CN1388372A - 电化学检测器 - Google Patents

电化学检测器 Download PDF

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CN1388372A
CN1388372A CN02122767.5A CN02122767A CN1388372A CN 1388372 A CN1388372 A CN 1388372A CN 02122767 A CN02122767 A CN 02122767A CN 1388372 A CN1388372 A CN 1388372A
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CN1325908C (zh
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阿拉斯泰尔·迈克英多·霍奇斯
托马斯·威廉·贝克
奥德瓦·乔纳森
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Liveskan Co.
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/28Electrolytic cell components
    • G01N27/30Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
    • G01N27/327Biochemical electrodes, e.g. electrical or mechanical details for in vitro measurements
    • G01N27/3271Amperometric enzyme electrodes for analytes in body fluids, e.g. glucose in blood
    • G01N27/3273Devices therefor, e.g. test element readers, circuitry
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    • C12Q1/00Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001Enzyme electrodes
    • C12Q1/004Enzyme electrodes mediator-assisted
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12Q1/00Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001Enzyme electrodes
    • C12Q1/005Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes
    • C12Q1/006Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes for glucose

Abstract

一种用于确定电化学检测器中的氧化还原剂的氧化的(或还原的)形式的浓度的方法,所述电化学检测器包括工作电极和与工作电极隔开一个预定距离的反电极,所述方法包括以下步骤:(1)在电极之间施加电位差,(2)如此选择工作电极的电位,使得媒剂的还原形式的电氧化速率(或氧化形式的还原速率)是扩散控制的,(3)选择工作电极和反电极之间的距离,使得来自反电极的反应产物到达工作电极,(4)在施加电位之后和达到稳态之前,确定作为时间函数的电流,(5)估算稳态电流的幅值,以及(6)从电流随时间的变化和稳态电流的幅值获得代表扩散系数与/或媒剂的还原形式(或氧化形式)的扩散系数的值。还披露了一种用于确定电化学检测器中的氧化还原剂的浓度的装置,包括:具有工作电极和相反(或/参考)电极的电化学电解槽,用于在电极之间施加电压的装置,用于测量电流随时间变化的装置,其特征在于,工作电极和反电极之间的距离小于500μm。

Description

电化学检测器
本申请系申请日为1996年6月19日的中国专利申请No.96194874.4的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种生物检测器,尤其涉及一种用于确定载液中分析物的浓度的电化学生物检测器。本发明尤其适用于确定血液中葡萄糖浓度,并且本文照此进行说明,但应该理解,本发明也可用于其它分析物的确定。
背景技术
电化学生物检测器一般包括具有工作电极,反电极和参考电极的电解槽。有时相反电极和参考电极的功能结合在一起而成为一个电极,称作“相反/参考”电极或“准参考电极”。本文使用的术语“反电极”一般包括相反/参考电极。
使含有分析物的试样和电解槽中的含有酶和氧化还原媒剂的试剂接触。媒剂被还原(接收至少一个电子),同时分析物被氧化(放出至少一个电子)或反之。通常是分析物被氧化,媒剂被还原。本发明主要对这种情况进行说明,但也可用于分析物被还原,媒剂被氧化的系统。
电化学葡萄糖分析器例如由糖尿病人使用的用于监视血糖值的或在诊所或医院使用的那些通常根据利用酶例如葡糖氧化酶脱氢酶(GOD)和氧化还原媒剂例如氰铁酸盐或氰亚铁酸盐。在这种现有技术的系统中,含有分析物(例如葡萄糖)的试样(例如血)和电解槽内的试剂接触。葡萄糖被氧化成葡萄糖酸并借以使葡萄糖氧化酶还原。然后媒剂再氧化葡萄糖酸并在此过程中被还原。然后,当还原的媒剂把电子转移给工作电极时被再氧化。在经过足以获得能精确测量的法拉第电流的预定时间之后,从测得的电流或电压信号的大小计算葡萄糖的浓度。
现有技术的电解槽由两个(或三个)在绝缘体的一侧上被分开的并适用于和测量装置相连的相邻电极构成。在电极上或电极之间限定一个用于放置血试样的目标区域。共同的待审申请PCT/AU95/00207描述了一个电解槽,其中电极被设置在多孔膜的相对侧,其中一个电极具有可透液体的目标区域。
在现有技术中,需要使工作电极和反电极(或相反/参考电极)分开足够的距离,以避免在一个电极上的电化学反应产物干扰另一个电极上的电化学反应产物。在实际上,为了达到可接受的精度,需要使电极分开500μm。
要求电解槽的每一批被事先标定过,并在使用期间因为该批内的试样成分和环境条件的变化而导致测量不精确。
需要改善这种生物检测器的精度和可利用性。在检测器旨在用于确定血液中的分析物的浓度的情况下,实现这些目的是困难的,因为在基本透明的媒质中血液含有溶解的气体,离子,胶体,复合胶粒,小的细胞碎片,和活的细胞成分。其中任何一个都可干扰确定的结果。现有的检测器对来自可能存在于试样中并可在工作电极被氧化而被误认为是感兴趣的其它干扰物质的影响也很敏感。此外,干扰物质可以还原氧化还原媒剂的氧化物形式。这些影响会使分析物浓度的估算偏高。此外,在分析物被加入之前,总有一些还原的氧化还原媒剂存在,其浓度需要是已知的,以便从测量的被还原的媒剂中减去,给出分析物的精确浓度。另外,在血液中的氧对于葡糖氧化酶脱氢酶(GOD)在和氰亚铁酸盐竞争中可以作为氧化还原媒剂。这种高氧浓度可以导致低的葡萄糖浓度的估计值。此外,测量对于例如湿度,温度,溶液黏度和分血器容量的变化等因素也很敏感。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种分析方法和使用该方法的装置,至少可以避免或减轻现有技术中的一些缺点。本发明的最佳形式的目的在于提供一种改进精度,与/或可靠性,与/或速度的生物检测器,及其使用方法。
按照一个方面,本发明提供一种用于确定在包括工作电极和与其分开预定距离的反电极的电化学电解槽中氧化还原剂的还原(或氧化)的形式的浓度的方法,所述方法包括下述步骤:
(1)在电极之间施加一个电位差,
(2)如此选择工作电极的电位,使得剂的还原形式的电氧化(或氧化形式的电还原)的速率是扩散控制的,
(3)如此选择工作电极和反电极之间的间距,使得来自反电极的反应产物到达工作电极,
(4)在施加电压之后并在达到稳态之前确定作为时间的函数的电流,
(5)计算稳态电流的幅值,以及
(6)由电流随时间的变化和稳态电流的幅值获得表示剂的还原形式(或氧化形式)的扩散系数与/或浓度的值。
用这种方法测量的浓度基本上和还原形式的扩散系数的变化无关,并因此而补偿温度和黏度的变化。这样测量的浓度基本上和分血器的变化以及其它影响氧化还原剂的还原形式的扩散系数的物质无关。
应该理解,本发明的方法同样适用于确定氧化还原剂的还原形式的浓度,或电解槽中的氧化还原剂的氧化形式的浓度。在确定还原形式的浓度的情况下,必须如此保持工作电极的电位,使得还原形式的电氧化的速率在步骤(2)是扩散控制的,并在步骤(5)获得还原形式的浓度。在确定氧化形式的浓度的情况下,必须如此保持工作电极的电位,使得氧化形式的电还原的速率在步骤(2)是扩散控制的,并在步骤(5)获得氧化形式的浓度。
氧化还原剂可以是分析物,或者是氧化还原媒剂。
在该方法的最佳实施例中,使用一种媒剂,并且该媒剂的还原形式(或氧化形式)的浓度又用于表示分析物的浓度,并确定媒剂的还原(或氧化)形式的扩散系数的大小作为确定分析物浓度的前提。
特选的电解槽包括工作电极和相反/参考电极。如果使用和反电极分开的参考电极,参考电极可以位于和检测器中的试样接触的任何方便的位置。
和现有技术不同,当使用本发明的方法时,电极充分靠近,使得在反电极的电化学反应的产物在试验期间向工作电极迁移。例如,在酶氰铁酸盐系统中,在反电极产生的氰铁酸盐向工作电极扩散。
这使得能够达到电极之间的稳态浓度分布曲线,从而导致稳态电流。这又使得扩散系数和氧化还原剂(媒质)的浓度的测量和试样的变化无关,因此,大大改善了精度和可靠性。
该方法还使得可以利用查表(或从血浆中分离出红细胞并测量红细胞百分数的扩散系数)和血浆浓度并对两者进行比较,从扩散系数确定血液的分血器浓度。
按照第二方面,本发明提供一种装置,用于确定在电化学电解槽中的氧化还原剂的浓度,该装置包括:
具有工作电极和相反(或相反/参考)电极的电化学电解槽,
在所述电极之间提供电位差的装置,
用于测量电流随时间变化的装置,
其特征在于,工作电极和反电极之间的距离小于500μm。
在最佳实施例中,电解槽具有1.5毫升或更小的有效容积。在本发明中使用的装置可以包括多孔膜,在多孔膜一侧上的工作电极,在另一侧上的相反/参考电极,所述电极和其间的膜区域一起限定一个电解槽,并且其中的膜从电解槽横向延伸到和电解槽区隔开一个大于膜的厚度的距离的试样放置区。
最好,多孔膜,目标区和电解槽部分之间的距离,以及膜的厚度被如此结合地选择,使得当血液(包括血浆和红细胞)被放在目标区时,血浆前沿在红细胞之前向着电化学电解槽区横向扩散。
这样,便可以不用会引起氧化还原媒剂的扩散系数变化的并如后面说明的会影响试样精度的分血器使一薄层血浆充满电解槽。
在按照本发明的生物检测器的最佳实施例中,由第二工作电极和与第二工作电极在膜的相对侧的第二反/参考电极限定膜的第二电化学电解槽区。第二电化学电解槽区位于第一电解槽区和试样放置区或“目标区”之间,或位于远离第一电化学区的目标区的一侧上。在这些实施例中,血浆和酶在第一电化学电解槽中或在通向第一电化学电解槽的通路上相接触,而到达第二电解槽的血浆则不和其接触。这样,第一电解槽用于在血浆(包括电化学干扰物质)和酶存在的情况下测量还原的媒剂的浓度,第二电化学电解槽在存在血浆(包括电化学干扰物质)和不存在酶的情况下测量还原的媒剂的浓度。这便能够在第二电解槽中确定还原的干扰物质的浓度,并在第一电解槽中确定还原的干扰物质加上分析物的浓度。从一个值中减去另一个值,便给出分析物的绝对浓度。
在本发明的一个最佳实施例中,使用一个空的电解槽,其中工作电极和参考(或反/参考)电极之间的距离小于500μm,最好是20-200μm。
附图说明
现在参照附图以举例方式详细说明本发明,其中:
图1是按照本发明的第一实施例的以侧剖面表示的示意图(未按比例)。
图2是图1的实施例的顶视平面图。
图3是第一实施例的底视平面图。
图4是第一实施例的端视剖面图。
图5是按照本发明的第二实施例的以侧剖面表示的示意图(未按比例)。
图6是图5的实施例的顶视平面图。
图7是按照本发明的第三实施例的以侧剖面表示的示意图(未按比例)。
图8是图7的实施例的顶视平面图。
图9是按照本发明的以顶视平面图表示的示意图(未按比例)。
图10是图9的实施例的端视剖面图。
图11是图9的实施例的侧视剖面图。
图12是以截面图表示的按照本发明的中空电解槽的示意图(未按比例)。
图13是在进行本发明的方法期间电流(纵轴)对时间(横轴)的曲线。
图14是说明本发明的方法的另一个曲线。
在图5到图12中,和图到图4中功能相应的元件用相同的标号表示。
具体实施方式
参见图1到图4,其中示出了本发明的装置的第一实施例,在这种情况下,生物检测器用于确定血液中的葡萄糖浓度。本实施例包括薄的条状膜1,具有上下表面2,3,并具有在设置在上表面2上的工作电极5和设置在下表面3上的反电极6之间限定的电解槽区4。膜的厚度如此选择,使得电极被距离“1”隔开,距离“1”足够近,使得在反电极的电化学反应产物在试验期间迁移到工作电极,并基本达到稳态扩散分布。一般地说,“1”小于500μm。在膜1的上表面2上限定的试样放置或“目标”区7和电解槽区4分开一个大于膜厚的距离。膜1具有在目标区7和电解槽区4之间延伸的扩散区8。膜的电解槽区4内或/与电解槽区4和目标区7之间含有合适的试剂,其中包括氧化还原媒剂“M”,酶“E”,和pH缓冲剂“B”。试剂还可以包括稳定剂之类。
在某些情况下,最好把酶和媒剂与/或缓冲剂放在膜的不同的区中。例如媒剂最初可以放在电化学电解槽区4内,而酶可以放在目标区7下面或放在扩散区8中。
血红蛋白在低pH下释放氧,而在高pH下却很牢固地和氧结合。氧对于葡糖氧化酶脱氢酶(GOD)作为氧化还原媒剂。在葡萄糖检测器的情况下,这和氧化还原媒剂竞争,导致计算的葡糖浓度低。因此,希望在目标区7附近含有第一pH缓冲剂,使得把pH升高到所有的氧都和血红蛋白结合的程度。这种pH值对于GOD/葡萄糖动力学不是最佳的,因而有损于试验的速度和灵敏度。在本发明的最佳实施例中,含有第二pH缓冲剂作为工作电极附近的试剂,以便把pH值恢复到在动力学上最佳的值。使用第二缓冲剂不会使氧从血红蛋白中放出,因为血红蛋白被含在被保持在血液目标区域附近的血细胞内,或在扩散时比血浆滞后,因此不受第二缓冲剂的影响。用这种方式,可以大大减少或消除氧的干扰。
在使用这种检测器时,把含有要被确定的葡萄糖浓度的一滴血液放在目标区7上。血液成分芯吸朝向电解槽区4,从而使血浆成分比血红细胞扩散得更快,使得血浆前沿比血细胞提前到达电解槽区4。
当血浆和试剂接触时,试剂被溶解并发生使分析物氧化使媒剂还原的反应。在经过预定时间完成这一反应之后,在工作电极和反电极之间加上一个电位差。工作电极的电位被保持足够高,使得在工作电极的媒剂的还原形式的电氧化的速率由媒剂的还原形式向工作电极扩散的速率确定,而不由跨过电极/溶液界面的电子转移速率确定。
此外,在反电极媒剂的氧化形式的浓度,被维持在足以确保当电流在电化学电解槽中流动时,反电极的电位因而也是工作电极的电位,不会向阴极方向移动得太远,一致使工作电极的电位不再处于扩散控制区的一个值上。这就是说,在反电极的氧化形式的浓度必须足以维持在工作电极处的媒剂的还原形式的扩散控制的电氧化。
一薄层电解槽的功能是,如果氧化还原剂的氧化形式和还原形式都存在,则跨过电解槽最终建立稳态浓度分布。这将引起稳态电流。通过比较稳态电流的测量值和在达到稳态之前的电流变化中的变化速率已经发现,氧化还原媒剂的扩散系数可以和其浓度一起测量。这和现有技术中被测量的Cottrell电流形成对比。通过在对检测器电极施加电位之后的给定时间测量Cottrell电流,只能确定产物浓度乘以扩散系数的平方根,因此,不能确定和其扩散系数无关的煤剂的浓度。
在按照本发明的电解槽中,通过解合适的扩散方程可以表明,在一个受限的时间范围内,ln(i/i-1)对时间(秒)的曲线是线性的,并具有等于-4π2D/l2的斜率(以S表示),其中i是在时刻t时的电流,i是稳态电流,D是扩散系数,以cm2/秒表示,l是电极之间的距离,以cm表示,π近似为3.14159。当电压被加在电极之间时存在的还原的媒剂的浓度由2π2i/FAlS给出,其中F是法拉第常数,A是工作电极面积,其它符号的意义上面已经给出。因为后一公式使用S,它包括扩散系数的测量值。
因为对于给定的电解槽l是常数,所以作为时间函数的i的测量值和i能够计算氧化还原媒剂的扩散系数值,并确定分析物的浓度。
此外,分析物的浓度确定补偿在工作电极被电氧化或电还原的媒剂的扩散系数的任何变化。溶液的温度和黏度的变化或膜的渗透率的变化可以引起扩散系数的值的改变。对于浓度的测量值的其它的调节可能需要考虑其它的因素,例如电解槽几何形状的改变,酶的化学性质的改变,或其它可以影响测量浓度的因素。如果测量对于基本没有分血器(如果存在,则引起氧化还原媒剂的扩散系数的改变)的血浆进行,则该方法的精度会进一步改善。
电极5,6的每一个具有预定的面积。在图1到图4的实施例中,电解槽区4被和电极5,6的边沿一致的膜的边9,10,11,和电极的前(相对于目标区7)边缘12,13限定。在本例中,电极厚度大约为600埃,宽度1-5mm。
膜的两侧除去目标区7之外可以用叠层14(平面图中省略了)盖住,用于阻止水分从试样中蒸发,并提供装置的机械强度。水的蒸发是不希望的,因为这使试样变浓,使电极干燥,使溶液变冷,从而影响扩散系数,并使酶动力学性能变慢,尽管扩散系数可以按上述估算。
本发明的第二实施例如图5,6所示,其中与第一实施例的区别在于包括第二工作电极25和相反/参考电极26,它们限定其间的第二电解槽区24。在本例中,这些电极也被隔开小于500μm。第二电极25,26位于电解槽区4和目标区7中间。在本例中,氧化还原媒剂包含在目标区7下面或附近的,或目标区7和第一电解槽区4的中间的膜中。酶包含在第一电解槽区4和第二电解槽区24内的模中。酶不扩展到第二电解槽24。在这种情况下,当把血液加于目标区时,它便溶解氧化还原媒剂。这沿着膜发生芯吸作用,从而使第二电化学电解槽24含有氧化还原媒剂分析物和包含电化学干扰物质的血清。第一电化学电解槽接收媒剂,分析物,包含电化学干扰物质的血清和酶。现在把电位加在两个工作电极和一个反电极或两个反电极之间,而对每一对电极分别测量电流随时间的变化。这使得在没有分析物的情况下能够确定还原的媒剂的浓度加上在第二电解槽中的电化学干扰物质的浓度和在第一电解槽中的这些物质加上分析物的浓度。从另一个值中减去一个值便给出分析物的浓度。
在图7,图8的实施例中使用不同的几何形状得到相同的优点,其中第二工作电极和第二相反/参考电极在远离第一电化学电解槽的目标区7的一侧上限定第二电解槽24。在这种情况下,酶可以包含在目标区和电解槽1之间的带状膜中。氧化还原媒剂可以位于目标区附近或在目标区和每个电解槽之间。利用未溶解的酶使媒剂的扩散系数降低,因而图7和图8的结构具有把酶保持在薄层电解槽之外并使试验速度加快(因为能够更快地达到稳态电流)的优点。此外,氧化还原媒剂的扩散常数在两个薄层电解槽中是相同的,这使得能够更精确地减去干扰。
虽然图1到图8的实施例的检测器是一体的,应该理解,可以在一个膜上形成多个检测器,如图9到11所示。在这种情况下,一个检测器的电极和相邻检测器的电极电气相连。这些检测器可以相继地使用,并在使用之后从带上切下。
在图9到图11的实施例中,电极尺寸沿着扩散方向(由箭头表示)由在该方向上的电极的宽度限定。在垂直于扩散方向上的电极的有效尺寸由膜的压缩的容积16之间限定,其压缩方式在共同申请的PCT/AU96/00210中更详细地说明了,该专利在此全文引为参考。为清楚起见,图1中的选择的叠层14在图9-11中被省略了。
在图12的实施例中,示出了按照本发明的中空电解槽,其中电极5,6被分开的聚合物壁30支撑着。在电解槽的一侧上提供有开口31,借以使试样加入空腔32中。在本实施例中,没有使用膜。如前面的实施例,电极被分开小于500μm,最好是20-400μm,20-200μm更好。理想的有效电解槽的容积是1.5毫升或更小。
应该理解,本发明的方法可以按照共同申请的专利PCT/AU95/00207中的电解槽结构或其它已知的电解槽设计来实现,只要对其进行修改使得电极表面之间的距离足够小即可。
现在参照图13和图14进一步说明本发明的方法。
例1
膜厚130微米,以60纳米厚的铂层覆盖。通过使膜压缩限定其面积为12.6平方毫米。含有0.2摩尔的钾氰铁酸盐和1%重量的葡糖氧化酶脱氢酶的1.5毫升溶液被加入由膜限定的并允许水分蒸发的容积中。
然后,把铂层连接于恒电势器,用作工作电极和相反/参考电极。3.0毫升的含有5毫克分子D葡萄糖和0.9wt%的NaCl的透明溶液被滴在膜的限定的面积上。经过20秒之后,把300毫伏的电压加在工作电极和反/参考电极之间,并以0.1秒的间隔在随后的30秒内记录电流。
图13是根据上述测量的电流对时间的曲线。使用稳态电流为26.9毫安计算函数ln(i/26.9-1),并划出对于时间的曲线。曲线(图14)的斜率是-0.342,它相应于扩散系数为每秒1.5×10-6cm2和5.0毫克分子的葡萄糖浓度(减去背景氰铁酸盐)。
稳态电流是在试验期间电流不再作明显变化时的电流。如本领域技术人员所理解的那样,可以达到一个最小电流,在最小电流之后,可能有一由于例如横向扩散,蒸发,干扰的电化学反应等因素而导致的漂移。然而,实际上,估算“稳态”电流(i)并不困难。其中的一种方法涉及逼近i的一个初始值。对理论曲线使用i和t的数据对从而获得一个i的较好的估算值。这被重复逼近,直到测量值和逼近值收敛在一个可接受的差之内,便求得一个估算的i
实际上,在时间t的电流i的测量在加上电位之后在最小时间t min和最大时间t max之间进行。其中最小时间和最大时间由公式的适用范围确定,并可以通过程序性质实验被容易地确定。如果通过切断电压并允许氧化还原剂的浓度返回其初始状态,则可重复所需的试验。
应该理解的是,分析电流对时间的曲线从而获得扩散系数和浓度的值并不限于上述方法,而是可以用其它方法实现。
应该理解,在本发明的实施中,电信号由一个表示电流随时间变化的装置发出。该信号可以是模拟信号或数字信号,或是以预定的时间间隔发出的一系列信号。这些信号可以用微处理器或其它常规电路处理,从而按照存储的算法进行所需的计算,以便产生分别代表扩散系数,分析物浓度,分血器浓度等的输出信号。可借助于模拟或数字显示器显示一个或几个这种输出信号。
可以通过合适的电解槽设计来把电解槽作为耗尽电解槽操作,测量使媒剂耗尽所需的电流。例如在图5的实施例中,本发明的方法可以使用其间的距离小于500μm的电极5,6实现。可以使用其间距离大于500μm的电极5和26进行测量电流的或测量电压的耗尽测量,并且这样在通过测量电流确定的在电极5,26的氧化还原剂之间没有干扰。
耗尽测量可以在由本发明的方法测量扩散系数之前,期间或之后进行。这可以实质地改善精度,因而获得再现性。
在上述的实施例中,膜最好是在专利No.4,629,563和4,774,039中说明的那种不对称的多孔膜,这两个专利在此全文列为参考。不过,也可以使用对称的多孔膜。这种膜可以呈片状,管状,中空纤维状或其它合适的形式。
如果膜是不对称的则目标区最好设置在不对称膜的多的敞开的一侧。未经压缩的膜最好具有20-500μm的厚度。最小厚度在考虑速度,灵敏度,精度和成本之后确定。如果需要,可以使用凝胶以便使分血器和GOD分开。凝胶可以设置在电极之间与/或设置在试样放置区和电极之间的间距中。
工作电极由合适的金属制成,例如金,银,铂,钯,铱,铅,和合适的合金。工作电极可以在现场用任何合适的方法实现或制成,例如通过溅射,在局部真空下蒸发,通过无电涂覆,电镀等。合适的非金属导体也可用于制造电极。例如导电的聚合物,如聚吡咯,聚苯胺,卟啉“丝”,聚异戊二烯和掺杂碘的聚顺丁二烯以及“梯形聚合物”。其它非金属电极可以是石墨或混合有黏合剂的碳或添加有塑料的碳制成的。无机电极例如In2O3或SnO2也可以使用。反/参考电极的结构例如可以和工作电极类似。镍的氢氧化物或银的卤化物也可以用于形成反/参考电极。可以使用银的氯化物,但应该理解,可以不需要氯化,并且如果在血液试样中存在足够的氯化物离子,则可以使用银。虽然在所述的实施例中所示的工作电极在生物检测器的上表面,反/参考电极在下表面,但可以是相反的。
最好工作电极和相反(或反/参考)电极的有效几何面积基本相同。
如果使用分开的相反和参考电极,它们的结构可以相似。参考电极可以处于任何合适的位置。
应该理解,上述的一个实施例的特征可以和另一个实施例的特征相结合。本发明不限于利用任何酶和媒剂的特定组合,例如在EP0351982中说明的组合或其它的组合也可以使用。通过合适的试剂的适应,并通过合适的膜的选择,该系统可以用于确定葡萄糖之外的分析物(例如胆固醇)。该系统可用于血液之外的介质。例如该方法可用于确定污染物的浓度,例如水中的氯气,铁,铅,镉,铜等。
虽然本文说明的电解槽一般具有平面的平行电极,应该理解,也可以使用其它的形状,例如一个电极是杆状的,另一个电极是同心套筒状的。
显然,本领域的技术人员不脱离本文所披露的本发明的构思可以以其它形式实施本发明。

Claims (19)

1.一种装置,该装置包括多孔膜,在膜的一侧上的工作电极,在膜的另一侧上的反电极,所述电极和其间的膜的区域限定一个电化学电解槽,其中膜从电解槽向和电解槽隔开一个大于膜的厚度的距离的试样放置区横向延伸,其中所述装置
执行用于确定一氧化还原剂的还原的(或氧化的)形式的浓度的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(1)在电极之间施加电位差,
(2)如此选择工作电极的电位,使得该氧化还原剂的还原形式的电氧化速率(或氧化形式的电还原速率)是扩散控制的,
(3)选择工作电极和反电极之间的距离,使得来自反电极的反应产物到达工作电极,
(4)在施加电位之后和达到稳态之前,确定作为时间函数的电流,
(5)估算稳态电流的幅值,以及
(6)从电流随时间的变化和稳态电流的幅值获得代表扩散系数与/或该氧化还原剂的还原形式(或氧化形式)的浓度的值。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,在试验期间在工作电极和反电极之间达到电化学反应产物的稳态浓度分布。
3.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,电极被隔开的距离小于500μm。
4.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,氧化还原剂是一种媒剂,媒剂的还原(或氧化)形式的浓度代表分析物的浓度,并且其中媒剂的还原(或氧化)形式的扩散系数的测量被确定作为确定分析物浓度的先导。
5.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,稳态电流通过逼近一个用于稳态电流的初值进行估算,测量随时间测量的电流数据和理论曲线之间的偏差,并且如果有的话,使用偏差的程度,来获得较好的稳态电流的估算。
6.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,氧化还原剂是分析物。
7.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,氧化还原剂是媒剂。
8.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,检测器包括工作电极,反电极和单独的参考电极。
9.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,电极之间的间距被这样选择,使得在所需的时间内达到稳态电流。
10.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,电化学电解槽含有试剂。
11.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,电化学电解槽含有媒剂。
12.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,膜在电解槽和试样放置区中间位置含有酶。
13.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,进一步包括在试样放置区附近的pH缓冲剂。
14.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,进一步包括在工作电极附近的pH缓冲剂。
15.如权利要求1所述的装置,包括由第二工作电极和膜的从第二工作电极的相反侧上的第二反参考电极限定的膜的第二电化学电解槽区。
16.如权利要求15所述的装置,其中,第二电解槽区位于第一电解槽区和试样放置区或目标区中间。
17.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,未被压缩的膜具有小于500μm的厚度。
18.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中,工作电极是一种从包括金,银,铂,钯,铱,铅,及其合金的组中选出的金属。
19.如权利要求1所述的装置,用于测量血液中葡萄糖的浓度。
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