CN1575375A - 煤的原地升级 - Google Patents

煤的原地升级 Download PDF

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CN1575375A
CN1575375A CNA02821093XA CN02821093A CN1575375A CN 1575375 A CN1575375 A CN 1575375A CN A02821093X A CNA02821093X A CN A02821093XA CN 02821093 A CN02821093 A CN 02821093A CN 1575375 A CN1575375 A CN 1575375A
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coal seam
coal
hydrocarbon
well
fluid
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哈罗德·J·维内加
斯科特·L·韦林顿
凯文·A·马尔
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/2401—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
    • B09C1/02—Extraction using liquids, e.g. washing, leaching, flotation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
    • B09C1/06—Reclamation of contaminated soil thermally
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/24—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by heating with electrical means
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/166—Injecting a gaseous medium; Injecting a gaseous medium and a liquid medium
    • E21B43/168—Injecting a gaseous medium
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/243—Combustion in situ
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/30—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimizing the spacing of wells
    • E21B43/305—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimizing the spacing of wells comprising at least one inclined or horizontal well
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
    • E21B47/022—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
    • E21B47/0224—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism using seismic or acoustic means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V3/26—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C2101/00—In situ
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/02—Couplings; joints
    • E21B17/028—Electrical or electro-magnetic connections
    • E21B17/0285—Electrical or electro-magnetic connections characterised by electrically insulating elements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
    • Y02P30/40—Ethylene production
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S210/00—Liquid purification or separation
    • Y10S210/901—Specified land fill feature, e.g. prevention of ground water fouling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/0318—Processes
    • Y10T137/0391—Affecting flow by the addition of material or energy

Abstract

一种煤层的处理方法，用以改变煤层内煤的性能。在一个实施例中，由一个或多个加热器提供热量至煤层的至少一部分。热量允许由一个或多个加热器传送至煤层的一部分。在某些实施例中，来自一个或多个加热器的热量可以热解煤层的一部分内的至少一些碳氢化合物。本方法可以包括由煤层产生一种流体。在一些实施例中，产生的流体可以包括来自煤层的至少一些热解的碳氢化合物。在一个实施例中，可以由此煤层生产煤。

Description

煤的原地升级
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及由煤生产有用的材料。本发明的一些实施例一般地涉及在一个煤层内碳氢化合物升级用的方法和系统。
背景技术
由地下的(例如沉积的)煤层获取的碳氢化合物经常用作能源，原材料，以及消费品。对可获取的碳氢化合物源日益枯竭以及生产的碳氢化合物总体质量降低的关心导致发展一些方法，以便更有效地回收、加工和/或使用可获取的碳氢化合物资源。一种原地转化过程可以使用于在煤层的一个处理区内改变含碳氢化合物的材料。在一个地下煤层内的碳氢化合物材料的化学和/或物理性能可能需要改变以允许碳氢化合物材料能够更容易地从地下的煤层取出。这种化学和物理的改变可以包括原地反应，以在煤层内产生碳氢材料的可移动的流体，成分改变，溶解度改变，密度改变，相改变和/或粘度改变。一种流体可能是，但不局限于是一种气体，一种液体，一种乳液，一种料浆和/或一种固体颗粒流，这些流体具有与液体流动相似的流动特性。
煤经常是开采后作为发电厂的燃料使用。大量的煤层不适合于经济地开采。例如，由陡峭倾斜的薄煤层开采，由较薄的煤层(比如小于1m厚)和/或由经济上不可行的深煤层开采。深煤层包括处于或延伸至地平面下深度超过约3000ft(约914m)的煤层。在发电时煤燃烧的能量转换效率比天然气燃料低。还有，煤燃烧发电可产生大量的二氧化碳，硫的氧化物和氮的氧化物，它们释放到大气中。
曾经有大量的努力以发展各种方法和系统以便从煤层经济地产生碳氢化合物，氢和/或其它产品。然而在现在，仍有许多煤层并不能从这些煤层经济地产生碳氢化合物，氢和/或其它产品。转换提取技术可能并不适合于所有的煤层。在一些煤层中，富碳氢化合物含量的材料可能处于太薄的层中，不能用传统的方法经济地提取。一种原地转化过程可以改变煤层内一个处理区内的含碳氢化合物材料。在加热时，碳氢化合物材料，比如煤可以转换和/或升级，从而加速一个理应自然地经过一个地质期产生的过程。
发明内容
在一个实施例中，热量可以提供给一个煤层以利用煤。在煤层内的碳氢化合物可以转化为较高质量的碳氢化合物产品的混合物，氢和/或其它产品也可以由煤层产生。碳氢，氢和其它的煤层流体可以通过一个或多个生产井由煤层移出。
施加热量至煤层可以改变煤层内煤的性能。在一些实施例中，煤层的部分可以转换为较高级别的煤。施加热量可以减少煤层中煤的水分和/或挥发化合物的含量。煤层流体(例如水和/或挥发化合物)可能以气相清除。在其它实施例中，煤层流体可能以液体和气体相或液体相清除。至少煤层的一部分的温度和压力在热解时可以控制，以便由煤层获得改进的产品。
附图说明
借助优选的实施例的下列的详细说明，结合参见附图，本专业技术人员将会明确本发明的各种优点，附图中：
图1示出一个示意图，代表油母岩资源的一些性能；
图2示出煤层加热的各个阶段；
图3示出一个热源图案的实施例；
图4示出一个加热器井的实施例；
图5示出一个加热器井的实施例；
图6示出一个加热器井的实施例；
图7示出在一个煤层中由一个单独的井分支出的多个加热器的正视图；
图8示出位于一个煤层中的加热器井的实施例；
图9示出在一个煤层中加热器井的一个图案的实施例；
图10示出在一个煤层中热源和生产井的一个图案的实施例；
图11示出一个顶视图，表示由周边燃烧器形成的处理区的一个实施例；
图12示出一个横剖面图，表示原地的实验场试验；
图13示出在一个实验场试验中的热源和井的位置；
图14示出在实验场试验中温度与时间的关系图；
图15示出在实验场试验中温度与时间的关系图；
图16示出由实验场试验产生的油量作为时间函数的关系图；
图17示出由实验场试验中煤层产生的气体量作为时间函数的关系图；
图18示出由实验场试验产生的流体的碳数目的分布；
图19示出在试验室实验中用不同的加热速率由一个煤层产生的不同的流体的重量百分比。
具体实施方式
虽然本发明允许各种改进和变动形式，这里所示的特定的实施例是以附图中的实例指出和详细说明。附图可以是不按比例的。然而，应该理解，这里的附图和详细的说明不应局限本发明在公开的特定的形式，而且相反，本发明包括所附权利要求书限定的本发明的精神和范围之内的全部改进，等同内容和变动。
下列的说明一般地涉及处理一个煤层用的系统和方法。这种煤层可以处理以产生较高质量的碳氢化合物产品，氢，高等级煤和其它产品。施加热量至一个煤层可以使煤层的一部分转化和/或升级，从而加速一个理应自然地经过一个地质期产生的过程。
“碳氢化合物”主要是由碳和氢原子组成的。“含碳氢化合物的混合物”可包括碳氢化合物以及其它元素，比如，但不局限于卤素，金属元素，氮，氧和/或硫。含碳氢化合物的煤层可包括但不局限于油母岩，沥青，焦沥青，油类，天然矿蜡和沥青岩。含碳氢化合物的混合物可以位于地层内矿物基内或与其邻接。矿物基可包括但不局限于沉积岩，砂石，硅酸岩，碳酸岩，硅藻土和其它松孔介质。“含碳氢化合物的流体”是含有碳氢化合物的流体。含碳氢化合物的流体可以包括，或夹杂在非碳氢化合物的流体内(例如，氢(H2)，氮(N2)，一氧化碳，二氧化碳，硫化氢，水和氨)。
一个“煤层”它包括一个或多个含碳氢化合物层，一个或多个非碳氢化合物层，一个覆盖层和/或一个底层。一个“覆盖层”和/或一个“底层”包括一个或多个不同类型的不渗透的材料。例如，覆盖层和/或底层可以包括岩石，页岩，泥石或湿/紧密碳酸盐(即一种没有碳氢化合物的不渗透的碳酸盐)。在原地转化方法的一些实施例中，一个覆盖层和/或一个底层可以包括一个或多个含碳氢化合物层，含碳氢化合物层可以是较不渗透的和在原地转化过程中不经受会导致覆盖层和/或底层的含碳氢化合物层显著的特性改变的温度作用。例如，一个底层可以含有煤。在一些情况下，覆盖层和/或底层可以是某种程度可渗透的。
“油母岩”是固体的不溶解的碳氢化合物，它是由天然降解(例如岩化)转化的以及它典型地含有碳，氢，氮，氧和硫。煤是油母岩的一个实例。“油”是一种含可冷凝的碳氢化合物的混合物的流体。
术语“煤层流体”和“产生的流体”是指由煤层移出的流体，可以包括热解的流体，合成气体，运动的碳氢化合物和水(流)。煤层流体可以包括碳氢化合物流体以及非碳氢化合物流体。
“碳数目”是指一个分子内的碳原子的数目。一种碳氢化合物流体可以包括具有改变的碳原子数目的各种碳氢化合物。碳氢化合物流体可以用一个碳数目分布描述。碳数目分布可以借助真实的沸点分布和/或气体-液体色谱分析法确定。
一个“热源”是指任何用于借助传导和/或辐射热转移加热至少一部分煤层的系统。例如，一个热源可以包括各种电加热器，比如一个绝缘的导体，一个长的元件，一个设置在管道内的导体。一个热源还可以包括多个热源，借助在煤层外或内燃烧燃料来产生热量，比如地面燃烧器，下孔气体燃烧器，无焰分布燃烧器以及天然分布燃烧器。此外，可以预见，在某些实施例中，提供至或产生在一个或多个热源内的热量可以由其它的能源供给。其它的能源可以直接地加热煤层，或能量可供给至一个转移介质，它直接地或间接地加热煤层。可以理解，施加热量至煤层的一个或多个热源可以是不同的能源。例如，对于一个给定的煤层，一些热源由电阻加热器供热，一些热源由燃烧供热，以及一些热源由一个或多个其它的能源供热(例如化学反应，太阳能，风能，生物物质或其它的可回收能源)。一个化学反应可以包括一个放热反应(例如一个氧化反应)。一个热源可以包括一个加热器，它提供热量至邻接和/或围绕一个加热位置的区域，比如一个加热器井。
一个“加热器”是在一个井区或接近井口区加热的任何系统。加热器可以是但不局限于与地层内的或由地层产生的材料反应的电加热器，燃烧器，燃烧室(例如，自然分布的燃烧器)和/或上述装置的组合物，一个“热源单元”是指形成一个样板以便重复在煤层内产生一个热源图案的多个热源。
术语“井孔”是指是在煤层内的钻井孔或插入的一个管筒。一个井孔可以是基本上圆横截面的或其它横截面的(例如，圆形的，椭圆形的，矩形的，三角形的，开缝的，或其它规则的或不规则的形状的)。在这里，术语“井”和“开口”当涉及煤层的一个开口时是可以与术语“井孔”互换地使用。“自然分布燃烧器”是指一个加热器，它们使用一种氧化剂以氧化至少地层的一部分碳以产生热量，以及其中氧化产生在井孔的附近。在自然分布燃烧器内产生的大部分燃烧产物通过井孔移出。“绝缘导体”是指任何可以导电的长条材料，它整个或部分地被一种电绝缘材料包覆。术语“自控制”是指没有任何类型的外部控制而控制一个加热器的输出。
“热解”是指由于施加热量而使化学键破坏。例如，热解可以包括单独使用热量使一个化合物转化为一种或多种其它的物质。热量可以转移至煤层的一段以引起热解。
“热解流体或热解产物”是指基本上在碳氢热解时产生的流体。热解反应产生的流体可以与煤层内其它的流体混合。这种混合物应考虑作为热解流体或热解产物。在这里“热解区”是指被反应或反应以产生一个热解流体的煤层的一个体积。
“热传导”是材料的一种性能，它描述在稳定的状态下，在具有规定的温差的两个材料的表面之间热流动的速率。“可冷凝的碳氢化合物”是在一个大气绝对压力下在25℃可冷凝的碳氢化合物。可冷凝的碳氢化合物可以包括具有碳数目大于4的碳氢化合物的混合物。“不可冷凝的碳氢化合物”在25℃和一个大气绝对压力下不能够冷凝。不可冷凝的碳氢化合物可以包括具有碳数目小于5的碳氢化合物。
“合成气体”是一种包括氢和一氧化碳的混合物，用于合成广泛的化合物。合成气体的添加化合物可以包括水，二氧化碳，氮，甲烷，以及其它气体。合成气体可以借助一系列的过程和原料产生。
“倾斜”是指一个煤层，它由一个平行于地表面的平面向下倾斜，假设这个平面是平坦的(例如，一个水平面)。“倾斜角”是一个薄煤层或类似特点与一个水平面形成的一个角度。一个陡峭倾斜的煤层是指由一个水平面倾斜至少20°的一个煤层。“向下倾斜角”是指在一个煤层中沿着平行于一个倾斜角方向的向下的倾斜角，“向上倾斜角”是指沿着平行于煤层的一个倾斜角方向的向上的倾斜角。“走向”是指含碳氢化合物材料的路线，它垂直于倾斜角的方向。
“沉积”是相对于地面最初的水平高度煤层一部分的向下的移动。
“层厚度”是指一层的横截面的厚度，其中横截面是垂直于层的表面。
“升级”是指碳氢化合物质量的提高。例如，煤的升级可以导致煤级别的提高。
煤层可以包括油母岩。油母岩是由有机物质组成的，它是经过熟化过程转化而来。油母岩的熟化过程可包括两个阶段：一个生物化学阶段和一个地质阶段。生物化学阶段典型地包括借助需气的和/或不需气的微生物降解有机材料。地质阶段典型地包括由于温度改变和巨大的压力产生的有机物质转化。在熟化过程中随着油母岩的有机物质而转化，油和气体可以产生。
如图1所示，Van Krevelen描述出油母岩的熟化程序，它典型地是由于温度和压力的作用越过一个地质期产生的。此外，Van Krevelen图将油母岩的各种自然沉积分类。例如，油母岩可以分类为四个不同的组：I型，II型，III型和IV型，在Van Krevele图上用四个分区表示。油母岩类型的分类可以取决于油母岩的原始化合物材料。原始化合物材料经过若干时间后转化为基本微观组织。“基本微观组织”是油母岩的微观组织。基本微观组织的结构和性能取决于由其衍生原始化合物材料。
I型油母岩可以分类为藻类体的，因为I型油母岩基本上是由藻类体发展成的。I型油母岩是在湖泊环境内的沉积物形成的。II型油母岩可以是由在海洋环境内沉积的有机物质发展的。III型油母岩通常包括镜煤素基本微观组织。镜煤素是由细胞壁和/或木材组织衍生的(例如植物的杆，枝，叶和根)。III型油母岩可以存在于大多数腐殖煤内。III型油母岩可以是由在沼泽内沉积的有机物质发展的。IV型油母岩包括惰性煤素基本微观组织基团。惰性煤素基本微观组织基团是由植物材料组成的，比如叶，皮和杆，它们在埋入岩化的早期泥炭阶段经过氧化。惰性煤素基本微观组织与镜煤素基本微观组织在化学上相似，但具有高的碳含量和低的氢含量。
图1所示的Van Krevelen图绘出对于各种型别的油母岩的氢/碳比(Y轴)与氧/碳比(X轴)的关系图。Van Krevelean图示出各种型别的油母岩的熟化顺序，这种顺序由于温度，压力和生物化学降解在经过一定的地质期后典型地产生。这种熟化顺序可以借助在控制的速率和/或控制的压力下原地的加热而加速。
如果在区域30或区域32内的含油母岩的一个煤层选择用于原地转化，原地热处理能够加速沿图1中箭头所示路径的油母岩的熟化。例如，区域30的油母岩可以转移至区域32的油母岩，以及可能随后转移至区域34的油母岩。区域32的油母岩可以转移至区域34的油母岩。原地转化可以加快油母岩的熟化和允许由油母岩产出有价值的产品。区域36可能是一个石墨区域。
当油母岩受到熟化，油母岩的成分一般会改变，是因为由油母岩排出挥发性物质(例如，二氧化碳，甲烷和油)。油母岩的级别分类指出油母岩熟化的水平。例如，油母岩经过熟化，油母岩的级别提高。当级别提高时，油母岩内的和可产生的挥发性物质倾向于减少。此外，当级别提高时，油母岩的水含量也通常减少。在较高的级别，水含量可以达到一个较恒定的值。较高级别的油母岩经过显著的熟化，比如半无烟煤或无烟煤与较低级别的油母岩，比如褐煤比较，倾向于具有较高的碳含量和较低的挥发性物质含量。在一些实施例中，生产的煤的碳含量可以大于约87重量％和/或挥发性物质含量可以小于约5重量％。
煤层的级别阶梯包括下列的分类，它是按III型油母岩级别和熟化度逐渐增加的顺序列出的：木材，泥炭，褐煤，次软煤，高挥发性软煤，中挥发性软煤，低挥发性软煤，半烟煤和烟煤。当级别增加时，油母岩倾向于显示原子性能的增加。
可根据至少一部分煤层的性能，煤层可选择用于原位转化，例如，一个煤层的选择可以是根据其丰富度，厚度和/或深度(就是煤层覆盖层的厚度)。此外，由煤层可产生的流体类型也可能是选择用于原地转化的一个煤层的一个因素。在某些实施例中，将要生产的流体的质量可以在处理之前经过评估。可以由一个煤层产生的产品的评估可能获得显著的费用节约，因为仅有能够产生希望的产品的煤层需要经受原地的转化。能够用于评估煤层内碳氢化合物的性能包括，但不局限于由碳氢化合物能够产生的碳氢化合物液体的数量，产生的碳氢液体的按美国石油协会(API)法测定的重力，镜煤素质反射率，由煤层可产生的碳氢气体的数量和/或原位转化将会产生的二氧化碳和水的数量。
例如，镜煤素质反射率经常与一个油母岩的氢/碳原子比和氧/碳原子比有关，如图1内的虚线所示。一张Van Krevelen图可以使用于选择原地转化用的资源，一个煤层内油母岩的镜煤素质反射率可以指示加热时由煤层可以产出的是何种流体。例如，镜煤素质反射率约0.5％至约1.5％可以指示此油母岩将产出大量的可冷凝的流体。另外，镜煤素质反射率约1.5％至3.0％可以指示一个油母岩区域34。如果具有这种油母岩的煤层被加热，显著数量的(例如大部分)由加热产生的流体可以包括甲烷和氢。如果温度上升至足够高以及一种合成气体产生流体被引入煤层，此煤层可以使用于产生合成气体。
煤层可以具有不同的几何尺寸和形状。普通的提取技术可能不适合于所有的煤层。在某些煤层中，富碳氢化合物含量的材料可能位于太薄的层，不能使用普通的方法经济地提取。这种富煤层典型地产生在矿床内，具有厚度在约0.2和约8m之间。这种富煤层可以包括但不局限于腐泥煤(藻煤，烛煤，和/或块煤)。这种碳氢化合物层在热解时能够产生约205升油/公吨至约1670升油/公吨。
原地转化过程可以在一个煤层的处理区内改变含碳氢化合物材料。在施加热量时，碳氢化合物材料，比如煤可以转化和/或升级，从而加速了理应经过一个地质期自然发生的过程。在一个处理区内煤的各种性能可以改变，包括但不局限于热值，镜煤素质反射率，水含量，挥发物质的百分率，渗透率，松孔率，煤中各种成分的浓度，比如硫和/或碳的百分率。
当一个煤层加热时，煤可以经过数个加热阶段，和图2所示。图2示出由一个煤层产出的流体的产量(相当于每吨的油桶数)(Y轴)与煤层的温度℃(X轴)的关系的实例。
在区域38加热时产生甲烷的解附和水的蒸发。煤层通过区域38的加热进行得尽可能地快。例如，当煤层开始加热时，煤层内的碳氢化合物可以解附已吸附的甲烷。解附的甲烷可以由煤层产生。如果煤层继续加热，煤层内的水可以蒸发。在一些煤层中，水可能占据煤层内约10％至约50％的松孔体积。在另一些煤层中，水可以占据或多或少的松孔体积。在一个煤层内，水典型地蒸发是在约160℃和约285℃之间，压力约6bars绝对压力至70bars绝对压力。在一些实施例中，蒸发的水可能产生煤层内可湿性的改变和/或增加煤层的压力。可湿性的改变和/或增加的压力可以影响煤层中的热解反应或其它的反应。在某些实施例中，蒸发的水可以是由煤层产生的。在另外的实施例中，蒸发的水可以使用于蒸气提取和/或煤层内或煤层外的蒸馏。由煤层内的松孔体积排出水和增加松孔体积可以增加松孔体积内碳氢化合物的存贮空间。
在区域38加热后，煤层可以继续加热，使煤层内的温度达到(至少)热解的温度(例如所示区域40的温度范围的下端)。在煤层内的碳氢化合物在整个区域40内被热解。热解温度的范围可以根据煤层内碳氢化合物的类型改变。一个热解温度的范围可以包括在约250℃和约900℃之间的温度。用于产生希望的产品的一个热解温度范围可以延伸仅通过热解温度范围的一部分。在一些实施例中，产生希望的产品的一个热解温度范围可以包括在约250℃和约400℃之间的温度。如果一个煤层内的碳氢化合物的温度缓慢地升高通过一个温度范围从约250℃至约400℃，当温度接近400℃时热解产品的产生基本上完成。使用一组热源加热含碳氢化合物的煤层，可以建立围绕热源的温度梯度，它缓慢地升高煤层内碳氢化合物的温度通过一个热解温度范围。
在某些原地转化的实施例中，碳氢化合物准备经受的热解可以不缓慢地升高通过从约250℃至约400℃的一个温度范围。煤层中的碳氢化合物可以加热至一个希望的温度(比如约325℃)。其它的温度可以选择作为希望的温度。由几个热源叠加热量允许在煤层内较快地和有效地建立希望的温度。由热源进入煤层的输入能量可以调节至保持煤层内的温度基本上在希望的温度。碳氢化合物可以基本上保持在希望的温度，直到热解结束，这样使从煤层产生希望的煤层流体变得不经济。
煤层流体，包括可以由煤层产生的热解流体。热解流体可以包括但不局限于氢，二氧化碳，一氧化碳，硫化氢，氨，氮，水和它们的混合物。当煤层的温度升高时，在产生的煤层流体内的可冷凝的碳氢化合物的数量倾向于减少。在高的温度，煤层可以主要地产生甲烷和/或氢。如果煤层加热通过整个的热解范围，煤层可以仅产生少量的氢，倾向于热解范围的一个上限。在全部可使用的氢贫化后，将典型地发生由煤层产生少量的流体。
在碳氢化合物热解后，大量的碳和某些氢可能仍存在于煤层内。在某些实施例中，在煤层内保留的大部分碳可以在引入补充的热量和一种合成气体产生流体时以一种合成气体的形式从煤层产出。合成气体的产生可以在区域42加热时进行。
在一些实施例中，可以在区域40加热后没有经过一个合成气体产生阶段对煤层开采。煤层的处理可以使煤层内剩余的煤熟化至硬煤。在一些实施例中，开采的材料可以使用于冶金目的，比如在生产钢时作为产生高温的燃料。煤层的热解可以提高煤的级别。在热解之后，煤可以转化为具有硬煤特点的一种煤。一个消耗的煤层可以具有厚度30m或更大。与此对比，典型地开采用于冶金用途的硬煤薄层典型地为约1m厚或更小。
例如，在一个处理区内的煤在处理之前可以考虑为软煤。施加热量可以使软煤转变为一种硬煤。硬煤有较低水含量，较高的热值和较高的碳重量百分率。在某些实施例中，硬煤可以使用于冶金处理。典型地，硬煤是在几米厚的薄煤层中发现的。原地转化过程可以由厚的软煤层产生硬煤层，它比理应自然产生的煤层厚。
借助原位转化改变的煤可以具有高的渗透性和松孔率。至少在使用原地转化过程加热的一些煤在某些实施例中具有一些特点。在一些情况下，至少一部分煤是易碎的或粉末状的。在一些实施例中，使用原地转化处理过的煤可以使用地下的自动化的或机器人的系统容易地开采，以一种粉末或料浆的形式开采。例如，水喷射可以使用于移动料浆内的至少部分煤。在一些实施例中，在经过充分的时间使处理的煤层冷却至允许安全工作的温度之后，覆盖层可以用推土机移走。在一些实施例中，在使用原地转化过程处理过的煤内可以形成坑道。传统的开采设备可用于达到和移走这些煤。
以粉末或料浆形式生产的煤可以使用于各种过程，包括但不局限于在地面上直接燃烧煤，作为一种能源和/或使煤成为料浆和运输煤，作为能量燃料出售。例如，一种第一流体可以注射入使用原地转化处理过的一部分煤层。第一流体可以包括水。第一流体可以将煤层内的煤打碎和碎化为较小的块。较小的块和第一流体可以结合形成料浆。料浆可以从煤层移走或产生。料浆可以在地面设备内处理，以便第一流体由较小块煤分离。煤块可以地面设备内进行精选或提取过程中处理。
这种煤可以作为一种活性碳过滤器使用于在原地转化过程场地和/或外部场地从各种水和/或空气流清除杂质。这种煤也可代替地作为一种吸附剂使用(它可以进一步升级煤作为一种燃料)随后燃烧煤用于动力，作为颜料的中间体(例如蒽醌)，作为一种燃料和/或在冶金过程中使用。使用原地转化过程处理煤可以改变煤，使煤的经济值提高或与开采相关的费用降低。
从一个煤层产生的流体的总能量的储量在整个热解时可以保持相对恒定。在热解时，在较低的煤层温度时，产生的流体的大部分是可冷凝的碳氢化合物，它具有较高的能量的储量。然而，在较高的热解温度，较少的煤层流体包括可冷凝的碳氢化合物。较难冷凝的煤层流体可由煤层产出。在主要产生难冷凝的煤层流体时，产生的流体的单位体积的能量储量可以稍微降低。
加热一个煤层可包括提供大量的能量至位于煤层内的热源。煤层也可以含有一些水。开始提供至一个煤层的能量的大部分可以使用于加热煤层内的水。开始的升温速率可以由于煤层内存在水而降低。过量的热量和/或时间可以要求用于加热高水含量的一个煤层，使温度足够热解煤层内的碳氢化合物。在某些实施例中，水被阻止流入经受原地处理的一个煤层。一个经受原地转化的煤层可以具有低的开始的水含量。煤层可以具有开始的水含量小于约15重量％，一些准备经受原地转化的煤层可以具有开始的水含量小于约10重量％。其它的准备经受原地转化的煤层可以具有开始的水含量大于约15重量％。具有水含量大于约15重量％的煤层可需承担大量的能源费用，以便在加热至热解温度时清除开始就存在于煤层内的水分。
一个煤层可以包括多个分层，这些分层可以包括含碳氢化合物层，无碳氢化合物层，以及含较低量碳氢化合物层。煤层的条件可以确定一个煤层内含碳氢化合物层和无碳氢化合物层的厚度。一个准备经受原地转化的煤层典型地含有至少一个含碳氢化合物层，其厚度足够经济地产生煤层流体。含碳氢化合物层的丰富度可以是一个因素使用于确定一个煤层是否使用原地转化处理。一个薄的和丰富的碳氢化合物层能够产生比一个厚的但不丰富的碳氢化合物层多的有价值的碳氢化合物。由一个既厚又丰富的煤层产生碳氢化合物是希望的。
图3示出原地转化系统的一部分的一个实施例，用于处理一个煤层。热源44可以放置在煤层的至少一部分内。热源44可以包括，例如电加热器，比如绝缘的导体，导体在管路内的加热器，地面燃烧器，无焰分布燃烧器，和/或自然分布燃烧器。热源44还可以包括其它类型的加热器。热源44可以提供热量至少至煤层的一部分。在一些实施例中，热量可以提供至煤层的一个第一部分，以及转移至一个第二部分(例如一个热解区)。能量可以通过供给管路46供给至热源44。供给管路46根据使用于加热煤层的热源在结构上可以是不同的。热源44用的供给管路46可以是传输电至电加热器，传输燃料至燃烧器，或者传输在煤层内循环的热交换流体。
生产井48可以使用于从煤层移出煤层流体。由生产井48产生的煤层流体可以通过收集管50运输至处理设备52。煤层流体也可以从热源44产生。例如，从热源44可以产生流体以控制与热源邻接的煤层内的压力。从热源44产生的流体可以通过管道运输至收集管50，或者产生的流体可以通过管道直接地运输至处理设备52。处理设备52可以包括分离单元，反应单元，升级单元，燃料电池，涡轮，存储容器和用于加工产生的煤层流体的其它系统和单元。
一个处理碳氢化合物用的原地转化系统可以包括阻挡井54(在一些实施例中标号54所示的井可能是脱水井，冷冻井，捕获井，隔离井和/或其它类型的阻挡井)。在一些实施例中，阻挡井54可以是真空井，它消除液体水和/或阻止液体水进入被加热的一部分含碳氢化合物的煤层，或一个被加热的煤层。一组阻挡井54可以围绕全部或一部分被加热的煤层。在图3所示的实施例中，所示的井54仅沿着热源44的一个侧面延伸，但阻挡井典型地围绕全部使用的或准备使用的加热煤层用的热源。
在一些实施例中，阻挡井54可以是脱水井。在一些实施例中，两排或更多排脱水井可以围绕一个处理区。在一个实施例中，在相继的两排脱水井之间的压力差可以减少(例如保持较低或接近零)，以便在两排井之间产生一个“无流动或低流动”边界。
在某些实施例中，井开始使用一个目的和随后可以使用于一个或更多其它的目的，从而降低了方案费用和/或减少实现某些任务所需的时间。例如，生产井(在某些情况下加热器井)可以开始使用作为脱水井(比如在加热开始前和/或当加热已开始)。此外，在某些情况下，脱水井能够随后用作生产井(以及在某些情况下用作加热器井)。这样一来，脱水井可以这样定位和/或设计，使井随后能够用作生产井和/或加热器井。加热器井可以这样定位和/或设计，使井随后能够用作生产井和/或脱水井。生产井可以这样定位和/或设计，使井随后能够用作脱水井和/或加热器井。类似地，注射井可以开始使用于其它的目的(例如，加热，生产，脱水，监控等)，以及注射井可以随后使用于其它的目的。类似地，监控井开始使用于其它的目的(例如，加热，生产，脱水，注射等)，以及监控井可以随后使用于其它的目的。
在一些实施例中，热源放置在一个煤层内形成的加热器井内。加热器井可以包括一个开口，通过煤层的一个覆盖层。加热器可以延伸进入或通过煤层的至少一个碳氢化合物层。在一个煤层内，碳氢化合物层典型地是一个煤层。如图4所示，加热器井56的一个实施例可以包括在碳氢化合物层58内的一个开口，它具有一个螺旋形。与一个垂直定位的加热器比较，一个螺旋形的加热器可以增加与煤层的接触。一个螺旋形的加热器可以提供膨胀余隙，当加热器井加热或冷却时它阻止弯曲或其它形式的损坏。在某些实施例中，加热器井可以包括基本上通过覆盖层60的直立段。使用通过覆盖层60的加热器井的直立段可以减少至覆盖层的热损失和降低加热器井56的费用。
如图5所示，一个热源的实施例可以具有一个U形。根据特定的加热器井和煤层的特性，U形的脚柱可以或宽或窄。加热器井56的第一部分62和第三部分64可以排列为基本上垂直于一些实施例内碳氢化合物层58的上表面。此外，加热器井的第一部分和第三部分可以延伸基本上垂直地通过覆盖层60。加热器井56的第二部分66可以是基本上平行于碳氢化合物层的上表面。
多个热源(例如2、3、4、5、10个热源或更多)可以在某些情况下从加热器井延伸出。如图6所示，热源44、44’、44”从加热器井56延伸通过覆盖层60进入碳氢化合物层58。可以使用由一个单独的井孔延伸的多个的井，地面的考虑(例如，美学，地面土地使用关心和/或接近地面不利的土壤条件)使希望集中钻井平台在一个小区域内。例如，在一个土壤冰冻和/或沼泽区内，可能更省钱的是将少量的钻井平台定位在选择的位置。
在某些实施例中，加热器井的第一部分可以从地面延伸通过一个覆盖层进入一个碳氢化合物层。加热器井的第二部分可以包括煤层内的一个或多个加热器井。一个或多个加热器井可以以不同的角度设置在煤层内。在一些实施例中，至少一个加热器井可以设置为基本上平行于煤层的边界。在代替的实施例中，至少一个加热器井可以设置为基本上垂直于煤层的边界。此外，一个或多个加热器井可以成一个角度定位在煤层的垂直线和水平线之间。
图7示出由一个单独的开口分支的多个热源位置的立视图。在一些实施例中，热源44可以使用于沿着加热器的长度在垂直开口68和水平开口70内产生热量。在其它的实施例中，热源44产生的热量可以沿垂直开口68和水平开口70的长度和/或在垂直开口68和水平开口70之间改变。例如，可以在垂直开口68内由热源44产生的热量小和可以在水平开口70内从加热器产生的热量大。有利的是在垂直的开口68内具有至少某些加热。这样可以保持由煤层产生的流体在生产管路72内为气相，和/或可以使生产井内的产生的流体升级。加热生产管路72以及热源44通过煤层内的一个单独的开口安装到煤层内，可以减少与在煤层内形成开口和安装生产设备和加热器有关的费用。
在碳氢化合物层58内可以形成一个或多个垂直开口68。每个垂直开口68可以在碳氢化合物层58内沿一个单独的平面设置。水平开口70可以在一个基本上垂直于垂直开口的平面中延伸。在一些实施例中，补充的水平开口可以设置在上述的水平开口下面的一个平面内。一系列的垂直开口68和/或垂直开口之间的间隔可以取决于，例如希望的加热速率或希望的生产率。在一些实施例中，垂直开口之间的间隔可以是约4m至约30m。或长或短的间隔可使用于满足特定的煤层要求。水平开口的长度可以至约1600m。然而，水平开口70的长度可以根据下列因素改变，例如最大安装费用，碳氢化合物层58的面积或最大的可使用的加热器长度。
在一个原地转化实施例中，具有一个或多个碳氢化合物层的煤层可以被处理。在一些原地转化过程的实施例中，这种煤层可以用热源处理，它定位在薄的碳氢化合物层内基本上是水平的和/或邻接一个或多个薄的碳氢化合物层。一个较薄的碳氢化合物层可以在地面以下相当的深度处。例如，一个煤层可以具有至约650m深的覆盖层。在一个煤层内钻出大量的基本上垂直的井至很深的深度可能是浪费的。有利的是在这些煤层内水平地放置一些加热器，以加热长度达到1600m的煤层的大部分。使用水平的加热器可以减少垂直井的数目，它需要放置足够数目的加热器到煤层内。
碳氢化合物层58相对于地上表面74的一个角度可以改变。例如，碳氢化合物层58相对于地上表面74可以倾斜或陡峭地倾斜，如图8所示。在一些实施例中，一个碳氢化合物层相对于地上表面可以是接近水平的。使用现有的开采方法可能并不能经济地开采一个陡峭倾斜的含碳氢化合物层。
一个倾斜的或较陡峭倾斜的碳氢化合物层58可以使用原地转化过程。一组生产井48可以设置在接近一个煤层的倾斜的碳氢化合物层的一个最高部分。一组加热器井56可以放置在碳氢化合层58内。一组加热器井56可以使用于处理区域76。开始时，碳氢化合物层58的一个顶部可以处理。由加热器井56供给的热能可以热解煤和产生碳氢化合物蒸气，它是由生产井48产生的。当由顶端部分生产减少时，煤层的较深部分可以被加热至热解温度。在碳氢化合物内产生的蒸气可以通过以前已热解的煤移动。来自煤层的顶部部分的流体的热解和生产导致的高渗透性允许蒸气相以最小的压力损失运输。在煤层内产生的流体的蒸气相运输可以清除不得不在一组生产井之外深生产井的需要。处理煤层所需生产井的数目可以减少。用于生产所需的生产井数目的减少增加了原地转化过程的经济生存力。
井孔可以借助下列的技术形成，例如定向钻进，地层可控钻进，用可控马达和加速计钻进，冲击技术和/或声学钻进技术。形成井孔使用的方法可根据一系列的因素确定。这些因素可以包括但不局限于位置的可达性，井孔的深度，覆盖层的性能以及含碳氢化合物层的性能。
图9示出在碳氢化合物层58内形成的一组加热器井56的一个实施例。碳氢化合物层58可以是一个陡峭倾斜层。一个或多个加热器井可以这样形成在煤层内，使一个或多个加热器井基本上彼此平行和/或至少一个加热器井基本上平行于碳氢化合物层58与一个非碳氢化合物层的边界。例如，一个或多个加热器井56可以借助一种磁力控制法形成在碳氢化合物层58内。磁力控制法的实例说明于授予Kuckes的U.S.No.5,676,212中。磁力控制可以包括平行于相邻的加热器井钻进加热器井56。相邻的井可以是以往钻出的。此外，磁力控制可以包括借助探测和/或确定由相邻的加热器井产生的磁场为钻进定向。例如，借助设置在相邻的加热器井内的一个绝缘的载流的电缆通过的电流在相邻的加热器井内产生磁场。
在一个原地转化过程的实施例中，加热速率可以控制，以减少与加热一个选择段相关的费用。此种费用可以包括能量输入费用，设备费用。在某些实施例中，与加热一个选择区相关的费用可以减少，这是借助当与加热相关的费用较高时降低加热速率，而当与加热相关的费用较低时增加加热速率。例如，当相关的费用较高时可以使用加热速率约330w/m，以及当相关的费用较低时可以使用加热速率约1640w/m。在某些实施例中，当相关的费用较高时可以使用加热速率在约300w/m和约800w/m之间，以及当相关的费用较低时可以使用加热速率在约1000w/m和1800w/m之间。与加热相关的费用在能量使用的高峰时间，比如白天可能较高。例如，能量的使用在夏季白天炎热气候时可能高，这是由于使用空调。能量使用低的时间可以在，例如夜间或在周末，这时能量的需要趋向于较低。在一实施例中，加热速率可以改变，由在低能量使用时间，比如夜间时的较高的加热速率至在高能量使用时间，比如白天的较低的加热速率。
如图3所示，除热源44之外，一个或多个生产井48典型地设置在煤层的一部分内。煤层流体可以通过生产井48产生。在某些实施例中，生产井48可包括一个热源。热源可以加热煤层的一部分，在生产井内或近旁以及允许煤层流体的蒸汽相清除。由生产井高温泵送流体的需要可以减少或消除。避免或限制高温泵送流体可以显著地降低生产费用。在生产井内或通过生产井提供加热可以：(1)当生产流体是在覆盖层附近的生产井内移动时，阻止生产流体的冷凝和/或倒流，(2)增加进入煤层的热输入和/或(3)增加生产井内或生产井附近煤层的渗透性。在一些原地转化过程的实施例中，施加至生产井的热量比施加至热源以加热煤层的热量显著少。
一个生产井的实施例包括阀，它改变保持和/或控制至少煤层的一部分的压力。生产井可以是套管井。生产井可以具有生产网屏或带孔套管邻接生产区。此外，生产井可以被砂子，砾石或其它包装材料围绕邻接至生产区。
在一个原地转化过程中，生产井可以这样工作，使生产井处于比煤层其它部分的压力低。在一些实施例中，一个真空泵可以在生产井内抽气。保持生产井在较低的压力下可以阻止煤层内的流体移动至原地处理区的外面。
图10示出热源44和生产井48的一个图案，它可以使用于处理一个煤层。热源44可以排列为一个热源单元，比如三角形图案82。然而，热源44可以排列为各种图案，包括但不局限于方形，六边形和其它的多边形。图案可以包括规则的多边形，以促进均匀地加热放置热源的煤层。图案可以是直线前进的图案。一个直线前进的图案通常包括加热器井的一个第一直线阵列，加热器井的一个第二直线阵列，以及一个生产井或生产井的一个直线阵列在加热器井的第一和第二直线阵列之间。
一些原地转化过程实施例能够经济地处理那些过去被认为不可能经济地生产的煤层。由过去不能经济地生产的煤层回收碳氢化合物成为可能，这是因为热传导性和热扩散性惊人的提高，它能够借助煤层的一部分热传导地和/或辐射地加热在煤层内碳氢化合物的热转化时达到。惊人的结果可以用以下事实来说明，现有的文献指出，某些煤层，比如煤，当加热时显示较低的热传导和热扩散值。例如在美国政府报告No.8364中由J.M.Singer and R.P.Tye写的名为“Thermal Mechanical andPhysical Properties of Selected Bituminous Coals and Cokes，”的文章中(U.S.Department of the Interior Bureau of Mines)(1979)，作者报告了四种软煤的热传导性和热扩散性。此政府报告包括了热传导性和热扩散性图，它显示出在升至约400℃有较低的值(例如热传导性约0.2w/m℃或更低，和热扩散性低于约1.7×10-3cm2/s)。政府报告说明：“煤和焦炭是优良的绝热体”。
在某些原地转化过程的实施例中，含碳氢化合物资源(例如煤)可以这样处理，使热传导性和热扩散性显著地高于根据以往的文献，比如政府报告No.8364所预期的值(例如热传导性等于或大于约0.5w/m℃和热扩散性等于或大于4.1×10-3cm2/s)。如果煤层经受原地转化过程，煤不会作为一个“优良的绝热体”。相反，热量能够用比根据文献预期的显著高(和更好)的速率传送和/或扩散，从而显著增强煤层处理的经济生存力。
在一个原地转化过程实施例中，在原地加热煤层的一部分至温度低于热解温度的上限可以增加此加热部分的渗透性。渗透性可以增加是由于在加热部分内形成了热裂缝。热裂缝的产生是由于煤层的热膨胀和/或者由于煤层内的液体(例如水和/或碳氢化合物)蒸发而导致局部压力增加。当加热部分的温度增加时，煤层内的水蒸发。蒸发的水可由煤层逃逸和/或清除。清除水也可以增加加热部分的渗透性。此外，渗透性的增加也可以作为在煤层内流体产生热解而导致煤层物质损失的结果。热解的流体可以通过生产井由煤层移出。
从放置在煤层内的热源加热煤层允许煤层的加热部分的渗透性基本上均匀。基本上均匀的渗透性可以阻止在煤层内的煤层流体被导流以及允许基本上由加热的煤层的所有部分进行生产。在具有基本上均匀的渗透性的煤层的任何选择部分的评估的(例如计算的或估计的)渗透性与选择部分的评估的平均渗透性的改变不超过10倍。
当选择段借助传导加热时，煤层的加热部分的选择段的渗透性迅速地增加。一个不渗透的煤层的渗透性在处理前可以是小于约0.1millidarcy(毫达西)(9.9×10-17m2)。在某些实施例中，至少一部分煤层的热解可以增加此部分的选择段的渗透性至大于约10millidarcy，100millidarcy，1darcy(达西)，10darcy，20darcy或50darcy。此部分的选择段的渗透性可以增加约100，1,000，10,000，100,000倍或更多。
在一些原地转化过程的实施例中，叠加(例如重叠影响)来自一个或多个热源的热量可以导致基本上均匀地加热煤层的一部分。由于在加热时煤层典型地具有一个温度梯度，它在热源附近最高和随着商开热源距离的增加而降低，“基本上均匀的”加热意味着这样的加热，大部分段的温度改变与被处理的选择段的大部分的评估的平均温度比较不大于100℃。
在原位转化过程中由煤层移出碳氢化合物可以在一个微观规模以及宏观规模(例如通过生产井)发生。碳氢化合物可以由于加热时从煤层的一部分内的显微孔穴移出。显微孔穴可以一般地限定为具有横截面尺寸小于约1000的孔穴。固体碳氢化合物的移出可以导致至少加热部分的选择段内松孔率的基本上均匀的增加。加热煤层的一部分可以基本地增加加热部分内一个选择段的松孔率。“基本上均匀的松孔率”意味着在煤层内任何选择的部分的评估的(例如计算的或估计的)松孔率与此选择的部分的评估的平均松孔率的改变不超过约25％。
在热解之后煤层的一部分的物理性能可能与一个松孔的煤床相似。经受过原地转化过程的一个煤层的物理特性可能与经受其它过程的煤层的物理特性显著的不同，该过程可以例如煤层经受气体注入，它燃烧碳氢化合物以加热碳氢化合物和/或煤层经受蒸气溢注生产。气体注入原始的或开裂的煤层可以通过煤层被导流。气体可以不是均匀地分布在整个煤层内。相反，气体注入经受原地转化过程的煤层的一部分可以迅速地和基本上均匀地接触保持在煤层内的碳和/或碳氢化合物。加热碳氢化合物产生的气体可以在煤层的加热部分内传送很大的距离而只有小的压力损失。在煤层内传送气体经过很大的距离尤其是有利于减少由煤层生产煤层流体所需的生产井的数目。含碳氢化合物的煤层的一个第一部分可以经受原地转化过程。经受原地转化的煤层体积可以由于加热煤层的相邻部分而膨胀。在煤层相邻部分产生的煤层流体可以由在第一部分内的生产井生产。如果需要，几个补充的生产井可以设置在煤层的相邻部分，但这些生产井可以具有较大的间距。在煤层内传输流体越过一个长距离的能力可以有利地用于处理一个陡峭倾斜的煤层。生产井可以设置在倾斜的碳氢化合物生产层的上面部分。热源可以插入陡峭的倾斜的煤层。热源可以跟随煤层的倾斜度。上面部分可以经受上面部分内热源的激活部分的热处理。陡峭倾斜的煤层的相邻部分可以在上面部分热处理之后经受热处理，以增加煤层的渗透性，从而使在下面部分内的流体可以从上面部分产生。
在一个实施例中，来自煤层的碳氢化合物的产生被阻止，直到至少煤层内的一部分碳氢化合物被热解。当一个混合物包括一个选择品质(例如API重力，氢浓度，原子含量等)的混合物时，可以从煤层产生一个混合物。在一些实施例中，选择品质包括一个API重度至少约20°、30°或40°。阻止生产直到至少一些碳氢化合物被热解，可以增加由重碳氢至轻碳氢的转化。阻止开始的生产可以减少由煤层生产重碳氢化合物。生产大量的重碳氢化合物需要昂贵的设备和/或减少生产设备的寿命。
当由煤层的生产碳氢化合物被阻止，煤层内的压力倾向于随着煤层内的温度增加，这是因为煤层内的重碳氢化合物和其它流体(例如水)的热膨胀和/或相变。在煤层内的压力可能不得不保持在低于一个选择的压力，以阻止不希望的生产，覆盖层或底层的开裂和/或煤层内的碳氢化合物焦化。选择的压力可以是煤层的岩静压力或水静压力。例如，选择的压力可以是约150bars绝对压力，或在一些实施例内是约35bars绝对压力。煤层内的压力可以借助控制煤层内生产井的生产率来控制。在其它的实施例中，煤层内的压力是借助通过煤层内的一个或多个压力释放井释放压力而控制的。压力释放井可以是热源或插入煤层内的单独的井。通过释放井移出的煤层流体可以运送至一个地面装置。由煤层产生至少一部分碳氢化合物可以阻止煤层内的压力升高超过选择的压力。
一个缓慢的加热过程可以产生冷凝的碳氢化合物流体，具有API重度在22°至50°的范围内，以及平均分子量约150g/gmol(克分子)至约250g/gmol。
在一些实施例中，在煤层的一个处理区内流体的流入和流出可以借助使用阻挡层阻止。阻挡层包括但不局限于自然产生的部分(例如覆盖层和底层)，冷冻的阻挡层区，低温阻挡层区，灰浆壁，硫井、脱水井、注射井，煤层内凝胶形成的阻挡层，煤层内盐沉淀形成的阻挡层，煤层内聚合反应形成的阻挡层，插入煤层的钢板和/或它们的组合。阻挡层可以限定处理区。代替的方案是阻挡层可以设置在处理区的一部分。
图11示出被周的阻挡层84围绕的处理区76的一个实施例。周边阻阻挡层84可以限定煤层的一个限制将进行原地转化过程处理的体积。煤层的限制的体积作为处理区76。限定煤层的一个限制的体积准备进行处理允许在此限制的体积内的工作条件更便于控制。
周边阻挡层84可包括煤层安装的部分和自然产生的部分。煤层的自然产生的部分形成周边阻挡层的一部分，它可以包括煤层的基本上不渗透的层。自然产生的周边阻挡层的实例包括覆盖层和底层。周边阻挡层的安装部分按需要形成，以限定处理区76。原地转化过程(ICP)井86可以设置在处理区76内。原地转化过程井86可以包括热源，生产井，处理区脱水井，监控井和原地转化使用的其它类型井。
不同的处理区76可以共用公共的阻挡层段，以减少需要形成的周边阻挡层84的长度。周边阻挡层84可以阻止流体移动进入进行原地转化的处理区76。有利的是，周边阻挡层84可以阻止煤层水移动进入处理区76。煤层水典型地包括水和水中溶解的材料(例如盐)。如果在原地转化过程中煤层水允许移动进入处理区76，煤层水可以增加过程的工作费用，因为增加了与蒸发煤层水有关的能量费用，以及增加了与清除，分离和处理煤层产生的煤层流体中增加的水的处理费用。大量的煤层水移动进入处理区可以阻止处理区76各部分的温度升高至希望的温度。
相邻的处理区76之间的某些类型的阻挡层84(例如冷冻阻挡层)允许相邻的处理区经受不同的原地转化过程。例如，一个第一处理区可以经受热解，与第一处理区相邻的一个第二处理区可以经受合成气体产生，以及与第一处理区和/或第二处理区相邻的一个第三处理区可以经受原地开采过程。在不同的处理区内的工作条件可以是不同的温度，压力，生产率，热注射速率等。
在一些煤层中，经受原地转化的一个含碳氢化合物层位于可渗透的和/或开裂的煤层的一部分。没有周边阻挡层84，在原地转化时产生的煤层水可以移出处理的煤层的体积。煤层水流动移出处理的煤层的体积可以阻止在处理的煤层部分内保持希望的压力的能力。因此，借助使用周边阻挡层84限定处理的煤层的一个限制的体积允许在此限制的体积内的压力被控制。通过压力释放井，生产井和/或热源控制由处理区移出的流体量可以允许处理区内的压力被控制。在一些实施例中，压力释放井是带孔的套管，放置在热源的井孔内或近旁，它具有密封的套管，比如无焰的分布燃烧器。使用一些类型的周边阻挡层(例如，冷冻阻挡层和灰浆壁)可以允许在个别的处理区76内的压力控制。
在原地转化时，施加至煤层的热量可以引起在处理区76内的开裂发展。一些开裂可能扩展至处理区76的周边。扩展的开裂可以切断蓄水和允许煤层水进入处理区76。煤层水进入处理区76可以不允许处理区的一部分内的热源升高煤层的温度至显著超过进入煤层的煤层水的蒸发温度。开裂还可允许在原地转化时产生的煤层水移动离开处理区76。
围绕处理区76的周边阻挡层84可以限制原地转化过程中开裂的扩展作用。在一些实施例中，周边阻挡层84设置在距处理区76足够远处，从而使在煤层内发展的开裂不会影响阻挡层的完整性。阻挡层84可以设置在距原地转化处理井86超过10m，40m或70m。在一些实施例中，周边阻挡层84可以位于邻接处理区76。例如，由冷冻井形成的冷冻阻挡层可以位于接近热源，生产井或其它井。原地转化处理井86可以位于距冷冻井小于1m，虽然较大的间距有利于限制冷冻阻挡层对原地转化处理井的影响，以及限制煤层加热对冷冻阻挡层的影响。
周边阻挡层可以使用于指定可调节的流出和/或保证接近处理区的区(例如地下水面或其它环境敏感区)基本上不受原地转化过程的影响。在周边阻挡层内的煤层可以使用原地转化过程处理。周边阻挡层可以阻止周边阻挡层的一个外侧的煤层受周边阻挡层内的煤层内使用的原地转化过程的影响。周边阻挡层可以阻止流体由处理区移出。周边阻挡层可以阻止周边阻挡层的外侧的温度升高至热解温度。
一些煤层在越过煤层的一部分具有较薄的覆盖层。一些煤层具有一个露头，它接近或延伸至地表面。在一些煤层内，一个覆盖层可以具有开裂或在热处理时发展的开裂，它连接或接近地表面。一些煤层可以具有可渗透部分，当煤层加热时它允许煤层流体逃逸至大气。一个地盖板可以设置在煤层的一部分，它允许或潜在地允许在热处理时煤层流体逃选至大气。
煤层的原地处理可以显著地改变煤层的特性，比如可渗透性和结构强度。由煤层生产碳氢化合物相当于由煤层清除含碳氢化合物材料。在一些实施例中，增加至煤层的热量可以使煤层开裂。清除含碳氢化合物材料和形成开裂可以影响煤层的结构整体性。处理区内选择的区域可以保持不处理，以促进煤层的结构完整性，以阻止下陷和/或开裂扩展。
碳氢化合物流体由煤层的一部分的产生是借助在煤层一部分进行的一项原地实验。煤是高挥发性软煤。煤层是用电加热器加热的。图12示出一个横剖面图，表示原地实验场试验系统。如图12所示，实验场试验系统包括煤层88。处理区76在周边阻挡层84内。周边阻挡层84是一个灰浆壁。碳氢化合物层58以角度约36°倾斜，其厚度约4.9m。
图13示出在实验场试验中使用的热源44a、44b、44c、生产井48a、48b、以及观察井90a、90b、90c、90d的位置。三个热源设置为三角形。生产井48a位于接近热源图案的中心，以及至每个热源是等距离的。第二生产井48b位于热源图案之外，以及至两个最近的热源是等距离间隔的。周边阻挡层84围绕热源图案和生产井形成。灰浆壁是由24个立柱形成的。周边阻挡层84阻止在原地实验时水流入此部分。此外，阻挡层84阻止产生的碳氢化合流体进入煤层未加热部分的损失。
温度测量是在实验的不同时间在四个观察井90a、90b、90c、90d每个中进行的，这些观察井位于热源图案的内部和外部，如图13所示。在每个观察井内测量的温度作为时间的一个函数显示于图14。在观察井90a内的温度(以直线92a代表)，在观察井90b内的温度(以直线92b代表)，在观察井90c内的温度(以直线92c代表)是彼此相当接近的。在观察井90d内的温度(92d)显著地低。此温度观察井位于图13所示的加热器井三角形的外面。这些数据说明，在热量重叠小的区域内温度显著的低。
图15示出在热源44a(以直线94a代表)，44b(以直线94b代表)和44c(以直线94c代表)测量的温度型面。温度型面在各热源是较均匀的。
图16示出产生的液体碳氢化合物积累体积96(m3)作为时间(天数)函数的关系图。
图17示出产生的气体积累体积98(m3)作为时间(天数)函数的关系图，用于相同的原地实验。图16和图17仅示出原地实验的热解阶段时的结果。
图18示出可冷凝的碳氢化合物的碳数目分布，它是使用一种缓慢的低温干馏过程生产的。在处理时产生较高质量的产品。图18内的结果与图19列出的结果一致。图19是使用与原地实验使用的类似的加热速率范围在实验室加热煤得出的结果。
表1列出在经受热处理(包括热解和产生合成气体)前和后煤的分析结果。煤是取芯钻探取自地面下约11-11.3m的煤层以及煤床的中部“处理前”和“处理后”的样品。两个煤芯子是取自相同的位置。两个煤芯子取自距热源44c约0.66m(在周边阻挡层84和热源44c之间)如图13所示。在下面表1内，表中各缩写字的意义如下：FA-Fischer分析；asrec’d-样品在其接收状态试验，没有任何其它的处理；Py-Water-热解时产生的水；H/C-氢/碳原子比；daf-无干灰；mmf-无干矿物质。煤芯子样品在处理的比重为约0.85，而处理前的比重为约1.35。
                                   表1
    分析   处理前   处理后
    ％镜煤素质反射率     0.54     5.16
    FA(gal/ton，as-rec’d)     11.81     0.17
    FA(wt％，as rec’d)     6.10     0.61
    FA Py-Water(gal/ton，as-rec’d)     10.54     2.22
    H/C Atomic Ratio     0.85     0.06
    H(wt％，daf)     5.31     0.44
    O(wt％，daf)     17.08     3.06
    N(wt％，daf)     1.43     1.35
    灰分(wt％，as rec’d)     32.72     56.50
    固定碳(wt％，dmmf)     54.45     94.43
    挥发物(wt％，dmmf)     45.55     5.57
    加热值(Btu/Ib，水分，mmf)     12048     14281
虽然芯子是取自图13内三个加热器形成的三角形外面的区域，芯子显示出芯子保持处理时显著的改变。表1所示的镜煤素反射率结果表明，保持在煤层内的煤的级别在处理时显著地增加。在处理前煤是高挥发的软煤C。然而处理后，煤基本上是无烟煤。在一个实施例中，生产的煤可以具有镜煤素质反射率大于约2.9％和/或加热值大于约25,000KJ/kg。
表1内所示的Fischer分析表明，在处理时煤内的大部分碳氢已移出。H/C原子比表明，在处理时煤内的大部分碳氢化合物已移出。显著数量的氮和灰分仍保留在煤层内。
总体地，表1所示的结果表明显著数量的碳氢化合物和氢在借助热解和产生合成气体的处理时已移出。显著数量的不希望的产物(灰分和氮)仍保留在煤层内，而显著数量的希望的产物(例如可冷凝的碳氢化合物和气体)已移出。
本发明的各个方面的其它改进和代替的实施例在技术熟练人员阅读本说明后可以明确理解。因此，本说明仅作为示范性的以及其目的是教导技术熟练人员实现本发明的一般的方式。应该理解，这里示出和说明的本发明的形式是取自现有的优选的实施例。这里示出的和说明的元件和材料是可以被取代的，零件和过程可以被修改，以及本发明的某些特点可以单独地使用，在了解本发明说明的利益之后，技术熟练人员将全部明白。在不脱离下列权利要求限定的本发明的精神和范围的条件下，在说明的元件内可以作出改变。此外，应该理解，这里独立地说明的特点在某些实施例中可以结合使用。

Claims (13)

1.一种由煤层生产升级煤的方法，包括：
由一个处理煤层的至少一部分生产升级煤，其中煤层用下列方法处理：
由一个或多个热源提供热量至煤层的至少一部分；
允许热量由至少一个或多个加热器传送至煤层的一部分；
从煤层产生流体；以及
其中处理使至少一部分煤升级。
2.按照权利要求1的方法，其特征在于，煤层是至少部分地热解。
3.按照权利要求1或2的方法，其特征在于，至少在煤内的一些碳氢化合物被热解。
4.按照权利要求1-3中任一项的方法，其特征在于，生产煤包括生产一种粉末状煤。
5.按照权利要求1-3中任一项的方法，其特征在于，生产煤包括生产一种料浆状煤。
6.按照权利要求1-5中任一项的方法，还包括提供一种流体至煤层的一部分以移走至少一些煤。
7.按照权利要求1-6中任何一项的方法，其特征在于，生产的煤包括硬煤。
8.按照权利要求1-6中任何一项的方法，其特征在于，在处理前煤并不含有大量的硬煤，以及生产的煤含有大量的硬煤。
9.按照权利要求1-8中任何一项的方法，其特征在于，至少一些生产的煤的碳含量大于约87重量％。
10.按照权利要求1-9中任何一项的方法，其特征在于，至少一些生产的煤的挥发物含量小于约5重量％。
11.按照权利要求1-10中任何一项的方法，其特征在于，至少一些生产的煤的加热值大于约25,000KJ/kg。
12.按照权利要求1-11中任何一项的方法，其特征在于，至少一些生产的煤的镜煤素质反射率大于约2.9％。
13.按照权利要求1-12中任何一项的方法，其特征在于，至少一部分生产的煤是使用于钢的生产。
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