CN1715753A - 利用部分气化的煤以除去汞的方法和设备 - Google Patents
利用部分气化的煤以除去汞的方法和设备 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种用于俘获由固体燃料燃烧形成的烟道气中的汞的方法,包括:燃烧煤(12),其中燃烧过程中释放的汞被夹带在由燃烧产生的烟道气中;通过在燃烧固体燃料的同时,在气化器(42)中就地使固体燃料部分地气化,产生热活化的含碳吸附剂;将气化的气体产物注入(46)煤的燃烧中;将热活化的吸附剂注入(26)烟道气中,以及在废物处理系统(28,34)中收集注射的吸附剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及煤的燃烧,并且特别是涉及吸附剂的产生以俘获在煤燃烧过程中产生的烟道气中的汞(Hg)。
背景技术
煤燃烧产生的排放物可包含挥发性金属例如汞(Hg)。长期以来意识到需要减少来自燃煤加热炉和其它工业煤燃烧系统的气体排放物中的汞。当汞在煤燃烧过程中挥发时,其进入由燃烧产生的烟道气中。一些已挥发的汞可被已注射的吸附剂俘获并通过微粒收集系统被除去。如果未被俘获,汞可与来自盘管式锅炉的烟囱废气一起进入大气。汞是一种污染物。因此,所希望的是在烟囱排放前,大量俘获烟道气中的汞。
注射作为俘获烟道气中的汞的吸附剂的活性碳是一种已公知的汞控制技术。参见例如Pavish等,“用于燃煤动力设备的汞控制选择的状况评述(Status review of mercury control options for coal-firedpower plants)”,燃料处理技术(Fuel Processing Technology)82,89-165页(2003)。根据煤的类型和排放物控制系统的具体构造,例如在微粒收集器或紧凑型袋式集尘室之前进行注射,所述微粒收集器或紧凑型袋式集尘室被加在现有静电微粒控制装置ESP后面,和煤的类型,通过活性碳注射得到的汞的去除效率在60%到90%的范围内。
在燃煤动力设备中利用活性碳控制汞的成本倾向于较为昂贵。参见例如布朗(Brown)等,“对来自燃煤动力设备的汞排放物的控制:初步成本评估和用于准确评估控制成本的后续步骤”,燃料处理技术(Fuel Processing Technology)65-66,311-341页(2000)。利用活性碳注射除去汞的典型成本通常在$ 20,000/磅除去的汞到$70,000/磅汞的范围内。该成本受到吸附剂成本的支配。因此,长期以来意识到需要以经济方式生产活性碳吸附剂。通过降低吸附剂的成本,从烟道气中除去汞的成本可被大大降低。
发明内容
本发明可被实施作为一种用于俘获由固体燃料燃烧形成的烟道气中的汞的方法,包括:燃烧煤,其中燃烧过程中释放的汞被夹带在由燃烧产生的烟道气中;通过在燃烧固体燃料的同时,在气化器中就地使固体燃料部分地气化,产生热活化的含碳吸附剂;将气化的固体燃料注入煤的燃烧中;将热活化的吸附剂注入烟道气中,以及在废物处理系统中收集注射的吸附剂。
此外,本发明的另一个实施例是一种用于俘获由固体燃料燃烧形成的烟道气中的汞的方法,包括:在加热炉或锅炉中燃烧固体燃料,其中燃烧过程中释放的汞被夹带在燃烧产生的烟道气中并流至废物处理系统;通过在加热炉或锅炉加热时,在气化器中就地使碳固体燃料部分地气化,产生热活化的含碳吸附剂;将来自气化器的气化器燃料注入加热炉或锅炉内;将热活化的吸附剂注入废物处理系统的烟道气管道中;利用注射的吸附剂俘获至少一些被夹带的汞;在废物处理系统中收集带有汞的注射吸附剂。
本发明还可被实施作为一种用于从烟道气中俘获汞的系统,包括:被布置以接收煤和空气的加热炉或锅炉且还包括煤和空气注射系统,和用于燃烧煤和空气的燃烧区域;被连接以接收在加热炉或锅炉的燃烧中产生的烟道气的废物处理系统,其中所述废物处理系统包括吸附剂注射器和吸附剂收集装置;吸附剂发生器,所述吸附剂发生器还包括具有固体碳燃料的入口的气化器,气化室,在所述气化室内固体碳燃料被至少部分地燃烧以产生吸附剂和气化的燃料;在气化器和吸附剂注射器之间的用以将吸附剂输送至注射器的管道,和在气化器与煤和空气注射系统之间的用以将气化的燃料输送至注射系统的管道。
附图说明
图1是具有用于产生吸附剂的气化器,以及微粒和吸附剂控制装置的燃煤加热炉的示意图;
图2是典型的固体燃料气化器的侧视截面图;
图3是示出了关于气化器滞留时间对吸附剂中的碳含量的影响的试验数据的曲线图;和
图4是示出了关于与气化区域中的化学计量相关的吸附剂中的碳含量的试验数据的曲线图。
具体实施方式
碳基吸附剂对于从烟道气中除去汞是有效的。已经开发出一种用以通过在气化器中使煤或其它含碳燃料部分气化而产生热活化的汞吸附剂的系统和方法。所述热活化的吸附剂可在现有微粒控制装置(PCD)上游,或如果存在专用于吸附剂的下游微粒控制系统,则在微粒控制装置的下游,被注入到含汞烟道气中。热活化的吸附剂由与设备燃烧的煤相同的煤或由其它含碳固体燃料产生。
当前系统和方法通过将局部产生的热活化的碳基吸附剂注入烟道气中并将烟道气中的汞吸收到吸附剂上而减少了来自燃煤锅炉的烟囱的汞排放物。与传统的活性碳注射相比,这种方法的优点包括(不限于):产生热活化的吸附剂所需的设备的低资本成本;减少了用以储存活性碳的料仓的需要,和吸附剂生产的相对较低的成本。
图1示出了包括煤源12、锅炉14和燃烧废物处理系统16的燃煤动力设备10。所述锅炉包括固体燃料注射系统18和空气注射器20。煤和空气的混合物在锅炉内的燃烧区域22中进行燃烧。燃烧区域中产生的烟道气可包括在燃烧过程中从煤中释放的汞。
烟道气流动通过锅炉并流入废物处理系统的管道24,烟道气在此冷却。废物处理系统16包括吸附剂注射系统26、具有排灰装置30的微粒控制装置(PCD)28和用于烟道气排放的烟囱32。吸附剂注射系统可将吸附剂注入微粒控制装置上游的管道24中。此外或另一种可选实施方式是,如果专用吸附剂微粒收集装置34被包括在废物处理系统16中,吸附剂可被注入微粒控制装置的下游。
吸附剂从吸附剂发生器38的吸附剂排出槽36流出。在发生器中,煤或其它含碳固体燃料40在产生热活化的碳吸附剂的气化器42中被部分气化。气化器可使吸附剂与气体一起通过槽36排入管道24内。另一种可选实施方式是,在气化器中产生的热活化的固体吸附剂在旋风分离器44中从其它气化产物中分离出来。吸附剂和气体燃料产物的混合物进入旋风分离器44的入口。吸附剂的固体颗粒从旋风分离器中被排入吸附剂槽36内。气化器和旋风分离器可与废物处理系统16就地在一起。来自气化器的气体产物流动通过管道46并流至煤注射器18,并流入锅炉中的燃烧区域22中。
图2示意性地示出了固体燃料气化器42的截面,所述固体燃料气化器可以是一种常规装置。该气化器包括垂直气化室50,固体燃料颗粒40和热量被注入到所述气化室中。燃料颗粒在气化室50中的燃烧产生吸附剂和气化燃料。用于吸附剂燃烧的固体燃料可以是煤、生物燃料、污水污泥、废产物或其它含碳固体燃料。在气化室50中布置阻气门52以调节燃料在室内的滞留时间。在气化器室中0.5至10秒的滞留时间通常优选用于产生吸附剂。热电偶56被布置在气化室50和加热室41中以监控这些室中的温度。
在一个实例中,气化器42可由不锈钢形成且其内壁带有耐火材料衬里。固体燃料气化所需的热量由天然气和空气的燃烧提供。水平排列的加热室41可具有8英寸(in.)的内径。煤40被注入到气化室50内,所述气化室可具有12英寸(in.)的内径。氮气或空气可被用作固体燃料的输运介质。
固体燃料40通过带有水套的注射器58被注射到气化室50的上端处。输运气体51通过燃料注射器53被注射以将固体燃料颗粒输送进入气化室50。加到气化室上的热量使固体燃料颗粒部分气化,例如通过部分燃烧,并产生活性吸附剂颗粒。气化室50和辅助加热室41的壁部带有耐火材料衬里62以适应加热室内的热量。
固体燃料,例如碳,的部分气化所需的热量由热源60和/或通过在气化室中部分燃烧固体燃料提供。例如,天然气和空气60在加热室41中进行混合以产生提供给气化室50的热量。加热室中的冷却孔64允许水66冷却加热室和固体燃料注射器58的壁部。加热室41的冷却允许温度受到控制且避免了固体燃料在气化室50中的过度燃烧。气化室中的温度优选在1000至2000华氏度范围内。
最优化气化室50中的条件以增强具有相对较高活性的热活化的吸附剂的产生。例如,吸附剂可被产生具有相对较大的表面积和较高的含碳量。气化器中的工艺参数包括气化室50中的燃料滞留时间、含碳材料与空气的化学计量比(SR)和室50中的温度。通过控制这些工艺参数,活性吸附剂的产生可得到增强。气化器中的最优工艺条件还受到含碳燃料40的类型及其活性的影响。
进行试验以确定气化器参数对热活化的含碳吸附剂的活性的影响,吸附剂活性可被看作吸附剂中的含碳量。
气化室50中的温度曲线通过利用多个沿室壁和在加热室41中设置的热电偶56进行测量。位于附近的气化室中的孔68允许气体和固体样品被采集和分析。对固体样品进行分析以确定烧失量(LOI),所述烧失量提供了对存在的碳的量度。
图3和图4为试验数据曲线图,图中示出了气化室50中的滞留时间和化学计量比(SR)对吸附剂中的含碳量的影响。通过改变煤40的量和通过使气体载体从空气改变为氮气,改变气化器化学计量比。移动煤注射器51的顶部70使其更深入气化区域改变了滞留时间。图3和图4显示当滞留时间和化学计量比增加时,气化程度增加。为了最优化吸附剂的产生,滞留时间和化学计量比不应该过度。
所希望的是具有包含更高含碳量的热活化的吸附剂。因此,较短的滞留时间和较低的化学计量比有利于吸附剂中的高含碳量。另一方面,非常短的滞留时间下的煤的气化程度致使产生了相对较小的吸附剂表面积。具有大表面积的吸附剂颗粒在俘获汞方面是有效的。因此,气化器中的条件必须被最优化以实现吸附剂的高活性。
如图3所示,当气化室50内的滞留时间增加时,吸附剂的活性(LOI)略有下降。例如,1.4至10秒的滞留时间确保烧失量保持相对较高。LOI提供了对气化室中形成的碳吸附剂的量的表示。1.4至10秒的滞留时间已被发现增强了吸附剂的产生。图4所示的数据表明固体燃料与可得到的空气的相对较高的化学计量比(SR)增加了烧失量并因此增加了吸附剂的量。保持化学计量比在0.1至1.0的范围内已被发现产生了良好的活性吸附剂。
尽管已经结合目前被认为最实用和优选的实施例对本发明进行了描述,但是应该理解,本发明并不限于所披露的实施例,而是相反地,本发明旨在覆盖被包括在所附技术方案的精神和范围内的各种变型和等效布置。
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参考编号 | 名称 |
10 | 动力设备 |
12b | 煤 |
14 | 锅炉 |
16 | 废物处理系统 |
18 | 燃料注射 |
20 | 空气注射 |
22 | 燃烧区域 |
24 | 管道 |
26 | 吸附剂注射 |
28 | 微粒控制装置 |
30 | 排灰装置 |
32 | 烟囱 |
34 | 吸附剂收集和控制装置 |
36 | 吸附剂槽 |
38 | 吸附剂发生器 |
40 | 固体燃料 |
41 | 热量 |
42 | 气化器 |
44 | 旋风分离器 |
46 | 气体燃料管道 |
48 | 输运气体 |
50 | 气化室 |
51 | 输运气体 |
52 | 阻气门 |
53 | 燃料注射器 |
54 | 底部排放 |
56 | 热电偶 |
58 | 带有水套的注射器 |
60 | 加热器 |
62 | 耐火材料衬里 |
64 | 冷却孔 |
66 | 水 |
68 | 孔 |
70 | 煤注射器的顶部 |
Claims (10)
1、一种用于俘获由固体燃料燃烧形成的烟道气中的汞的方法,包括:
a.在燃烧系统(14)中燃烧燃料(12),其中燃烧过程中释放的汞被夹带在由燃烧产生的烟道气中;
b.通过在燃烧固体燃料的同时,在气化器(42)中就地使碳固体燃料部分地气化,产生热活化的含碳吸附剂;
c.将热活化的吸附剂注入(26)烟道气中;以及
d.将至少一些汞吸收在热活化的吸附剂上。
2、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述热活化的吸附剂从煤、生物燃料、污水污泥、和含碳废产物中的至少一种(40)中产生。
3、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述热活化的吸附剂在进行注射之前从气体气化产物中分离(44)出来。
4、根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述气体气化产物(46)被注入(18)煤的燃烧区域中。
5、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述吸附剂在被连接至燃烧系统的废物处理系统(28、34)中就地产生。
6、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述吸附剂在微粒控制装置(28)的上游被注入到烟道气中,且所述方法还包括在微粒控制装置(28)中收集具有俘获的汞的吸附剂。
7、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述吸附剂在微粒控制装置(28)的下游被注入到烟道气中,且所述方法还包括在吸附剂收集装置(34)中收集具有俘获的汞的吸附剂。
8、根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括在废物处理系统中收集注射的吸附剂。
9、一种用于从烟道气中俘获汞的系统,包括:
被布置以接收煤和空气的加热炉或锅炉且还包括煤和空气注射系统,和用于燃烧煤和空气的燃烧区域;
被连接以接收在燃烧区域中产生的烟道气的废物处理系统,其中所述废物处理系统还包括吸附剂注射器和吸附剂收集装置;
吸附剂发生器,所述吸附剂发生器还包括具有固体碳燃料入口的气化器,气化室,在所述气化室内固体碳燃料被至少部分地燃烧以产生吸附剂和气化的气体产物;
在气化器和吸附剂注射器之间的用以将吸附剂输送至注射器的管道;和
在气化器与煤和空气注射系统之间的用以将气化的气体产物输送至注射系统的管道。
10、根据权利要求9所述的系统,进一步包括被连接至气化器的排放孔的旋风分离器,和具有被连接至气化器和吸附剂注射器之间的管道的吸附剂排放装置以及被连接至气化器与煤和空气注射系统之间的管道的气体排放装置。
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US10/866,239 US7249564B2 (en) | 2004-06-14 | 2004-06-14 | Method and apparatus for utilization of partially gasified coal for mercury removal |
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JP (1) | JP2006000847A (zh) |
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CA2509029A1 (en) | 2005-12-14 |
DE102005026746A1 (de) | 2005-12-29 |
JP2006000847A (ja) | 2006-01-05 |
GB2415188B (en) | 2009-09-02 |
GB2415188A (en) | 2005-12-21 |
GB0511869D0 (en) | 2005-07-20 |
US20050274307A1 (en) | 2005-12-15 |
US7249564B2 (en) | 2007-07-31 |
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