CN1639939A - 电路保护系统 - Google Patents

电路保护系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1639939A
CN1639939A CNA038046075A CN03804607A CN1639939A CN 1639939 A CN1639939 A CN 1639939A CN A038046075 A CNA038046075 A CN A038046075A CN 03804607 A CN03804607 A CN 03804607A CN 1639939 A CN1639939 A CN 1639939A
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China
Prior art keywords
circuit breaker
circuit
processing unit
controlled processing
time
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Granted
Application number
CNA038046075A
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English (en)
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CN1639939B (zh
Inventor
托马斯·帕帕洛
格雷戈里·拉沃伊
戴维·弗莱彻
厄图格鲁尔·伯坎
威廉姆·普雷莫兰尼
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ABB AS Norway
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General Electric Co
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Publication of CN1639939A publication Critical patent/CN1639939A/zh
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Publication of CN1639939B publication Critical patent/CN1639939B/zh
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
    • H02H7/261—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured involving signal transmission between at least two stations
    • H02H7/262—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured involving signal transmission between at least two stations involving transmissions of switching or blocking orders
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F1/00—Details not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00 and G06F21/00
    • G06F1/04—Generating or distributing clock signals or signals derived directly therefrom
    • G06F1/12—Synchronisation of different clock signals provided by a plurality of clock generators
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/05—Digital input using the sampling of an analogue quantity at regular intervals of time, input from a/d converter or output to d/a converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H83/00—Protective switches, e.g. circuit-breaking switches, or protective relays operated by abnormal electrical conditions otherwise than solely by excess current
    • H01H83/20—Protective switches, e.g. circuit-breaking switches, or protective relays operated by abnormal electrical conditions otherwise than solely by excess current operated by excess current as well as by some other abnormal electrical condition
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/006—Calibration or setting of parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
    • H02H7/261—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured involving signal transmission between at least two stations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
    • H02H7/261—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured involving signal transmission between at least two stations
    • H02H7/263—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured involving signal transmission between at least two stations involving transmissions of measured values
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
    • H02H7/30—Staggered disconnection
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02J13/00007—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission
    • H02J13/00009—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission using pulsed signals
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00012—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using an auxiliary transmission line
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00016—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using a wired telecommunication network or a data transmission bus
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00028—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment involving the use of Internet protocols
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00032—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for
    • H02J13/00034—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving an electric power substation
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    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00032—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for
    • H02J13/00036—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00032—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for
    • H02J13/00036—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers
    • H02J13/0004—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers involved in a protection system
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H02J2310/50—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
    • H02J2310/56—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads characterised by the condition upon which the selective controlling is based
    • H02J2310/62—The condition being non-electrical, e.g. temperature
    • H02J2310/64—The condition being economic, e.g. tariff based load management
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Abstract

提供一种电路保护系统(28)。如果在电路中探测到故障，则该电路保护系统提供一个动态延迟时间给一个上游断路器(415)，其中动态延迟时间可基于故障的位置，如最靠近下游断路器(420)。

Description

电路保护系统
技术领域
本发明整体涉及配电系统，并且更具体地，涉及一种用于为在整个系统中的断路器提供动态延迟时间的电路保护系统的方法和装置。
背景技术
在配电系统中，电力被分配到各种负载，并且一般被划分成支路，这些支路向指定的负载供电。支路也能被连接到各种其它配电设备上，如把供给电压降低以便由一件特定电气设备使用的变压器上。
由于对在系统中异常电力状态，即故障，的担心，熟知的是，提供电路保护装置以及配电设备，这些电路保护装置，例如保护各种负载的断路器。断路器寻求防止危害或使之最小，并且一般断路器自动地起作用。断路器也寻求使在故障情况下电气服务中断的范围和持续时间最小。
还知道，利用具有预编程时间延迟的上游断路器，从而下游断路器有机会在上游断路器断开或跳闸之前清除故障。在已知的区域选择性互锁系统中，下游断路器能通过布线与上游断路器直接通信，从而下游断路器把一个信号发送到上游断路器，而把上游断路器置于约束模式中。在约束模式中，断路器临时约束免于断开或跳闸，直到一个预定时间延迟已经过去后。断路器每个都具有并入其中的预编程时间延迟设置。这种类型的系统根据预置的、与上游断路器有关的恒定时间段提供时间延迟。这样，上游断路器将延迟一个预置的时间段跳闸，而与配电系统中的故障位置无关。
断路器能以分层或树状配置而排列，这种配置具有使上游断路器靠近电源而使下游断路器靠近负载的多个层或级。为了使业务中断最少，最靠近故障的断路器将首先试图中断故障电流。如果这个第一断路器不及时地清除故障，那么下一级的上游断路器将试图这样做。然而，这能导致当探测到故障时从故障上游多级断路器跳闸的问题，这导致对下游多级负载的电力损失，这些负载本不该受影响。
这样一种系统不根据向下游断路器提供清除故障机会的最佳时间段延迟上游断路器。在电路具有下游电路分支、和具有不同临时性质，如断路器的清除时间或预置延迟时间，的断路器的场合，这样一种系统未能考虑这些差别。这增加了对系统损坏的危险，其中上游断路器根据故障的位置具有太长的预置时间延迟。这也降低了系统的效率，其中，上游断路器根据故障的位置具有太短的预置时间延迟，并且在下游断路器具有清除故障的充分机会之前断开。这种系统也具有需要硬线连接上游断路器与下游断路器的每一个的缺陷。在一种多层叠和多源系统中，这可能要求复杂和高成本的布线方案。
因而，有对将电路保护系统并入配电系统的需要，这些配电系统减少了损坏的危险并提高了配电系统的效率。还需要这样的保护系统：当配电系统变化时能改变保护的区域和保护的时间延迟，并且提供优化的保护而不牺牲选择性。
发明内容
在一个方面，提供一种保护电路的方法，该电路具有一个第一断路器和在该第一断路器下游的第二断路器。该方法包括：探测在电路中的故障，该故障在第二断路器的下游；确定用来断开第一断路器的动态延迟时间；及在该动态延迟时间过去之后才断开第一断路器。
在另一方面，提供一种保护电路的方法，该电路具有一个设置在多个第二断路器上游的第一断路器。该方法包括：探测在电路中的故障；确定故障的位置；至少部分根据故障的位置确定用来断开第一断路器的动态延迟时间；及延迟断开第一断路器直到该动态延迟时间过去之后。
在又一个方面，提供一种保护系统，该系统联接到一个电路上，该电路具有一个设置在多个第二断路器上游的第一断路器。该系统包括一个网络、和至少一个可操作地控制第一断路器和多个第二断路器的控制处理单元。该网络可通信地联接到该电路、第一断路器、多个第二断路器和控制处理单元上。如果在电路中探测到故障，则控制处理单元确定用来断开第一断路器的动态延迟时间。控制处理单元延迟断开第一断路器直到动态延迟时间过去之后。
在再一个方面，提供一种配电系统，该配电系统包括一个具有多个断路器的电路、至少一个电源、及至少一个负载。多个断路器设置成使至少一个第一断路器在多个第二断路器的上游。该系统还包括一个网络、和至少一个可操作地控制多个断路器的控制处理单元。该网络可通信地联接到控制处理单元和电路上。如果在电路中探测到故障，则控制处理单元确定用来断开第一断路器的动态延迟时间。控制处理单元延迟断开第一断路器直到动态延迟时间过去之后。
由如下详细描述、附图、及附加权利要求书，本领域的技术人员将明白和理解本发明的上述和其它特征及优点。
附图说明
图1是一种配电系统的示意说明；
图2是图1的配电系统的一个模块的示意说明；
图3是用于图1的保护系统的响应时间；
图4是一种多源配电系统的示意说明；
图5是图4的系统的一部分的示意说明，故障出现在馈电断路器1的上游；
图6是图4的系统的该部分的示意说明，故障出现在馈电断路器2的下游；
图7是图4的系统的该部分的示意说明，故障出现在主断路器1的下游；
图8是图4的系统的一部分的示意说明，一个联络断路器处于断开或跳闸状态；及
图9是图4的系统的该部分的示意说明，一个主断路器2处于断开或跳闸状态。
具体实施方式
现在参照附图和特别是图1，示出了整体由标号10指示的一种配电系统的示范实施例。系统10将电力从至少一根电力母线12经数个或多个断路器14分配到支路16。
电力母线12通过例子表明为具有第一相18、第二相20、及第三相22的三相电力系统。电力母线12也能包括一个中间相位(未示出)。为了清楚的目的，举例说明的系统10将电力从电力母线12通过四个断路器14分配到四个电路16。当然，由本发明能想到，电力母线12能具有任何希望数量的相，并且/或者系统10能具有任何希望数量的断路器14。
每个断路器14带有一组可分离的触头24(示意地表明)。触头24选择性地将电力母线12置成与在电路16上的至少一个负载(也示意地表明)联通。负载能包括，例如但不限于电动机、电焊机、计算机、加热器、照明设备、和/或其它电气设备的装置
在图1中表明的配电系统10具有中央控制的和完全集成的保护、监视、及控制系统26(下文为“系统”)的示范实施例。系统26被配置成从一个中央控制处理单元28(下文为“CCPU”)控制和监视配电系统10。CCPU28与在一个数据网络32上的数个或多个数据取样和传输模块30(下文为“模块”)通信。网络32把来自所有模块30的所有信息基本上同时传送到CCPU28。
因而，系统26能包括保护和控制方案，这些保护和控制方案考虑到在一个或所有断路器14处的诸如电流值和相位之类的电信号的值。而且，系统26把配电系统10的各个断路器14的保护、控制、及监视功能集成在一个单一、中心化的控制处理器(例如，CCPU28)中。系统26向CCPU28提供通过在网络32上与模块30和断路器14数字通信得到的一个同步的信息组的全部，并且向CCPU提供根据这个完全数据组操作这些装置的能力。
明确地说，CCPU28完成用于配电系统10的所有主要配电功能。即，CCPU28完成系统26的所有的瞬时过流保护(IOC)、分类时间过流、长时间过流、继电器保护、及逻辑控制以及数字信号处理功能。因而，系统26能够使设置变化，并且使数据记录在单个、中央位置，即CCPU28。CCPU28这里通过例子描述为中央处理单元。当然，通过本发明能想到，CCPU28包括任何可编程电路，例如但不限于计算机、处理器、微控制器、微型计算机、可编程逻辑控制器、专用集成电路、及其它可编程电路
如图1中所示，每个模块30与断路器14之一通信。每个模块30也与检测总线12和/或电路16的每相(例如，第一相18、第二相20、第三相22、及中线(neutral))中的电力的状态或电气参数的至少一个传感器34通信。传感器34能包括电流互感器(CT)、电压互感器(PT)及其任一组合。传感器34监视在电路16中的引入电力的状态或电气参数，并且把代表电力状态或参数的第一信号36提供给模块30。例如，传感器34能是电流互感器，这些电流互感器产生一个与在电路16中的电流成比例的二次电流，从而第一信号36是二次电流。
模块30向断路器14发送一个或多个第二信号38，并且/或者从其接收该第二信号38。第二信号38能代表断路器14的一个或多个状态，例如但不限于可分离触头24的位置或状态、弹簧加载开关状态、联锁状态或条件、及其它。另外，模块30设置成通过向断路器发送一个或多个第三信号40而操作或致动断路器14，以便如希望的那样断开/闭合可分离触头24，如断开/闭合命令或信号。在一个第一实施例中，断路器14不能断开可分离触头24，除非由系统26指令它这样做。
系统26利用数据网络32，用于来自模块30的数据获得和到模块的数据通信。因而，网络32设置成在CCPU28与模块30之间提供希望级的通信容量和业务管理(traffic management)。在一个示范实施例中，网络32能设置成不在模块30之间实现通信(即，没有模块对模块通信)。
另外，系统26能设置成，提供一种一致的故障响应时间。如这里使用的那样，系统26的故障响应时间被定义为在当故障状态发生时与模块30向其相关的断路器14发出跳闸命令时之间的时间。在一个示范实施例中，系统26具有小于60Hz(赫兹)波形的单个周期的故障响应时间。例如，系统26能具有约三毫秒的最大故障响应时间。
网络32的配置和操作协议能设置成提供上述的通信容量和响应时间。例如，网络32能是具有在图1中表明的星形布局的以太网。在这个实施例中，网络32是一种具有一般由删除和/或失效的以太网采用的碰撞检测多路访问(CSMA/CD)协议的全双工网络。倒不如说，网络32是用来管理碰撞域的被切换的以太网。
在这种配置中，网络32提供至少约100Mbps(兆位每秒)的数据传输速率。例如，数据传输速率能是约1Gbps(吉位每秒)。另外，跨过网络32在CCPU28与模块30之间的通信能被管理，以优化网络32的使用。例如，通过调节消息量、消息频率、消息内容、和/或网络速度的一个或多个能优化网络32。
因而，网络32提供响应时间，该响应时间包括计划通信、固定消息长度、全双工操作模式、及防止碰撞的交换机，从而在下组消息计划到达之前，所有消息都被移动到在CCPU28中的存储器。这样，系统26能在中央位置和以集中方式完成希望的控制、监视、及保护功能。
应该认识到，以上通过例子把数据网络32仅描述为具有特定配置、布局、及数据传输协议的以太网络。当然，本发明想到任何数据传输网络的使用，这种网络保证希望的数据容量和完成希望的功能性范围所必需的一致故障响应时间。示范实施例实现在CCPU28与模块30之间的子周期传输时间和完全样本数据，以便对于多个模块以与传统装置相关的准确度和速度完成所有配电功能。
CCPU28能相互依赖地完成支路保护、区域保护、及继电器保护，因为系统信息的全部都在一个中央位置，即在CCPU处。另外，CCPU28基于中央设置的系统信息能完成一种或多种监视功能。因而，系统26提供现有系统没有考虑到的相干和集成的保护、控制、及监视操作法。例如，系统26以低成本和易于安装系统的方式集成和协调负载管理、馈电管理、系统监视、及其它系统保护功能。
在图2中表明模块30的一个示范实施例。模块30具有一个微处理器42、一根数据总线44、一个网络接口46、一个电源48、及一个或多个存储器装置50。
电源48设置成从一个第一电源52和/或一个第二电源54接收电力。第一电源52能是不间断电源(未示出)、多个电池(未示出)、电力母线(未示出)、及其它电源的一个或多个。在表明的实施例中，第二电源54是从传感器34得到的二次电流。
电源48设置成把电力56从第一和第二电源52、54提供到模块30。例如，电源48能向微处理器42、数据总线44、网络接口46及存储器装置50提供电力56。电源48也设置成把一个第四信号58提供给微处理器42。第四信号58指示什么电源向电源48供电。例如，第四信号58能指示电源48是否正在从第一电源52、第二电源54、或第一和第二电源两者接收电力。
网络接口46和存储器装置50在数据总线44上与微处理器42通信。网络接口46能连接到网络32，从而微处理器42与CCPU28通信。
微处理器42接收第一信号36和第二信号38的数字表示。第一信号36是由传感器34收集的连续模拟数据，而第二信号38是来自断路器14的离散模拟数据。这样，从模块30发送到CCPU28的数据是实际电压、电流、及装置状态的数字表示。例如，第一信号36能是指示在电路16中的电流和/或电压的模拟信号。
因而，系统26通过网络32把实际原始参数或离散的电气数据(即，第一信号36)和装置物理状态(即，第二信号38)提供给CCPU28，而不是由装置诸如跳闸单元、仪表、或继电器取样、产生、及存储的处理过的综合信息。结果，CCPU28具有借助于其进行决定的完整、原始系统范围的数据，并因此能根据从与驻留在CCPU28中的控制和保护算法需要的一样多的模块30导出的信息，在网络32上操作任一或全部断路器14。
模块30具有一个信号调节器60和一个模-数转换器62。第一信号36由信号调节器60调节，并由A/D转换器62转换成数字信号64。这样，模块30收集第一信号36，并且把代表在第一信号中的原始数据的数字信号64呈现给微处理器42。例如，信号调节器60能包括一个提高第一信号36的信噪比的滤波电路(未示出)、一个放大第一信号的增益电路(未示出)、一个将第一信号移动到预定范围的电平调整电路(未示出)、一个便于第一信号到A/D转换器62的传输的阻抗匹配电路(未示出)、及其任一组合。而且，A/D转换器62能是一个取样保持转换器，借助于来自微处理器42或一个由微处理器42控制的时钟电路68的外部转换启动信号66使数字信号64同步。
希望基本上同时收集来自在系统26中的所有模块30的数字信号64。明确地说，希望来自在系统26中的所有模块30的数字信号64代表在配电系统10中的电力的基本相同时刻的瞬态。
模块30至少部分基于同步信号或指令70取样数字信号64，如在图1中表明的那样。同步指令70能产生于在CCPU28内部或外部的一个同步时钟72。同步指令70同时在网络32上从CCPU28传送到模块30。同步时钟72以均匀间隔把同步指令70发送到CCPU28，CCPU28在网络32上把指令输送到模块30。
模块30使用同步指令70修改驻留取样协议。例如，每个模块30能具有一种驻留在微处理器42上的同步算法。驻留在微处理器42上的同步算法能是软件锁相环算法。软件锁相环算法部分基于来自CCPU28的同步指令70调整模块30的取样时段。这样，CCPU28和模块30在系统26中一起工作，以保证使来自系统中所有模块的取样(即，数字信号64)同步。
因而，系统26设置成部分基于同步指令70从模块30收集数字信号64，从而数字信号代表相同时刻的瞬态，如彼此处于一个预定时间窗口内。这样，CCPU28能具有一组代表在配电系统10内的每个被监视位置(例如模块30)的状态的精确数据。预定时间窗口能小于约10微秒。例如，预定时间窗口能是约五微秒。
系统26的预定时间窗口会受网络32的端口对端口可变性的影响。在一个示范实施例中，网络32具有在约24纳秒至约720纳秒范围内的端口对端口可变性。在一个可替换示范实施例中，网络32具有约2微秒的最大端口对端口可变性。
已经确定，通过系统26对于这种预定时间窗口的所有模块30的控制，在跨过模块的测量和向量函数、借助于坐标数据的系统波形捕获、准确事件记录、及其它特征方面能够实现希望级的准确度。在一个示范实施例中，希望级的准确度等于传统装置的准确度和速度。例如，约十微秒的预定时间窗口在测量和向量函数方面提供约99％的准确度。
从每个断路器14到每个模块30的第二信号38指示断路器的一种或多种状态。第二信号38被提供给模块30的分立I/O电路74。电路74与断路器14和微处理器42通信。电路74设置成保证来自断路器14的第二信号38在希望电压下和没有抖动(jitter)地被提供给微处理器42。例如，电路7 4可以包括去跳动(de-bounce)电路和多个比较器。
微处理器42取样由CCPU同步的第一和第二信号36、38。然后，转换器62把第一和第二信号36、38转换成数字信号64，数字信号64由微处理器42包入具有希望配置的第一消息76。第一消息76能包括一个指示符，该指示符指示第一消息响应哪个同步信号70。这样，第一消息76响应哪个同步信号70的指示符返回到CCPU28用于取样时间标识。
CCPU28在网络32上从模块30的每一个接收第一消息76，并且对全部第一消息中发送的数据执行一种或多种保护和/或监视算法。根据来自一个或多个模块30的第一消息76，CCPU28能控制一个或多个断路器14的操作。例如，当CCPU28从第一消息76的一个或多个探测到故障时，CCPU通过网络32把一个第二消息78发送到一个或多个模块30，如断开或闭合命令或信号、或者断路器致动或去致动(deactuation)命令或信号。
响应第二消息78，微处理器42使第三信号40操作或致动(例如，断开触头24)断路器14。断路器14能包括多于一个操作或致动机构。例如，断路器14能具有一个并联跳闸装置80和一个磁性保持螺线管82。微处理器42设置成发送一个第一输出84以操作并联跳闸装置80和/或一个第二输出86以操作螺线管82。第一输出84指令一个电力控制模块88把第三信号40(即，电力)提供到并联跳闸装置80，该并联跳闸装置80能分离触头24。第二输出86指令一个闸门电路90把第三信号40提供给螺线管82(即，磁通移动器)以分离触头24。应该注意，并联跳闸装置80要求第一电源52存在，而螺线管82仅当第二电源54存在时才能操作。以这种方式，微处理器42能响应第二消息78而操作断路器14，而与第一和第二电源52、54的状态无关。另外，能提供一个联锁装置，该联锁装置可操作地连接到断路器14上。
除操作断路器14之外，模块30能与一个或多个本地输入和/或输出装置94通信。例如，本地输出装置94能是一个模块状态指示器，如可视或可听指示器。在一个实施例中，装置94是一个设置成传达模块30的状态的发光二极管(LED)。在另一个实施例中，本地输入装置94能是用来手动操作模块30的一个或多个部分的状态修改按钮。在又一个实施例中，本地输入装置94是一个用于与模块30本地通信的模块接口。
因而，模块30适于从传感器34取样第一信号36，如由CCPU同步的那样。模块30然后将所需要的第一和第二信号36、38的数字表示(即，数字信号64)、以及其它信息包入第一消息76中。来自所有模块30的第一消息76通过网络32发送到CCPU28。CCPU28处理第一消息76，并且在第二消息78中产生和存储控制每个断路器14的操作的指令。CCPU28将第二消息78发送到所有的模块30。在一个示范实施例中，CCPU28响应同步指令70将第二消息78发送到所有的模块30。
因而，系统26能根据来自单独断路器的信息、或与来自在系统26中的其它断路器的一个或多个的信息相结合，控制每个断路器14。在正常的操作条件下，系统26在CCPU28处完成所有监视、保护、及控制决定。
由于系统2 6的保护和监视算法驻留在CCPU28中，所以这些算法能实施，而在断路器14或模块30中不需要硬件或软件变化。例如，系统26能包括一个与CCPU28通信的数据进入装置92，如人机接口(HMI)。在这个实施例中，从数据进入装置92能容易地修改驻留在CCPU28上的保护和监视算法的一种或多种属性和功能。这样，断路器14和模块30能比现有系统的断路器/跳闸单元更加标准化。例如，需要超过一百个分立断路器/跳闸单元，以提供对于配电系统的保护通常需要的全值范围。然而，由系统26实现的断路器14和模块30的自身特性(genetic nature)能将该数量减少百分之六十以上。这样，系统26能解决现有配电系统的库存(inventory)问题、更新能力(retrofittability)问题、设计滞后问题、安装滞后问题、以及成本问题。
应该认识到，系统26以上被描述成具有一个与模块30经由单个网络32通信的CCPU28。然而，由本发明想到，系统26能具有在图1中用虚线表明的冗余CCPU28和网络32。例如，在图2中表明的模块30具有两个网络接口46。每个接口46设置成可操作地将模块30通过分立的数据网络32连接到一个分立的CCPU28上。以这种方式，系统26即使在冗余系统之一失效的情况下也保持可操作。
模块30能进一步包括一个或多个独立于CCPU28的、用来控制断路器14的备用系统。例如，系统26在第一电源52中电力中断的情况下、在CCPU28的初始启动期间、在网络32失效的情况下、及由于其它原因可能不能保护电路16。在这些失效的条件下，每个模块30包括一个或多个备用系统，以保证至少某种保护被提供给断路器14。备用系统能包括由第二电源54驱动的模拟电路、由第二电源54驱动的分立微处理器、及其它的一个或多个。
现在参照图3，用于系统26的响应时间95的示范实施例表明具有系统操作稳定性(例如，在启动模式下不起作用)。响应时间95表示为在T0处开始而在T1处结束。响应时间95是取样时间96、接收/确认时间97、过程时间98、传输时间99、及译码/执行时间100之和。
在这个例子中，系统26包括每个都连接到一个不同断路器14上的二十四个模块30。每个模块30由锁相环算法和同步指令70计划，以便以每个周期128个样本的规定速率下取样其第一信号36。取样时间96包括每个约0.13毫秒(ms)的四个取样时段101。这样，取样时间96是约0.27ms，用于数据取样和包入第一消息76。
接收/确认时间97在接收到同步指令70时开始。在一个示范实施例中，接收/确认时间97是一个固定时间，即例如，由数据网络32的延迟时间所确定的接收所有第一消息76需要的时间。例如，接收/确认时间97能是约0.25ms，其中每个第一消息76具有约1000位的大小，系统26包括二十四个模块30(即，24,000位)，并且网络32在约100Mbps下工作。因而，CCPU28在接收/确认时间97期间管理第一消息76到该CCPU的通信和移动。
保护过程(即，过程时间98)在固定的接收/确认时间97结束时开始，而与第一消息76的接收无关。如果任何模块30不是正在发送第一消息76，则CCPU28标记这种错误，并且完成具有有效数据的所有功能。由于系统26负责多个模块30的保护和控制，所以CCPU28设置成不会由于来自单个模块30的数据(即，第一消息76)损失而停止整个系统。在一个示范实施例中，过程时间98是约0.52ms。
CCPU28在过程时间98期间产生第二消息78。第二消息78能是二十四条第二消息(即，每个模块30一条)，每条具有每模块约64位的大小。要不然，由本发明想到，第二消息78是单播、多播或广播消息。在这个实施例中，第二消息78包括用于每个模块30的指令，并且具有约1600位的大小。
传输时间99是跨过网络32传输第二消息78必需的时间。在其中网络32正在以100Mbps操作并且第二消息78是约1600位的例子中，传输时间99是约0.016ms。
也想到，第二消息78包括同步指令70的一部分。例如，CCPU28能设置成，在从时钟72接收到下个同步指令70时发送第二消息78。在这个例子中，在连续第二消息76之间的间隔能由模块30测量，并且在第二消息中的同步信息，如果有的话，能由驻留在微处理器42上的同步算法使用。
一旦模块30接收到第二消息78，每个模块就在译码/执行时间100内译码该消息，并且执行其指令(即，发送第三信号40)，如果有的话。例如，译码/执行时间100能是约0.05ms。
在这个例子中，响应时间95是约1.11ms。当然，应该认识到，系统响应时间95能根据系统26的需要加速或减速。例如，系统响应时间95能通过改变取样时段、每次传输的样本数量、模块30的数量、消息量、消息频率、消息内容、及/或网络速度的一个或多个而被调整。
由本发明想到，系统26具有高达约3毫秒的响应时间95。这样，系统26设置成，在从传感器34检测到设置参数外的条件时起在约3毫秒内能断开其任意断路器。
参照图4，说明整体由标号105指示的一种多源、多层配电系统的一个示范实施例，该实施例具有与由相同标号指示的图1的特征相类似的特征。系统105如相对于图1至3的实施例在以上描述的那样起作用，并且能包括相同的特征，不同之处在于多源、多层配置。系统105将电力从至少一根电力馈电线112，在这个实施例中为第一和第二电力馈电线，通过一根配电总线150分配到数个或多个断路器14，并且分配到数个或多个负载130。CCPU28能包括一个数据传输装置140，如CD-ROM驱动器或软盘驱动器，用来从诸如CD-ROM或软盘之类的介质145读取数据或指令。
断路器14被设置成分层、多级或多层配置，这种配置具有断路器的第一级110和断路器的第二级120。当然，断路器14的任何数量的级或配置能与系统105一起使用。断路器14的分层配置提供在第一级110中的断路器，这些断路器在第二级120中的断路器的上游。在系统105中的电力有异常状态的情况下，即有故障的情况下，保护系统26寻求通过用故障上游的最近断路器14试图清除故障来协调系统。离故障最近的断路器的上游的断路器14保持闭合，直到下游断路器不能清除故障。对于系统105中的电力的任何异常状态或参数，如长时间、短时间或瞬时过流、或过大接地电流，能实施保护系统26。
为了为最靠近故障的断路器14提供足够的时间以在断开上游断路器之前试图清除故障，上游断路器以调整或动态延迟时间提供有一个断开命令。在断开断路器之前在过去的修改动态延迟时间处，上游断路器14提供有一个断开命令。在一个示范实施例中，用来断开上游断路器14的修改动态延迟时间，基于故障在系统105中的位置。最好，用来断开上游断路器14的修改动态延迟时间，基于故障相对于断路器和/或其它装置的位置和系统105的布局。保护系统26的CCPU28能依据在电力流层级中何处检测到故障以修改动态延迟时间为整个配电系统105中的上游断路器14提供断开命令，并且用来断开这些断路器的每一个的修改动态延迟时间最好能在一个无限范围上。保护系统26减小故障清除时间，因为CCPU28以修改动态延迟时间为上游断路器14提供断开命令，这些修改动态延迟时间是基于故障位置的最佳时间段。已经发现，与当代系统的使用相比，通过保护系统26的使用，故障清除时间已经减小约50％。
参照图5，说明配电系统105的一部分的一个示范实施例，配电系统105具有两层级电路，该电路具有一个在并联的馈电线1 CB 420和馈电线2 CB 425上游的主-1断路器(CB)415。电力流从变压器412经主-1 CB 415、馈电线1 CB 420和馈电线2 CB 425到负载431、432。在故障X出现在馈电线1 CB 420与负载431之间的情况下，故障的存在和故障的位置由CCPU28按以上描述的和由标号450示意代表的方式确定。故障X上游的最近断路器，即馈电线1 CB 420，由CCPU28放置到“检波模式”中，并且在断开之前等待预定义的延迟时间。用来断开主-1 CB 415(在故障X上游第二最靠近的断路器)的修改动态延迟时间然后由区域选择性互锁(ZSI)例行程序426确定。在一个示范实施例中，ZSI例行程序426是由CCPU28执行的一种算法等。CCPU28确定用来断开任何数量的上游断路器14的动态延迟时间，并且提供断开或致动命令以便以该动态延迟时间断开断路器。
在一个示范实施例中，用于主-1 CB 415的修改动态延迟时间由预定义延迟时间与馈电线1 CB 420的清除时间之和确定。预定义延迟时间被设置到最好服务负载431。诸如馈电线1 CB 420之类断路器的清除时间取决于断路器的类型。然后根据由CCPU28确定的值修改用来断开主-1 CB 415的延迟时间，如由标号475示意代表的那样。这在主-1 CB 415断开之前给馈电线1 CB 420用于使馈电线1 CB 420清除故障X的最佳时间。由ZSI例行程序426确定的修改动态延迟时间降低对于系统105的潜在损害。修改动态延迟时间也通过将主-1 CB 415的断开延迟该最佳时间段以为下游断路器，馈电线1 CB420，提供清除故障X的充分机会从而其它负载，即负载432仍能接收电力，而提高了系统105的效率。
参照图6，配电系统105具有一个两层级电路的部分表示成有故障X出现在馈电线2 CB 425与负载432之间。以上述方式，确定故障X的存在和位置，如由标号450代表的那样。ZSI例行程序426确定用来断开主-1 CB 415的动态延迟时间，如由标号475代表的那样。在馈电线2 CB 425具有对于最好服务负载432设置的不同预定义延迟时间和/或与馈电线1 CB 420不同的清除时间的场合，ZSI例行程序426确定一个用来断开主-1 CB 415的不同动态延迟时间。在用来断开主-1 CB 415的两个修改动态延迟时间(图5和6)的差别是基于在系统105中故障X相对于馈电线1 CB 420和馈电线2 CB425的位置。
参照图7，配电系统105具有一个两层级电路的部分表示成有故障X出现在主-1 CB 415与馈电线1 CB 420或馈电线2 CB 425之间。以上述方式，确定故障X的存在和位置，如由标号480示意代表的那样。由于只有主-1 CB 415适于清除故障X，所以ZSI例行程序426不修改断开主-1 CB的动态延迟时间，并且主-1 CB以其预定义的延迟断开，这种预定义的延迟一般远小于在以上两个例子中的动态延迟时间。
参照图4至7，CCPU28通过使断路器14最靠近故障而协调保护系统26以清除故障。保护系统26可变地调节用来断开上游断路器14的动态延迟时间，以便为最靠近故障的下游断路器提供备用保护。在最靠近故障的下游断路器14不能清除故障的情况下，邻近的上游断路器将试图用基于其修改动态延迟时间的最小附加延迟来清除故障。如图7中所示，当在主断路器与馈电线断路器之间，例如主-1 CB415与馈电线1 CB 420之间，发生故障时，主-1 CB断开的最小延迟减少允许通过的能量。这减小了系统应力、损害及使操作和服务人员暴露的可能电弧能量，同时保持选择性。在一个示范实施例中，保护系统26和CCPU28允许ZSI例行程序426的实施，以修改用来断开在整个系统105中的任何断路器14的动态延迟时间，而不需要断路器的每一个相互的辅助布线联接。CCPU28向上游断路器14提供一个断开命令，以便以由ZSI例行程序426确定的动态延迟时间断开。
在一个示范实施例中，ZSI例行程序426在CCPU28处被执行，并且与用于每个模块30的各个保护功能相互作用，这些功能也在CCPU处被确定。ZSI例行程序426也能使用用于断路器14的预置清除时间，或者用于断路器的清除时间能由CCPU28根据CCPU所知道的实际硬件确定。CCPU28有效地知道配电系统105的布局，这允许CCPU以无限范围的时间断开断路器14。
参照图8，表示具有由一个联络CB 700联接的一个第一两层级电路分支490和一个第二两层级电路分支790。在这个电路中，联络CB 700的断开已经在电路分支490和电路分支790中产生两个分离的保护区，电路分支790具有一个变压器712。在故障的情况下，保护系统26独立地对于电路分支490、790的每一个实施ZSI例行程序426，如相对于图5至7的两层级电路分支描述的那样。
参照图9，表示配电系统105的部分，此时主-2 CB 715是断开的而联络CB 700是闭合的。主-2 CB 715的断开和联络CB 700的闭合已经创建一个具有在第三层或级的断路器中的馈电线3 CB 720和馈电线4 CB 725的新的单个三叠层保护区。包括主-2 CB 715和联络CB 700的所有断路器的状态由CCPU28得知，如由标号450示意代表的那样。在馈电线1 CB 420或馈电线2 CB 425的上游的第一电路分支490中有故障(未示出)的情况下，ZSI例行程序426会修改用来断开主-1 CB 415的动态延迟时间，如相对于图5或图6在以上描述的那样。
在馈电线3 CB 720(或馈电线4 CB 725)的上游的第二电路分支790中有故障(未示出)的情况下，ZSI例行程序426会修改用来断开联络CB 700和主-1 CB 415的动态延迟时间。在一个示范实施例中，用来断开联络CB 700的修改动态延迟时间由馈电线3 CB 720(或馈电线4 CB 725)的预定义延迟时间和清除时间之和确定。然后根据由CCPU28确定的值修改用来断开联络CB 700的动态延迟时间，如由标号500示意代表的那样。这给馈电线3 CB 720(或馈电线4 CB 725)提供一个在断开联络CB 700之前清除故障的最佳时间。而且，然后用来断开主-1 CB 415的修改动态延迟时间由联络CB 700的修改动态延迟时间和清除时间之和确定。然后根据由CCPU28确定的值修改用来断开主-1 CB 415的动态延迟时间，如由标号475示意代表的那样。这给联络CB 700提供一个在由来自CCPU28的断开命令断开主-1 CB 415之前清除故障的最佳时间。
在联络CB 700与馈电线3 CB 720(或馈电线4 CB 725)之间有故障的情况下，用来断开主-1 CB 415的动态延迟时间由联络CB 700的预定义延迟和清除时间之和修改。用来断开联络CB 700的延迟不被修改，因为它是在故障上游用来消除故障的最近断路器。
在一个示范实施例中，在包括ZSI例行程序426的CCPU28处完成的保护功能，是基于断路器14的状态信息或状态、以及电流。通过保护系统26的使用，状态信息由CCPU28得知。状态信息与在配电系统105中的电流和电压同步。CCPU28有效地得知配电系统105的布局，并且使用状态信息跟踪系统中的布局变化。CCPU28和ZSI例行程序426利用配电系统105的布局信息而优化服务和保护。
当然，由本发明想到，配电系统105具有任何数量的层或级和任何配置的支路。用来断开故障上游任何数量的断路器14的动态延迟时间能如以上描述那样，根据故障在电力流层级中的位置而被修改。另外，保护区和动态延迟时间能随着配电系统105的变化而变化。在一个可替换实施例中，ZSI例行程序426能根据其它因素使用不同算法来修改用来断开上游断路器14的动态延迟时间。保护系统26根据任何数量的因素，包括故障的位置，允许动态改变用来断开在整个配电系统105中的断路器14的延迟时间。保护系统26也允许上游断路器14，作为下游断路器14与其自己的电流和检波设置相对的故障电流和检波设置的函数，进入检波模式。
图1至9的实施例描述在CCPU28处的ZSI例行程序426的实施。然而，由本发明想到，用来断开断路器14的动态延迟时间的使用和/或ZSI例行程序426的使用能以其它方式实施，如借助于具有通过CCPU28的监督的分配控制系统、或具有对等通信的分配控制系统。在这样的分配控制系统中，用来断开上游断路器14的延迟时间被修改成一个动态延迟时间和/或至少部分基于在电力流层级中的故障位置。用于上游断路器14的动态延迟时间也能被确定，并且被传送到上游断路器和/或可操作地连接到断路器上的断路器致动器。
在一个示范实施例中，使用CCPU28和ZSI例行程序426的保护系统26代替传统的时间-电流和固定-延迟保护，同时实现选择性和可靠的备用保护。馈电线断路器(负载侧)最好被设置成可靠地服务于其负载，而主断路器和联络断路器(线侧)动态地设置其延迟和电流设置，以便当馈电线电路经历故障时最好地适用于每条馈电线。故障的确定能基于馈电线的设置和传感器。在一种传统系统中，在联络断路器或主断路器处的故障检测基于在这些跳闸处的设置、和流经相应断路器的电流。如果电流幅值不足以被识别为故障，则跳闸单元将不启动跳闸，并因此提供无备用功能。没有允许保护系统26选择地操作和对使用装置的机械极限提供保护所需要的附加安全余量或不必要的时间延迟。保护系统26也应用在配电系统105中装置的短路范围内。当CCPU28检测在任何负载侧装置的短路范围内的故障时，如果CCPU检测到负载侧装置不是正在清除故障，则下个线侧装置准备立即操作，即使故障可能不在分配给线侧装置的当前范围内。当馈电线断路器未能断开时或者如果故障发生在开关装置中，则这种形式的备用保护能节省多个故障周期，而不牺牲选择性。
尽管参照一个或多个示范实施例已经描述了本发明，但本领域的技术人员要理解，可以进行各种变更并且等同部分可以代替本发明的元件，而不脱离本发明的范围。另外，对于本发明的教导可以进行多种修改，以适应具体情形或材料而不脱离本发明的范围。因此，本发明不限于作为实施本发明的最佳方式的具体实施例，而是本发明将包括落在所附权利要求书的范围内的所有实施例。

Claims (34)

1.一种用来保护电路的方法，所述电路具有第一断路器和在所述第一断路器下游的第二断路器，所述方法包括：
探测在所述电路中的故障，所述故障在所述第二断路器的下游；
确定用来断开所述第一断路器的动态延迟时间；及
在所述动态延迟时间过去之后断开所述第一断路器。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其中，确定所述动态延迟时间包括监视所述电路的电气参数并且将所述电气参数在网络上传送到微处理器，所述微处理器设置成操作所述第一和第二断路器。
3.根据权利要求2的方法，还包括：由所述微处理器响应所述电气参数产生断开命令；将所述断开命令从所述微处理器传送到可操作地连接到所述第二断路器的断路器致动器；及响应所述断开命令断开所述第二断路器。
4.根据权利要求2的方法，还包括：由所述微处理器响应所述电气参数产生断开命令；将所述断开命令从所述微处理器传送到可操作地连接到所述第一断路器上的断路器致动器；及响应所述断开命令在所述动态延迟过去之后断开所述第一断路器。
5.根据权利要求2的方法，还包括：用传感器检测所述电气参数；将代表所述电气参数的信号传送到数据取样和传输模块；及将所述信号传送到所述微处理器；其中，所述模块、所述传感器及所述微处理器可通信地联接。
6.根据权利要求3的方法，还包括探测所述故障是否被清除。
7.根据权利要求6的方法，其中，探测所述故障是否被清除包括监视所述电气参数和将所述电气参数通过所述网络传送到所述微处理器。
8.根据权利要求7的方法，还包括：如果响应断开所述第二断路器所述故障没有被清除，在所述动态延迟时间过去之后，则断开所述第一断路器。
9.一种用来保护电路的方法，所述电路具有设置在多个第二断路器上游的第一断路器，所述方法包括：
探测在所述电路中的故障；
确定所述故障的位置；
至少部分根据所述故障的所述位置，确定用来断开所述第一断路器的动态延迟时间；及
延迟断开所述第一断路器，直到所述动态延迟时间过去之后。
10.根据权利要求9的方法，其中，确定所述故障的所述位置包括确定所述多个第二断路器的在所述故障上游的最靠近断路器，所述最靠近断路器最靠近所述故障并且在所述故障的上游。
11.根据权利要求9的方法，其中，所述动态延迟时间由至少一个控制处理单元确定，所述至少一个控制处理单元在通过网络与所述第一断路器和所述多个第二断路器通信，所述至少一个控制处理单元设置成断开和闭合所述第一断路器和所述多个第二断路。
12.根据权利要求11的方法，其中，探测所述故障和探测所述故障的所述位置包括监视所述电路的电气参数和通过所述网络把所述电气参数传送到所述至少一个控制处理单元。
13.根据权利要求12的方法，还包括响应传送到所述至少一个控制处理单元的所述电气参数断开所述第一断路器。
14.根据权利要求12的方法，还包括：用多个传感器检测所述电气参数；将所述电气参数传送到多个数据取样和传输模块；及将代表所述电气参数的信号传送到所述至少一个控制处理单元；其中，所述模块的每一个与所述第一断路器或所述多个第二断路器的至少一个、所述多个传感器的至少一个、及所述至少一个控制处理单元通信。
15.根据权利要求10的方法，其中，所述动态延迟时间是所述最靠近断路器的预定义时间延迟和清除时间之和。
16.根据权利要求10的方法，还包括：至少部分根据所述最靠近断路器确定用来断开多个第三断路器的每一个的动态延迟时间，所述多个第三断路器在所述最靠近断路器的上游；和在所述动态延迟时间过去之后，断开所述多个第三断路器的每一个。
17.根据权利要求16的方法，还包括：
确定用于所述第一断路器、所述多个第二断路器、及所述多个第三断路器的每一个的状态，所述状态是断开或闭合；和
至少部分根据用于所述第一断路器、所述多个第二断路器、及所述多个第三断路器的每一个的所述状态，断开所述多个第三断路器的至少一个。
18.根据权利要求16的方法，还包括：
确定所述第一断路器、所述多个第二断路器、及所述多个第三断路器的每一个的状态，所述状态是断开或闭合；
根据所述第一断路器、所述多个第二断路器、及所述多个第三断路器的每一个的所述状态，确定所述电路的一种布局；及
根据所述布局断开所述第一断路器或所述多个第三断路器的至少一个。
19.根据权利要求18的方法，还包括：
确定所述第一断路器、所述多个第二断路器、及所述多个第三断路器的每一个的所述状态的一种变化；和
根据所述第一断路器、所述多个第二断路器、及所述多个第三断路器的每一个的所述状态的所述变化，监视所述布局的变化。
20.一种联接到电路上的保护系统，所述电路具有一个设置在多个第二断路器上游的第一断路器，所述系统包括：
网络和至少一个控制处理单元，所述至少一个控制处理单元可操作地控制所述第一断路器和所述多个第二断路器，所述网络可通信地联接到所述电路、所述第一断路器、所述多个第二断路器及所述至少一个控制处理单元上，其中，如果在所述电路中探测到故障，则所述至少一个控制处理单元确定用来断开所述第一断路器的动态延迟时间；并且所述至少一个控制处理单元延迟断开所述第一断路器，直到所述动态延迟时间过去之后。
21.根据权利要求20的系统，其中，所述至少一个控制处理单元接收代表所述电路的电气参数的参数信号；并且，如果在所述电路中探测到所述故障，则所述至少一个控制处理单元响应所述参数信号断开所述第二断路器的至少一个。
22.根据权利要求21的系统，还包括多个数据取样和传输模块和多个传感器，所述模块的每一个与所述第一断路器或所述多个第二断路器的至少一个、所述多个传感器的至少一个及所述至少一个控制处理单元通信，其中所述多个传感器检测所述电气参数并且将所述参数信号传送到所述多个模块；并且所述多个模块将所述参数信号传送到所述至少一个控制处理单元。
23.根据权利要求21的系统，还包括与所述至少一个控制处理单元通信的断路器致动器，其中所述断路器致动器从所述至少一个控制处理单元接收致动信号，所述致动信号使所述断路器致动器在所述动态延迟时间过去之后断开所述第一断路器。
24.根据权利要求23所述的系统，其中，所述至少一个控制处理单元确定所述多个第二断路器的在所述故障上游的最靠近断路器，所述最靠近断路器具有预定义延迟时间和清除时间；并且所述至少一个控制处理单元根据所述预定义延迟时间和所述清除时间确定所述动态延迟时间。
25.根据权利要求24的系统，其中，所述至少一个控制处理单元选择性地产生去致动信号；并且所述去致动信号使所述断路器致动器闭合所述最靠近断路器。
26.一种配电系统，包括：
电路，具有多个断路器、至少一个电源及至少一个负载，所述多个断路器设置成使至少一个第一断路器在多个第二断路器的上游；
网络；及
至少一个控制处理单元，可操作地控制所述多个断路器，所述网络可通信地联接到所述至少一个控制处理单元和所述电路上，
其中，如果在所述电路中探测到故障，则所述至少一个控制处理单元确定用来断开所述至少一个第一断路器的动态延迟时间；并且所述至少一个控制处理单元延迟断开所述至少一个第一断路器，直到所述动态延迟时间过去之后。
27.根据权利要求26的系统，其中，所述至少一个控制处理单元接收代表所述电路的电气参数的参数信号；并且，如果在所述电路中探测到所述故障，则由所述至少一个控制处理单元响应所述参数信号选择性产生所述动态延迟时间。
28.根据权利要求27的系统，还包括多个数据取样和传输模块和多个传感器，所述模块的每一个与所述多个断路器的至少一个、所述多个传感器的至少一个及所述至少一个控制处理单元通信，其中，所述多个传感器检测所述电气参数并且将所述参数信号传送到所述多个模块；并且所述多个模块将所述参数信号传送到所述至少一个控制处理单元。
29.根据权利要求27的系统，还包括与所述至少一个控制处理单元通信的断路器致动器，其中，所述断路器致动器从所述至少一个控制处理单元接收致动信号，并且响应所述致动信号在所述动态延迟时间过去之后断开所述至少一个第一断路器。
30.根据权利要求27的系统，其中，所述多个断路器的每一个具有断路器致动器；所述至少一个控制处理单元确定所述多个第二断路器的在所述故障上游的最靠近断路器；如果在所述电路中探测到所述故障，则所述至少一个控制处理单元响应所述参数信号选择性地产生致动信号，并且将所述致动信号传送到所述最靠近断路器的所述断路器致动器；及其中所述致动信号使所述最靠近断路器的所述断路器致动器断开所述最靠近断路器。
31.根据权利要求30的系统，其中，所述至少一个控制处理单元选择性地产生去致动信号，并且将所述去致动信号传送到所述最靠近断路器的所述断路器致动器；以及所述去致动信号使所述最靠近断路器的所述断路器致动器闭合所述最靠近断路器。
32.根据权利要求30的系统，其中，所述最靠近断路器具有预定义延迟时间和清除时间；并且所述动态延迟时间至少部分基于所述预定义延迟时间和所述清除时间。
33.根据权利要求32的系统，其中，所述多个断路器还包括在所述至少一个第一断路器和所述最靠近断路器的上游的多个第三断路器；并且所述至少一个控制处理单元确定用来断开所述多个第三断路器的每一个的动态延迟时间，所述动态延迟时间至少部分基于所述最靠近断路器的所述预定义延迟时间和所述清除时间。
34.根据权利要求33的系统，其中，所述至少一个控制处理单元确定所述多个断路器的每一个的状态，所述状态是断开或闭合；所述至少一个控制处理单元根据所述多个断路器的每一个的所述状态，确定所述电路的布局；及所述至少一个控制处理单元根据所述布局断开所述多个第三断路器的至少一个。
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CN100511905C (zh) 2009-07-08
CN1639654A (zh) 2005-07-13
EP1479145A2 (en) 2004-11-24
US8213144B2 (en) 2012-07-03
EP1478984A1 (en) 2004-11-24
WO2003073576A2 (en) 2003-09-04
US7068612B2 (en) 2006-06-27
AU2003216394A1 (en) 2003-09-29
EP1479149B1 (en) 2016-11-30
EP1478983A4 (en) 2017-07-26
WO2003073572A3 (en) 2003-12-04
US7068483B2 (en) 2006-06-27
WO2003073221A2 (en) 2003-09-04
US20040019410A1 (en) 2004-01-29
AU2003217689A8 (en) 2003-09-09
US6892115B2 (en) 2005-05-10
US20030229423A1 (en) 2003-12-11
CN1639651A (zh) 2005-07-13
AU2003216395A1 (en) 2003-09-09
AU2003217662A1 (en) 2003-09-09
WO2003073571A3 (en) 2004-01-08
EP1479145B1 (en) 2014-11-05
AU2003230567A1 (en) 2003-09-09
CN1639939B (zh) 2011-01-19
AU2003228219A1 (en) 2003-09-09
EP1479147A4 (en) 2015-08-12
CN1639649B (zh) 2010-11-17
AU2003231962A1 (en) 2003-09-09
EP1478985A1 (en) 2004-11-24
US20030214907A1 (en) 2003-11-20
US7301738B2 (en) 2007-11-27
WO2003073214A2 (en) 2003-09-04
US7117105B2 (en) 2006-10-03
US7151329B2 (en) 2006-12-19
AU2003230562A8 (en) 2003-09-09
CN1639652A (zh) 2005-07-13
AU2003213241A1 (en) 2003-09-09
EP1479145A4 (en) 2012-02-15
AU2003230562A1 (en) 2003-09-09
AU2003222235A1 (en) 2003-09-09
AU2003230563A1 (en) 2003-09-09
AU2003216397A8 (en) 2003-09-09
CN1639650A (zh) 2005-07-13
WO2003073224A3 (en) 2004-01-22

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