每个IP，该图确定何处引导请求。该图最好根据网络状态和通信连续地更新。
在确定请求源于网络中何处之后，顶级DNS服务器把DNS请求重新指向靠近网络中用户的低级DNS服务器。重新定向请求的能力是DNS系统中的一个标准特征。此外，该重新定向能以这样一种方式实现，从而如果本地低级DNS服务器在下面，则有一个接触的备用服务器。
最好，把用于ghosting.com域的这些顶级DNS重新定向的TTL(驻留时间)标记设置得较长。这允许在用户的DNS服务器和/或ISP的DNS服务器处的DNS缓冲以防止顶级DNS服务器过载。如果用于在用户的机器或ISP处的DNS服务器中的ghosting.akamai.com的TTL已经过去，那么接触顶级服务器，并且借用于一个新的TTL标记返回对于本地低级ghosting.akamai.comDNS服务器的新的重新定向。应该注意，该系统不会产生比在当前集中主处理解决方案中实现的显著大的顶级DNS检查次数。这是因为把顶级重新定向的TTL设置得较高，并因而，用户的绝大多数由其本地DNS直接指向附近的低级ghosting.akamai.com DNS服务器。
况且，用于顶级DNS服务器的容错自动由类似于对于流行.com域实现的DNS提供。用于低级DNS服务器的容错最好通过返回可能低级DNS服务器的清单而不是仅单个服务器提供。如果低级DNS服务器之一在下面，则用户仍将能够接触在上面和运行的清单上的一个。
经“过流控制”机构处理也能处理容错，其中把客户机重新指向已知具有足够容量供应对象的区域中的低级DNS。这种可选择的方法在其中有来自一个特定区域的大量需要的地方的情况下或当在区域中有减小容量时非常有用。一般地说，客户机以使经受没有区域变得过载的约束的客户机经历的总等待最小的方式指向诸区域。最好使用小成本多商品流算法实现使经受区域容量约束的总等待最小。
步骤4：在这时，用户具有附近ghosting.com DNS服务器38的地址。用户的本地DNS服务器接触附近低级DNS服务器40，并且请求转换名幻影1467.ghosting.akamai.com。本地DNS服务器负责返回在网络上靠近用户、没有过载、及最好可能已经具有要求的数据的幻影服务器36之一的IP地址。
用来把虚拟幻影名映象到真实幻影上的基本机理是散列。一种最佳的技术是所谓的一致散列，如在每个名称为用来在多个资源中分配请求的方法和设备、和由Massachusetts Institute of Technology所有的、提出于1998年3月13日的美国Serial No.09/042,228和提出于1998年6月2日的美国Serial No.09/088,825中描述的那样，这些申请通过参考包括在这里。一致散列函数使系统在机器失效和损坏下较牢固。也允许系统优美地增长，而不改变定位大多数项的地方并且不用关于系统的完整信息。
根据本发明，使用一种表查阅可以把虚拟幻影名散列成真实的幻影地址，其中根据网络条件和通信以这样一种方式连续地更新该表，以保证负载平衡和容错。最好，对于每个序列号产生一个解析表。例如，序列号1解析到幻影2和5，序列号2解析到幻影3，序列号3解析到幻影2、3、4，等等。目的是定义解析，从而没有幻影超过其容量，并且使在所有解析中的所有幻影的总数量最小。这样做保证系统能得到在每个区域处适用存储器的最大优点。这是优于现有负载平衡方案主要优点，这些方案往往在任何地方高速缓冲任何东西或者仅在一定位置高速缓冲一定对象，而不管负载是什么。一般地，希望进行分配，从而解析在整个时间上往往一致地驻留，条件是负载在短时间段内不会变化太大。这种机理最好也考虑幻影离用户多近、和在瞬时加载幻影多重。
注意最好根据用户位于网络中何处把相同的虚拟幻影转换到不同的真实幻影地址。例如，假定幻影服务器18.98.0.17位于美国，而幻影服务器132.68.1.28位于以色列。用于源于波士顿的幻影1487.ghosting.akamai.com的DNS请求将解析到18.98.0.17，而源于Tel-AViv的请求将解析到132.68.1.28。
低级DNS服务器监视各种幻影服务器以考虑其负载，而把虚拟幻影名转换成真实地址。这由在幻影上和在低级DNS服务器上运行的软件例行程序处理。在一个实施例中，负载信息在一个区域中的诸服务器中循环，从而他们能计算用于每个序列号的解析。一种用来计算解析的算法按如下工作。服务器首先计算用于每个序列号的预计负载(基于用户请求的数量)。然后按负载增大顺序处理序列号。对于每个序列号，使用一致的散列方法分配希望服务器的随机优先权清单。每个序列号然后从优先权清单解析到服务器的最小初始段，从而没有服务器变得过载。例如，如果用于一个序列号的优先权清单是2、5、3、1、6，那么首先进行偿试以便试图把用于序列号的负载映象到幻影2上。如果这过载幻影2，那么把负载分配到两个幻影2和5。如果这在这些服务器的任一个上产生太大的负载，那么把负载分配到幻影2、3和5，如此类推。通过查看包含该服务器的所有解析和通过添加可能从该序列号发送到该服务器的负载量，能计算在服务器上的预计负载。产生解析的该方法当以重复形式使用时最有效，其中分配在缺省状态下开始，其中把每个序列号映象到每个幻影。通过根据以上过程精选解析表，使用最小复制量平衡负载(由此最大地保留在一个区域中的适用存储器)。
当在幻影之一上检测到重负载时，把用于这些低级DNS转换的TTL设置得较短，以允许快速响应。TTL是一个能由系统操作的参数，以保证在对幻影上的高负载的及时响应与在低级DNS服务器上产生的负载之间的平衡。然而，注意即使把用于低级DNS转换的TTL设置为1-2分钟，也只有几个用户实际上必须进行低级DNS查阅。大多数用户将看到在其机器或在其ISP处高速缓冲的DNS转换。因而，大多数用户直接从其本地DNS服务器前进到具有他们想要的数据的附近幻影。实际上进行低级DNS查阅的那些用户具有非常小的添加等待时间，然而该等待时间与从附近检索大多数数据的优点相比较小。
如以上提及的那样，通过使顶级DNS返回可能低级DNS服务器的清单而不是单个服务器地址，提供用于低级DNS服务器的容错。用户的DNS系统高速缓冲该清单(标准DNS系统的部分)，并且如果第一个由于某种原因在下面则接触在清单上的其他服务器之一。低级DNS服务器利用DNS的标准特征以便为幻影服务器提供一个容错的额外级。当转换名称，而不是返回单个名称时，返回一个名称清单。如果由于某种原因用于幻影的初级容错方法(称作伙伴系统，在下面描述)失败时，客户机浏览器将接触在清单上的其他幻影之一。
步骤5：浏览器然后从附近幻影进行用于对象名a123.ghosting.akamai.com/…/www.provider.com/TECH/images/space.story.gif的请求。注意最好包括原始服务器的名称(www.provider.com)作为URL的部分。在幻影上运行的软件把页名分析成原始主机名和真实页名。如果文件的拷贝已经存储在幻影上，那么立即返回数据。然而，如果在幻影上的数据的拷贝不存在，则从原始服务器或另一个幻影服务器检索拷贝。注意幻影知道原始服务器是谁，因为名称编码在从浏览器通到幻影的URL中。一旦已经检索到一个拷贝，它就返回用户，并且最好把它也存储在用来回答未来请求的幻影上。
作为一种附加防护措施，最好可以检查用户是否的确靠近服务器。这能在响应用于文件的请求之前通过检查客户机的IP地址而实现。这在当客户机的DNS服务远离客户机的极少情况下是有用的。在这种情况下，幻影服务器能把用户重新指向较近服务器(或可能解析到靠近客户机的服务器的另一个虚拟地址)。如果重新定向是对于一个虚拟服务器，那么必须对它加标签以防止另外的重新定向发生。在该最佳实施例中，仅对于较大对象进行重新定向：因而，在应用重新定向之前可以进行检查，以保证请求的对象超过一定的整体大小。
通过根据改变网络条件动态改变对其连接客户机的服务器，也能改进用于较长下载的性能。这对于声频和视频下载特别有帮助(其中连接能较长，并且其中质量特别重要)。在这种情况下，用户在中流中能把用户指向另一个服务器。用来重新定向客户机的控制结构能类似于上述那种，但它也能包括放置在客户机的浏览器或媒体重放机中的软件。该软件监视客户机的连接性能，并且或许也监视网络的状态。如果认为通过改变服务器能改进客户机的连接，那么系统把客户机指向一个用于其余连接的新服务器。
用于幻影的容错由一个伙伴系统提供，其中每个幻影带有一个指定的伙伴幻影。如果一个幻影消失，则其伙伴把其工作(和IP地址)接过来，从而不中断服务。该系统的另一个特征在于伙伴幻影不必坐等失效。而是，所有的机器总是活动的，并且当失效发生时，负载由伙伴接过来，及然后由至其他活性幻影的低级DNS系统平衡。伙伴系统的附加特征在于提供容错而不必等待较长的停工时间段。
作为全局主系统的另一个安全特征，选通机构能用来把用于一定对象的整个通信保持在规定极限内。选通机构的一个实施例按如下工作。当对于对象的请求数量超过一定的规定阈值时，那么服务器能选择不供应对象。如果对象非常大，则这能是非常有用的。而是，客户机能供应要求客户机以后返回的小得多的对象。或者，能重新定向客户机。实施选通的另一种方法在于提供客户机一个允许客户机在预定未来时间接收对象的“证件”。在该方法中，幻影服务器需要在供应对象之前检查证件上的时间。
发明的全局方案是用于全局ISP或区域ISP团以影响其网络基础结构的方法，以便产生主处理收入、和节省网络带宽。供给发明的全局主处理方案的ISP能给内容提供者把内容从ISP网络上的最近点分发到其用户的能力，因而保证快速和可靠的访问。保证的Web站点性能对于任何基于Web的业务是关键的，并且全局主处理允许产生满足该需要的服务。
根据本发明的全局主处理也允许ISP控制内容如何和何处通过其网络。全局主处理服务能建立在ISP的网络的边缘处(例如，在多个网络交换和访问点处)。这使ISP能够供应用于站点的内容，该ISP把内容直接主处理到网络交换点和访问点中。昂贵的主干链接已不必把冗余业务从内容提供者的站点传送到网络交换和访问站点。而是，从ISP的网络直接供应内容，为其他通信释放有价值的网络资源。
尽管全局主处理减小了网络通信，但它也是一种通过其全局ISP可以获得迅速扩展的主处理市场的一部分的方法，该主处理市场当前估计一年超过十亿美元。
全局主处理解决方案也向内容提供者提供多个优点，并且特别是提供一种高效和成本有效的解决方案以在国内和国际上改进其Web站点的性能。发明的主处理软件通过提供一种把内容从ISP的网络上的最近点分发到其用户的装置，保证内容提供者快速和可靠的因特网访问。除下面更详细描述的其他好处之外，全局主处理解决方案也提供减小网络通信的重要好处。
一旦便宜的全局主服务器安装在ISP网络的边缘处(即在多个网络交换和访问点处)，就把内容直接供应到网络交换和访问点中。作为这种直接从ISP的网络高效分发内容的结果，本发明显著改进了Web站点的性能。与当前内容分发系统不同，发明的全局主处理解决方案不需要昂贵的主干链接从内容提供者的Web站点向网络交换和访问点携带冗余通信。
下面叙述由发明的全局主处理方案提供的具体优点的总结：
1．对于内容提供者减小操作费用：
大多数竞争解决方案要求内容提供者购买在主处理其内容的每个Web站点处的服务器。结果，内容提供者常常必须与全世界的不同ISP协商独立的契约。此外，内容提供者一般负责复制内容和维护在这些远程位置中的服务器。
借助于本发明，ISP主要负责全局主处理方面的大部分。内容提供者最好仅维护其单个源服务器。在该服务器上的内容自动由软件更新到正在访问它的位置。不需要由提供者(或对于该问题，ISP)干涉或计划。向内容提供者供给对全局网络上所有服务器的瞬时访问；没有必要选择应该在何处复制内容或在远程位置中购买附加服务器。
2．智能和高效数据复制：
大多数竞争解决方案要求内容提供者在服务器上在工业主处理站点处复制其内容或者把其内容映象在地理远距离服务器上。没有有一种方法特别有效。在前一种情形中，内容仍然定位在因特网的单个位置处(并因而它远离大多数用户)。在后一种情况下，把一个Web站点的整个内容拷贝到远程服务器，即使仅有小部分内容可能需要远程定位也是如此。即使借助于便宜的存储器，与这种映象有关的过高成本也使得映象到多于少量个站点上是不经济的，这意味着大多数用户仍然远离镜象站点。映象也具有添加的缺点：内容提供者必须保证所有站点保持一致和通用，这对于甚至少数个站点也是件不平凡的任务。
借助于本发明，内容以智能和高效方式自动地复制到全局服务器网络上。仅在那些需要内容的位置中复制它。况且，当内容变化时，最好贯穿网络自动复制新的拷贝。
3．自动内容管理：
许多现有的解决方案需要内容分发、内容复制及在不同服务器之间的负载平衡的主动管理。特别是，必须人工做出关于在何处主处理内容的决定，并且以集中推进方式处理复制数据的过程。相反，本发明的特征在于被动管理。复制以基于需要的拉回方式进行，从而最好把内容送到真正需要它的地方。况且，该过程最好充分自动化；ISP和/或内容提供者不必担心如何和在何处复制内容。
4．不受限制的、成本有效的规模性：
竞争解决方案对于多于少量个站点不能规模化。例如，基于映象的解决方案典型地联系最多三个或四个站点使用。规模化的障碍包括复制整个站点的费用、在所有节点处复制计算资源的成本、及支持内容提供者在其服务器上使用的大范围变化软件包的复杂性。
本发明的独特系统构造对于成百、上千或甚至几百万个节点可规模化。在主网络中的服务器能工作失常或损坏，而系统的整个功能不受影响。全局主构架高效利用资源：服务器和客户机软件不需要在每个节点处复制，因为只有主服务器在每个节点处运行。此外，全局服务器设计成在不需要高度容错的标准简单硬件上运行。
5．防止闪烁拥挤：
竞争解决方案不向内容提供者提供防止意外的闪烁拥挤。尽管映象和有关的负载平衡解决方案的确允许内容提供者跨过服务器集合分发负载，但服务器的聚集容量必须足以处理波峰需要。这意味着提供者必须购买和维护与预期波峰负载而不是与真实平均负载相当的资源级。给出高度可变的和不可预计的因特网特性，这种解决方案昂贵并且高度浪费资源。
发明的主构造允许ISP利用单网络的主服务器向内容提供者供给闪烁拥挤保证。就是说，保证网络将自动适用于和支持在提供者站点上的意外较高负载。因为ISP把多个提供者一起聚集在相同的全局网络上，所以更有效地使用资源。
6．显著的带宽节省：
竞争解决方案对于ISP或内容提供者不提供显著的带宽节省。通过映象的使用，有可能在一定链接上(即在纽约与洛杉矶之间)节省带宽。然而，不用全局主处理，对于内容的大多数请求仍然需要通过因特网，因而招致带宽成本。发明的主构架节省用于具有其自己的主干的ISP的显著主干带宽。因为内容贯穿网络分发，并且放置到相邻的网络交换点，所以ISP和内容提供者经历显著的节省，因为对于大多数内容请求不招致主干收费。
7．对于全局网络的瞬时访问：
竞争解决方案需要内容提供者人工选择在其处将主处理和/或复制内容的少量集合站点。即使ISP在大范围变化的位置中有多个主站点，也只有那些专门选择(并且付款)的站点用来主处理用于该内容提供者的内容。
相反，本发明的全局主处理解决方案允许ISP向服务器的全局网络供应其客户机瞬时访问。为了提供对于全局网络的瞬时访问，内容最好恒定和动态地绕网络运动。例如，如果内容提供者添加位于亚洲客户感兴趣的内容，则内容提供者将保证其内容自动运动到也位于亚洲的服务器。此外，全局主构架允许内容非常靠近末端用户运动(在企业市场的情况下甚至近到用户的建筑物)。
8．为全局ISP和集团而设计：
大多数解决方案设计成由内容提供者购买和管理，许多内容提供者已经经常由管理单个服务器的管理和操作任务造成困难和耗费。发明的主处理方案可以由全局ISP采用，并且它提供一种能供给到内容提供者的新服务。该服务的特征在于，它使内容提供者的操作和管理要求最少，因而允许内容提供者集中于其产生独特内容的核心业务。
9．专有数据库和机密信息的有效控制：
许多竞争解决方案需要内容提供者复制其专有数据库以倍增地理远距离站点。结果，内容提供者有效地失去对其专有和通常机密数据库的控制。为了补救这些问题，本发明的全局主处理方案保证内容提供者保持对其数据库的完全控制。如上所述，对于内容的初始请求指向内容提供者的中心Web站点，该站点然后实施有效和受控数据库访问。最好，从全局主网络检索用于页请求的高带宽、静止部分。
10．与内容提供者软件的兼容性：
许多竞争方案要求内容提供者利用特定组服务器和数据库。这些具体的、非均匀要求限制内容高效使用新技术的能力，并且可能要求对内容提供者的现有基础结构的昂贵变化。通过消除这些问题，发明的全局主构造接合在内容提供者与ISP之间，并且不进行关于由内容提供者使用的系统或服务器的任何假定。而且，能升级、改变或完全更换内容提供者的系统，而不用修改或中断发明的构造。
11．没有对动态内容、个性化广告或电子商务的干扰及没有陈旧内容：
许多竞争方案(如所有内容的自然高速缓冲)可能干扰动态内容、个性化广告或电子商务，并且可能供应用户陈旧的内容。尽管其他软件公司已经试图部分消除这些问题(如对于所有高速缓冲的拷贝保持关于命中的计数)，但这些方案的每一个引起功能的部分或完全损失(如个性化广告的能力)。相反，全局主处理解决方案不会干扰动态内容、个性化广告或电子商务的产生，因为这些任务的每一个最好由内容提供者的中央服务器处理。
12．为全局网络而设计：
全局主构造是可高度规模化的，并且可以在世界范围的网络基础上采用。
最好在处理器中可执行的软件中实施全局主构造的元件每一个的上述功能，即作为驻留在计算机的随机存取存储器中的代码模块中的一组指令或程序代码。直到由计算机要求的，指令组可以存储在另一个计算机存储器中，例如存储在硬盘驱动器中、或在诸如光盘(对于在CD ROM中的最终使用)或软盘(对于软盘驱动器中的最终使用)的可拆除存储器中，或者经因特网或其他计算机网络下载。
此外，尽管便利地在由软件选择性致动或重新配置的通用计算机中实施描述的各种方法，但熟悉本专业的普通技术人员也会认识到，这些方法可以在硬件中、在固件中、或在建造成完成要求方法步骤的专用设备中执行。
而且，如这里使用的那样，Web“客户机”应该广义地解释成指任何计算机或其以任何已知或以后开发的方式直接或间接连接或可连接到计算机网络，如因特网，上的元件。术语Web“服务器”也应该广义地解释成指计算机、计算机平台、对于计算机或平台的附件、或任何其元件。当然，“客户”应该广义地解释成指要求或得到文件的人，而“服务器”是下载文件的实体。
已经描述了我们的发明，我们要求作为新的和希望由专利证书保证的权利在如下权利要求书中叙述。

Claims (37)

1．一种供应包括一个置标语言基本文档和一组其每一个由URL辨别的嵌入对象的Web页的方法，其中给定嵌入对象每个包括已经修改成包括一个虚拟服务器主机名的URL，该方法包括步骤：
响应从客户机发出的对于Web页的请求，从内容提供者站点向客户机供应基本文档；和
从由虚拟服务器主机名辨别的主服务器向客户机供应给定的嵌入对象。
2．根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中把主服务器定位在靠近客户机的计算机网络中。
3．根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中向客户机供应一个给定嵌入对象的步骤进一步包括步骤：
把来自第一级域名服务器的请求重新指向靠近客户机的第二级域名；和
使第二级域名服务器解析虚拟服务器主机名，以辨别用来供应嵌入对象的给定组的一个或多个主服务器。
4．根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中虚拟服务器主机名包括一个通过把一个给定函数应用于嵌入对象产生的值。
5．根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中通过编码给定信息产生该值，从基本包括大小数据、流行性数据、建立数据及对象类型数据的一组信息选择给定信息。
6．根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中修改的URL包括一个通过把一个给定函数应用于嵌入对象产生的指纹值。
7．根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中该值是通过散列嵌入对象产生的一个数。
8．根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中置标语言是HTML。
9．根据权利要求1所述的方法，进一步包括当内容提供者修改Web页时重写修改的URL的步骤。
10．一种供应包括一个置标语言基本文档和一组嵌入对象的Web页的方法，每一个嵌入对象由URL辨别，该方法包括步骤：
把一个主机名预悬在用于给定嵌入对象的URL中，服务器主机名包括一个通过把一个给定函数应用于嵌入对象产生的值；和
响应来自客户机浏览器的请求，供应Web页。
11．根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中通过编码给定信息产生主机名值，从基本包括大小数据、流行性数据、建立数据及对象类型数据的一组信息选择给定信息。
12．根据权利要求10所述的方法，进一步包括步骤：
通过把一个给定函数应用于嵌入对象修改URL，以包括一个用于嵌入对象的指纹值。
13．根据权利要求12所述的方法，其中通过散列嵌入对象产生给定指纹值。
14．一种处理包括一个超文本置标语言基本文档和一组嵌入对象的Web页的方法，每一个嵌入对象由URL辨别，该方法包括步骤：
把一个虚拟服务器主机名预悬在用于给定嵌入对象的URL中，虚拟服务器主机名包括一个通过把一个给定函数应用于URL或嵌入对象产生的值；
其中给定函数随机地在一个给定组虚拟服务器主机名上分布嵌入对象。
15．根据权利要求14所述的方法，其中给定函数是一个编码函数。
16．根据权利要求14所述的方法，其中给定函数是一个散列函数。
17．根据权利要求14所述的方法，进一步包括步骤：
在URL中包括一个用于嵌入对象通过把一个给定散列函数应用于嵌入对象产生的给定指纹值；
其中给定指纹值辨别是否已经修改嵌入对象。
18．根据权利要求17所述的方法，进一步包括步骤：当Web页变化时，重新计算用于指纹值的散列，并且如有必要重写URL。
19．一种在其中客户机的用户经服务提供者连接到服务器上的计算机网络中可操作的分布式主构架，其中服务器支持每个包括一个置标语言基本文档和一组嵌入对象的页，及其中每一个嵌入对象由一个URL辨别，该构架包括：
一个第一组服务器，主处理嵌入对象；
至少一个顶级服务器，提供顶级域名服务(DNS)解析；和
至少一个低级服务器，提供低级域名服务(DNS)解析；
其中由客户机产生的页请求由服务器和由顶级和低级服务器辨别的第一组服务器的给定子组供应。
20．根据权利要求19所述的主构架，进一步包括一个冗余顶级服务器。
21．根据权利要求19所述的主构架，进一步包括一个冗余低级服务器。
22．根据权利要求19所述的主构架，其中第一组服务器给定一个包括一个在给定失效状态下用来承担第一组服务器的给定一个的主处理责任的伙伴服务器。
23．根据权利要求19所述的主构架，其中低级服务器包括一个平衡跨过第一组服务器的一个子组的负载的负载平衡机构。
24．根据权利要求23所述的主构架，其中负载平衡机构使对嵌入对象所要求的复制量最小，同时不超过第一组服务器任何一个的容量。
25．根据权利要求19所述的主构架，进一步包括一个过流控制机构，用来使由客户机经历的等待时间总量最小，同时不超过第一组服务器任何给定子组的容量。
26．根据权利要求25所述的主构架，其中过流控制机构包括一种小成本多商品流算法。
27．根据权利要求19所述的主构架，其中顶级服务器包括一个用来把由客户机产生的页请求指向第一组服务器给定一个的网络映象。
28．根据权利要求19所述的主构架，其中在第一组服务器中的服务器包括一个用来把用于一个给定嵌入对象的整个个通信保持在规定极限内的选通机构。
29．根据权利要求28所述的主构架，其中选通机构包括：
用来确定用于给定嵌入对象的请求数量是否超过一个给定阈值的装置；和
响应确定装置用来限制给定嵌入对象的服务的装置。
30．根据权利要求29所述的主构架，其中限制装置包括用来供应小于给定嵌入对象的一个对象的装置。
31．根据权利要求29所述的主构架，其中对象是一个允许客户机在以后时间接收给定嵌入对象的证件。
32．一种供应包括一个置标语言基本文档和一组其每一个由URL辨别的嵌入对象的Web页的方法，其中给定嵌入对象每个包括已经修改成包括一个虚拟服务器主机名的URL，该方法包括步骤：
响应从第一和第二客户机发出的对于Web页的请求，从内容提供者站点向每个客户机供应基本文档；
从由一个第一虚拟服务器主机名辨别的一个第一主服务器向第一客户机供应一个给定嵌入对象；及
从由第一虚拟服务器主机名辨别的一个第二主服务器向第二客户机供应给定嵌入对象。
33．根据权利要求32所述的方法，进一步包括步骤：把第一虚拟服务器主机名解析成用于第一主服务器的地址，作为第一客户机的位置和本地通信条件的函数。
34．根据权利要求32所述的方法，进一步包括步骤：
当给定嵌入对象正在向第一客户机供应时，确定给定嵌入对象能否更有效的从另一个主服务器供应；和
如果是，则从一个第三主服务器向第一客户机供应给定嵌入对象的剩余部分。
35．一种供应包括一个置标语言基本文档和一组其每一个由URL辨别的嵌入对象的Web页的方法，其中给定嵌入对象每个包括已经修改成包括一个虚拟服务器主机名的URL，该方法包括步骤：
响应从第一和第二客户机发出的对于Web页的请求，从内容提供者站点向每个客户机供应基本文档；
把虚拟服务器主机名解析成一第一地址和一个第二地址；
从位于第一地址处的一个第一主服务器向第一客户机供应一个给定嵌入对象；及
从位于第二地址处的一个第二主服务器向第二客户机供应一个给定嵌入对象。
36．根据权利要求35所述的方法，其中根据对于Web页的请求源于何处和在计算机网络的有关区域中的本地通信条件，把虚拟服务器主机名解析到第一地址或第二地址。
37．一种供应包括一个置标语言基本文档和一组嵌入对象的Web页的方法，每个嵌入对象由一个URL辨别，该方法包括步骤：
重写嵌入对象的URL以产生一个修改的URL，修改的URL包括一个预悬到一个原始主机名的新主机名，其中每当嵌入对象的一个高速缓冲拷贝不适用时，原始主机名就保持为用来检索嵌入对象的修改URL的部分；及
响应一个供应从一个客户机浏览器接收的Web页的请求，供应该Web页。
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US20130013748A1 (en) 2013-01-10
US8271617B2 (en) 2012-09-18
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