CN1575374B - 含烃地层中原位转化的地震监测 - Google Patents

含烃地层中原位转化的地震监测 Download PDF

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CN1575374B
CN1575374B CN028210549A CN02821054A CN1575374B CN 1575374 B CN1575374 B CN 1575374B CN 028210549 A CN028210549 A CN 028210549A CN 02821054 A CN02821054 A CN 02821054A CN 1575374 B CN1575374 B CN 1575374B
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哈罗德·J·维内加
戴维·C·德玛蒂纳
伊利亚·E·贝尔琴科
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Abstract

一种用于控制原位处理含烃地层的系统的方法，包括监测地层内的一个声波事件。一个以上的声波事件可以监测。可以利用安放在地层中或地层表面上井筒内的一个声波检测器来监测一个声波事件。一个声波事件可以用一个声波监测系统记录并分析，以便确定地层的至少一种性能。原位处理含烃地层的系统可以通过分析一个或多个声波事件进行控制。在一个实施例中，至少一个声波事件可以是一个地震事件。在某些实施例中，可以利用一个声波源来产生至少一个声波事件。

Description

含烃地层中原位转化的地震监测
发明背景
1.发明领域
本发明在总体上涉及监测和/或控制一种原位热处理系统。更具体地说，本发明涉及地震监测，以便在原位加热用于从各种含烃地层中生产烃类、氢、和其它产品期间检测裂缝的形成和进展。某些实施例涉及基于地震监测的过程控制。
2.相关技术说明
从地下岩层(比如沉积岩层)得到的各种烃类常常作为能源，作为原料，和作为消耗产品使用。对可用油气资源的枯竭及所生产的烃类的总体质量下降的关心导致对更有效回收的研究开发、处理、和/或利用可用油气资源的方法。可以用各种原位过程来从地下岩层中提取烃类材料。地下岩层内烃类材料的化学和/或物理性能可能需要改变，以便能更容易从地下岩层中提取出烃材料。化学变化和物理变化可以包括产生可提取流体的地层内的反应，地层内烃材料的组成变化，溶解度变化，密度变化，相变，和/或粘度变化。流体可以是，但不限于，一种气体，一种液体，一种乳状液，一种泥浆，和/或一种固体粒子流，上述固体粒子流具有类似于液体流动的流动特性。
已经作了相当大量的努力来研究开发经济地从含烃地层中生产烃类，氢，和/或其它产品的方法和系统。然而，在目前，仍然有许多含烃地层，从这些地层不能经济地生产烃类、氢、和/或其它产品。当地层中的裂缝扩大到处理区之外时，生产效率可能降低，同时让相当大量的蒸汽产品从地层中逸出和/或让含水层中的水涌到处理区。地层中地球物理变化(比如裂缝进展)的地震监测可以提供调节处理所需的信息，以便使裂缝基本上是在地层内得到。
发明概述
用于控制原位处理含烃地层的系统的方法，可以包括利用至少一个安放在地层中井筒内的声波检测器监测地层内至少一个声波事件。至少一个声波事件可以用一种声波监测系统记录。在一个实施例中，可以利用一个声波源来产生至少一个声波事件。方法还包括分析至少一个声波事件，以便确定地层的至少一种性能。原位系统可以基于至少一个声波事件的分析进行控制。
附图简介
利用下面一些实施例的详细说明并参照附图时，对该技术的技术人员来说，本发明的一些优点可以变得显而易见，其中：
图1示出一种用于处理含烃地层的原位转化系统其中一部分的一个实施例示意图。
图2示出一种地层模型，所述模型可以在模拟按照一个实施例所述的变形特性时使用。
图3示出按照一个实施例所述狭长地带展开的示意图。
图4示出可以用模拟建立模型的一个经过处理的部分示意图。
图5示出一种供按照一个实施例所述的模拟方法用的地层模型的水平截面。
图6示出用于给变形建立模型的一种方法其中一个实施例流程图，上述变形由于原位处理一种含烃地层产生。
图7示出在一个油页岩地层模型中丰富度与深度的关系曲线。
图8示出供利用一个计算系统来设计和控制一种原位转化过程的方法其中一个实施例的流程图。
图9示出用于确定得到所希望变形特性的操作条件的一种方法其中一个实施例的流程图。
图10示出从有限元模拟得到的圆筒形地层模型中操作压力对沉降的影响。
图11示出一个未经处理的部分在两个经过处理的部分之间的影响。
图12示出一个未经处理部分在两个经过处理的部分之间的影响。
图13表示一个地层在选定的热源位置处的剪切变形随深度变化的情况。
图14示出一种利用计算机系统控制原位过程的方法。
图15示出利用一种计算机模拟方法控制地层中原位过程的一个实施例示意图。
图16示出信息可以从原位过程传送到远程计算机系统的几种方法。
图17示出利用信息控制地层中原位过程的一个实施例示意图。
图18示出利用一种模拟方法和一个计算机系统控制地层中原位过程的一个实施例示意图。
图19示出用于确定选定的覆盖层厚度的计算机实施方法一个实施例的流程图。
图20示出用原位转化过程处理的一个区域的平面图示意图。
图21示出用原位转化过程处理的一个区域的剖视图表示的示意图。
图22示出用来监测地层处理的方法一个实施例的流程图。
图23示出用来控制地层中原位转化过程的一个实施例示意图。
尽管本发明允许各种修改和可供选择的形式，但其特定实施例在附图中仅作为例子示出并在本文中可以详细说明。各附图可能不是按比例示出。然而，应该理解，附图及其详细说明不打算把本发明限制到特定形式，而相反，本发明包括如所附权利要求所述属于本发明精神和范围内的所有修改、等效物和替代物。
发明的详细说明
下面说明一般涉及用于处理一种含烃地层(比如，一种含煤(包括褐煤、腐泥煤等)，油页岩，碳质页岩，不纯石墨，油母质，沥青，油，一种低渗透率基体中的油母质和油，重质烃类，沥青岩，天然地蜡类，一些其中油母质妨碍其它烃类生产的地层等)的系统和方法。这些地层可以进行处理，以便产出较高质量的产品，氢和其它产品。一个实施例一般涉及地震监测，以便在井下加热用于从各种含烃地层中生产烃类、氢、和/或其它产品期间，检测裂缝地层和进展。某些实施例涉及基于地震监测的过程控制。
“烃类”一般定义为主要由碳原子和氢原子形成的分子。烃类也可以包括其它元素，如，但不限于，卤素类，金属元素类，氮，氧，和/或硫。烃类可以是，但不限于，油母质，沥青，焦沥青，油类，天然地蜡，和腐泥煤。烃类可以位于地底下各种矿物基体内部或其附近。上述各种基体可以包括，但不限于，沉积岩，砂类，沉积石英岩类，碳酸盐类，硅藻土类，及其它多孔介质。“烃流体”是包括各种烃类的流体。烃流体可以包括，夹带非烃类的流体(比如，氢(“H2”)，氮(“N2”)，一氧化碳，二氧化碳，硫化氢，水，及氨)，或者被夹带在非烃类流体中。
“地层”包括一个或多个含烃层，一个或多个非烃层，一个覆盖层，和/或一个下伏岩层。“覆盖层”和/或“下伏岩层”包括一种或多种类型的不渗透材料。例如，覆盖层和/或下伏岩层可以包括岩石，页岩，泥岩，或润湿/致密碳酸盐(亦即没有烃类的不渗透碳酸盐)。在原位转化过程的某些实施例中，一个覆盖层和/或一个下伏岩层可以包括一个含烃层或多个含烃层，上述多个含烃层相对地不渗透，并且在原位转化处理期间不经受温度处理，上述原位转化处理造成覆盖层和/或下伏岩层各含烃层显著的特性变化。例如，一个下伏岩层可能含有页岩或泥岩。在某些情况下，覆盖层和/或下伏岩层可能稍有渗透。
“油母质”是一种固体的不溶性烃，上述固体的不溶性烃可以通过自然降解(比如，通过成岩作用)转化，并且主要含有碳，氢，氮，氧，和硫。煤和油页岩是含油母质材料的典型例子。“沥青”是一种非晶形固体或者基本上溶于二硫化碳的粘性烃材料。“油”是一种含可凝缩的烃类混合物的流体。
术语“地层流体”和“产生的流体”涉及从一含烃地层中提取的流体，并可以包括热解流体，合成气，流动的烃，和水(蒸汽)。术语“流动的流体”涉及地层内的各种流体，上述地层内流体能够由于热处理地层而流动。地层流体可以包括烃类流体以及非烃类流体。
“热源”是基本上通过传导和/或辐射热传递提供热量给至少一部分地层的任何系统。例如，一个热源可以包括各种电加热器如一种设置在管道内的绝缘导线，一种细长件，和/或一种导线。热源还可以包括通过从地层外部或在地层内燃烧一种燃料产生热的各种热源，如地面燃烧器，井底气体燃烧器，无火焰分布式燃烧室，和自然分布式燃烧室。此外，可以想象，在某些实施例中，提供给一个或多个热源或是在一个或多个热源中产生的热，可以由其它能源供给。其它能源可以直接加热一个地层，或者可以将能源加到直接或间接加热地层的一种传递介质上。应该理解，将热加到一个地层上的一个或多个热源可以用不同的能源。例如，对一规定的地层，某些热源可以由电阻加热器供给热量，某些热源可以由燃烧提供热量，及某些热源可以由一个或多个其它能源(比如，热反应，太阳能，风能，生物燃料，或其它再生能源)提供热量。化学反应可以包括一种放热反应(比如，氧化反应)。热源可以包括一种加热器，上述加热器将热量提供给一个加热位置如加热井附近和/或周围的区域。
“加热器”是用于在一个井或一个井眼附近区域中产生热的任何系统。加热器可以是，但不限于，电加热器，燃烧器，与一个地层中或地层中产生的材料反应的燃烧室(比如自然分布式燃烧室)，和/或它们的组合。“热源单元”涉及许多热源，上述许多热源形成一个重复的样板，以便在地层内产生一种热源井网。
术语“井筒”涉及地层中通过钻孔或将一根管道插入地层内所形成的孔。井筒可以具有一基本上是圆形截面，或其它截面形状(比如圆形、椭圆形、方形、矩形、三角形、缝形、或其它规则或不规则的形状)。如本文所用的术语“井”和“开口”，当涉及地层中一个开口时，可以与术语“井筒”互换式使用。
“热解”是化学键由于应用热而断裂。例如，热解可以包括只通过加热使一种化合物变成一种或多种其它物质。可以把热量传送到地层的其中一部分以便产生热解。
“热解流体”或“热解产物”涉及基本上是在烃类热解期间所产生的流体。由热解反应所产生的流体可以与地层中的其它流体混合。可以把混合物看作是热解流体或热解产物。如本文所用的，“热解区”涉及一种地层(比如，一种相对可渗透的地层如一种沥青砂地层)的体积，上述地层的体积经过反应或进行反应而形成热解流体。
“热导率”是说明在稳定状态下，对两个表面之间一规定的温度差，热在材料的两个表面之间流动速率的材料一种性能。
“流体压力”是一种流体在地层内所产生的压力。“静岩压力”(有时称之为“岩层静应力”)是在地层内等于每单位面积叠加岩体重量的压力。“水静压力”是地层内由一水柱所施加的压力。
“沉降”是一部分地层相对于表面初始高度向下运动。
一层的“厚度”涉及一层截面的厚度，其中截面垂直于该层的表面。
“热裂缝”涉及由一个地层和/或地层内流体膨胀或收缩所引起的地层中产生的裂缝，上述热裂缝同样由增加/降低地层和/或地层内流体的温度，和/或由于加热而增加/降低地层内流体压力引起。
“垂直水力压裂裂缝”涉及一种至少部分地沿着地层中垂直平面传播的裂缝，其中裂缝通过将流体注入地层中产生。
图1示出一种用于处理含烃地层的原位转化系统其中一部分的一个实施例示意图。各热源40可以安放在含烃地层的至少一部分内。热源40可以包括例如一些电加热器如绝缘导线，导线在管道中的加热器，地面燃烧器，无火焰分布式燃烧室，和/或自然分布式燃烧室。热源40还可以包括其它类型的加热器。热源40可以向含烃地层的至少一部分提供热量。能量可以通过供给管线42供给到热源40上。根据用来加热地层的一个热源或多个热源的类型，各供给管线在结构上可以不同。热源用的供给管线可以传输电加热器用的电力，可以输送燃烧室用的燃料，或者可以输送在地层内循环的热交换流体。
生产井44可以用来提取地层中的地层流体。生产井44中所产生的地层流体可以通过收集管道46输送到处理设施48。地层流体也可以从热源40生产。例如，流体可以从热源40生产，以便控制邻近热源的地层内的压力。从热源40产生的流体可以通过管路或管道系统输送到收集管道46，或者可以通过管路或管道把所产生的流体直接输送到处理设施48。处理设施48可以包括若干分离单元，反应单元，提高质量单元，燃料电池，汽轮机，存储容器，及用于处理所产生的地层流体的其它系统和单元。
一种用于处理烃类的原位转化系统可以包括若干隔井50。在某些实施例中，可以利用隔层来禁止流体(比如产生的流体和/或地下水)移入和/或移出经受原位转化过程的一部分地层。隔层可以包括，但不限于自然发生的部分(比如，覆盖层和/或下伏岩层)，冷冻井，经过冻结的隔层区，低温隔层区，灌浆壁，硫化井，脱水井，注入井，一种通过地层产生的凝胶所形成的隔层，一种由地层中盐类沉淀所形成的隔层，由地层中聚合反应所形成的隔层，压入地层中的薄板，或它们的组合。
如图1所示，除了热源40之外，通常是将一个或多个生产井44安放在含烃地层这部分内。地层流体可以通过生产井44生产。在某些实施例中，生产井44可以包括一个热源。热源可以在生产井处或其附近加热各地层部分，并供蒸汽相提取地层流体。对从生产井中高温泵送液体的需要可以减少或消除。避免或限制高温泵送液体可以大大降低生产成本。在生产井处或穿过生产井提供加热可以：(1)当这种生产流体在靠近覆盖层的生产井中流动时，禁止生产流体凝结和/或回流，(2)增加热量输入到地层中，和/或(3)在生产井处或其附近增加渗透率。在某些原位转化过程实施例中，供给到生产井中的热量大大少于供给到加热地层的热源中的热量。
由于在经过加热的地层中渗透率和/或孔隙度增加，所以产生的蒸汽可以在比较小压差的情况下穿过地层流动相当大距离。渗透率增加可能是由于水的蒸发，提取出烃类和/或形成裂缝而使经过加热部分质量减少而产生的结果。流体可以更容易穿过经过加热的部分流动。在某些实施例中，生产井可以设置在烃层的上部。
将一个含烃层加热到一个热解温度范围，可以在含烃地层内已产生相当大渗透率之前发生。热解温度范围可以包括在约250℃和约900℃之间的温度。用于生产所希望的产品的热解温度范围，可以仅贯穿总热解温度范围的其中一部分。在某些实施例中，用于生产所希望产品的热解温度范围，可以包括在约250℃和约400℃之间的温度。
经过加热的地层还可以用来生产合成气。合成气可以在从地层产生地层流体之前或随后从地层中生产。例如，合成气产生可以地层流体生产降到一个不经济的水平之前和/或之后开始。为热解地层内的烃类所提供的热量也可以用来产生合成气。例如，如果一部分地层在热解之后是处在从大约270℃至大约375℃(或者在某些实施例中400℃)的温度下，则一般需要加很少热量来将这部分加热到足以支持合成气生产的温度。
开始的渗透率不足可能禁止所产生的流体从地层内的热解区输送到生产井。当热量开始从一个热源转移到一个含烃地层时，含烃地层内的流体压力可以在热源附近增加。这种流体压力的增加可能由地层中至少一部分烃类热解期间产生流体引起。增加的流体压力可以通过热源减压、监测、改变，和/或控制。例如，热源可以包括一个阀，上述阀供提取地层中一部分流体用。在某些热源实施例中，热源可以包括一个敞开的井筒构造，上述构造禁止压力损坏热源。
在某些原位转化过程实施例中，由地层中所产生的热解流体或其它流体膨胀所产生的压力可以允许增加，不过通向生产井的敞开路线或者任何其它压力差在地层中可能还不存在。流体压力可以允许朝静岩压力方向增加。当流体接近静岩压力时，含烃地层中的裂缝可能形成。例如，裂缝可以从一个热源到一个生产井形成。经过加热的部分内产生裂缝可以减轻上述经过加热部分中的一部分压力。
当渗透率或通向生产井的流道形成时，地层内的压力可以通过控制生产井中的生产速率进行控制。在某些实施例中，在生产井处或是在选定的生产井处可以保持一个背压，以便在经过加热的部分内保持一个选定的压力。
在一个原位转化过程实施例中，在热解期间可以在含烃地层其中一部分的选定部分内将压力增加到一个选定的压力。上述一个选定的压力可以是在一从约2巴绝对值到约72巴绝对值范围内，或者在某些实施例中，是在2巴绝对值-36巴绝对值范围内。可供选择地，选定的压力可以是在约2巴绝对值—约18巴绝对值范围内。在某些原位转化过程实施例中，大多数烃流体可以从一具有压力是在从约2巴绝对值至约18巴绝对值范围内的地层中产生。热解期间的压力可以改变或者被改变。压力可以改变，以便变动和/或控制所产生的地层流体的组成，控制可凝缩流体与不可凝缩流体相比的百分率，及控制所生产的流体API(美国石油学会标准)比重。例如，降低压力可导致产生一种较大可凝缩流体成分。可凝缩流体可以含有一个较大百分率的烯烃。
由于处理地层而引起的物理和机械性能方面的变化可能导致地层变形。变形特性可以包括，但不限于，沉降，压实，隆起，和剪切变形。隆起是在一地层处理部分上方表面处的垂直增加。表面位移可能由某些同时的地下效应如地层中各层的热膨胀，最丰富和最弱层的压实作用，及由较冷岩石所施加的约束力产生，上述较冷的岩石包围地层经过处理的部分。一般，在加热一个地层的初始阶段，在经过处理的部分上方的表面，由于在地层的经过处理的部分中不完全热解的地层材料的热膨胀，而可以显示一种隆起。当相当大部分地层变热解时，则地层变弱，并且在经过处理部分中的钻孔压力下降。钻孔压力是在地层钻孔中存在的液体和气体的压力。钻孔压力可能受地层中有机物热膨胀和从地层中采出流体的影响。钻孔压力的降低往往会增加经过处理部分中的有效应力。因为钻孔压力影响地层经过处理部分上的有效应力，所以钻孔压力影响地层中地下压实程度。压实，即另一种变形特性是在地层经过处理部分之上或之中地下部分的垂直减少。此外，在地层经过处理部分之上和之中，二者也可能发生剪切变形。在某些实施例中，变形可能严重影响原位处理过程。例如，变形可能损坏地面设置和/或井筒。
在某些实施例中，原位处理过程可以这样设计和控制，以使变形的严重影响减至最小或基本上消除。各种计算机模拟方法对设计和控制原位过程可能是有用的，因为模拟方法可以预测变形特性。例如，模拟方法可以用原位过程模型预测地层中的沉降，压实，隆起，和剪切变形。模型可以包括地层的物理、机械、和化学性能。各种模拟方法可以用来研究一种地层的性能，操作条件，及过程特性对地层变形特性的影响。
图2示出一种地层模型52，上述地层模型52可以在模拟按照本发明所述的变形特性时使用。地层模型是一个垂直截面，上述垂直截面包括经过处理的部分54，上述经过处理的部分54包括厚度56和宽度或半径58。经过处理的部分54可以包括若干层或区域，上述若干层或区域在矿物组成和有机物丰富度方面有变化。例如，在油页岩地层模型中，经过处理的部分54可以包括贫油母质白垩层，富油母质白垩层，和硅化的油母质白垩层。在一个实施例中，经过处理的部分54可以是一种倾斜煤层，上述倾斜煤层与地层的表面成一个角度。模型还可以包括未经处理的部分如覆盖层60和基岩62。覆盖层60可以具有厚度64。覆盖层60还可以包括一个或多个组成不同的部分，例如部分66和部分66’。在一个例子中，部分66’可以具有与经过处理的部分54在处理之前类似的组成。部分66可以包括有机材料，土壤，岩石等。基岩62可以包括具有至少某种有机材料的废石。
在某些实施例中，原位过程可以这样设计，以使它在地层的各经过处理的部分之间包括一个未经处理的部分或狭窄地带。图3示出一个按照一个实施例所述狭窄地带展开的示意图。地层包括经过处理的部分54和经过处理的部分54’，它们分别具有厚度56，56’和宽度58，58’(厚度56，56’和宽度58，58’可以在部分54和部分54’之间改变)。具有宽度70的未经过处理部分68将经过处理的部分54与经过处理的部分54’分开。在某些实施例中，宽度70显著地小于宽度58，58’，因为只有较少部分可能需要保持未经处理，以便提供结构支承。在某些实施例中，利用一未经处理的部分可以减少在地层经过处理部分处及其上方的沉降，隆起、压实，或剪切变形的量。
在一个实施例中，原位处理过程可以用一个三维模型表示。图4示出可以用一种模拟建立模型的一个经过处理部分的示意图。经过处理的部分包括一个具有若干热源40和生产井44的井网。虚线72相应于三个对称的平面，上述三个对称的平面可以把井网分成6个相等的部分。各热源40之间的实线仅示出热源40的井网(亦即实线不代表各热源之间的实际设备。在某些实施例中，井网的地质力学模型可以包括6个对称分段的其中之一。
图5示出供按照一个实施例所述一种模拟方法用的地层模型截面。模型包括若干格网元74。经过处理的部位54位于模型的左下角中。经过处理的部分中格网元可以足够小，以便考虑经过处理的部分中条件的很大变化。此外，距离76和距离76’可以足够大，以便离经过处理的部分最远的变形基本上可以忽略不计。可供选择地，一个模型可以近似一种形状如圆筒形。圆筒的直径和高度相应于经过处理部分的尺寸和高度。
在某些实施例中，热源可以用线源形成模型，上述线源以一固定的速率注入热量。可供选择地，可以提出一种与时间有关的温度分布作为一个平均边界条件。
图6示出方法78一个实施例的流程图，用于给由于原位处理一含烃地层而引起的变形建立模型。方法可以包括提供至少一种地层性能80给一个计算机系统。地层可以包括经过处理的部分和未经处理的部分。性能可以包括地层各部分的机械、化学、热、和物理性能。例如，机械性能可以包括压缩强度，侧限压力，蠕变参数，弹性模量，Poisson氏比，内聚应力，摩擦角，和封盖偏心率。热和物理性能可以包括热膨胀系数，体积热容，和热导率。性能还包括地层的孔隙度，渗透率，饱和度，可压缩性，和密度。化学性能可以包括例如地层各部分的丰富度，和/或有机含量。
此外，可以将至少一个操作条件82提供给计算机系统。例如，操作条件可以包括，但不限于，压力，温度，过程时间，压力增加速率，加热速率，及井网的特性。此外，操作条件可以包括覆盖层厚度，及地层经过处理部分的厚度和宽度(或半径)。操作条件还可以包括地层各经过处理部分之间的未经处理部分，以及地层各经过处理部分之间的水平距离。
在某些实施例中，各种性能可以包括地层的初始性能。另外，模型可以包括地层各部分中机械、热、和物理性能与一些条件如温度，压力和丰富度的依赖性关系。例如，地层的经过处理部分中的压缩强度可以是丰富度，温度，和压力的函数。体积热容可以取决于丰富度，而热膨胀系数可以是温度和丰富度的函数。可供选择地，渗透率，孔隙度，和密度与地层的丰富度有关。
在某些实施例中，一个地层模型的物理和机械性能可以从以处理为目标的地质层中提取的一些样品评价。各样品的性能可以在不同的温度和压力下测量。例如，机械性能可以用单轴、三轴、和蠕变实验测量。此外，各样品的化学性能(比如丰富度)也可以测量。样品的丰富度可以用Fischer测定法测量。各种性能与温度、压力、和丰富度的关系然后可以由测量评价。在某些实施例中，各种性能可以用已知的样品位置标在图上，以便成一个模型。例如，图7示出在一种油页岩地层模型中丰富度与深度的关系曲线。经过处理的部分用区域54表示。同样，覆盖层和基岩分别用区域60和区域62表示。在图7中，丰富度以每公吨油页岩含油母质的m3量度。
在某些实施例中，用一种模拟方法评价变形可能需要一种材料或结构模型。结构模型使地层中的应力与应变或位移有关。各种机械性能可以进入一合适的结构模型中，以便计算地层的变形。在一个实施例中，可以用Drucher-Prager带封盖的材料模型来给地层与时间无关的变形建立模型。
在一个实施例中，地层与时间有关的蠕变或二次蠕变应变也可以建立模型。例如，地层中与时间有关的蠕变可以用方程式1中的幂律建立模型：
Figure S02821054919950328D000121
式中：是二次蠕变应变，C是蠕变系数，
Figure S02821054919950328D000123
是轴向应力，
Figure S02821054919950328D000124
是侧限压力，D是应力指数，及t是时间。C和D的值可以从拟合实验数据得到。在一个实施例中，蠕变速率用方程式2表示：
Figure S02821054919950328D000125
式中，A是从拟合实验数据得到的系数和
Figure S02821054919950328D000126
u是单轴压缩中的最终强度。
图6所示的方法还可以包括评价地层经过处理部分至少一个过程特性86的评价部分84。至少一个过程特性86包括地层经过处理部分中的一种孔隙压力分布，一种热输入速率，或一种与时间有关的温度分布。
至少一个过程特性可以用一种模拟方法评价。例如，热输入速率可以用一种体拟合有限差分模拟程序包如FLUENT(FLUENT
Inc；Labanon，New Hampshire)评价。同样，孔隙压力分布可以由空间拟合或体拟合模拟方法如STARS(Computer Modeling Group；Alberta，Canada)评价。在另一些实施例中，孔隙压力可以用有限元模拟方法如ABAQUS(Hibitt，Karlsson & Sorensen，Inc；Pawtucket，RhodeIsland)评价。有限元模拟方法可以应用流体的管线下沉来模拟生产井的性能。
可供选择地，一些过程特性的温度分布和孔隙压力分布可以用其它方法估计。例如，温度分布可以在计算各种变形特性时作为一种平均边界条件采用。分布可以由地层加热速率的详细计算结果确定。例如，经过处理的部分可以通过热源加热到一个热解温度持续规定的一段时间，并在加热经过处理部分期间评价温度分布。在一个实施例中，各热源可以均匀分布并注入一个恒定的热量。在大部分经过处理部分内部的温度分布在规定的时间段内可以基本上是均匀的。一部分热量可以允许从经过处理部分扩散到覆盖层，基岩，和侧向岩中。当需要时，可以在从热源注入热量规定的时间周期之后，使经过处理的部分在一选定的温度下保持一选定的时间周期。
同样，孔隙压力分布也可以作为一种平均边界条件使用。初始孔隙压力分布可以假定是静岩压力。然后在其余变形特性模拟期间，可以将孔隙压力分布逐渐降低到一个选定的压力。
在某些实施例中，如图6所示，方法可以包括在计算机系统上用模拟方法90评价地层的至少一种变形特性88随时间的变化。至少一种变形特性可以由至少一种性能80、至少一个过程特性86、和至少一个操作条件82评价。在某些实施例中，过程特性86可以通过一种模拟评价，或者过程特性86可以测量。变形特性可以包括，但不限于，地层中的沉降，压实，隆起，和剪切变形。
模拟方法90可以是一种用于计算材料的弹性、塑性及与时间有关的性能的有限元模拟方法。例如，ABAQUS是一种从市场上购买的有限元模拟方法。ABAQUS能描述各类材料如矿物质、土壤、和金属类的弹性、塑性、及与时间有关的(蠕变)性能。一般，ABAQUS可以描述其性能由用户限定的本构律规定的材料。ABAQUS可以用来计算热传递和孔隙压力变化对岩石变形的影响。
计算机模拟可以用来评价在产生所希望的变形特性的地层中原位过程的操作条件。图8示出用于利用一个计算机系统设计和控制原位过程的方法92一个实施例的流程图。方法可以包括向计算机系统提供至少一组用于这种原位过程的操作条件。例如，操作条件可以包括压力，温度，过程时间，压力增加的速率，加热速率，井网特性，覆盖层厚度，地层经过处理部分和/或地层各经过处理部分之间未处理部分的厚度和宽度，及地层各经过处理部分之间的水平距离。
此外，用于原位过程的至少一种所希望的变形特性88可以提供给计算机系统。所希望的变形特性可以是一种选定的沉降，选定的隆起，选定的压实，或选定的剪切变形。在某些实施例中，至少一个附加的操作条件82可以用模拟方法90评价，以便产生至少一个所希望的变形特性88。所希望的变形特性可以是一个不严重影响原位过程操作的值。例如，可以评价为达到一个所希望的最大沉降值所必需的最小覆盖层。在一个实施例中，至少一个附加的操作条件82’可以用来在原位过程94中操作。
在一个实施例中，得到所希望的变形特性的各种操作条件可以从模拟基于多个操作条件的原位过程评价。图9示出一个用于评价得到所希望的变形性能的操作条件的方法96一个实施例流程图。方法包括提供至少一个操作条件82的一个或多个值给计算机系统，用作模拟方法90的输入。模拟方法可以是一种用于计算弹性，塑性，和蠕变性能的有限元模拟方法。
在某些实施例中，方法可以基于至少一个操作条件82的一个或多个值，利用模拟方法90评价变形特性88的一个或多个值。在一个实施例中，至少一个变形特性的一个值可以包括随时间变化的变形特性。用于这种原位过程的至少一个变形特性88’的一个所希望的值也可以提供给计算机系统。一个实施例可以包括评价至少一个操作条件82’所希望的值的评价部分84，以便达到至少一个变形特性88’所希望的值。
至少一个操作条件82’所希望的值可以由至少一个变形特性88的若干值和至少一个操作条件82的若干值评价。例如，操作条件82’所希望的值可以通过插入变形特性88的若干值和操作条件82的若干值得到。在某些实施例中，至少一个变形特性的值98可以利用模拟方法90从至少一个操作条件所希望的值82’得到。在某些实施例中，得到所希望变形特性的一个操作条件可以通过比较一个变形特性在不同操作条件下随时间的变化评价。
在一个可供选择的实施例中，为达到至少一个变形特性所希望值的至少一个操作条件所希望值，可以利用原位过程的至少一个变形特性和至少一个操作条件之间的关系评价。上述关系可以利用模拟方法评价。这种关系可以存储在计算机可以利用的数据库中。上述关系可以包括至少一种变形特性的一个或多个值和相应的至少一个操作条件值。可供选择地，上述关系可以是一种解析函数。
已经利用各种模拟来研究各种不同操作条件对油页岩地层变形特性的影响。在一组模拟中，地层以一种圆筒形或是矩形板块建立模型。在一种圆筒形情况下，地层模型用经过处理的部分厚度，半径，和覆盖厚度描述。矩形板块是通过一个宽度而不是半径，及通过经过处理部分的厚度和覆盖层描述。图10示出在一圆筒形地层模型中从一有限元模拟得到的操作条件对沉降的影响。经过处理部分的厚度为189m，经过处理部分的半径是305m，及覆盖层厚度是201m。图10示出在一年时间里以米计的垂直表面位移。曲线100对应于操作压力为27.6巴绝对值，而曲线102对应于工作压力为6.9巴绝对值。应该理解，图10所述的表面位移仅是示例性的(实际表面位移一般与图10所示的那些不同)。然而，图10证明，增加操作压力可以显著地减少沉降。
图11和12示出在两个经过处理部分之间利用未经处理部分的影响。图11是在经过处理部分厚度为189m，经过处理部分宽度为649m，及覆盖层厚度为201m情况下，矩形板块模型中的沉降，图12示出在两个经过处理部分被一未经处理部分分开的情况下，如图3所示的矩形板块模型中的沉降。经过处理部分厚度和覆盖层二者与对应于图11的模型相同。因此，经过处理部分的总宽度每种模型都相同。在每种情况下操作压力都是6.9巴绝对值。与图10一样，图11和12中的表面位移都仅是示例性的。然而，比较图11和12表明，利用未经处理部分使沉降减少约25％。此外，初始的隆起也减少。
在另一组模拟中，计算一经过处理的油页岩地层中的剪切变形进行证实。模型包括各热源和生产井布网的一个井组单元。在模型中所采用的边界条件是这样，以使约束地层的垂直面是对称平面。图13表示在选定若干热源的位置处地层的剪切变形随深度而变的情况。曲线104和106分别代表在10个月和12个月时剪切变形随深度变化的情况。对应于注热井所预示形状的各曲线表明，剪切变形随地层中深度增加而增加。
在某些实施例中，可以用一种计算机系统来操纵用于处于含烃地层的原位过程，上述原位过程可以包括将来自一个或多个热源的热量提供给地层的至少一部分。此外，原位过程还可以包括让热从一个或多个热源传送到地层的选定部分。图14示出利用一个计算机系统来操纵原位过程的方法108。方法包括利用一个或多个操作参数来操纵原位过程94。各操作参数可以包括地层的一些性能，如热容，密度，渗透率，热导率，孔隙度，和/或化学反应数据。此外，操作参数可以包括若干操作条件。上述操作条件可以包括，但不限于，地层经过加热部分的厚度和面积，压力，温度，加热速率，热输入速率，过程时间，生产率，得到规定生产率的时间，气体的重量百分数，和/或周边水的回收或注入。操作条件还可以包括井网的特性，如生产井位置，生产井取向，生产井与加热井的比例，加热井间距，加热井网的类型，加热井取向，和/或覆盖层与各水平加热井之间的距离。操作参数也可以包括地层的各种机械性能。操作参数可以包括一些变形特性，如裂缝，应变，沉隆，隆起，压实，和/或剪切变形。
在某些实施例中，原位过程94的至少一个操作参数110可以提供给计算机系统112。计算机系统112可以在原位过程94处或其附近。可供选择地，计算机系统112可以在远离原位过程94的一个位置处。计算机系统可以包括用于模拟原位过程94一种模型的第一模拟方法。第一模拟方法可以包括一种体拟合有限差分模拟法如FLUENT或者一种空间拟合有限差分模拟法如STARS。第一模拟法可以实施一种油藏模拟。油藏模拟方法可以用来确定操作参数，上述操作参数包括，但不限于，压力，温度，加热速率，热输入速率，过程时间，生产率，得到一规定生产率的时间，气体的重量百分数，及周边水的回收或注入。
在一个实施例中，第一模拟方法还可以包括地层中的变形。用于计算变形特性的模拟方法可以包括一种有限元模拟方法如ABAQUS。第一模拟方法可以包括裂缝进展，应变，沉降，隆起，压实，和剪切变形。用于计算各种变形特性的模拟方法包括图6所示的方法78和/或图9所示的方法96。
图14所示的方法与第一模拟方法和计算机系统一起利用至少一个参数110来提供所评价的有关原位过程94的信息。模拟中的各个操作参数可以与原位过程94的操作参数进行比较。从一种模拟中所评价的信息可以包括一个或多个操作参数与至少一个参数110之间的模拟关系。例如，所评价的信息可以包括一些操作参数如压力，温度，热输入速率，或加热速率与各涉及产品质量的参数之间的关系。
在某些实施例中，所评价的信息可以包括模拟中的操作参数与原位过程94中的操作参数之间的不一致。例如，第一模拟法中的温度，压力，产品质量，或生产率可以与原位过程94中的不同。不一致的根源可以从由模拟所提供的操作参数评价。不一致的根源可能包括在一原位过程94的模拟模型中所用的某些性能与原位过程94中的参数不同。上述某些性能可以包括，但不限于，热导率，热容，密度，渗透率，或化学反应数据。某些性能还可以包括一些机械性能如压缩强度，井侧压力，蠕变参数，弹性模量，Poisson氏比，内聚应力，摩擦角，及封盖偏心性。
在一个实施例中，所评价的信息可以包括原位过程94的一个或多个参数的调节。上述调节可以弥补模拟的操作参数和原位过程中的操作参数之间的不一致。各种调节可以从至少一个参数110与一个或多个操作参数之间的模拟关系评价。
例如，原位过程在一特定的时间周期(比如90天)之后，可以具有一特定的烃流体生产率，比如1m3/天。在观察井处的理论温度(比如100℃)可以利用地层规定的性能计算。然而，在观察井处测得的温度(比如80℃)可能低于理论温度。在一计算机系统上的模拟可以利用测得的温度进行。模拟可以提供原位过程与测得温度相对应的操作参数。可以用模拟中的操作参数来评价例如温度或热输入速率与原位过程生产率之间的关系。上述关系可以表明，在模拟中所用的地层热容或热导率与地层不一致。
在某些实施例中，方法还可以包括利用所评价的信息114来操纵原位过程94。如本文所用的“操纵”涉及控制或改变原位过程的操作条件。例如，所评价的信息可以表明，在上例中地层的热导率低于模拟中所用的热导率。因此，可以增加向原位过程94的热输入速率，以便在理论温度下操纵。
在另一些实施例中，方法可以包括利用所评价的信息114和所希望参数120的从一种第二模拟方法及计算机系统得到116信息118。在一个实施例中，第一模拟方法可以与第二模拟方法相同。在另一个实施例中，第一和第二模拟方法可以不同。各模拟方法可以提供至少一个操作参数与至少一个另外参数之间的关系。因此，所得到的信息118可以用来操纵原位过程。
所得到的信息118可以包括至少一个操作参数，上述至少一个操作参数供在达到所希望参数的原位过程中使用。例如，对一个原位过程的所希望烃流体生产率可以是6m3/天。可以用一种或多种模拟方法来确定为达到6m3/天的烃流体生产率所必需的操作参数。在某些实施例中，一种模拟方法所用的一些模型参数，可考虑各模拟方法和原位过程94之间所观察到的差异进行校正。在一个实施例中，可以利用图9中所示的模拟方法96来得到至少一个达到所希望变形特性的操作参数。
图15示出一种利用计算机模拟方法来控制地层中原位过程94的一个实施例示意图。原位过程94可以包括用于监测各操作参数的传感器122。传感器122可以设置在一个隔井、一个监测井、一个生产井、或一个加热井中。传感器122可以监测一些操作参数如地层中的地层下和地层表面条件。地下条件可以包括压力，温度，产品质量，和一些变形特性，如裂缝进展。传感器122还可以监测地层表面数据如泵状态(亦即开或关)，流体流动速率，地层表面压力/温度，和加热器功率。地层表面数据可以用安放在井处的仪器监测。
此外，至少一个由传感器122测得的操作参数110可以提供给本地计算机系统112’。可供选择地，操作参数110可以提供给远程计算机系统112″。计算机系统112″可以是例如一种个人台式计算机系统，一种膝上型计算机，或个人数字助理如掌上控制器。图16示出几种可以将一种信息从原位过程94传送到远程计算机系统112″的方法。信息可以利用互联网124，硬件电话线126，和/或无线通信128传送。无线通信128可以包括通过卫星130传送。
在某些实施例中，如图15所示，操作参数110可以在处理地层期间自动地提供给计算机系统112’或112″。计算机系统112’和112″可以包括一种用于模拟原位过程94一种模型的模拟方法。可以利用模拟方法得到有关原位过程的信息118。
在一个实施例中，一种原位过程94的模拟可以在所希望的时间用人工进行。可供选择地，当满足所希望的条件时，模拟可以自动进行。例如，当在一个特定时间一个或多个操作参数达到或者未能达到一个特定值时，模拟可以进行。例如，当在一个特定时间生产率未达到一个特定值时，模拟可以进行。
在某些实施例中，涉及原位过程94的信息118可以由计算机112’或112″自动提供，用于控制原位过程94。信息118可以包括涉及控制原位过程94的指令。信息118可以通过互联网、硬件、无线通信、或卫星传输从计算机系统112″传送。信息118可以提供给计算机系统112。计算机系统还可以处于远离原位过程的位置处。计算机系统112可以处理信息118，供控制原位过程94用。例如，计算机系统112可以利用信息118来确定一个或多个操作参数中的调节。计算机系统112因而可以进行原位过程94的一个或多个参数的自动调节132。可供选择地，原位过程94的一个或多个参数可以显示，和然后任意地进行人工调节134。
图17示出利用信息118控制地层中原位过程94的一个实施例示意图。信息118可以利用一种模拟方法和一个计算机系统得到。信息118可以提供给计算机系统112。信息118可以包括涉及调节一个或多个操作参数的信息。计算机系统112中的输出136可以提供给显示器138，数据存储器140，或地面设施142。输出136还可以通过调节一个或多个操作参数用来自动控制地层中的条件。输出136可以包括对调节在一隔井50处的泵状态和流速，调节在一生产井44处的泵状态和流速，和/或调节加热加热井144处的加热器功率的指令。输出136还包括对原位过程94加热井网146的指令。例如，一个指令可以是在一特定位置处加一个或多个加热井。此外，输出136可以包括对关井地层148的指令。
可供选择地，输出136可以由原位过程的操作人员在显示器138上观察。操作人员然后可以利用输出136人工调节一个或多个操作参数。
图18示出利用一种模拟方法和一个计算机系统控制地层中原位过程94的一个实施例示意图。可以把至少一个来自原位过程的操作参数110提供给计算机系统112。计算机系统112可以包括一种用于模拟原位过程94模型的模拟方法。计算机系统112可以利用模拟方法来得到有关原位过程94的信息118。信息118可以提供给数据存储器140，显示器138，和分析装置150。在一个实施例中，信息118可以自动提供给原位过程94。然后可以用信息118来操纵原位过程94。
分析装置150可以包括检查和/或利用信息118来控制源位过程94。分析装置150可以包括利用原位过程94的一个或多个模拟90得到附加的信息118’。可以利用一个或多个模拟来得到原位过程94附加的或经过修改的模型参数。上述各附加的或经过修改的模型参数可用来进一步评价原位过程90。
在一个实施例中，分析装置150可以包括得到152有关原位过程性能的附加信息118″。上述性能可以包括例如一个或多个部分地层的热导率，热容，孔隙度，或渗透率。上述性能还可以包括化学反应数据如化学反应，化学成分，及化学反应参数。上述性能可以从文献，或者从野外或实验室实验得到。例如，经过处理的岩心样品性能可以在实验室中测量。附加的信息118″可以用来操纵原位过程94。可供选择地，附加的信息118″可以在一个或多个模拟90中使用，以便得到附加的信息118’。例如，附加的信息118’可以包括一个或多个操作参数，上述一个或多个操作参数可以用来操纵原位过程94。
用于处理一个地层的原位过程包括处理具有最小平均覆盖层厚度的地层中一个选定的部分。最小平均覆盖层厚度可以取决于油气资源的类型和包围油气资源的地质构造。在某些实施例中，覆盖层可以基本上不渗透，以便禁止选定部分中所产生的流体穿过覆盖层转到地面。最小覆盖层厚度可以确定为禁止地层中所产生的流体逸出和禁止由于在原位转化过程期间地层内增加压力而突破到地面所必需的最小覆盖层。最小覆盖层厚度可能与例如覆盖层组成，在原位转化过程期间地层中欲达到的最大压力，覆盖层的渗透率，地层中所产生的流体组成，和/或地层或覆盖层中的温度等有关。在资源的选择期间，可以利用覆盖层厚度与油气资源厚度的比值，以便用原位热转化过程生产。
可以用一些选定的因素来确定一最小覆盖层厚度。这些选定的因素可以包括覆盖层的总厚度，覆盖层的岩性和/或岩石性能，地层应力，预期的沉降程度和/或油气藏压实，地层中待使用的压力，及包围地层的天然裂缝系统的程度和连接性。
对于煤，最小覆盖层厚度可以是约50m或者在约25m和100m之间。在某些实施例中，一个选定的部分可以具有一最小覆盖层压力。最小的覆盖层与资源厚度之比可以是在约0.25∶1和100∶1之间。
对油页岩，最小覆盖层厚度可以是约100m或者在约25m和300m之间。最小覆盖层与资源厚度之比可以是在约0.25∶1和100∶1之间。
图19示出一种用于确定一选定的覆盖层厚度的计算机执行方法流程图。选定部分的性能154可以输入计算系统156中。选定部分的性能可以包括地层的类型，密度，渗透率，孔隙度，地层应力等。各选定部分的性能154可以被一个软件可执行地利用，以便确定选定部分的最小覆盖层厚度158。上述软件可执行可以是例如ABAQUS。软件可执行可以包括各选定的因素。计算系统156还可以使一种模拟运转，以便确定最小覆盖层厚度158。最小覆盖层厚度可以如此确定，以使让地层流体传到地面的裂缝在原位过程期间将不在覆盖层内形成。地层可以选定用于通过计算系统156根据地层的性能和/或如本文所确定的覆盖层性能处理。覆盖层性能160也可以输入到计算系统156中。覆盖层的性能可以包括覆盖层中材料的类型，覆盖层的密度，覆盖层的渗透率，地层应力等。计算系统156也可以用来确定操作条件和/或控制处理地层原位过程的操作条件。
地层的加热可以在原位转化过程期间监测。监测选定部分的加热可以包括连续监测与选定部分有关的声波数据。波数据包括地需数据或任何可以例如用地震检波器、水中检波器、或其它声波传感器可以测量的声波数据。在一个实施例中，可以用一种连续声波监测系统来(比如瞬时或经常地)监测地层。地层可以监测(比如，利用2千赫兹(KHz)下的地震检波器，同时记录每1/8毫秒的测量)不希望有的地层条件。在一个实施例中，一种连续的声波监测系统可以从Oyo Instruments(Houston，TX)得到。
声波数据可以通过利用位于经过处理的地层区域内和/或其附近的地下声波传感器记录信息获得。声波数据可以用来确定裂缝在选定部分内展开的类型和/或位置。裂缝可以是热裂缝。裂缝可以是地层中开始增加渗透率所形成的垂直水力压裂裂缝。声波数据可以输入到一个计算系统中，以便确定裂缝的类型和/或位置。另外，地层或选定部分的加热井网可以用声波数据通过计算系统确定。计算系统可以使一个软件可执行运行以便处理声波数据。计算系统可以用来确定一组用于原位处理地层的操作条件。计算系统还可以用来根据声波数据控制上述组用于原位处理地层的操作条件。另一些性能如地层的温度也可以输入到计算系统中。
原位转化过程可以通过用一部分生产井作为注入井用于注入蒸汽和/或改变过程的流体(比如氢，上述氢可能通过原位氢化作用影响产品组成)进行控制。
在某些实施例中，也许能够利用可以在高温下操作的井技术。这些技术可以包括传感器和控制机构二者。热量注入井网和烃蒸汽生产可以在更分散的基础上调节。也许能够在逐层的基础上或者以逐米的增量调节加热井网和生产。这使原位转化过程能例如弥补不同的热性能和/或层间岩性中的有机物含量。因此，这可以禁止冷点和热点形成，地层可以不过压，和/或地层的完整性可以不产生很大应力，上述情况会造成变形和/或损坏井筒完整性。
图20和21分别示出用原位转化过程处理的一区域的平面图和剖面表示的示意图。原位转化过程法可以在地震波从那儿发出的处理区内产生微地震破碎或者裂缝。处理区域162用由加热器164所提供的热量加热，上述加热器164安放在加热井144中。处理区162可以通过产生一部分地层流体穿过加热井144和/或生产井进行控制。来自加热器164的热量可能造成靠近处理区域162的一部分地层破碎166。破碎166可能是地层的岩石体积内的一种局部岩石破碎。破碎166可以是一种瞬时破碎。破碎166往往会产生地震扰动168。地震扰动168可以是一种弹性或微地震扰动，上述弹性或微地震扰动在围绕破碎处的地层中作为一种体波传播。地震扰动的大小和方向当用传感器测量时可以指示在地层和/或处理区域162内发生的微尺度破碎的类型。例如，地震扰动可以评价为指示由于处理区域162的热处理而在地层中发生的一个或多个微尺度破碎的地点，方向，和/或程度。
来自一个或多个破碎166的地震扰动168可以用一个或多个传感器122检测。传感器122可以是地震检波器，水中检波器，地震加速度检波器，和/或其它地震检测装置。传感器122可以安放在监测井170或多个监测井中。各监测井170可以安放在加热井144和处理区域162附近的地层中。在某些实施例中，在地层中可以这样安放3个监测井，以便在每个监测井中用传感器122把破碎166的位置组成三角形。
在一个原位转化过程实施例中，传感器122可以测量地震扰动168的信号。信号可以包括从破碎166发出的一个波或一组波。信号可以用来确定破碎166的大致位置。从信号也可以确定破碎166发生，同时产生地震扰动168的大致时间。这种破碎166的大致位置和大致时间可以用来确定是否破碎166会传播到地层不希望的区域中，不希望的区域可以包括含水层，不希望处理的地层区域，地层的覆盖层60，和/或地层的下伏岩层172。含水层也可以位于覆盖层60上方或下伏岩层172的下方。覆盖层60和/或下伏岩层172可以包括一个或多个岩层，上述一个或多个岩层可以破碎，并使地层流体不希望有地从原位转化过程中逸出。传感器122可以用来监测一段时间里破碎166的传播(亦即破碎的程度增加)。
在某些情况下，破碎166的位置可以利用各传感器122沿着每个监测井170垂直分布更精确地测定。各传感器122的垂直分布可以包括在覆盖层60上方和/或下伏岩层172的下方至少一个传感器。覆盖层60上方和/或下伏岩层172下方的传感器可以用来监测破碎穿透(或者没有穿透)覆盖层或下伏岩层的情况。
如果破碎166传播到地层不希望的区域中，则可以改变通过加热井144控制的用于处理处理区域162的参数，以便禁止破碎传播。处理参数可以包括处理处域162中的压力，注入处理区域或从处理区域排出的流体体积(或流速)，或者从加热器164输入到处理区域中的热输入速率。
图22示出一种用来监测地层处理的一种方法一个实施例流程图。对一个处理区域(比如图20和21中的处理区域162)可以提供处理计划174。用于处理计划174的参数176可以包括，但不限于，处理区域中的压力，处理区域的加热速率，和处理区域中的平均温度。处理参数176可以进行控制，以便通过热源，生产井，和/或注入井进行处理。在处理处理区域一个规定的参数组期间可能发生一个或多个破碎。表明断裂的一些地震扰动，可以在监测步骤178中通过安放在一个或多个监测井中的传感器检测。地震扰动可以用来在测定步骤180中确定一个或多个破碎的位置，时间，和/或程度。测定步骤180可以包括将地震扰动成象，以便确定一个或多个破碎的空间位置和/或一个或多个破碎发生的时间。一个或多个破碎的位置，时间，和/或程度可以进行处理，以便在解释步骤184中确定是否能改变处理参数176来禁止一个或多个破碎传播到地层不希望的区域中。
在原位转化过程实施例中，可以利用一个记录系统来连续监测安放在地层中的传感器信号。记录系统可以连续地记录来自各传感器的信号。记录系统可以省去把信号作为数据。数据可以通过记录系统永久节省。记录系统可以同时监测来自各传感器的信号。各信号可以在一选定的取样速率(比如约每0.25毫秒一次)下监测。在某些实施例中，可以利用两个记录系统来连续记录传感器中的信号。可以利用记录系统在一选定的取样速率下将每个来自传感器的信号记录一个所希望的时间周期。当利用记录系统监测信号时，可以利用一个控制器。控制器可以是一个计算系统或计算机。在一利用两个或多个记录系统的实施例中，控制器可以控制哪一个记录系统使用一选定的时间周期。控制器可以包括一个全球定位卫星(GPS)程序块。可以利用GPS程序块提供用于记录系统开始监测信号的规定时间(比如，一个触发时间)和用于监测信号的时间周期。控制器可以将用于记录系统开始监测信号的规定时间提供给一个触发器箱。可以利用触发器箱将一个触发脉冲供给一个记录系统，以便开始监测信号。
可以利用一个存储装置来记录一个记录系统所监测到的信号。存储装置可以包括一种磁带驱动器(比如，一种高速、高容量磁带驱动器)或者任何能在很短时间间隔内记录比较大量数据的装置。在一利用两个记录系统的实施例中，存储装置可以接收来自第一记录系统的数据，而第二记录系统正监测来自一个或多个传感器的信号，或者反之亦然。这样起动连续数据覆盖，以便所发生的所有或基本上所有的微地震事件都将被检测。在某些实施例中，穿过地层的热进展可以通过测量由加热地层各个不同部分所引起的微地震事件进行监测。
图23示出用来控制地层182中原位转化过程182的一个实施例示意图。隔井50，监测井170，生产井44，和加热井144可以安放在地层182中。隔井50可用来控制地层182内的水状况。监测井170可以用来监测地层中地下状况，如，但不限于，压力，温度，产品质量，或裂缝进展。生产井44可以用来从地层中产生地层流体(比如，油，气，和水)。加热井144可以用来向地层提供热量。地层状态如，但不限于，压力，温度，裂缝进展(例如，通过声波传感器数据监测)，和流体质量(比如产品质量或水质)等可以通过井50、170、44、和144的其中一个或多个监测。
表面数据如泵状况(比如，泵开或关)，流体流速，表面压力/温度，及加热器功率，都可以通过安放在每个井或某些井中的仪器监测。同样，地下数据如压力，温度，流体质量，和声波传感器数据可以通过安放在每个井或某些井中的仪器检测。来自隔井50的表面数据186可以包括泵状况，流速，和表面压力/温度。来自生产井44的表面数据188可以包括泵状况，流速，和表面压力/温度。来自隔井50的地下数据190可以包括压力，温度，水质，和声波传感器数据。来自监测井170的地下数据192可以包括压力，温度，产品质量，和声波传感器数据。来自生产井44的数据194可以包括压力，温度，产品质量，和声波传感器数据。来自加热井144的地下数据196可以包括压力，温度，和声波传感器数据。
表面数据186和188及地下数据190，192，194，和196可以作为来自一个或多个测量仪器的模拟数据198监测。模拟数据198可以在模拟-数字变换器202中变换成数字数据200。数字数据200可以提供给计算系统156。可供选择地，一个或多个测量仪器可以把数字数据提供给计算系统156。计算系统156可以包括一个分配式中央处理单元(CPU)。计算系统156可以处理数字数据200，以便解释模拟数据198。计算系统156的输出可以提供给远程显示器204，数据存储器140，显示器138，或提供给地面设施142。地面设施142可以包括例如加氢处理厂，液体处理厂，或气体处理厂。计算系统156可以将数字输出206提供给数字模拟变换器208。数字-模拟变换器208可以将数字输出206变换成模拟输出210。
模拟输出210可以包括控制地层182中一个或多个状态的指令。模拟输出210可以包括调节原位转化过程中一个或多个参数的指令。一个或多个参数可以包括，但不限于，压力，温度，产品组成，和产品质量。模拟输出210可以包括用于控制隔井50处的泵状况212或流速214的指令。模拟输出210可以包括用于控制生产井44处的泵状况212和流速214的指令，模拟输出210还可以包括用于控制加热井144处加热功率216的指令。模拟输出210可以包括改变一个或多个条件如泵状况，流速，或加热器功率的指令。模拟输出210还可以包括开始和/或关闭泵、加热器、或安放在每个井处的监测仪器的指令。
也可以将远程输入数据218提供给计算系统156，以便控制地层182内部的状态。远程输入数据218可以包括用来调节地层182状态的数据。远程输入数据218可以包括一些数据如，但不限于，电力费用，气或油的价格，管线运输费用，来自各种模拟的数据，工厂排放物，或炼油厂利用率。远程输入数据218可以被计算系统156用来将数字输出206调到一个所希望的值。在某些实施例中，可以把地面设施数据220提供给计算系统156。
原位转化过程可以利用一种反馈控制法监测。在上述反馈控制法内可以监测和利用地层内的各条件。地层利用原位转化过程处理可能由于固体和各种液体转变成蒸汽，裂缝传播(比如，传播到覆盖层，下伏岩层，地下水面等)而经受机械性能改变，渗透率或孔隙度增加，密度减小，水分蒸发，和/或基体材料热不稳定性(导致脱氢和除二氧化碳反应和稳定的矿物组合变动)。
检测这些油气藏性能变化的远程监测系统可以包括，但不限于，4D(4维)时间推移地震监测，破碎的3D/3C(3维/3组分)地震无源声波监测，裂缝的时间推移3D地震无源声波监测，电阻率，热红外摄影测图，地面或井下测斜仪，测量永久的地面石桩，用于地面气体丰度，和比重的化学嗅测或激光传感器。更直接的基于地下的监测技术包括高温井下仪表(如热电偶和其它温度检测机构，压力传感器如水中检波器，应力传感器，或生产井中的仪表，以便检测细增量基础上的气流)。在某些实施例中，可以进行“本底”地震监测，和然后可以比较随后的地震结果，以便确定变化。
下列美国专利，即Aronstam的No.6,456,566；Winbow的No.5,418,335；和Kostelnicek等人的No.4,879,696及Thompson的US法定发明登记H1561介绍了供在地下地球物理现象有源地震监测用的地震源。可以产生一个随时间推移的分布图，以便监测含烃地层中的临时和实时变化。在某些实施例中，可以利用有源地震监测来得到地层处理之前的基线地质信息。在地层处理期间，可以利用有源和/或无源地质监测来监测地层内的变化。
对看了本说明书的本领域的技术人员来说，本发明各方面的进一步修改和可供选择的实施例是显而易见的。因此，本说明书仅看作是示例性的，并且是用于给本领域的技术人员讲解实施本发明一般方式的目的。应该理解，本文所示和所述的形式是看作目前优选的实施例。可以用一些要素和材料取代本文所示和所述的那些，若干部件和过程可以相反，和本发明的某些特点可以单独利用，全都象本领域的技术人员在得到本发明这个说明书的好处之后显而易见的那样。在不脱离如下面权利要求所述的本发明精神和范围的情况下，在本文所说明的一些要素中可以作若干改变。此外，应该理解，本文所单独说明的一些特点在某些实施例可以组合。

Claims (12)

1.一种用加热器控制加热含烃地层的原位系统的方法，其包括：
利用至少一个在地层的井筒内的声波检测器监测地层内至少一个声波事件，在至少三个安放在地层中的检测井中放置声波检测器，以便在每个检测井中可以用传感器对破碎的位置作三角测量；
分析至少一个声波事件，以便确定地层的至少一个性能，其中，地层的至少一个性能包括地层中至少一种岩石破碎的取向、地层中至少一种岩石破碎的位置和/或地层中至少一种岩石破碎的程度；及
根据至少一个声波事件的分析控制原位系统。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，至少一个声波事件由地层中局部岩石破碎产生。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，所述方法是连续操作的。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，还包括用一个声波监测系统记录至少一个声波事件。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，还包括热解至少某些烃类和/或在至少一部分地层内产生合成气体。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，分析至少一个声波事件包括解释至少一个声波事件。
7.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，还包括在约至少每0.25毫秒一次的取样速率下监测至少一个声波事件。
8.如权利要求4所述的方法，还包括用声波监测系统同时监测一个以上声波事件。
9.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，控制原位系统包括修改原位系统的温度和/或压力。
10.如权利要求4所述的方法，其中，声波监测系统包括一个地震监测系统。
11.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，至少一个声波事件包括一个地震事件。
12.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，至少一个声波检测器包括一地震检波器或一水中检波器。
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