CN1666006A - 通过u形开口现场加热含有烃的地层的方法与系统 - Google Patents

通过u形开口现场加热含有烃的地层的方法与系统 Download PDF

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CN1666006A
CN1666006A CN028210433A CN02821043A CN1666006A CN 1666006 A CN1666006 A CN 1666006A CN 028210433 A CN028210433 A CN 028210433A CN 02821043 A CN02821043 A CN 02821043A CN 1666006 A CN1666006 A CN 1666006A
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哈罗德·J·维内加
约翰·M·卡拉尼卡斯
彼得·维恩斯特拉
埃里克·P·德鲁菲格纳克
斯科特·L·韦林顿
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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    • E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/243—Combustion in situ
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    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/30—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimizing the spacing of wells
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    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
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    • G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V3/26—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
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    • Y10S210/00—Liquid purification or separation
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    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/0318—Processes
    • Y10T137/0391—Affecting flow by the addition of material or energy

Abstract

在一个实施例中，一种加热含有烃地层的方法可以包括从一或多个加热器提供热量到地层中的一个开口。该开口的第一端可在第一位置接触地面同时开口的第二端可在第二位置接触地面。热量可以被允许从开口传到地层的至少一部分。传递的热量可以热分解地层中的至少某些烃。在某些实施例中，提供热量到开口可以包括从至少一个加热器提供热量、加热的材料、和/或氧化产品到开口。

Description

通过U形开口现场加热含有烃 的地层的方法与系统
                         本发明的背景
发明的领域
本发明一般涉及加热各种用于生产烃、氢、和/或其它产品的含烃的地层的方法与系统。某些实施例涉及使用向地层中一个开口供热的一或多个加热器加热地下含烃地层。该开口可能在地面上的第一位置具有第一端同时在地面上的第二位置具有第二端。
相关技术的描述
从地下(例如沉积的)地层获取烃通常用作能源、原料和消费产品。考虑到可能的烃资源的贫化以及生产的烃总体质量的下滑导致开发为更有效地恢复的工艺，处理和/或使用可能的烃资源。在现场可能使用从地下地层提取烃的工艺。地下地层中的烃材料的化学和/或物理特性可能需要改变以允许更容易地从地下地层提取烃材料。化学与物理变化可能包括在现场的反应中，这些反应产生可提取的流体、地层内烃材料的成分改变、可溶性变化、密度变化、相变化、和/或粘度变化。一种流体可以是，但不局限于，一种气体、一种液体、一种乳胶、一种稀浆，和/或具有类似于液体流动的流动特性的固体颗粒的蒸汽。
使用井下加热器的现场工艺的例子在美国专利授于Ljungstrom的2634961、授于Ljungstrom的2732195、授于Ljungstrom的2780450、授于Ljung-strom的2789805、授于Ljungstrom的2923535、授于VanMeurs等的4886118中加以说明。
燃料的内燃可用于加热地层。内燃一种燃料以加热地层可能比用电力和热地层要经济。几种不同型式的加热器可以使用燃料内燃作为热源加热地层。内燃可发生在地层中、井中、和/或靠近表面。地层中的内燃可能是一种注火。可能将一种氧化剂泵入地层中。可以将氧化剂点火以促进火焰朝向生产井。泵入地层的氧化剂可以经过地层沿地层中的裂缝流动。氧化剂的点火不会造成经过地层的火焰前锋均匀流动。
热量可以从一表面加热器提供到地层。表面加热器可以产生经井孔循环的内燃气体以加热地层。另一方式，可以使用表面燃烧器以加热通过井孔的热传导流体以加热地层。可用于加热地下地层的火焰加热器或表面燃烧器在授于Vinegar等的和授于Mikus等的美国专利No.6056057和No.6079499中加以说明。
如上所概括的，已经有大量的努力开发方法及系统以便从含烃地层经济地生产烃、氢气、和/或其它产品。然而，目前，仍不能经济地从许多含烃地层中生产烃、氢气、和/或其它产品。在某些地层中(例如，具有较薄烃层的地层，具有较长水平烃层的地层等等)，水平加热器井的使用可能是更经济可取的。对于能够有效用于以形成较大直径水平井的系统和/或方法是需要的，该水平井转而用于加热地层。为有效和比较便宜地从加热器井向烃包含的地层提供热的系统和/或方法是需要的。也需要能被构造成允许燃烧器和/或氧化器被置于地层的表面上或靠近表面的加热器井。也需要能构造成一种加热器井使来自燃烧器和/或氧化剂的热流体可以从加热器井的第一端流过加热器井然后在第二端流出加热器井。
                      本发明的概述
在一个实施例中，在含烃地层内(例如，一种包含煤、油页岩、重烃、或其组合)可以现场在地层内被转变以产生比较高质量烃产品、氢、和/或其它产品的混合物。一或多个热源可用来加热含烃地层到能使烃热分解的温度。经过一或多个生产井可以从地层中提取烃、氢和其它地层流体。在某些实施例中，地层流体可以蒸汽相中提取。在其它实施例中，地层流体可以在液体与蒸汽相中或在液相中提取。在热分解的过程中可以至少部分地控制地层的温度与压力。
在一个实施例中，一个系统和一种方法可以包括一个开口在地层中从地表面上的第一位置延伸到地表面上的第二位置。热源可以被置于开口以内以提供热到地层的至少一部分。
一管道可以置于开口中的第一位置延伸到第二位置。在一个实施例中，一个热源可以置于靠近和/或在管道中以向管道提供热量。热量通过管道的传输可以提供热量到地层的一部分。在某些实施例中，在一附加的管道中放置一附加的加热器以便通过附加的管道将热量提供到地层的一部分。
在某些实施例中，在开口壁与管道壁之间形成一环状通道，该管道置于开口中从第一位置延伸到第二位置。一热源可以放置在贴近和/或管道中以便向开口的一部份提供热量。
                          附图简述
得益于以下最佳实施例的详细描述和参照附图对那些技术人员来说本发明的优点将变得明显。
图1表示加热含烃地层的几个阶段的说明。
图2表示为处理含烃地层的现场转变系统一部分的一实施例的示意视图。
图3说明井下燃烧器的一个实施例的横剖面视图。
图4表示用于含烃地层的热源的一个实施例。
图5表示使用井下燃烧器加热地层的管道布置的一部分的视图。
图6表示置于含烃地层以内的加热器井的一实施例的示意图。
图7表示置于含烃地层中一热源的实施例。
图8表示置于含烃地层中一热源的实施例示意图。
图9表示表面燃烧器热源的一实施例。
图10表示热源管道的一实施例，其内管道的一部分已切去以表示中心管。
尽管本发明可以有各种修改与变型，在图中以举例方式表示其特定的实施例并在此予以详述。附图可能不按比例。但应该理解，所作详述及附图不是要将本发明局限于公开的特殊型式，反之，其意图是要涵盖所有的修改、等效和改变它们均处于由所附权利要求所限定的本发明的精神与范围以内。
                  本发明的详细描述
以下说明总体地涉及使用U型加热器加热地层的用于处理含烃地层的系统与方法(例如：包含煤[包括褐煤、腐泥煤等]、油页岩、碳质页岩、不纯石墨、油母岩、沥青、石油、低渗透性母岩的沥青与石油、重烃类、石墨、天然矿石腊的地层，这些地层中油母岩妨碍其它烃类等的生产)。可以处理这些地层以获得较高质量的烃产品、氢和其它产品。
“烃类”通常被定义成主要由碳和氢原子构成的分子。烃类也可以包括其它元素，诸如，但不局限于，卤族、金属元素、氮、氧、和/或硫。烃类可以是，但不局限于，油母岩、沥青、焦沥青、石油、天然矿石腊和石墨。烃类可以处于地球内的矿母岩以内或邻近于它。母岩可以包括，但不局限于，沉积的岩石、砂子、硅化物、碳化物、硅藻土及其它多孔的介质。“烃流体”是包括烃的流体。烃流体可以包括、携带或被携带在非烃流体中(例如氢(“H2”)、氮(“N2”)、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨)。
一种“地层”包括一或多个含烃层、一或多个非烃层、一个上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层。一个“上覆岩层”和/或“下伏岩层”包括一或多种不同型式的不渗透材料。例如，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可能包括岩石、板岩、泥石或湿/密碳酸盐(即一种不渗透的无烃的碳酸盐。在现场转化工艺的某些实施例中，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以包括一或多于一个含烃层，它们比较不渗透并且未受到造成上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层的含烃层明显的特性变化的现场转化工艺中的温度的影响。例如，一种下伏岩层可能包含页岩或泥石。在某些情况中，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可能稍许渗透。
术语“地层流体”和“生产的流体”指从含烃地层中提取的流体并且可能包括热分解流体、含成气体、活动的烃、和水(蒸汽)。术语“活动的流体”涉及因为地层的热处理能够流动的地层以内的流体。地层流体可能包括烃流体还有非烃流体。
一种“热源”是任何用于基本上通过传导和/或辐射热传递向地层的至少一部分提供热的系统。例如，热源可以包括电加热器诸如绝缘的导体、细长的构件、和/或置于管道内的导体。热源也可以包括通过在地层外或在地层内燃烧燃料而产生热的热源，诸如表面燃烧器、井下气体燃烧器、无焰分布燃烧器、和自然分布燃烧器。此外，可以想像，在某些实施例中提供到一或多个热源或在一个或多个热源中产生的热可以由其它能源来供给。其它能源可以直接加热地层，或者能量可以供给到传递介质，由介质直接或间接加热地层。应该理解，供给热到地层的一个或多个热源可以使用不同的能源。例如，对给定的地层某些热源可以从电阻加热供给热量，某些热源可以从燃烧提供热量，同时某些热源可从一个或多个其它能源(例如化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物量，或其它再生的能源)提供热量。一种化学反应可包括一种放热反应(例如氧化反应)。一个热源可以包括向靠近和/或包围加热位置如加热器井的区域提供热的加热器。
一个“加热器”是任何在井中或靠近井孔区域产生热的系统。加热器可以是，但不局限于，电加热器、燃烧器、与地层中的或从地层产生的材料反应的燃烧器(例如天然分布的燃烧器)、和/或它们的组合。一个“热源装置”涉及许多个热源，它们构成在地层中重复产生以产生热源图形的模型。
术语“井孔”涉及通过钻孔或通过将管道插入地层中而构成的地层中的孔。井孔可以具有基本上圆形横截面，或其它横截面形状(例如，圆形、椭圆、正方形、长方形、三角形、细长裂口、或其它规则与不规则形状)。如此处所使用的，术语“井”和当涉及在地层中一个开口时的“开口”可与“井孔”互换地使用。
“热分解流体”或“热分解产品”涉及到基本上在热分解烃过程中产生的流体。由热分解反应产生的流体可以与地层中其它流体混合。该混合物可被认为是热分解流体或热分解产物。如此处所使用的，“热分解区域”涉及被反应或反应以产生热分解流体的一定体积的地层(例如，比较可渗透的地层如沥青砂)。
“可凝结的烃类”是在25℃在一个绝对大气压力下凝结的烃。可凝结的烃包括具有大于4个的碳数的烃的混合物。“非可凝结烃”是在25℃在一个绝对大气压力下不凝结的烃。不凝结的烃可以包括具有碳数小于5的烃。
地层中的烃类可以用许多种方法处理以产生不同的产品。在某些实施例中，这些地层可以分阶段处理。图1说明加热含烃地层的几个阶段。图1还表示从含烃地层产生地层流体的产量(相当每吨的油的桶数)(barrels of oil equivalent perton)(y轴)对地层温度(℃)(x轴)(地层在较低的速率被加热)的例子。
在阶段1加热的过程中出现甲烷退吸(解除吸附(desorption))和水的蒸发。地层的加热经过阶段1可以尽快地执行。例如，当初始加热含烃地层时地层中的烃可以退吸已吸收的甲烷。退吸的甲烷可以从地层产生出来。如果含烃地层进一步被加热，含烃地层以内的水可以被蒸发。在某些含烃地层中，水可能占地层中细孔容积的大约10％到大约50％。在其它地层中，水可能占细孔容积的更大或更小部分。在地层中水典型的是在大约160℃与大约285℃之间在大约6巴绝对压力到70巴绝对压力被蒸发。在某些实施例中，蒸发的水可以产生地层中湿润度的变化和/或增加地层压力。该湿润度的变化和/或增加的压力可能影响地层中的热分解反应或其它反应。在某些实施例中，可以从地层中产生蒸发的水。在其它实施例中，蒸发的水可用于地层中或地层外的蒸汽提取和/或蒸馏。从地层中细孔容积去除水和增加细孔容积可以增加在细孔容积以内的烃的存储空间。
在阶段1加热之后，地层可以进一步加热，这样地层以内的温度达到(至少)初始热分解温度(例如，阶段2所示的温度范围的低端的温度)。地层以内的烃可以在整个阶段2被热分解。根据地层内烃的类型热分解的温度范围可以变化。热分解温度范围可以包括大约250°与大约900℃之间的温度。为生产希望的产品的热分解温度范围可以仅仅通过整个热分解温度范围的一部分延伸。在某些实施例中，为生产希望的产品的热分解温度范围可以包括大约250℃与大约400℃之间的温度。如果地层中烃的温度经过从大约250℃到大约400℃的温度范围缓慢地升高，但温度接近400℃时热分解产品的生产可以基本上完成。使用若干个热源加热含烃地层可以在热源的周围建立热梯度，它经过热分解温度范围缓慢地升高地层中的烃的温度。
在某些现场转化的实施例中，烃为热分解的经受的温度在整个从大约250℃到大约400℃的温度范围内可能不缓慢地增加。地层中的烃类可能加热到一要求的温度，例如大约325℃。也可以选择其它温度作为要求的温度。来自热源的热的叠加可以使地层中的温度比较快和有效地建立。从热源输入到地层中的能量可以调节以保持地层中的温度基本上在要求的温度，烃可以基本上保持在要求的温度直到热分解减少这样希望的从地层生产的地层流体变得不经济了。
包括热分解流体的地层流体可以从地层来产生。该热分解流体可以包括，但不局限于，烃、氢、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、硫化氢、氨、氮、水及其混合物。随着地层温度的升高，在产生的地层流体中的可凝结的烃的量趋于减小。在高温处，地层可主要产生甲烷和/或氢。如果含烃地层在整个完全的热分解范围被加热。该地层可能在向着热分解的上限仅产生少量的氢。在所有可能的氢被排除之后。从地层产生流体的最小量通常将出现。
在一个现场转化工艺的实施例中，在热分解过程中压力可以在一个含烃地层的一部分的选择段以内增加到一选择的压力。选择的压力可以处在从大约2巴绝对压力到大约72巴绝对压力的范围以内，或者，在某些实施例中，2巴绝对压力到36巴绝对压力。另外的，选择的压力可以处在从大约2巴绝对压力到大约18巴的绝对压力范围以内。
在一个实施例中，可以加热含烃地层的一部分以增加H2的部分压力。在某些实施例中，增加的H2的部分压力(partial pressure)可以包括在从大约0.5巴绝对压力到大约7巴绝对压力的范围中的H2的部分压力。另外的，增加的H2的部分压力范围可以包括在从大约5巴绝对压力到大约7巴绝对压力范围中H2的部分压力。例如，可以生产的大多数烃流体其中H2的部分压力处在大约5巴绝对压力到大约7巴绝对压力的范围以内。处于热分解H2的部分压力范围以内的H2的部分压力范围可能根据，例如，地层的加热的部分的温度和压力而变化。
在烃类的热分解之后，大量的碳和某些氢可能仍存在于地层中。地层中剩余碳的相当大的部分可以从地层中以合成气体形式被产生。合成气体的产生可以在图1中所示的阶段3加热过程中发生。阶段3可能包括加热含烃地层到足以使合成气体能产生的温度。例如，在从大约400℃到大约1200℃的温度范围内可以产生合成气体。当合成气体产生的流体被引入到地层时，地层的温度可以确定在地层以内产生的合成气体的成分。如果在足以使合成气体产生的温度将合成气体产生的流体引入到地层中，则合成气体可以在地层以内产生。
在地层的至少一部分的性质的基础上可以选择含烃地层以便在现场转化。例如，根据地层的丰富程度、厚度和/或深度(即上覆岩层的厚度)可以选择地层。此外，可从地层生产的流体的型式可能是为现场转化地层的选择的一个因素。在某些实施例中，要产生的流体的质量可以在处理之前予以评价。可以从地层产生的产品的评价可能产生明显的成本节约，因为只有将产生要求产品的地层才是对现场转化所需要的。可以用于评价地层中烃的特性包括，但不局限于，可从烃产生的适量的烃液体、生产烃液体的可能的API(美国石油协会)比重、可以从地层生产的适量烃气体、以及/或适量的二氧化碳和在现场转化中将产生的水。
图2表示为处理包含烃的地层的一现场转化系统一部分的实施例的示意图。热源100可放置在含烃地层的至少一部分内。热源100可以包括，例如，电加热器如绝缘的导体、管道内的导体加热器、表面燃烧器、无火焰的分布燃烧器、和/或天然分布的燃烧器。热源100也可以包括其它型式的加热器。热源100向含烃地层的至少一部分提供热量。能量可以通过供应管线102供应到热源100。根据热源的型式或用于加热地层的热源的型式供应管线可以构造得不同。热源的供应管线可以为电加热器传输电能、可以为燃烧器运送燃料、或者可以运送在地层内循环的热交换流体。
可以使用生产井104从地层中提取地层流体。从生产井104生产的地层流体可以通过汇集管106运送到处理设备108。地层流体也可以从热源100生产。例如，流体可以从热源100被生产以控制地层以内邻近热源处的压力。从热源100生产的流体可以通过管子运送到汇集管106或者生产的流体可以被通过管子直接运送到处理设备108。处理设备108可以包括分离装置、反应装置、浓缩装置、燃料电池、汽轮机、存储容器和其它为处理生产的地层流体的系统和装置。
在用于处理烃的现场转化系统中可以包括阻挡层井(barrier well)110。在某些实施例中，阻挡层井110可包括凝固井(freeze well)。在某些实施例中，阻挡层井可用于阻止流体(例如产生的流体和/或地下水)流动到和/或出进行现场转化处理的地层的一部分。阻挡层井可以包括，但不局限于，天然出现的部分(例如，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层)、凝固井、凝固的阻挡层区域、低温阻挡层区域、水泥墙、硫磺井、脱水井、注射蝇、由地层中产生的凝胶形成的阻挡层、由地层中盐的沉积物形成的阻挡层井、由地层中聚合反应形成的阻挡层井、打入到地层中的薄板，或它们的组合。
如图2所示，除去热源100以外，还有一或多个生产井104通常将置于含烃地层的部分内。地层流体可以通过生产井104生产出。在某些实施例中，生产井104可以包括一热源。该热源可以加热在或靠近生产井的地层的部分并能使蒸汽相从地层流体去除。液体从生产井的高温泵出的需要可以减少或免除。避免或限制液体的高温泵出可以显著降低生产成本。通过生产井或在生产井处提供加热可以：(1)当生产流体移到靠近上覆岩层的生产井时阻止生产流体的凝固和/或回流，(2)增加输入到地层中的热量，和/或(3)在/或靠近生产井处增加地层的渗透性。在某些现场转化工艺的实施例中，供应到生产井的适量的热量显著地小于供应到加热地层的热源的热量。
可以使用穿越河流的钻井机(river crossing rig)来钻通过烃层的水平井孔或基本上水平的井孔。在某些实施例中，使用穿越河流的钻井机通过具有在烃层内的基本上水平的井孔的地层的上覆岩层钻有角度的井孔。穿越河流的钻井机可形成一井孔具有在表面上的第一位置的第一开口和在井孔另一端的表面上第二位置的第二开口。穿越河流的钻井机可包括在工地为第一和第二开口选择的机械。可以使用该机械(例如，在第一开口现场)以钻井孔同时可以使用同样的机械或其它机械(例如，在第二开口的现场)拉动设备(例如，热源、生产管道等等)进入井孔。在用穿越河流的钻井机形成井孔时，河流跨过钻井机的钻具组可以在钻机钻具组进入地层的上覆岩层时以一角度钻井孔。对穿越河流的钻井机钻入的角度可以在大约5°和大约20°之间变化，使用的典型角度大约10°或大约12°。在钻进角度处钻井孔直到达一特定深度(通常在地层的烃层以内的某个位置)，在该深度钻具组转动以便在基本上水平的方向通过地层钻削。钻削井孔的基本上水平的段直到井孔达到预定的水平长度。在达到预定的水平长度之后，转动钻具组到一出口角度，该角度通常，但不是必需，与钻入角度相同以便在井孔的第二端与机械相遇。
在形成井孔之后，在井孔第一端和/或第二端的任意一端可用机械将设备拉入井孔内。在某些实施例中，随着钻具组从井孔拉动，可使用该钻具组扩大井孔和/或增加井孔的直径。拉动设备(例如，加热器或热源)进入长水平井孔可以比推动设备进入井孔更有效。河流跨越的钻机通常提供价廉与有效的方法以在烃层中形成水平的井孔。该水平井孔可以在表面的第一位置具有一第一开口并在表面的第二位置具有一第二开口。穿越河流的钻井机由诸如The Crossing Company Inc.(Nisku，Alberta)的公司经营。
图3表示为加热地层的井下燃烧器的一个实施例的横剖面图。开口112是烃层114内的单一开口，它可具有第一端116和第二端118。氧化剂120可置于开口112中靠近上覆岩层122与在第一端116和第二端118处的烃层114的连接头。绝缘体124可放置靠近每个氧化剂120处。可使用燃料管道126以从燃料源130将燃料128提供到氧化器120。通过管道136可将氧化流体132从氧化流体源134供到开口112中。壳138可放置在开口112中。壳138可由碳钢制成。可能经受非常高温度的壳138的部份(例如靠近氧化剂120的)可包括不锈钢或其它高温抗腐蚀的金属。在某些实施例中，壳138可以延伸到上覆岩层122内的开口112的部分中。
在一热源实施例中，在第一端116将氧化流体132和燃料128提供到氧化器120。加热的流体从第一端116的氧化器120趋于向着第二端118流过开口112。沿着开口112的长度热量可以从加热的流体传到烃层126。该加热的流体可以通过第二端从地层中去除。此时，第二端118处的氧化器120可以关闭。排除的流体可以供应到地层中的第二开口并用作第二开口中的氧化流体和/或燃料，在一选择的时间(例如，大约一周)之后，在第一端116的氧化器120可以关闭。此时，氧化流体132和燃料128可以供应到第二端118处氧化器120同时氧化器被打开。加热的流体可在此时间中经过第一端116被除去。在第一端116和在第二端118的氧化器120可在选择的时间(例如，大约一周)交替使用以加热烃层114。这样可以提供烃层114的基本上更均匀的加热分布。通过距氧化器较远一端从开口去除加热的流体可以减少开口112内的焦化的可能性因为加热的流体从开口与进入的流体分开地去除。氧化的流体的热含量的使用也可以更有效因为加热的流体可用于第二开口或第二井下燃烧器中。
图4表示用于含烃地层的热源的一实施例。燃料管道126可置于开口112内。在某些实施例中，开口112可包括壳138。开口112是一地层内的单一开口，它在地表面上第一位置具有第一端116以及地表面上第二位置的第二端118。氧化器120可以放置在靠近烃层114的燃料管道。氧化器120可以分开一距离，其范围从大约3米至50米(例如，大约30米)。燃料可以供应到燃料管道126。此外，可向燃料管道126提从蒸汽135以降低靠近氧化器120和/或燃料管道126的焦化。氧化的流体132(例如，空气和/氧)可以通过开口112提供到氧化器120。燃料129的氧化可以产生热。该热可以传到地层的一部分。氧化的产品140可从靠近第二位置118开口112排出。
图5表示图3实施例的使用井下燃烧器的实施例的从正视的示意图，在某些，图5中示意表示的，实施例和示意的变型中，可用于其它类型的加热器(例如，表面燃烧器，无焰分布燃烧器等等)，它们可以在含烃地层中的一或多个开口中使用燃料和/或氧化的流体。开口142、144、146、148、150和152可具有置于每一开口中的井下燃烧器(如图3的实施例所示)。按需要可使用多个或少数几个开口(即有井下燃烧器的开口)。开口的数量取决于，例如，处理面积的尺寸、要求的加热速度或所选井的间隔。管道154可用于将流体从开口142的井下燃烧器运送到开口144、146、148、150、和152中的井下燃烧器。这些开口可用管道154串联。按需要，在各开口之间可使用压缩机156以增加各开口之间的流体的压力。附加的氧化的流体可以从管道158提供到每个压缩机156。从燃料源的可选择的燃料流量可提从到每个开口中。
对一选择的时间，流体的流动可以从第一开口朝向开口152。在第一开口142内的流体流动可以基本上对着第二开口144内的流动。接着，第二开口144内的流动可以基本上对着第三开口146内的流动，等等。这可能使用每个开口内的井下燃烧器提供对地层的基本上均匀的加热。在选定的时间之后，流体的流动可以与从开口152向第一开口142的流动相反。此过程在地层处理所需时间当中可按需要加以重复。流体变化的流动可以增强地层加热分布的均匀性。
图6表示置于含烃地层内的加热器井的实施例的示意图。加热器井159可以放置在开口112内。在某些实施例中，开口112是地层内的单一开口，它具有接触地球表面的第一端116和第二端118。开口112可以包括细长部分160、162、164。细长部份160、164可以基本上设置在非烃包含的层(例如，上覆岩层)中。细长部分162可以基本上设置在烃层114和/或处理区内。
在某些热源实施例中，壳138可放置在开口112中。在某些实施例中，壳138可以由碳钢制成。可以经受高温的壳138的部分可以由更抗温度的材料(例如，不锈钢)制成。在某些实施例中，壳138可以延伸到上覆岩层122内的细长部分160、164中。氧化器120、166可以放置在靠近在开口112的第一端116和第二端118处上覆岩层122与烃层114的结合处。氧化器120、166可以包括燃烧器(例如，排成行的燃烧器和/或环燃烧器)。绝缘体124可置于靠近每个氧化器120、166处。可以从John Zink公司(Tulsa，Oklahom)或Callidus Technologies(Tulsa，Ohlahoma)获得燃烧器。
管道168可以放置在开口112内形成管道168的外表面与壳138的内表面之间的环形空间170。环形空间170可在开口以内具有规则的和/或不规则的形状。在某些实施例中，氧化器可放置在环形空间和/或管道内的便提供热到地层的一部分。氧化器120被放置在环形空间170内并可以包括一环形燃烧器。来自氧化器120的加热的流体可以在环形空间170内流动到第二端118。来自氧化器166的加热的流体可以由管道168经开口112导引。加热的流体可以包括，但不局限于，氧化产品、氧化的流体和/或燃料。加热的流体的、经环形空间170的流动可以是与在管道168中加热的流体流动方向相反。在另一实施例中，氧化器120、160可以放置在靠近开口112的同一端便能使加热的流体经开口112在相同方向流动。
可以使用燃料管道126从燃料源130提供燃料128到氧化器120、166。氧化的流体132可以被从氧化的流体源134通过管道136提供到氧化器120、166。燃料128的和氧化的流体的流动可以在氧化器120、166处产生氧化产物。在某些实施例中，可以控制氧化的流体132的流动以控制氧化器120、166处的氧化。另一选择，可以控制燃料的流动以控制在氧化器120、166处的氧化。
在热源的实施例中，氧化的流体132和燃料128被提供到氧化器120。来自第一端116的氧化器120的加热的流体趋于经过开口112流向第二端118。热量可以沿开口112的一段从加热的流体传递到烃层114。加热的流体可以从地层经第二端118除去。在某些实施例中，从地层除去的加热流体的一部分可以在第二端118提供到燃料管道126以便用作为氧化器166中的燃料。由氧化器166加热的流体可以通过管道168中的开口引导到第一端116。在某些实施例中，加热的流体的一部分在第一端116提供到燃料管道126。另一选择，从开口的任一端生产的加热的流体可以被引导到地层中的第二开口的即可用作氧化的流体和/或燃料。在某些实施例中，加热的流体可以导引向开口的一端以便用作单一的氧化剂。
同时可以利用氧化器120、166。在某些实施例中，氧化器的使用可以交替进行。在一选定时间期间(例如，大约一周)之后氧化器120可以被关闭。此时，氧化的流体132和燃料128可以提供到氧化器166。在此期间氧化的流体可以通过第一端116除去。氧化器120和氧化器166的使用对选择的时间可以被交替以加热烃层114。在相反方向的流动的氧化流体可以在烃层114产生更均匀的加热分布。从开口经过远离氧化器的一端除去的加热流体可以减少在开口以内焦化的可能性，在该氧化器处产生加热的流体。在某些实施例中，可以从排放管道中的地层除去加热的流体。此外，通过分离地从进入的流体(例如，燃料和/或氧化的流体)中从开口除去加热的流体可进一步减少焦化的可能性。在某些例子中，加热的流体内的某些热量可以传递到进入的流体以增加氧化器的效率。
图7表示一个置于含烃地层内的热源的实施例。表面装置171(例如，氧化器、燃烧器和/或炉子)向地层中的一开口提供热量。表面装置171可以向置于管道173内的管道168提供热量。置于靠近开口112第一端116的表面装置171可以加热供给表面装置171的流体(例如，空气、氧、蒸汽、燃料和/或烟道气体)。管道168可以延伸到表面装置171中以能使在靠近第一端116的表面装置171中加热的流体流到管道168中去。管道168可以引导流体流到第二端118。在第二端118处管道168可以向表面装置171提供流体。表面装置171可以加热流体。被加热的流体可以流到管道173中。然后被加热的流体可以经管道173流向第一端116。在某些实施例中，管道168和管道173可以是同心的。
在可选的实施例中，流体在进入表面装置以前可以被压缩。流体的压缩可以保持流体经开口的流动。流体经过管道的流动可以影响热从管道到地层的传递。
在可选的实施例中，单一的表面装置可以用于靠近第一端116的加热。管道可以这样来设置，即内管道以内的流体流入内管道和外管道之间的环形空间。因此流体在内管道和环形空间中的流动是反向流。
图8说明一热源实施例。管道168、172可以放置在开口112以内。开口112可以是一个敞开的井孔。在一可选实施例中，壳可以包括在开口的一部分中(例如，上覆岩层中的一部分中)。此外，某些实施例可以包括包围管道168、172一部分的绝缘材料。例如，上覆岩层122内的管道的部分可以被绝缘以防止热量从加热的流体传递到上覆岩层和/或靠近氧化器的地层的一部分。
图9表示可以加热含烃地层的一部分的表面燃烧器的一个实施例。燃料128可以通过管道136提供到燃烧器178。氧化的流体可以从氧化的流体源134提供到燃烧器178中。燃料128可以用燃烧器178中的氧化的流体被氧化以形成氧化产品140。燃料128可以包括，但不局限于，氢、甲烷、乙烷和/或其它烃。燃烧器178可以处于地层的外面或烃层114中的开口112以内。源182可以将燃料128加热到一个足以支撑燃烧器178中的氧化的温度。源182可以将燃料加热到大约1425℃的温度。源182可以联结到管道180的一端上。在热源的一个实施例上，源182是一控制的火焰。该控制的火焰可以用一小的燃料128流燃烧。在其它实施例中，源182可以是一电点火源。
氧化产品140可以被提供到联结到燃烧器178的内管道184内的开口112中。热量可以从氧化产品140通过外管道186传递到开口112中并沿内管道184的长度传递到烃层114。氧化产品140可以沿内管道184的长度冷却。例如，氧化产品140可以在靠近内管道184的顶部具有大约870℃的温度同时在靠近内管道184底部具有大约650℃的温度。靠近燃烧器178的内管道184的一段可具有设置在内管道184的一个内表面上的陶瓷绝热器188。陶瓷绝热器188可以防止内管道184和/或靠近燃烧器178的绝缘物124的熔化。开口112可以在表面190的下面延伸到地层中的达大约550米的一个长度。
内管道184可以将氧化产品140提供到靠近开口112的底部的外管道186中。内管道184可具有绝缘物124。图10表示具有设置在内管道184的内表面上的绝缘物124和陶瓷绝热器188的内管道184的一个实施例。绝缘物124可以防止内管道184中的流体与外管道186中流体之间的热传递。绝缘物124的厚度沿内管道184的长度可以变化，这样沿内管道184的长度热量传递到氧化物层114可以变化。例如，从开口112中的内管道184的顶部到底部绝缘物124的厚度可分别从较大厚度减缩到较小厚度。这种减缩的厚度可以沿开口112内的内管道184的长度提供烃层114的更均匀的加热。绝缘物124可包括陶瓷和金属材料。氧化产品可以通过外管道186返回到表面190。外管道186可以具有绝缘物124’，如图9所示。绝缘物124’可以防止热量从外管道186传递到上覆岩层122。
氧化产品140可以通过表面190处的管道192提供到一附加的燃烧器。氧化产品140可用作附加的燃烧器中燃料流体的一部分。这样做就可以增加为加热烃层114的能量输出对能量输入的效率。该附加的燃烧器可以通过烃层114中的一个附加开口提供热量。
在某些实施例中，除去从一表面燃烧器提供的热量外电加热器可以提供热量。如任何上述实施例所描述的该电加热器，例如，可以是一个绝缘的导体电加热器或者管道中的导体加热器。该电加热器可以向含烃地层提供附加的热量因此该含烃地层沿地层中开口的深度基本上均匀地被加热。
含烃地层中的表面压力相当于在地层以内产生的流体压力。该加热的流体可以在地层以内蒸发。蒸发与热分解反应可以增加地层以内的压力。对增加压力有影响的流体可以包括，但不局限于，热分解过程产生的流体和加热过程中蒸发的水。随着地层的加热部分选定段以内的温度增加，选定段以内的压力由于增加的流体产生和水的蒸发而可能增加。控制从地层去除流体的速度可以使得能控制地层中的压力。
在某些实施例中，含烃地层的加热部分选定段内的压力可根据以下因素而变化，诸如，深度、与热源的距离、含烃地层以内的烃的富有程度、和/或距生产井的距离。地层以内的压力可以在许多不同的位置来确定(例如，靠近或处于生产井处，或在监测井处)。
在含烃地层中产生明显的渗透性之前含烃地层加热到热分解温度范围可以发生。渗透性的原始缺乏可以防止产生的流体从地层中的热分解区域输送到一生产井。由于热量初始从一热源被传递到含烃地层，所以含烃地层以内的流体压力可以增到接近一热源。这种流体压力的增加可以由至少地层中某些烃的热分解过程中流体的产生而造成。该增加的流体压力可以通过热源来释放、监测、改变和/或控制。例如，热源可包括一个阀，该阀可以使某些流体从地层中去除。在某些热源的实施例中，热源可以包括防止压力损坏热源的敞开的井孔地层。
在一现场转化过程的实施例中，在热分解的过程中含烃地层一部分的选定的一段以内的压力可以增加到一选定的压力。一个选定的压力可以处在从大约2巴的绝对压力到大约72巴绝对压力的范围以内或者，在某些实施例中，在2巴绝对压力到36巴绝对压力的范围之内。另可选择，一选定的压力可处在大约2巴绝对压力到大约18巴绝对压力的范围之内。在某些现场转化过程实施例中，大多数烃流体可以从具有从大约2巴绝对压力到大约18巴绝对压力范围以内的压力的地层中生产。在热分解过程中该压力可以变化或被变化。该压力可以被变化以改变和/或控制生产的地层流体的成分，以控制可凝固流体与非可凝固流体相比的反分比，和/或控制被生产的流体的API比重。例如，降低压力可以导致较大的可凝固流体成分的生产。该可凝固的流体成份可以保持烯烃的较大反分比。
在某些现场转化过程实施例中，由于流体产生而增加的压力可以保持在地层的加热部分以内。在现场转化过程中在地层以内保持增加的压力可以防止地层沉淀。在热分解过程中增加的地层压力可以促进高质量产品的产生。增加的地层压力可以促进从地层中流体的蒸汽相的产生。蒸汽相的产生可以允许用于运送从地层产生的流体的汇集管道的尺寸的减小。增加的地层压力可以减少或消除压缩表面的地层流体以便将汇集管道中的流体运送到表面设备。保持地层以内的增加的压力还可以促进从生产的非凝固流体产生电力。例如，生产的非凝固流体可以经过一涡流机以发电。
也可以保持地层中增加的压力以生产更多和/或改进的地层流体。在某些现场转化过程的实施例中，从地层产生的烃流体的有效的量(例如，大多数)可以是非凝固的烃。可以选择地增加和/或保持地层以内的压力以促进地层中较小链烃的地层。在地层中生产小链烃可使较多不凝固烃从地层中产生。在较高压力下从地层生产的可凝固的烃可能比在较低压力下从地层生产的可凝的烃是较高质量的(例如，较高的API比重)。
在含烃地层的加热部分以内可以保持高压力以防止具有例如，大于大约25个碳原子的地层流体的产生。某些高碳数的化合物可能在地层中的蒸汽中产生同时可以从地层中的蒸汽而去除。一个高的压力在地层中可以防止在蒸汽中产生高碳数的化合物和/或多环碳氢化合物。增加含烃地层以内的压力可以增加该部份以内流体的沸点。高碳数量的化合物和/或多环烃化合物可以保留在地层中的液体相中以有效的时间期间。该有效的时间期间可对该化合物提供足够的时间以便热分解而形成较低碳数量的化合物。
在地层的加热部分以内保持增加的压力可以惊奇地使能够大量生产高质量的烃。保持增加的压力可以促进该地层以内的热分解流体的蒸汽相运送。增加压力通常允许低分子量烃的生产，因为低分量烃类将比较容易地在地层中以蒸汽相运送。
低分子量烃类的产生(并伴随增加的蒸汽相运送)相信是由于，部分地，在含烃地层的一部分以内氢的自然的发生和反应。例如，保持一个增加的压力可以迫使热分解过程生产的氢成为液态相(例如，通过溶解)。加热该部分到达热分解温度范围以内的一个温度可以在地层以内热分解烃以产生液态相的热分解流体。该产生的成分可包括双键的和/或原子团的。液体相的H2降低产生的热分解流体的双键，从而减少来自产生的热分解流体的聚合或长链化合物形成的可能性。此外氢也可能在产生的热分解流体中抵销原子团。因此，在液态相的H2可以防止来自彼此的和/或与地层中其它化合物的反应产生的热分解流体。较短链烃可以进入蒸汽相和可能从地层产生。
在增加的压力下运行现场转化过程可以从地层允许产生地层流体的蒸汽相。蒸汽相的产生可以允许较轻的(和比较高质量的)热分解流的增加的再生。蒸汽相的产生可以导致在通过热分解产生流体之后较少的地层流体余留在地层中。蒸汽相产生可以允许比现在使用液态相和/或液/蒸汽相生产中在地层中较少的生产井。较少的生产井可以显著地降低与现场转化过程相关连的设备成本。
在一个实施例中，含烃地层的一部分可以被加热以提高H2的部分压力。在某些实施例中，一个提高的H2的部分压力可以包括在从大约0.5巴到大约7巴的范围的H2的部分压力。另一种选择，一个提高的H2的部分压力可以包括从大约5巴到大约7巴的范围中的H2的部分压力。例如，大多数的烃流体可以在其中H2的部分压力在大约5巴到7巴的范围内生产。在热分解H2部分压力范围以内的H2部分压力的一个范围可以，例如，根据地层的加热部分的温度和压力而变化。
保持地层以内的大于大气压的H2的部分压力可以增加生产的可凝固烃流体的API比重值。保持一个提高的H2的部分压力可以提高生产的可凝固的烃流体的API值到大于25°或，在某些例子中，大于大约30°。在含烃地层的加热部分以内保持一提高的H2的部分压力可以提高H2在加热部分以内的浓度。该H2可以能够与烃的热分解成分反应。H2与烃热分解成分的反应可以减少烯烃的聚合成焦油和其它交叉链结的、难于浓缩的产品。因此，可以防止具有低的API比重值的烃流体的产生。
控制含烃地层以内的压力与温度可以能使产生的地层流体的特性得到控制。例如，从地层生产的地层流体的成分与质量可以通过改变地层的加热部分的选定段中的平均压力和/或平均温度而变化。生产的流体的质量可基于以下流体的特性来评估，但不局限于，诸如，API比重、在生产的地层流体中烯烃反分比、乙烯对乙烷的比、原子氢对碳的比、在生产的地层流体内具有碳数大于25的烃的反分比、总当量产量(气体和液体)、总液体产量和/或作为Fischer Assay反分比的液体产量。
本发明的不同方面的修改与可选的实施例鉴于此描述对那些技术人员来说是显而易见的。因而，这一描述仅为说明而构成并为了指导技术人员实施本发明的通用方式。应该理解，此处表示和描述的本发明的形式是作为优选实施例而进行的。
对此处说明并描述的元件和材料可以置换，零件和过程可以例置，同时本发明的某些特征可以独立地应用，在得益于本发明的此描述之后对技术人员来说所有的均是显然的。此处描述的元件中可以进行改变而不偏离以下权利要求中描述的本发明的原则与范围。此外，应该理解，此处所描述的特征可以在某些实施例中加以组合。

Claims (45)

1.一种现场加热含烃地层的方法，它包括：
从一或几个加热器提供热量到地层中的一个开口，其中该开口的第一端在第一位置与地表面接触，同时该开口的第二端在第二位置与地表面接触；以及
允许热量从该开口传递到该地层的至少一部份以便在地层中热分解压力某些烃类。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中提供到开口的热量包括提供热量、加热的材料和/或从至少一个加热器到该开口的氧化产品。
3.权利要求1-2的任意一款的方法，还包括允许热量从设置在开口至少一部份的管道传递。
4.权利要求3的方法，还包括允许热量从管道并经过一个在开口壁和管道壁之间形成的环形空间传递。
5.权利要求1-4的任意一款的方法，其中至少加热器至少包括一氧化器，该方法还包括：
提供燃料到氧化器；
氧化至少某些燃料；以及
允许热量、加热的材料、和/或氧化产品经过开口、管道和环形空间移动，并因而传递热到地层的至少一部分。
6.权利要求5的方法，还包括回收某些燃料到至少一个附加的氧化器。
7.权利要求1-6的任意一款的方法，其中至少一个加热器包括一表面装置，该方法还包括：
使用该表面装置加热流体或其它材料；以及
允许加热的流体或其它材料经过开口、管道、和/或环状通道移动并因而将热量传递到地层的至少一部分。
8.权利要求1-7任意一款的方法，包括：
提供燃料到设置在开口中的一管道；
提供一氧化流体到该开口；
在至少一个设置在管道中，或联结到管道的氧化器中氧化燃料；以及
允许热量传递到地层的至少一部分。
9.权利要求1-8的任意一款的方法还包括：
提供氧化物产品到靠近第一位置的开口，然后使氧化物产品离开靠近第二位置的开口。
10.权利要求1-9的任意一款的方法，还包括控制地层的至少主要部份以内的压力和温度，其中控制压力作为温度的函数，和/或控制温温度作为压力的函数。
11.权利要求1-10的任意一款的方法，还包括控制地层的至少主要部分以内的压力和温度，其中控制压力作为温度的函数，和/或控制温度作为压力的函数。
12.权利要求1-11的任意一款的方法，还包括从地层产生的混合物，其中产生的混合物包括具有至少大约25°的API比重的凝固的烃。
13.权利要求1-12的任意一款的方法，还包括控制地层的至少主要部分以内的压力，其中控制的压力是至少大约2.0巴绝对压力。
14.权利要求1-13的任意一款的方法，还包括控制地层状态，这样生产的混合物包括在混合物以内的大于大约0.5巴的H2的部分压力。
15.权利要求1-14的任意一款的方法，还包括改变地层以内的压力以防止从地层产生具有碳数大于大约25的烃。
16.权利要求1-15的任意一款的方法，其中地层的部分的至少一部分被加热到一个大约270℃的最小热分解温度。
17.一种为实施权利要求1-16的任意一款的方法的系统，包括：
一或多个可构造的加热器提供热量到地层的至少一部分通过传热到地层的开口。
18.权利要求17的系统，其中传热到地层的开口包括提供热量、加热的材料、和/或氧化产品到开口。
19.权利要求17-18的任意一款的系统，还包括设置在开口的至少一部份中的壳。
20.权利要求17-19的任意一款的系统，其中至少一个加热器是处于开口中的，或与开口结合的一个氧化器。
21.权利要求17-20的任意一款的系统，其中加热器包括至少一个第一氧化器和一个第二氧化器。
22.权利要求17-21的任意一款的系统，其中热量、加热的材料、和/或氧化产品经过开口从第二氧化器流动，从第二端向第一端流动。
23.权利要求17-22的任意一款的系统，还包括可放置在开口的至少一部份中的管道。
24.权利要求23的系统，其中传热到地层中的开口包括提供热量、加热的材料、和/或氧化产品到管道。
25.权利要求23-24的任意一款的系统，其中加热器包括至少一个第一氧化器和一个第二氧化器。
26.权利要求25的系统，其中第二氧化器放置在，或联结到，管道内/上，同时其中第二氧化器被构造成提供热量到地层的至少一部份。
27.权利要求25-26的任意一款的系统，其中热量，加热的材料和/或氧化产品从第一氧化器经开口流动从第一端流向第二端同时热量，加热的材料和/或氧化产物从第二氧化器经开口流动从第二端流向第一端。
28.权利要求17-27任意一款的系统，其中至少一个加热器包括一可构成的氧化器以氧化燃料以产生热量，该系统还包括可构成的回收管道以回收至少某些具有氧化产品的燃料从氧化器流到至少一个附加的氧化器。
29.权利要求23-28任意一款的系统，还包括在管道壁和开口壁之间形成的环形空间。
30.权利要求29的系统，其中传递到地层的开口的热量包括提供的热量，加热的材料、和/或氧化产品到环形空间。
31.权利要求29-30的任意一款的系统，其中加热器包括一或多个置于环形空间内或联结到管道上的氧化器，其中提供燃料到管道，同时其中燃料经管道流到氧化器。
32.权利要求29-30的任意一款的系统，其中至少一个氧化器置于环形空间中，或联结到环形空间，同时其中至少一个氧化器构造成提供热量到至少地层的一部分。
33.权利要求32的系统，还包括置于环形空间中或联结到环形空间的第一氧化器，以及置于管道中或联结到管道的第二氧化器。
34.权利要求33的系统，其中热量，加热的材料、和/或氧化产品从第一氧化器流到环形空间并且与从第二氧化器流到管道的热量、加热的材料、和/或氧化产品逆流。
35.权利要求33-34任意一款的方法，还包括：
第一回收管道可构成为回收至少某些环形空间中的燃料到第二氧化器；以及
第二回收管道可构成为回收至少某些管道中的燃料到第一氧化器。
36.权利要求17-35的任意一款的系统，还包括可置于开口中的第二管道，和一个或多个可构成以通过该第二管道提供热量到地层的至少一部分。
37.权利要求36的系统，其中加热器包括至少一个第一氧化器，它可构形成通过向管道提供热量，加热的材料、和/或氧化产品而向地层的至少一部分提供热量，及一个第二氧化器，它可构形成通过向第二管道提供热量，加热的材料、和/或氧化产品而向地层的至少一部分提供热量。
38.权利要求37的系统，其中该第一氧化器可设置在管道中，或者第二氧化器可设置在第二管道中。
39.权利要求37-38任意一款的系统，其中氧化产品从第一氧化器以与氧化产品从第二氧化器的流动相反的方向流动。
40.权利要求17-39的任意一款的系统，其中至少一个加热器包括一个氧化器，同时还包括可设置在靠近氧化器的绝缘物。
41.权利要求17-40的任意一款的系统，其中至少一个加热器包括一氧化器，同时其中至少一个氧化器包括一环状燃烧器或一列燃烧器。
42.权利要求17-41的任意一款的系统，其中至少一个加热器是一可构造成向开口提供热的表面装置。
43.权利要求42的系统，还包括构造成向开口或在第一位置的管道提供热量、加热的材料或氧化产品的表面装置。
44.权利要求17-43的任意一款的系统，其中热量、加热的材料、和/或氧化产品从第一氧化器在与热量、加热的材料、和/或氧化产品从第二氧化器的相反的方向流动。
45.权利要求17-44的任意一款的系统，其中该系统构造成向地层的选定段提供热量并热分解选定段中的烃的至少一部分。
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CN103380266A (zh) * 2011-02-18 2013-10-30 领潮能源有限公司 在煤炭地下气化过程ucg中点燃地下煤层
CN114054489A (zh) * 2020-07-30 2022-02-18 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 一种原位产生多元热流体去除地层有机污染物的方法
CN114054489B (zh) * 2020-07-30 2023-06-30 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 一种原位产生多元热流体去除地层有机污染物的方法

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