CN1425228A - 用于前向链路的变速率编码 - Google Patents

用于前向链路的变速率编码 Download PDF

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CN1425228A
CN1425228A CN00818552A CN00818552A CN1425228A CN 1425228 A CN1425228 A CN 1425228A CN 00818552 A CN00818552 A CN 00818552A CN 00818552 A CN00818552 A CN 00818552A CN 1425228 A CN1425228 A CN 1425228A
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channel
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CN100468996C (zh
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小詹姆斯·A·普罗克特
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Intel Corp
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Tantivy Communications Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B14/00Transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B14/02Transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission characterised by the use of pulse modulation
    • H04B14/04Transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission characterised by the use of pulse modulation using pulse code modulation
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0041Arrangements at the transmitter end
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03MCODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M13/00Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
    • H03M13/03Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0001Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
    • H04L1/0009Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the channel coding
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0001Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
    • H04L1/0023Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the signalling
    • H04L1/0025Transmission of mode-switching indication

Abstract

一种在各个通信信道的数据传输率可以适应特定的信道条件的数字通信系统中使用的信号编码技术。具体地说,前向纠错的编码速率适合于各个信道,同时维持固定信息块的大小与FEC编码速率无关。这允许系统的数据传输率适应特定用户所经历的信道条件。因而,经历通信条件好多路失真低的用户有可能被分派到更高的容量,反之多路失真值得注意的用户有可能利用速率较低的(编码水平较高的)错误代码来维持高质量。消息是从发射机传送到接收器的,以便把最终在任何给定的点实现的编码速率通知接收器。这些参数可以在可能提供改变FEC编码速率和FEC块大小的能力的同时通过用来保证传输帧大小恒定的权宜之计被调整到与被传输的功率水平无关。

Description

用于前向链路的变速率编码
本发明的技术领域
这项发明一般地涉及无线电通信系统,更具体地说涉及在数字编码的无线电通信信道上用来提供数据传输率可变的连接的技术。
本发明的现有技术
第一代个人的无线电通信装置(例如蜂窝式无线电话)是通过把各个截然不同的无线电载波频率分配给各自的用户进行操作的。例如,在高级移动电话服务(AMPS)型的蜂窝式移动电话中,两个30千赫(kHz)带宽的信道被分派,以便支持各个用户单元和基站之间的全双工音频通信。在每个这样的信道内的信号是利用诸如频率调制(FM)之类的模拟技术进行调制的。
最新一代的系统使用数字调制技术,以便允许多重用户同时访问同一频谱。这些技术表面上增加用于给定的可用的无线电通信带宽的系统容量。这种在美国最流行的技术是码分多址(CDMA)型的。采用CDMA,每个通信信号首先在发射机处用伪随机(PN)的代码序列编码。接收器包括以这种用不同的PN代码序列或者用不同的代码相位编码的信号可以彼此分离的方式实现PN解码功能的装备。因为PN代码本身不提供完美的信道分离,某些系统为了减少信道之间的干扰具有额外的被称为“正交代码”的编码层。
为了使PN代码和正交代码的属性在接收器处适当地起作用,某种其它的设计思想必须被考虑进去。就在相反的链路方向上行进的(即从移动单元返回到中心基站的)信号而言,功率水平必须受到小心地控制。具体地说,代码的正交属性是针对各个信号以大体上相同的功率水平到达接收器的情况优化的。如果不是这样,信道干扰将增加。
正向链路方向存在不同的问题。具体地说,从基站向用户单元行进的信号可能作为所谓的远近问题的结果以不可预知的方式干扰另一个信号。例如,遥远移动单元为了得到适当的检测需要比较高的功率,反之接近中心的移动单元需要较低的功率。更强的信号可能干扰位置比较靠近通常用较低的功率水平操作的基站的移动单元的适当的操作。令人遗憾的是这种行为取决于移动通信系统特定的操作环境,包括周边地理的拓扑、用户单元彼此的毗邻关系以及其它因素。
过去,个别地设置功率水平使每条前向链路信道都得到优化从而将干扰减少到最小是可能的。具体地说,业已建议每个功率水平都可以经过调整,以便影响在倾向于使干扰最小化的用户单元接收的最佳功率水平。
另外,诸如采用卷积、Reed-Solomon和其它类型代码的前向纠错(FEC)型算法的编码算法可以被用于提高接收器处有效的信噪比。尽管这样的代码在嘈杂的环境中确实在较低的误码率方面提供得到提高的性能,但是凭借它们自己不改善与同信道干扰相关联的困难。
本发明的概述
本发明通过允许各个通信信道的数据传输率适应特定的信道条件提供附加的自由度。具体地说,前向纠错(FEC)的编码速率可以适合于各个信道。同时,每个传输帧的FEC符号的数目保持固定,不依赖于FEC编码速率和功率水平。这允许在不改变有效传输的功率水平的情况下把不同的FEC速率、甚至不同的FEC代码分配给各个用户信道,取决于信道条件。
例如,如果信道正在经历比较好的传播条件,那么FEC编码速率可以降低,而每个FEC帧的输入位的数目可以在不改变传输功率水平的情况下被增加。因为总的信息率取决于原始数据传输率除以代码率的比值,所以在不对其它用户信道产生比较大的干扰的情况下获得了比较高的信息率。
另一方面,如果特定的信道处在比较劣质的或边缘的传输环境中,那么可以采取其它的步骤以减少总的信息率。具体地说,可以提高有效的FEC编码速率而不是提高传输的功率水平以及减少每个FEC帧的输入位的数目。这允许在不提高传输功率水平的情况下使信道变得更健壮。
在优选的实施方案中,FEC编码速率是改变通过周期性地朝预期的接收器发送消息,以指出在未来的传输中打算周在每个给定的信道上的编码速率。例如,在典型的执行中,速率消息可以在前向链路传呼信道或同步信道上朝某个特定的接收器发送。
本发明有几个优势。在码分多址(CDMA)系统中,尤其是在有多路衰落或其它恶劣的信道条件存在的环境中,不需要为了优化总的系统信息率调整功率水平。
附图简要说明
本发明的上述和其它目标、特点和优势通过下面借助附图图解说明的本发明的优选实施方案的更具体的描述将变得显而易见,在这些附图中同样的参考字符在不同的视图中始终指的是同一零部件。这些附图不必按比例绘制,而是把重点放在图解说明本发明的原理上。
图1是可以采用本发明的无线电通信系统的高水平的图表。
图2是依照本发明实现可变速率编码的系统的前向链路部分的更详细的图表。
图3图解说明特定的一套分帧电路和相应的编码电路。
图4是作为就不同的编码速率而言用每位的能量对频谱噪声功率实测的误码率对收到信号强度的曲线图。
优选实施方案的详细说明
现在把注意力转向附图,图1是在无线电通信连接上用来提供像被称为码分多址(CDMA)的数字调制的无线电通信服务那样的高速数据服务的系统10的方框图。系统10由一个或多个基站处理器12和多重用户访问单元14-1...14-n...14-m(统称访问单元14)组成。图1仅仅作为实例和为了易于描绘本发明图解说明一个基站12和三个访问单元14。本发明可适用于其中通常有多得多的用户单元与一个或多个基站通信的系统。
访问单元14提供无线电数据服务,并且能够把诸如膝上型计算机、便携式计算机、个人数字助理(PDA)之类的装置通过基站12连接到可能是公共开关电话网络(PSTN)、分组交换计算机网络或诸如因特网或私人企业内部互联网之类的其它数据网络的网络15上。基站12可以在许多不同的诸如基本速率ISDN、或其它基于LAPD的协议(例如IS-634或V5.2)、或TCP/IP协议(如果网络15是诸如因特网之类的以太网)之类的有效通信协议范围内与网络15通信。访问单元14实际上可以是移动的并且可以在与基站12通信时从一个位置行进到另一个位置。
熟悉这项技术的人还应该理解图1可能类似于标准的蜂窝式通信系统,在该系统中为了在基站12和访问单元14之间传送信号各个无线电通信信道都被赋值。然而,这项发明更独特地应用于非声音的变带宽的数字数据传输。在优选的实施方案中,系统10把码分多址(CDMA)原理用于调制被传输的信号。然而,人们还应该理解本发明不局限于使用标准化的CDMA协议(例如IS-95)或新形成的CDMA协议(例如CDMA-One或W-CDMA)。本发明可适用于其它的多路访问调制技术。
为了在访问单元14和基站12之间提供数据和声音通信,数量有限的无线电通信信道资源是借助前向通信信道16-1~16-n和反向通信信道17-1~17-n提供的。本发明为精确的线路管理作准备,其中这些信道的信号是根据需要为每个访问单元12编码的。人们还应该理解数据信号将在无线电通信信道16和17上双向传送,即起源于访问单元14的数据信号被耦合到网络15,而从网络收到的数据信号被耦合到访问单元14。
图2更详细地展示基站处理器12和远程访问单元14的某些要素。基站处理器12和访问单元14至少按转发方向在一个或多个前向链路信道16-1~16-n上通话。人们还应该理解基站处理器12和访问单元14也可以在反向链路的方向上彼此通话,虽然这样的细节在图2中未予以展示。在此针对前向链路16的实践讨论的原则也可以用在实现相反的链路方向的通信中。
在CDMA系统中,在给定的前向链路16-n上的信号与打算供其它前向链路16-m使用的信号共享公用的无线电通信载波频率和时隙。因此,在给定的前向链路16-n上发送的打算仅仅供特定的访问单元14-n使用的信号可能以某种方式干扰在另一条前向链路16-m上传输的打算供另一个访问单元14-m使用的信号是完全可能的。
基站处理器12更独特地包括控制器30和生成用来构成在前向链路16上传输的信号的各种信号的信号处理电路。这些电路包括用来实现某些功能的电路,例如引导信道32,寻呼信道34和一个或多个通信信道36。如同技术上已知的那样,引导信道32负责生成已知的连续的引导信号,该信号允许访问单元14中的接收器电路与基站处理器12发射的信号适当地同步。寻呼信道34把控制信号发送给访问单元14,以便(例如)在前向链路16上分配通信信道容量。例如,寻呼信道34被用来在需要把消息发送到访问单元14-n而且有必要分配在前向链路16-n上的通信信道的时候把消息发送给访问单元14-n。
通信信道36提供用来在前向链路16上发送有效负荷数据的物理层结构。在优选的实施方案中,CDMA编码被用于定义引导信道32、寻呼信道34以及通信信道36。
更具体地说,通信信道电路36包括符号分帧功能40、前向纠错逻辑42、多路信号分解器44、加法器50和射频(RF)上变频器52。
准备在前向链路16上发送的数据首先被馈送到分帧功能40。分帧功能40将输入的有效负荷数据包装成被称为帧的便于确定大小的组。这些预先编码的帧的大小将改变,取决于在任何的给定的时刻被FEC编码器42选定的特定的前向纠错(FEC)编码方案。重要的是帧调节器40和FEC编码器42相结合使每个给定的被传输的帧中输出的FEC符号的数目是固定的。
图3是展示为了实现这种最终结果如何成对地选定帧调节器40和FEC编码器42的图表。固定的FEC输出帧的大小在图解说明的实施方案中是4096个符号。这个实施方案使用四个不同的FEC符号编码器42-1、42-2、42-3和42-4,它们分别提供1/4、1/3、1/2和7/8速率编码。每个FEC符号编码器42的编码速率都指出输入位数与输出位数之比。FEC编码器42使用的实际代码可以是许多不同类型的纠错代码中的任何一种(例如R),因此,用速率较高的FEC代码将获得较高的信息传输速率。
这个实施方案还使用与四个FEC编码器42-1、42-2、42-3和42-4相对应的四个帧调节器电路40-1、40-2、40-3和40-4。例如,1/4速率的编码器42-1需要1/4速率的分帧电路40-1把输入的位编组,使之形成一个个1024位的预先编码的FEC组,从而提供预期的4096个输出符号。类似地,1/3速率的编码器42-2需要1/3速率的帧调节器40-2,以便把输入的位编组,形成一个个1331位的预先编码组。1/2速率编码器42-3使用预先编码组的大小为2048的帧调节器40-3,而7/8编码器42-4使用预先编码尺寸为3584位的分帧电路40-4。
因此,分帧电路40和FEC编码器42在任何给定的时刻仅仅及时地利用一个特定的帧调节器40-1、40-2、40-3或40-4和一个特定的编码器42-1、42-2、42-3或42-4。哪个特定的分帧电路40和FEC编码器42被激活是由输入每个分帧电路40和编码器42的编码速率控制信号60控制的。编码速率选择信号60是由控制器30生成的。
现在把注意力转向图2,给定的连接可能需要在特定的时刻分配多重通信信道。例如,多路信号分离器44接受FEC编码器42产生的信号并且把它馈送到多重扩展电路36-1和信道调制器38-1,后者为了产生多重CDMA信道信号49-1~49-n不仅施加正交相移键控(QPSK)调制而且施加适当的伪随机噪声(PN)和/或Walsh或其它编码。然后,这些多重CDMA通信信号与信道引导电路32产生的引导信道信号和寻呼信道电路34产生的寻呼信号通过加法器50相加。然后,将加法器电路50的输出馈送到RF上变频器42。
可能是任何手头上适当的微控制器或微处理器的控制器30在它的软件程序之中也有被称为容量管理器55的处理程序。容量管理器55不仅把一个或多个信道调制器48分配给特定的前向链路16-n的通信信道连接,而且还设置供编码速率选择信号60使用的数值。另外,容量管理器55设置供特定的前向链路信号16-n使用的功率水平。
在基站处理器12中单一的容量管理器55可以管理多个通信信道电路36,每个都产生大量的前向链路信号16。容量管理器55依照在相应的通信信道中观察到的条件设置代码速率选择信号60。对信道物理层特征的这些调节是优选作为对确定信号强度值(例如,通过在接收器处测定每个数据位的能量除以标准化的噪声功率水平的比值(Eb/No))的响应完成的。
因此,除了改变调制器48生成的各个调制信号的功率水平之外,依照本发明的系统为了在不同的条件下选择不同的代码速率通过调节编码速率选择信号60的值在接收器处控制Eb/No也是可能的。
例如,如果深入建筑物内部的远程访问单元14正在经历特别不利的多路径或其它失真条件,过去人们认为为了在访问单元14获得适当的接收信号水平增加前向链路16-n的功率水平是必不可少的。但是,采用本发明,如果不需要全部最大的数据传输率,那么用FEC编码器32实现的编码速率可能是较低的。
在其它多路失真最小的环境中,例如在直接的视线环境中,最高编码速率发生器42-4可以在降低前向链路16-n上用于那个特定信道的同时被选定。所以,这使对于给定的用户可用的数据传输率增加到最大值,同时使对使用同一无线电通信信道的其它用户产生的干扰减少到最小。
因此,在利于传播的环境中,系统10能够在不把附加的干扰引导给其它用户的情况下增加对给定的用户的数据传输率。但是,在劣质的传送信号环境中,也获得了某种优势,因为每个特定的用户信道都可以在不增加其功率水平的情况下变得更健壮。
继续注意图2,访问单元14的各个组成部分将得到更详细的讨论。访问单元14是由RF下变频器60、均衡器62、多个搜寻接收器64-1~64-n、多个信道解调器66-1~66-n、多路复用器68、FEC解码器70和分帧电路72。
RF下变频器60接受前向链路信号16-n,产生基带数字化信号。碎片均衡器62使收到信号的各个碎片均衡,从而使它适合几个搜寻指针和干扰消除电路64之一。这些电路以现有技术中已知的某种方式与多个信道解调器66合作并且剥掉每个信道上的CDMA编码。引导接收电路74和寻呼信号接收电路76同样适合接收基站处理器12生成的引导信道信号和寻呼信号。多路复用器68在多个通信信道被分配给特定的连接时重新构成这些信号。
控制器80执行设置通信信道电路58的组成部分的各种参数的程序。在这里特别有意义的是控制器80执行确定打算发送给FEC解码器70编码速率选择信号84的管理程序82这一事实。
具体地说,FEC解码器70在接收方的访问单元14选定的编码速率必须与在发射方的基站处理器12处的FEC编码器31的编码速率相同,以便接收器的分帧电路72正确地再生输入数据信号。因此,为了使系统10适应在RF链路16中正在变化的条件,基站处理器12以某种方式将这个信息传达给访问单元14是必要的。
例如,如果在连接的持续期内允许改变编码速率(这是在优选实施方案中的情形)是符合要求的,那么,寻呼信道24最初在信道获取排序期间可能包括一个指令,以便不仅把将要进行通信的不同的信道38告知访问单元14而且把它将采用的特定的编码速率告知它。然后,在连接保持打开而最佳的编码速率超时地变化时,附加的控制信息可以通过将指令信息镶嵌在经指令信号输入端86反馈给控制器80的接收数据内被镶嵌在通信信道自身之中。
人们应该理解链路质量的度量也可以由控制器80依据输出信号86确定并且借助指令结构在反向链路信道(未示出)上被定期地反馈给基站处理器12中的控制器30。这允许基站处理器12中的控制器30为特定的连接适当地设置供FEC编码器42和FEC解码器70使用的最佳的FEC编码速率。
图4是用于帧调节器40和FEC编码器42的各种组合的误码率(BER)对用分贝(dB)表示的Eb/No的图表。曲线图图标符号表示针对特定位中的能量规格化的不同速率的TurboProduct代码的曲线图。例如,在点A表明的状态下,特定的信道可能是用大约1/2速率Turbo Product代码操作的而且正在经历比较低的误码率(0.05)。在不调节发射功率并且仅仅选择速率比较低的Turbo Product代码(例如借助速率为0.266的TurboProduct代码指出的大约1/4速率的代码)的情况下,系统进入误码率明显地被减少到大约0.0002的状态B。这是在不调节每位的能量或以其它方式改变发射功率水平的情况下完成的。
尽管这项发明已经参照其优选实施方案予以具体地展示和描述,但是熟悉这项技术的人应该理解在形式和细节上的各种变化可以在不脱离权利要求书所包含的本发明的范围的情况下完成。

Claims (10)

1.一种在把数字信号从发射站传送到接收站的无线电通信系统中用来给信道编码的方法,该方法包括下述步骤:
把输入信号的诸位编分帧,帧的大小可依照预定的帧大小参数予以调整;
给包括纠错代码的帧的位编码,其中纠错速率是这样选定的,以至于在被传输的帧中被编码的符号的数量即使在帧中的位数改变时也保持恒定;
用传播代码调制被编码的符号以提供经过调制的编码信号;以及
在无线电通信链路上传输经过调制的编码信号。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中在每个被传输的帧中编码符号的数目保持相同,即使信道的编码速率对于给定的连接被改变也是如此。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中纠错代码是从包括卷积代码(convolutional codes)、Reed-Solomon代码、乘积代码(product codes)和涡轮代码(turbo codes)的一组代码中选定的。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,进一步包括如下步骤:把包括在生成编码帧时使用的编码速率的标志的消息从发射机站发射到接收器站,借此允许接收器站确定用来给收到的帧适当地解码所需要的解码速率。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,进一步包括如下步骤:用信道代码为每个被编码的符号编码以允许将编码符号与在给定的射频载波信号上传输的其它的编码符号分离。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,其中通信链路是从基站发射机位置朝访问单元的接收器位置传输的前向链路。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,其中通信链路是从访问单元位置朝接收基站传输信息的反向链路信道。
8.根据权利要求1的方法,其中纠错代码速率是根据在无线电通信信道中观察到的链路质量条件选定的。
9.根据权利要求8的方法,其中体验误码率的无线电通信信道引起选择比较低的纠错代码速率,以便维持比较高的链路质量。
10.根据权利要求1的方法,其中在给定的无线电载波频率上用于不同的连接的编码速率具有不同的纠错和分帧速率。
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ATE453259T1 (de) 2010-01-15
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