CN1552108A - 用于电池的热套 - Google Patents

用于电池的热套 Download PDF

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CN1552108A
CN1552108A CNA028175182A CN02817518A CN1552108A CN 1552108 A CN1552108 A CN 1552108A CN A028175182 A CNA028175182 A CN A028175182A CN 02817518 A CN02817518 A CN 02817518A CN 1552108 A CN1552108 A CN 1552108A
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雅各布·波德
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B60L3/0046—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
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    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
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    • H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
    • H01M10/6567—Liquids
    • H01M10/6568—Liquids characterised by flow circuits, e.g. loops, located externally to the cells or cell casings
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    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H01M10/657—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by electric or electromagnetic means
    • H01M10/6572—Peltier elements or thermoelectric devices
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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    • H01M10/66—Heat-exchange relationships between the cells and other systems, e.g. central heating systems or fuel cells
    • H01M10/663—Heat-exchange relationships between the cells and other systems, e.g. central heating systems or fuel cells the system being an air-conditioner or an engine
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    • H01M50/24—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by physical properties of casings or racks, e.g. dimensions adapted for protecting batteries from their environment, e.g. from corrosion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00271—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit
    • B60H2001/00307—Component temperature regulation using a liquid flow
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K1/00—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units
    • B60K2001/003—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units with means for cooling the electrical propulsion units
    • B60K2001/005—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units with means for cooling the electrical propulsion units the electric storage means
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Abstract

一种热套，其适于容纳和冷却蓄电池，所述蓄电池布置在汽车的发动机机舱中且暴露于从发动机散发的温度升高的热量下。矩形套的壁由刚性泡沫塑料材料形成，该材料将电池与发动机热绝缘。在套的一个壁中装入热交换器，来自安装在车辆中的空气调节器的冷却剂流体在该热交换器中循环。热交换器起到冷却电池的作用以便使得电池中的电解液的温度维持在电池以最佳效率工作的水平。

Description

用于电池的热套
技术领域
本发明通常涉及一种安装在汽车发动机机舱中的蓄电池，在发动机机舱中，该蓄电池暴露于由发动机散发的温度升高的热量下，特别是涉及一种容纳并冷却电池以便使其能有效工作的热套。
背景技术
在典型的由内燃机驱动的汽车中，在发动机机舱中靠近发动机布置有可充电的蓄电池。该电池供给用于起动汽车的直流电源，用于向车灯和其他需要直流电源的设备供电。
由于电池与发动机紧密靠近，电池暴露于由发动机散发的温度升高的热量下。当发动机工作了数小时后，在此期间发动机的产生和传递到蓄电池的热量可能会损害蓄电池的工作。
一种普通的汽车用可充电蓄电池被称为铅酸电池。其这样命名的原因是电池的电解液为酸性以及电池的极板主要由铅基混合物构成。电池的正活性电极材料是过氧化铅且负活性电极材料为海绵铅。
当这些电极浸入硫酸电解液(H2SO4-H2O)中时，在电极之间产生了电动势(EMF)。在汽车蓄电池中，每个电池单元产生2伏特的标称电压。因为电池必须提供12伏的输出，所以它包括串联连接的六个2伏的电池单元。但是，每个蓄电池单元产生的电压并不是精确的2伏，而是随着硫酸电解液的浓度和温度而变化。
正如McGraw-Hill科技百科全书第17卷第443页“蓄电池”部分指出的那样，当蓄电池电解液的浓度为1200spgr且温度为25℃(77°F)时，电池单元的电压为2.050V。但是当同样的温度而酸的浓度为1300spgr时，电池单元的输出电压增加至2.148V。
电解液温度的变化引起的电池单元电压的变化更不明显。因此，电解液温度的较小改变仅仅引起电池单元毫伏级范围的电压输出的轻微改变。但是，如果放置在汽车发动机机舱中的电池的电解液受到由发动机散发的强热而产生温度急剧升高，那么电池单元的输出可能降低到2伏以下。其结果是多单元电池组的输出电压的降低，从而其输出电压降低到其标称电压值12V以下。因而在这种过热环境下的电池可能不能执行赋予其的所有任务。
有人可能试图通过将电池装入由热绝缘材料构成的热套中来防止放置在发动机机舱中的蓄电池的电解液过热。但是在汽车发动机机舱的环境中，热套仅仅能起到使从发动机到电池的热传递速度变慢的作用。它不能防止以下情况：即，在电池经受高温水平的热量的情况下，由于发动机长时间工作导致的电解液温度的逐步升高。
假设一个人在寒冷环境下穿上热套以保持他的身体温暖，这时热套起到减少从身体损失热量的作用，而身体的温度是受到内部调节的，因此其温度通常约为37℃。但是蓄电池不能内部加热或冷却。因此，如果想防止在汽车发动机机舱环境中的蓄电池过热，就必须冷却电池。
将车辆电池冷却以防止其过热是现有技术中已知的。因此，Takayoshi等的美国专利US5937664(1998)公开了一种用于车辆的电池冷却系统，该车辆的车厢通过空气调节器来冷却。该车辆电池放置在单独的腔室中，并通过由冷却风扇从使用空气调节器的车厢中抽取并吹入电池室中的空气来冷却。
这种布置的实际缺点是：必须建立一个用于电池的专用腔室，同时需要提供在该腔室和车厢之间的空气循环系统。
发明内容
考虑到上述原因，本发明的主要目的是提供一种用于汽车蓄电池的热套，其起到冷却电池的作用，从而使得电解液的温度维持在电池以最佳效率工作的水平。
更具体地，本发明的一个目的是提供一种上述类型的热套，它的壁由具有高度耐热性的封闭单元(closed-cell)聚氨酯泡沫塑料材料形成，由此使得从电池向发动机机舱以及从发动机机舱向电池的热量传递最小化，且电池中的电解液的温度主要由流过热套的冷却剂来调节。
根据本发明的热套的优点如下：
A.容纳并冷却汽车电池的该热套不会显著地增大电池在发动机机舱中所需的空间。因此，在用于电池的现有空间中安装热套时并没有困难。
B.该热套这样形成，即，将合成泡沫塑料材料的四个壁彼此连接形成一个矩形，而矩形能以相对低的成本容易地制成。
C.该热套在它的一个壁中结合了热交换器，来自车辆中现有空气调节器的冷却剂通过热交换器流动。因此这种设置基本不会增加安装的费用。
D.该热套改进了电池的性能并延长了电池的有效寿命。
简言之，这些目的通过这样一种热套而实现，其适于容纳和冷却蓄电池，该蓄电池放置在汽车的发动机机舱中并暴露在从发动机散发的温度升高的热量下。矩形热套的壁由与电池热绝缘的刚性泡沫塑料材料形成。在热套的一个壁中装入有热交换器，来自安装在车辆中的空气调节器的冷却剂流体在该热交换器中循环。该热交换器起到冷却电池的作用，以便使得电池中的电解液的温度维持在电池以最佳效率工作的水平。
附图说明
为了更好地理解本发明及其目的和特征，参考附图，其中，
图1是根据本发明用于容纳汽车蓄电池的热套的俯视图，该热套与汽车的空气调节器单元连接；
图2是热套的透视图；
图3是包括在热套的一个壁中的热交换器的单独视图；以及
图4示出了热套的布置，其具有装入一个壁中的用于冷却电池的热电装置，该装置由电池供电。
具体实施方式
第一实施例
现在参看图1和图2，其中示出了一个标准的多单元铅酸蓄电池10，其具有输出端11和12，用于向汽车中的需要直流电源的装置提供12伏的输出。正如前面已经解释的，电池的实际直流输出取决于其电解液的现有温度，该温度可能处于降低输出电压的水平。
电池10安装在具有内燃机的汽车的发动机机舱中。本发明所关注的是从发动机散发的热量，当传递到电池中的电解液时，该热量将使得电解液过热，其结果是对电池的效率有损害。长时间的电解液的过热还可能缩短电池的寿命。
为了将包含在电池10中的电解液维持在相对冷的状态，并由此使得电池在最佳效率下工作从而使得其直流电压输出不会低于12伏，电池10被套入热套J中，该热套J的矩形结构通过一对长侧壁13、14和一对短端壁15、16形成。这些侧壁在矩形的角部与端壁结合或连接。套J的内部尺寸基本与电池10的外部尺寸匹配。因此安装热套时，仅需要在电池上套入它即可。
套J的壁最好由刚性、封闭单元的聚氨酯泡沫塑料材料形成，该材料具有高度的耐热性，并由此起到热绝缘的作用。这种材料作为热绝缘体以及作为包括在制冷装置和车辆中的热绝缘体的使用是公知的。
聚氨酯树脂通过二异氰酸酯与包括至少两个活性氢原子的物质(例如diole或二元胺)反应来生产。在实践中，可以使用其他的热绝缘材料，例如刚性聚乙烯泡沫。装入在热套的壁14中的是热交换器17，该热交换器17通过热传导材料(例如铜和铝)的蛇形管形成。该管的连续的U形分支位于与壁14中的内表面平面平行的共同平面上。该热交换器设有用于接收冷却剂流体的入口17A以及用于流体排出的出口17B。
热交换器17与安装在汽车中的标准空气调节器单元18相连。在这种类型的单元中，冷却作用发生在蒸发器中，从车厢来的热量在蒸发器处被低压冷却剂蒸气(例如氟利昂)吸收，蒸气被运送到压缩机，在压缩机处蒸气被压缩成高温高压气体。这种气体被供给到冷凝器，在冷凝器中它被冷凝成流过膨胀装置的高压液体。在这个装置中它变成低温低压的蒸气，该蒸气被供给到蒸发器中以便完成循环。在本发明的第一实施例中的这种低温低压的蒸气起到冷却剂的作用，该冷却剂流过围绕蓄电池的热套J中的热交换器17的管。
空气调节器单元18通过阀19与热交换器17的入口17A和出口17B连接，由此热交换器的管有效地放置在流体管道之中，该流体管道将低温蒸气供给到单元18的蒸发器中。当阀19打开时，冷蒸气从单元流过在套中的热交换器。而当阀19关闭时，热交换器从该单元断开。
为了恒温地调节由热套冷却的电池温度，设置有热敏探测器20，其安装在热套中靠近套的内表面，以便产生大小由套中温度决定的信号。
该信号被传送到温度控制开关21，该温度控制开关设置成当套中的温度达到预定温度时启动阀19。在该点时，阀19被打开以便接纳冷却流体进入热交换器从而冷却电池。
电池温度的自动控制并不是必须的，除非需要将电解液的温度维持在电池能以最佳的效率工作的温度水平。为了使电池良好工作，仅仅需要防止其电解液的过热。
第二实施例：
在本发明的第一实施例中，必须将套和安装在车辆中的空气调节器相连，而该车辆的发动机机舱容纳着电池。
在图4中示意地示出的热套的实施例中，冷却装置结合在套J的一个壁中。它由任何一种已知类型的热电装置构成。典型的热电装置由两个具有不同特性的半导体装置形成。它们串联地电连接，并且并联地热连接以便产生两个接头，一个接头为冷接头，另一个为热接头。
一个半导体为N型，另一个为P型。当直流电压施加穿过这些不同的半导体时，将半导体串联连接到直流电源的接头变得非常冷，但是与并联导体热连接的接头变热。
起到冷却电池作用的热电装置22从电池本身得到其直流工作电源。该装置位于套的壁14中，从而该装置的冷接头22C面对电池。来自装置的热接头的热量通过散热器(未示出)吸收。
为了调节热电装置22的操作，电池10的输出通过温度控制开关23施加于该装置。热敏探测器24与该开关连接，其探测在套中的温度，以便产生信号，该信号仅当电解液的温度超过预定水平时才启动开关23。
因此，当热电装置22被开关23打开时，它由电源10供电并起到冷却电池的作用，以便防止电池的电解液过热。因此电池实际上是自冷却。
实践中，探测器24和控制开关23可装入套的壁14中，并且它们的输入端与电池连接。
在第二实施例中，尽管冷却电池的能量从电池本身获取，但由于电池与作为热源的发动机热绝缘而且在套中需要被冷却的体积很小，因此为了该目的所需的能量很少。
尽管这里公开了本发明的优选实施例，但应理解，在不脱离本发明精神的前提下可以有很多的改变。

Claims (9)

1.一种热套，其适于容纳具有酸性电解液的蓄电池，所述电池安装在汽车的发动机机舱中且暴露于从发动机散发的热量下，该热量可能将电解液的温度升高到电池工作受损的高水平，所述套包括：
A.矩形结构，其具有可容纳所述电池的内部尺寸，所述结构由侧壁和端壁形成，所述侧壁和端壁由热绝缘材料形成，所述热绝缘材料将电池与从发动机散发的热量热绝缘；以及
B.结合在所述结构中的装置，用于将所述结构的内部冷却到维持电解液具有低于所述高水平的温度的程度。
2.如权利要求1所述的套，其特征在于，套的壁由具有高耐热性的刚性泡沫塑料材料制成。
3.如权利要求2所述的套，其特征在于，所述泡沫塑料为封闭单元的聚氨酯泡沫。
4.如权利要求1所述的热套，其特征在于，所述冷却装置包括装入所述多个壁之一中的热交换器，冷却剂流过该热交换器。
5.如权利要求4所述的热套，其特征在于，所述热交换器由导热材料形成的蛇形管形成。
6.如权利要求5所述的套，其特征在于，所述冷却剂来自安装在汽车中的空气调节器单元。
7.如权利要求6所述的套，其特征在于，还包括用于探测所述结构内部的温度的探测器，以便产生信号，该信号用于调节在热交换器中的冷却剂的流动。
8.如权利要求1所述的套，其特征在于，所述冷却装置为热电装置，该热电装置结合在所述结构中并具有邻近所述电池的冷接头。
9.如权利要求8所述的套，其特征在于，用于操作所述装置的直流电源来自电池。
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