CN1503722A - 用于制备在真空包装中使用的具有空气通道的膜片的方法 - Google Patents

用于制备在真空包装中使用的具有空气通道的膜片的方法 Download PDF

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CN1503722A
CN1503722A CNA028084101A CN02808410A CN1503722A CN 1503722 A CN1503722 A CN 1503722A CN A028084101 A CNA028084101 A CN A028084101A CN 02808410 A CN02808410 A CN 02808410A CN 1503722 A CN1503722 A CN 1503722A
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lamella
diaphragm
insulation resin
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CN100429070C (zh
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李苤
李傑柱
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TILIYA INTERNATIONAL CO
Tilia International Inc USA
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Abstract

本发明披露了一种用于制备在真空包装中使用的一具有空气通道的膜片的方法，该方法包括如下步骤：将一气密的基层连同熔融挤出的隔热树脂输送至包括一层压辊以及一冷却辊的层压总成上，从而在所述气密基层上形成一隔热树脂层，其特征在于所述隔热树脂层受到模压和冷却，从而使得和在所述冷却辊的圆周面形成的多个具有一预定图案的凹槽相对应的多个隆起部形成于所述模制的隔热树脂层上，进而在所述隆起部之间形成用于排出空气的通道。由于无需其它辅助的模压技术即可形成空气通道，故该方法简单，此外由于无需采用压制模，经济上比较节约。

Description

用于制备在真空包装中使用的具有空气通道的膜片的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于制备在真空包装中使用的具有空气通道的膜片的方法。尤其涉及一种用于制备具有空气通道的膜片的方法，其中具有通道的隔热的树脂层形成于一气密的基层上，所述通道用于排出空气，其形状由一冷却辊上的凹槽确定，本发明还涉及一种利用这种膜片生产的用于真空包装的包装袋。
背景技术
在包括美国的各个国家，用于长期保存诸如肉或经处理过的肉类的易腐食品的方法得以广泛的应用，该方法包括如下步骤：将食品放入能够处于真空状态的塑料袋中，利用空气泵或其它的真空处理装置对塑料袋抽真空，随后将塑料袋紧紧地密封。
参见图1，图1是一个用于真空包装的已有包装袋的示意性透视图。该包装袋包括一个主体110，所述主体具有构成一塑料基层的两层膜片111和112；一个密封部120，所述密封部将主体110的下侧、左侧边缘以及右侧边缘热密封，从而形成一个用于存放诸如食品类的易腐产品的内部空间；以及一个位于所述主体110上边缘部的未密封部分130，易腐产品通过该未密封部分130放入主体110中，并且主体110内部的空气由此抽出。所述主体110通常由一种热熔的热塑性聚乙烯树脂构成并且对人体无害。
在食品经由未密封部130放入包装袋，并且空气泵或其它真空处理装置已将其中的空气抽出之后，所述未密封部分被加热至一预定的温度，并在压力下密封。
但是，上述的包装袋存在如下缺陷，当易腐食品被放入包装袋中，并且由一真空处理装置将包装袋内的空气抽出时，随着包装袋中空气的排出，所述主体110的两层膜片111以及112快速地粘附在一起，从而导致位于所述包装袋底部的剩余空气无法被抽出。
为了克服上述缺陷，采用了通过模压技术处理现有的膜片层而形成空气通道的工艺。按照这一工艺，空气通道形成于构成所述主体的一膜片层或两膜片层上，在使用真空处理装置抽出包装袋中的空气时，空气沿着所述空气通道从袋中排出，因而位于所述包装袋底部的残余空气可以很容易地排出。
专利号为2,778,173的美国专利披露了一种使用上述工艺产生密封包装的方法。按照所述方法，在第一片层上形成一抽气口，同时所述第二片层精确地叠置于所述第一片层上。此时，在所述两个片层的至少一个片层上形成有多个间隔的凸出部，从而使得与所述抽气口相连的用于空气移动的通道得以形成。此外，所述凸出部可以是棱锥形和半球形，并且可以通过使用受热的阴模或阳模或其它工具对构成包装袋的片层施压而形成。或者，所述通道可以通过在所述第一以及第二片层之间插入一带有凸出部的窄条而形成。
按照这一方法，凸出部位于一个柔性的、流体密封的片状材料的坯料上，空气通道在凸出部之间形成，所述坯料的一个层部叠置在坯料的另一个层部上，凸出部在两个层部之间并且层部的周边彼此接触。随后，彼此接触的周边沿其长度方向被部分密封，从而形成了在周边的未密封部分具有一个入口的包装袋。物品通过入口被放入包装袋中，相接触周边的剩余部分(未被密封的部分)被密封以关闭入口。这之后，与空气通道连通的片状材料的一部分被贯通而形成抽气口，空气由包装袋的内部经由空气通道以及抽气口排出，随后抽气口被密封。但是，该方法存在这样的缺陷，即在物品被装入包装袋后，还额外的需要两个密封步骤。
为了解决上述问题，采用了另一技术，如图1所示的用于真空包装的已有包装袋的主体部分包括层状膜片，并且主体的至少一层膜片通过一模压模而被模压。
图2是用于真空包装的已有包装袋的一透视图，所述包装袋的一侧受到模压。在这一技术中，构成如图2所示用于真空包装的已有包装袋主体110的层状膜片层113以及114中的其中一个膜片层113受到模压，从而形成隆起部116，并且在隆起部116之间的间隔处形成空气通道115，从而使得空气能够很容易地从包装袋中排出。
美国专利US Re34929揭示了这一技术。所述用于真空包装的包装袋包括彼此叠置的一个第一部分和一第二部分，具有一特定厚度的所述第一及第二部分除了装入物品的一入口外，其在底部、左侧边缘及右侧边缘处均密封。此外，所述每个第一及第二部分包括一具有相同厚度的隔热的内层以及具有相同厚度的气密的外层，并且在所述第一及第二部分的至少一个部分的一内表面及外表面上形成有多个华夫饼干图案的隆起部(参见美国专利US Re.34929的图6及图7)。具体地，在一热辊上形成有一模压图案，包括气密层以及隔热层的层状膜片被放置于热辊上，通过加热模压而形成空气通道115以及隆起部116。但是，当通过加热而在具有一特定厚度的膜片上强制形成空气通道以及隆起部时，空气通道与隆起部之间的接触部分受拉，从而使得所述膜片受到拉曳的部分变薄。因而，在模压过程中，膜片有可能被撕裂，或者在包装袋形成真空的过程中，膜片由于再次受拉而在其上形成针孔。此外，当模压模长期使用时，由于模压模的磨损，膜片有可能受到破坏，因此需经常更换模压模。
同时，与欧洲专利EP0,648,688B1相一致的美国专利US5,554,423披露了用于真空包装的采用另一类型隆起部的包装袋。按照该专利，形成用于真空包装物品的包装袋的一管状部件包括一具有一气密外层以及一隔热内层的第一层以及一具有一气密外层以及一隔热内层的第二层，所述第一及第二层在所述上部以及下部边缘处彼此粘附在一起，从而形成一个用于容放易腐物品的空间。特别地，多个隔热的绳状元件以一固定的间隔热粘接至所述第一以及第二层的任一层的内层上，其中所述隔热的绳状元件沿所述管状元件的长度方向大致平行于上下粘接边缘而延伸，从而使得在所述绳状元件之间的空间用作空气通道起到排出空气的作用。在这一点上，图3示意性地示出了在所述片层上的多个隔热的绳状元件的布置及其热粘接。按照该专利，从用于生产绳状元件的挤压头2上挤出的多个绳状元件4以固定的间隔布置在包括气密层以及隔热层的叠层1的隔热层上，并且通过压力辊3以及3′热粘接于所述隔热层的表面上。但是，该专利存在如下缺陷，即为了生产绳状元件需要独立的设备，并且将多个绳状元件以固定的间隔热粘接于所述隔热内层上的操作非常复杂。该专利存在的另一缺陷是很难形成各种形状图案的通道，即只能形成绳状通道，同时因为用于形成通道的绳状元件需在具有一预定厚度的隔热内层上另外形成，故生产具有相当薄厚度的膜片很困难。
图4示出了制备用在真空包装中的膜片的另一种方法，所述通道通过利用吹塑的共同挤压工艺直接形成于一个隔热的内层上，并且由此得到的隔热内层叠置在一个气密外层上。
具体而言，隆起部5位于所述内层的一个共同挤压环上，当所述膜片向上吹出时，所述通道由在所述膜片上的隆起部形成。但是，该方法存在如下缺陷，即通道的形状与隆起部的形状无关，只能以条形形状形成于膜片之上，其它各种形状的通道均无法获得。此外，利用吹塑的共同挤压工艺具有通道之间的间隔较窄的局限，因而构成包装袋主体的所述层在真空包装过程中很容易粘接在一起。这样一来，包装袋的真空度不够。
因此，需要提供一种制备用于真空包装中的膜片的方法，和已有的方法相比，该方法能够获得各种形状的空气通道。
本专利的发明者对制备用于真空包装中的膜片的方法进行了深入的研究，最终发现用于真空包装的膜片通过以下方式的制备可以很容易地克服现有技术中存在的难题，即通过一个挤压机的喷嘴熔融挤出的隔热的树脂以及一气密的基层位于一层压辊与一在其表面上形成具有预定图案的凹槽的冷却辊之间，从而使得具有隆起部及用于排出空气的通道的所述隔热层形成于所述气密基层上。
发明内容
因此，本发明的一个目的是提供一种用于制备在真空包装中使用的膜片的方法，该方法可有效地防止针孔的产生，并且能够通过一精确形成的空气通道改进形成真空的程度。
本发明的另一个发明目的是提供一种用于制备在真空包装中使用的膜片的方法，通过该方法所述膜片上可容易地形成各种形状的空气通道。
本发明的第三个发明目的是提供一种用于制备在真空包装中使用的薄的膜片的方法，所述膜片具有良好的物理特性。
本发明的第四个发明目的是提供一种利用本发明的膜片生产的用于真空包装的包装袋。
根据本发明，上述目的可通过提供一种用于制备在真空包装中使用的一具有空气通道的膜片的方法得以实现，该方法包括如下步骤：将一气密的基层连同熔融挤出的隔热的树脂输送至包括一层压辊以及一冷却辊的层压总成上，从而在所述气密基层上形成一隔热树脂层，其特征在于所述隔热树脂层受到模压和冷却，从而使得与在所述冷却辊的圆周面形成的多个具有一预定图案的凹槽相对应的多个隆起部形成于所述模压的隔热的树脂层上，进而在所述隆起部之间形成用于排出空气的通道。
此外，本发明还提供了一种用于真空包装的包装袋，该包装袋包括叠置的一个第一片层以及一第二片层。所述两个片层中的每一片层由一叠层膜片构成，该膜片具有一作为外层的气密基层和一作为内层的隔热树脂层，其中所述第一片层和第二片层中的至少一个片层为按照本发明的方法生产的用于真空包装的膜片。所述第一以及第二片层沿其底侧、左侧以及右侧边缘彼此粘接在一起，从而形成一个在真空状态下容放物品的空间。
附图简介
结合附图，通过下面详细的描述，本发明的目的、特征以及有益效果将很清楚，其中：
图1示出了用于真空包装的已有包装袋的透视图；
图2示出了用于真空包装的已有包装袋的透视图，其中所述包装袋的一个片层受到模压；
图3示出了按照已有方法在一具有气密层以及隔热层的叠层的隔热层的表面上的多个隔热的绳状元件的热粘接；
图4示出了通过现有的利用吹塑的共同挤压工艺而形成的空气通道；
图5示意性地示出了一具有隆起部以及排出空气用通道的隔热树脂层在按照本发明的膜片的一气密基层上的形成；
图6是图5的的局部放大图；
图7是图5所示一挤出装置的局部透视图；
图8是按照本发明一实施例的用于真空包装的所述膜片的平面图；
图9是按照本发明另一实施例的用于真空包装的所述膜片的平面图；
图10是按照本发明再一实施例的用于真空包装的包装袋的透视图。
具体实施方式
参见图5，图5示意性的示出了按照本发明的一个实施例的一个具有隆起部以及空气通道的隔热树脂层在一气密基层上的形成。构成一层压总成的层压辊20′以及一冷却辊20以一固定的间隔布置，以便于熔融挤出的隔热树脂层在被冷却的同时叠置在所述气密基层上。只是示意性的而并非限制性的，层压辊以及冷却辊的材料包括钢和合成橡胶。所述层压辊与所述冷却辊之间的间隔最好根据对真空包装所用薄膜的技术要求(如厚度)而控制。所述冷却辊的温度最好控制在大约-15℃至大约-10℃的范围，以便于所述熔融挤出的树脂的冷却。但是，所述冷却辊的温度也可根据叠层的情况而改变。
通常，所述冷却辊的直径大于所述层压辊的直径，例如所述冷却辊的直径大约是所述层压辊直径的1.5至3倍。所述范围只是举例，而不应看作对所述冷却辊直径的限制。
一个进给装置(图5未示出)将所述气密基层10输送至所述冷却辊20和所述层压辊20′的辊隙之间。所述气密基层可以选用聚酯、聚酰胺以及EVOH(乙烯乙烯醇)，并且当其在随后的真空包装步骤中受热时，其材料的选择可使其具有可靠的机械性能。
所述隔热树脂层通常由一种热塑性树脂制成。在所述易腐物品被放入使用本发明的叠层膜片的真空包装袋，并且所述包装袋中的空气被抽出后，在受热的同时彼此相接触的所述两个片层的隔热树脂层彼此紧紧地粘接在一起，以防外界空气进入包装袋中。特别地，所述隔热树脂层最好由适于保存食物且对人体无害的聚乙烯构成。
在图5中，一挤出装置30的设置使得所述熔融挤出的隔热树脂被输送至所述冷却辊20和所述层压辊20′的辊隙之间，从而叠置在所述基层上。所述隔热树脂经由所述挤出装置30的一个喷嘴31得以输送。此时，所述熔融挤出的隔热树脂的温度取决于所使用树脂的类型，范围最好大约是200-250℃。此外，挤入层压总成的树脂的数量取决于对位于所述基层之上的所述隔热树脂层厚度的需求。
按照本发明，多个具有一预定图案的凹槽在冷却辊20的圆周表面上形成。图5示出了按照本发明一个实施例的用于真空包装的膜片，其中，所述隔热树脂层被如此模压，使得与形成于所述冷却辊的圆周表面上的具有预定形状的凹槽相一致的隆起部，以及由所述隆起部之间的间隔所确定的空气通道，形成于所述模制的隔热树脂层上。
如上所述，按照本发明，由挤出装置熔融挤出的所述隔热树脂经由该挤出装置的喷嘴得以输送，并且在冷却的同时受到所述冷却辊凹槽的模压。所述熔融挤出的隔热树脂与所述基层一起被输送至由所述层压辊以及所述具有一定形状的凹槽的冷却辊构成的层压总成上，同时所述隔热树脂受到模压，从而在所述被模压的隔热树脂层上形成有与所述冷却辊的圆周表面上凹槽形状相一致的多个隆起部，并且在所述隆起部之间构成用于排出空气的空气通道，从而使得按照本发明的用于真空包装中的膜片得以形成。所述凹槽的图案取决于预期的所述空气通道的形状，可以是诸如直线以及曲线的各种形状，而且不会受到任何限制。不同于采用模压后处理的已有方法，当利用按照本发明的凹槽，熔融挤出的隔热树脂被模压并被冷却时，利用熔融挤出的隔热树脂所得到的真空性能不会变差，即使所述隔热树脂层的厚度较薄。
图6是图5的局部放大视图，其中图5示出了位于所述气密基层上、具有隆起部以及排除空气用通道的所述隔热树脂层的形成，图7是图5所示挤出装置的局部透视图。如图7所示，所述挤出的隔热树脂通过一喷嘴部31的喷嘴32输送至所述层压总成上。
参见图5至图7，所述基层10被输送至构成所述层压总成的所述冷却辊20和所述层压辊20′的辊隙之间。此时，所述冷却辊20的圆周面上形成有多个具有一定形状的凹槽21。按照图5所示的实施例，所述冷却辊20的圆周面上所形成的每一凹槽的形状是不规则的，使得所述每一凹槽与相邻凹槽对称。
此外，所述挤出装置30位于所述具有一预定形状的凹槽21的冷却辊20与层压辊20′之间，并且由所述挤出装置30的喷嘴32挤出的隔热树脂与所述基层10一起受到构成所述层压总成的所述冷却辊20和所述层压辊20′的挤压，从而在真空包装用膜片40的上表面上的所述隔热树脂层上形成与所述冷却辊20的凹槽相一致的隆起部。此时，在由所述冷却辊20上的凹槽21所形成的隆起部之间的部分上的隔热树脂层上构成了排出空气用的通道。
按照本发明，多个横条或交叉条沿所述膜片纵向延伸，从而形成所述空气通道。在此，条形通道或交叉形通道只是一种举例，而不应看作对所述空气通道形状的限制。任何形状的空气通道可用于本发明的真空包装用包装袋。
参见图5及图6，所述凹槽以一预定的不规则形状形成于所述冷却辊的圆周面上，同时所述多个隆起部在所述隔热树脂层上形成，并且在它们之间形成空气移动用的通道。因此，本发明的空气通道的形状取决于所述冷却辊上的形状。另一方面，包括具有不规则图案的隆起部的冷却辊也可得以采用，这样一来，由此而产生的通道也具有不规则的形状。
图8示出了按照本发明一个实施例的用于真空包装的膜片的平面视图。其中，膜片上形成有多个具有不规则图案的隆起部，同时由所述隆起部之间的间隙形成的通道沿纵向延伸。因而，在抽真空的过程中，位于所述包装袋中的剩余空气可以顺畅地沿所述通道排出。
下面参见图9，其示出了按照本发明另一实施例的用于真空包装的膜片的平面视图。在该实施例中，在所述冷却辊的圆周面上形成有多个波纹形状的凹槽，因此由所述隆起部之间的间隙所确定的空气通道呈波纹状。
与此同时，形成于叠层膜片40上的所述隔热树脂层的每一隆起部的厚度取决于形成于所述冷却辊20上的凹槽21的深度，同时所述空气通道的宽度由所述凹槽21之间的间隔确定。这样一来，通过根据所使用的叠层膜片来改变所述冷却辊上凹槽的技术参数，由所述隆起部之间的间隔所确定的排除空气用通道的形状、宽度以及厚度可得以控制。
在具有这种通道的隔热树脂层中，每一通道的深度范围通常在大约40-100微米之间，每一隆起部的厚度大约为150-300微米，每一基层的厚度大约为30-200微米。但是，上述通道、隆起部以及基层的尺寸的范围只是举例，而不应看作是一种限制。
按照本发明，所述基层可包括一层、两层或多层。当采用多层结构的基层时，应当清楚所述基层整体的厚度应在其允许的范围内进行调整。
图10示出了使用本发明膜片制成的真空包装用包装袋。其中，所述包装袋50包括彼此叠置的第一片层51以及第二片层52，空气通道在所述第一片层51和所述第二片层52中的任一片层上形成。此时，构成所述每一片层的所述隔热树脂层以及所述基层通常采用与其它片层相同的材料制成，但是也可采用不同的材料制成。所述隔热树脂层通常作为一内层，所述基层通常作为一外层。此外，所述第一片层以及第二片层的下侧、左侧边缘部以及右侧边缘部彼此粘接在一起，以形成一个容放被真空包装的物品的空间。在使用未形成空气通道的所述片层时，所述片层的厚度范围为大约50-150微米。在图10中，在所述第一片层和所述第二片层的任一片层上形成有具有一定形状的通道。但是，应当理解，形成有预定形状的通道的膜片可有利地用做本发明的用于真空包装的包装袋的第一及第二片层的材料。此外，通过使用本发明具有空气通道的叠层膜片，可制备用于真空包装的各种形状的包装袋。
通过阅读下面的实施例将会更好地理解本发明，但是所述实施例不应看作对本发明的限制。
例1
如图5所示，宽度为1200毫米、厚度为75微米的聚酰胺基层以80米/分钟的速度被输送至一层压总成。一层压辊和一冷却辊分别由直径为250以及500的钢制成，并且所述冷却辊上每一凹槽的深度为0.8毫米。所述层压辊与所述冷却辊之间的间隙为100微米，一个挤出装置围绕所述层压辊与所述冷却辊之间的间隙设置，以便于在220℃时由所述挤出装置的一喷嘴熔融挤出的聚乙烯树脂(由SK公司制造的型号为CA-110的聚乙烯树脂)被输送至所述层压总成，从而形成用于真空包装的膜片。所述冷却辊的温度此时为-12℃。如此生产的用于真空包装的所述膜片包括一厚度为75微米的基层，厚度为250微米的隆起部以及深度为25微米的一通道，上述部分构成第一片层。第二片层按照和所述第一片层相同的步骤形成，并且和所述第一片层组合而形成一个尺寸为300×400毫米的用于真空包装的包装袋。此时，所述第二片层不具有通道，所述基层以及所述隔热树脂层的厚度分别为75微米和25微米。样品被放入真空包装袋中，并且利用一真空包装机对该包装袋进行真空密封(商标名：Foodsaver550)。100个如此包装的样品经100小时的试验，随后计算未能保持真空状态的包装袋的数量。结果如表1所示。
比较例1
除了由Tilia公司制造的民用Foodsaver被用于所述包装袋外，按照和例1相同的步骤对真空包装袋进行评估，结果列于表1中。
比较例2
除了由Flaemnouva公司制造的民用MAGIC VAC被用于所述包装袋外，按照和例1相同的步骤对真空包装袋进行评估，结果列于表1中。
                         表1
  例1   比较例1   比较例2
未保持真空的袋的数量     0     20     5
从表1的结果可以看出，就在一持续的期间内保持真空的状态而言，按照本发明例1生产的用于真空包装的袋优于已有的用于真空包装的袋。
工业适用性
如上所述，按照本发明所述的用于生产真空包装用膜片的方法，当一隔热树脂叠置于一气密基层上时，位于冷却辊上的凹槽使得所述隔热树脂层上产生隆起部以及通道。由于无需其它辅助的模压技术即可形成空气通道，故该方法简单。此外由于无需采用压制模，经济上比较节约。同时，所述冷却辊上凹槽形状选择的任意性使得各种形状的通道的形成成为可能，并且可以很容易地控制所述空气通道之间的间隔，与已有技术相比，生产率大约提高50％。
上面已通过实施例的方式对本发明进行了描述，应当理解，其中所使用的专业术语只是起到描述的作用，而不是一种限制。在上述教导下，本领域的普通技术人员可作出许多变型和改进。因此，应当理解，在权利要求保护的范围内，除了上面的描述之外，本发明可采用其它方式实施。

Claims (8)

1、一种用于制备在真空包装中使用的具有空气通道的膜片的方法，所述方法包括如下步骤：将一气密的基层连同一熔融挤出的隔热树脂输送至包括一层压辊以及一冷却辊的层压总成上，从而在所述气密基层上形成一隔热树脂层，所述隔热树脂层受到模压和冷却，从而使得和在所述冷却辊的圆周面形成的多个具有一预定图案的凹槽相对应的多个隆起部形成于所述隔热树脂层上，进而在所述隆起部之间形成用于排出空气的通道。
2、如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于所述气密基层的材料可选自聚酯、聚酰胺以及乙烯乙烯醇(EVOH)。
3、如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于所述隔热树脂层由聚乙烯制成。
4、如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于在所述冷却辊圆周面上的凹槽的形状为不规则图案。
5、如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于在所述冷却辊圆周面上的凹槽的形状为波纹图案。
6、如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于在所述冷却辊圆周面上的凹槽的形状为条状图案。
7、如权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于所述气密基层可以为单层、双层或多层。
8、一种用于真空包装的包装袋，该包装袋包括彼此叠置的一第一片层以及一第二片层，所述每一片层由一叠层膜片构成，所述膜片具有一作为外层的气密基层和一作为内层的隔热树脂层，所述第一以及第二片层沿其底部、左侧以及右侧边缘彼此粘接在一起，从而形成一个在真空状态下容放物品的空间，其中所述第一以及第二片层中的至少一个片层为按照权利要求1所述方法生产的用于真空包装的膜片。
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EP1412167A1 (en) 2004-04-28
CA2443888C (en) 2007-08-14
WO2002074522A1 (en) 2002-09-26
US20060035046A1 (en) 2006-02-16
US20050147774A1 (en) 2005-07-07
TW530001B (en) 2003-05-01
US20050143243A1 (en) 2005-06-30
US7022058B2 (en) 2006-04-04
CN100429070C (zh) 2008-10-29
US20030155269A1 (en) 2003-08-21
EP1412167A4 (en) 2007-08-08
AU2002234998B2 (en) 2005-07-28
CA2443888A1 (en) 2002-09-26

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