CN1867517A - 水过滤器装置 - Google Patents

水过滤器装置 Download PDF

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CN1867517A
CN1867517A CNA2004800231848A CN200480023184A CN1867517A CN 1867517 A CN1867517 A CN 1867517A CN A2004800231848 A CNA2004800231848 A CN A2004800231848A CN 200480023184 A CN200480023184 A CN 200480023184A CN 1867517 A CN1867517 A CN 1867517A
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water
water filter
filter device
filter
water tank
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CN100463865C (zh
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J·D·坦纳
D·J·埃蒙斯
R·P·里德尔
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Helen of Troy Ltd
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Pur Water Purification Products Inc
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
    • B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
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    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
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    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
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    • C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
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    • C02F9/20—Portable or detachable small-scale multistage treatment devices, e.g. point of use or laboratory water purification systems
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    • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Abstract

一种用于处理未处理过的饮用水的水过滤器装置(20)，其中所述水过滤器装置(20)可包括一个用于提供所述水过滤器装置(20)和未处理过的饮用水源之间流体连通的接头(22)。所述水过滤器装置(20)可包括一个用于处理未处理过的饮用水的低压水过滤器(26)，所述水过滤器(26)可包括水过滤材料。所述水过滤器可包括大于约2log的F－BLR。所述水过滤器(20)装置可包括一个与所述低压水过滤器(26)流体连通的储水箱(30)。所述水过滤器装置可包括一个用于中止处理过的饮用水流入所述储水箱的自动开关阀。所述水过滤器装置(20)可包括一个用于从所述储水箱(30)分配处理过的饮用水的出水器(36)。所述未处理过的饮用水可以至少约5毫升/分钟的速度输入到所述储水箱(30)中，一直到启动所述自动开关阀为止，从而中止所述处理过的饮用水流入所述储水箱(30)中。所述水过滤器装置(20)可为非电动水过滤器装置。

Description

水过滤器装置
发明领域
一种用于处理未处理过的饮用水的水处理装置。
发明背景
水中可含有很多不同种类的污染物，所述污染物包括例如颗粒、有害化学物质和诸如细菌、寄生虫和病毒之类的微生物有机体。在很多情况下，必须要将这些污染物除去后水才能够使用。在水可饮用即适于使用前，必须去除其中的任何有害的污染物。
在不发达国家，饮用受到污染的水存在严重的后果。同时，有几个因素对水的污染产生影响，包括：人口密度日益增加、水资源日益减少、没有水过滤公用设施，并且通常缺少电力(包括电池在内，其过于昂贵)。在某些情形下，在同一地区眦邻而居的家庭在他们可获得的未处理过的饮用水的水压方面可能差异巨大。同样，由于饮用水源普遍与人与动物排泄物相邻，使得微生物污染成为一种主要的健康问题。水中滋生微生物所产生的污染估计每年会造成大约六百万人死亡，其中有一半是5岁以下的儿童。
1987年美国环境保护署(EPA)引入了“微生物水净化装置的测试指南标准和议定书”。议定书确立了在公用或家用供水系统中设计用于减少与人体健康相关的特定污染物的饮用水过滤器装置性能的最低要求。要求供应水源中流出的水中病毒清除率为99.99％(或相当于4log)，细菌清除率为99.9999％(或相当于6log)才能够满足要求。按照EPA议定书，病毒在流入的水中其浓度应为1×107每升，细菌在流入的水中其浓度应为1×108每升。由于大肠杆菌(E.coli，细菌)在供水中普遍存在，且其被饮用后将产生相关风险，因而将这种微生物作为大多数研究中的细菌。类似地，MS-2细菌噬菌体(或简称为MS-2噬菌体)是一种典型地用于病毒清除的代表性微生物，因为其大小和形状(即约26nm，且为二十面体)与很多病毒相似。于是，过滤器去除MS-2噬菌体的能力即可说明其去除其它病毒的能力。
因此，某些挑战包括：在未处理过的饮用水被病毒和细菌所污染、缺水、得不到电力和电池时、在同一地区水压差异很大时、当存在没有水压的期间时，提供一种水过滤器装置，其可给正常家用提供用于饮用和烹饪的充足的日用饮用水。
发明概述
用于处理未处理过的饮用水的水过滤器装置包括一个用于提供所述水过滤器装置和未处理过的饮用水源之间流体连通的接头。该水过滤器装置可包括一个与所述接头流体连通的低压水过滤器。该水过滤器可包括一种水过滤材料。该水过滤器可包括大于约2log的F-BLR。该水过滤器装置可包括一个与所述低压水过滤器流体连通的储水箱。该水过滤器装置可包括一个与所述储水箱流体连通的自动开关阀。该水过滤器装置可包括一个与所述储水箱流体连通的出水器。该未处理过的饮用水可以至少约5mL/min而不大于约2,000mL/min的速度输入到所述储水箱中，一直到启动所述自动开关阀为止，使得处理过的饮用水流入所述储水箱中被中止。所述水过滤器装置可为非电动水过滤器装置。
一种处理低压未处理过的饮用水的方法可包括提供一种低压水过滤器装置。所述低压水过滤器装置可包括一个用于连接到一个未处理过的饮用水源上的接头。低压水过滤器可包括中孔活性炭颗粒和一个储水箱。所述方法还可包括从低压未处理过的饮用水源将低压未处理过的饮用水流经低压水过滤器。所述低压未处理过的饮用水可包括病毒和细菌，使得平均流体接触时间大于约2秒。所述水过滤器可包括大于约2log的F-BLR和一个大于约1log的F-VLR。所述方法还可包括用处理过的饮用水以大于约5mL/min的速度充注储水箱。
一种组成一个用于处理未处理过的饮用水的模块式水处理装置的方法。所述方法可包括提供一个模块式水过滤器装置单元。所述模块式水过滤器装置单元可包括一个用于处理未处理过的饮用水的低压水过滤器。所述低压水过滤器可包括一种水过滤材料和一个用于中止处理过的饮用水流动的自动开关阀。所述方法还可包括将所述模块式水过滤器装置装入一个用于存储处理过的饮用水的储水箱中。所述模块式水装置单元可为非电动水过滤器装置。
附图概述
图1为一个水过滤器装置的分解透视图。
图2-A是图1水过滤器装置的接头处于“打开位置”的透视图和图1水过滤器装置的接头软管的局部视图。
图2-B是图1水过滤器装置的接头处于“闭合位置”的透视图和图1水过滤器装置的接头软管的局部视图。
图3是图1水过滤器装置的水过滤器的分解透视图。
图4是图1水过滤器装置的底平面视图。
图5是沿着线AA截取的图1水过滤器装置的侧剖面视图，其中流量调节器详见细部图A。
图6为图1水过滤器装置的一个可供选择的实施方案沿着线A-A截取的局部侧剖面视图，其中穿过过滤器容器形成了一个开口。
图7为图1水过滤器装置的控制头的分解透视图。
图8是图1水过滤器装置的一个可供选择的实施方案的透视图，其中壁挂托架被固定在墙壁上。
图9为图1水过滤器装置的控制头、水过滤器和过滤器容器的分解透视图。
发明详述
I.定义
本文所用术语“活性炭颗粒”及其派生词是指已经历赋予炭化物更多孔隙过程处理的炭颗粒。
本文所用术语“活化”及其派生词是指使碳化物质更为多孔的处理方法。
本文所用术语“活性炭颗粒”或“活性炭过滤颗粒”及其派生词是指已经历活化过程的炭颗粒。
本文所用短语“平均流体驻留时间”和/或“平均流体接触时间”是指当流体流过过滤材料时，其与过滤器内过滤颗粒接触的平均时间，并被计算为过滤材料孔体积与流体流速的比率。
本文所用短语“轴流”是指流过一个平表面并垂直于该表面。
本文所用术语“碱性”是指过滤颗粒的零电荷点大于7。
本文所用术语“一次性的”是指所设计和加工的过滤器用于处理约189(50)至约757L(200加仑)未处理过的饮用水、或处理约30天至约120天。
本文所用短语“正面区域”是指过滤材料最初暴露于流入水的区域。例如，在轴流式过滤器中，正面区域是过滤材料在流体入口处的横截面区域，而在径流式过滤器中，正面区域为过滤材料的外部区域。
本文所用短语“过滤器细菌对数清除(F-BLR)”是指流过最初2,000个过滤材料孔体积后，过滤器的细菌清除能力。F-BLR定义和计算如下：
F-BLR＝-log[(大肠杆菌的流出浓度)/(大肠杆菌的流入浓度)]，式中“大肠杆菌的流入浓度”在整个试验中一直被设置为约1×108CFU/L以及“大肠杆菌的流出浓度”在流经过滤器约2,000过滤材料孔体积后进行检测。该F-BLR单位为“log”(这里“log”代表对数)。注意，如果流出浓度低于化验技术的检测极限，则认为用于计算F-BLR的该流出浓度为检测极限。同样注意，F-BLR是在未使用具有杀菌效果的化学剂的情况下测得的。
本文所用短语“过滤材料深度”是指流入水从过滤材料入口流至出口的直线距离。例如，在轴流式过滤器中，过滤深度是过滤材料的厚度；而在径流式过滤器中，过滤深度是过滤材料的外直径和内直径差的一半。
本文所用短语“过滤材料孔体积”是指过滤材料中尺寸大于0.1μμm的粒间孔的总体积。
本文所用短语“过滤材料总体积”是指粒间孔体积和被过滤颗粒占据的体积之和。
本文所用短语“过滤颗粒”是指用于形成至少部分过滤材料的独立构件或条片。例如，一根纤维、一颗微粒、一个小珠等在本发明中都被认为是一个过滤颗粒。
本文所用短语“过滤器孔隙率”和/或“过滤床层孔隙率”是指过滤材料孔体积与过滤材料总体积的比率。
本文所用短语“过滤器病毒对数清除(F-VLR)”是指流过最初2,000个过滤材料孔体积后，过滤器的病毒清除能力。F-VLR定义和计算如下：
F-VLR＝-log[(噬菌体的流出浓度)/(噬菌体的流入浓度)]，式中“噬菌体的流入浓度”在整个试验中一直被设置为约1×107CFU/L以及“噬菌体的流出浓度”在流经过滤器约2,000过滤材料孔体积后进行检测。该F-VLR单位为“log”(这里“log”代表对数)。注意，如果流出浓度低于化验技术的检测极限，则认为用于计算F-VLR的该流出浓度为检测极限。同样注意，F-VLR是在未使用具有杀菌效果的化学剂的情况下测得的。
本文所用术语“低压”是指约7kPa(1磅每平方英寸(本文用“psi”表示))至约138kPa(20psi)。
本文所用术语“低压水过滤器”是指当未处理过的饮用水源处在至少约7kPa(1psi)的压力时输送约5毫米/分钟(本文用“mL/min”表示)至约400mL/min处理过的饮用水的水过滤器。
本文所用术语“大孔”是指宽度或直径大于50nm(或者相当于500)的颗粒内的孔。
本文所用术语“中孔”是指宽度或直径介于2nm和50nm之间(或者相当于介于20和500之间)的颗粒内的孔。
本文所用术语“低压水过滤器装置”是指当未处理过的饮用水源处于至少约7kPa(1psi)的压力时，输送至少约5mL/min至约400mL/min处理过的水的水过滤器装置。
本文所用短语“中孔活性炭过滤颗粒”是指一种活性炭过滤颗粒，其中中孔和大孔体积之和大于0.12毫升/克(本文用“mL/g”表示)。
本文所用短语“中孔碱性活性炭过滤颗粒”是指一种活性炭过滤颗粒，其中中孔和大孔体积之和大于0.12mL/g，且零电荷点大于7。
本文所用短语“中孔碱性还原氧活性炭过滤颗粒”是指一种活性炭过滤颗粒，其中中孔和大孔体积之和大于0.12mL/g，零电荷点大于7，且本体氧重量百分比为1.5％或更小。
本文中使用的术语“微生物”、“微生物有机体”和“病原体”可互换使用。这些术语指具有细菌、病毒、寄生虫、原生动物和病菌特征的各种微生物。
本文所用术语“微孔”是指宽度或直径小于2nm(或者相当于20)的颗粒内的孔。
本文所用短语“微孔容量”及其派生词是指所有微孔的容量。微孔容量用本领域所熟知的方法Brunauer、Emmet t和Teller(本文中用“BET”表示)方法(ASTM D 4820-99标准)由在0.15的相对压力下所吸收的氮的体积进行计算。
本文所用术语“非电动水过滤器装置”是指不采用交流或直流电来增加水压的水过滤器装置。
本文中使用的短语“零电荷点”是指一临界pH值，高于该值则碳化颗粒的总表面带负电荷。测定零电荷点的众所周知的测试步骤将在下文阐述。
本文所用术语“中孔范围孔径分布”是指通过Barrett、Joyner和Halenda(BJH)方法计算得到的孔径分布，BJH方法为本领域所熟知。
本文所用短语“径流”典型地是指流过基本圆柱形的或基本圆锥形的表面，并垂直于那些表面流过。
本文所用短语“中孔和大孔的容量之和”及其派生词是指所有中孔和大孔的总容量。中孔与大孔容量之和等于总孔容量与微孔容量之差，或相当于，计算为在相对压力分别为0.9814和0.15时，通过BET方法(ASTM D 4820-99标准)测得的氮吸附量之差，该BET方法为本领域所熟知。
本文所用术语“自充”是指在储水箱被充注到预定的水平之后自动地停止处理未处理过的饮用水的水过滤器装置。
本文所用短语“比外表面积”是指每单位质量过滤颗粒的总外表面积，如下文更详细所述。
本文所用短语“总外表面积”是指一个或多个过滤颗粒的外部几何表面积，如下文详述。
本文所用术语“未处理过的”是指还没有用本文所述的水过滤器装置进行处理的水。
本文所用术语“水过滤器”或“过滤器”是指通过如尺寸排除、电解、吸附、吸收、氧化、还原、化学消毒、离子交换等中的一种或组合分别去除或中和污染物的结构和机构。
本文所用短语“水过滤材料”或“过滤材料”是指过滤颗粒的聚集体。形成过滤材料的过滤颗粒的该聚集体可为同类或异类。在过滤材料内过滤颗粒可为均匀或非均匀分布(如不同过滤颗粒组成的层)。形成过滤材料的过滤颗粒也无需具有相同的形状或尺寸，并可以松散或相互连接的形式提供。
水过滤器装置
所有图中具有相同最后三位的数字表示相同或相似的元件(例如122、1122、2122或020、1020、2020)。
如图1所示，本发明的一个实施方案可为一个水过滤器装置20，其可包括一个用于连接到一个未处理过的饮用水源上的接头22、一个用于使接头22与控制头34流体连通的接头软管24，一个用于处理未处理过的饮用水的水过滤器26、一个用于安放水过滤器26的过滤器容器28、一个用于存储被水过滤器26处理过的饮用水的储水箱30、一个用于覆盖所述储水箱30的储水箱盖32、一个用于分配所述储水箱30中所述处理过的饮用水的出水器36、一个用于固定水过滤器装置20的壁挂托架38、一个用于控制饮用水通过水过滤器装置20的流量的流量调节器39(图5中所示)和/或一个用于显示所述水过滤器26寿命的寿命显示器40。
A.软管
如图1所示，接头软管24可将接头22流体连接到控制头34上。接头软管24可为各种长度和直径。接头软管24可由多种材料中的一种或几种材料制成，包括但不限于塑料等中的一种或组合物。
B.接头
如图2-A和2-B所示，接头22可包括一个接头主体42、一个接头手柄44、一个阀、一个接头入口46、一个第一接头出口48和一个第二接头出口50。接头入口46可可脱离地(例如摩擦装配、螺纹装配、螺栓连接、螺纹连接、紧固件、弹压装配和锁连接等)或永久地(例如模铸、胶合、钎焊、焊接和热板焊接等)连接到一个未处理过的水源上(例如住宅型水龙头、洗碗池下的进水管、屋顶安装的水箱等)，用于将未处理过的饮用水引入到水过滤器装置20中。可将第一接头出口48连接到接头软管24上。也可将第二接头50加工螺纹用于连接一个充气机、对一个洗碗机等快速脱离配合。接头手柄44可用来控制(通过将其旋转90度)未处理过的饮用水的流动，使得使用者可在马上使用通过第二接头出口50的未处理过的饮用水(图2-A所示的“打开位置”)，或处理通过第一接头出口48的未处理过的饮用水(图2-B所示的“闭合位置”)之间进行选择。
接头22可由多种材料中的一种或几种材料制成，包括但不限于塑料、金属及其合金、玻璃纤维中的一种或组合物。
C.水过滤器
如图3所示，水过滤器26可包括一个过滤器外壳52、一个过滤器入口54、一个过滤器出口56和一种水过滤材料58。此外，如美国专利申请60/473,271中所述，水过滤器26可具有一个第一管路60、第二管路62(其可被肋63所支撑)和第三管路64(下面更详细地进行说明，参见图6)。
过滤器外壳52可覆盖水过滤材料58的端部。过滤器外壳52可为圆柱形的，然而其也可为各种形状和尺寸。过滤器外壳52可由多种材料中的一种或几种材料制成，包括但不限于塑料、金属及其合金、玻璃纤维等中的一种或组合物。可供选择地，过滤器外壳52可形成一个容纳水过滤材料58的界限分明的隔室。
过滤器入口54可为暴露出来的水过滤材料58的一部分(例如炭精块的一部分)、或一个被过滤器外壳52在两端覆盖的预过滤器120。即，水可通过水过滤材料58的暴露部分或预过滤器120进入水过滤器26。
过滤器出口56可为一个与水过滤器26的纵向轴线68同心同轴的圆形开口。过滤器入口54和过滤器出口56可改变尺寸，并以起到最佳应用效果的任何方式进行定位。因此，过滤器入口54和过滤器出口56可以一致接近(例如使用同一开口)、近程接近(例如使用同一表面或末端)或彼此远程接近(例如，位于相对的末端)进行定位。
水过滤材料58可被装在过滤器外壳52的内部。水过滤材料58可呈块状，其中水过滤材料58的块具有一个芯部区域70。
水过滤材料58的实施例被描述于美国专利2,167,225、2,335,458、4,172,796、4,493,772、4,764,274、4,025,438、4,094,779、5,679,248、6,274,041、6,337,015和美国专利申请09/935,810、09/935,962、09/628,632、09/832,581、09/832,580、09/736,749、09/574,456、09/564,919和09/347,223中。例如，水过滤材料可包括但不限于碳(例如包括碱性中孔的木质活性炭在内的活性碳、例如多孔碳管、或多孔碳块、或与塑料粘合剂烧结的碳粉或颗粒等等)、离子交换材料(例如呈树脂球、扁平的过滤膜、纤维状过滤组织等形式)、沸石微粒或涂层(例如银涂层)、聚乙烯、或荷电改性熔喷或微纤维玻璃织物、氧化铝和硅藻土等中的一种或组合物。
水过滤材料58可包括约7克(本文用“g”表示)至约600g、约15g至约300g、或约30g至约170g的活性炭颗粒(如美国专利申请10/464,210和10/464,209中所述)来处理低压未处理的饮用水。活性炭颗粒的堆积体积密度为约0.2g/mL至约0.8g/mL，约0.3g/mL至约0.7g/mL，或约0.35g/mL至约0.65g/mL。依照下面的活性炭块说明书，活性炭可通过美国专利4,664,673、4,859,386、5,019,311、5,189,092、5,249,948、5,679,248、5,679,248、5,928,588、5,976,432和WO98/43796中所述的方法制成块：
流速：
在69kPa(10psi)压力下约5毫升/分钟至约100毫升/分钟/英寸块长。
目标充注时间：
在69kPa(10psi)压力下对于3,000mL处理过的饮用水为约20分钟至约10小时。
尺寸：
块长：约5cm(2英寸)至约15cm(6英寸)。
外径：约3.8cm(1.5英寸)至约10cm(4英寸)。
内径：约0.76cm(0.3英寸)至约2.54cm(1英寸)。
最小平均流体接触时间：
至少约3秒。
包括活性炭颗粒的水过滤材料58可使水过滤器装置20能够处理通过接头22进入水过滤器装置20的未处理过的饮用水的约100％。唯一废弃的水(即，进入水过滤器装置20并未得到处理)是在拆卸过滤器容器28更换水过滤器26时残留在接头22、接头软管24和过滤器容器28中的那点水(与水过滤器26在其寿命期间所处理的未处理的饮用水的体积相比，废弃的水可少于约0.5％)。因此，通过所述接头22进入水过滤器装置20的约所有(100％)的未处理的饮用水均可从储水箱30中得到饮用。
如上所述，水过滤器26还可包括一个预过滤器120。预过滤器120可防止过滤材料58阻塞，尤其是在存在高浓度颗粒或有机污染(包括粘细菌在内)的地区。预过滤器120可包括但不限于熔喷聚丙烯、非织造聚合物、微玻璃纤维、非织造纤维素过滤材料等中的一种或组合物。预过滤器120可为一层或多层。
水过滤器26的F-BRL可大于约2log、大于约3log、大于约4log和大于约6log，以及F-VRL可大于约1log，大于约2log，大于约3log和大于约4log。此外，除了上述F-BRL/F-VRL以外，当处理低压未处理的饮用水时水过滤器26的输出可为约5mL/min至约2,000mL/min，约25mL/min至约1,000mL/min，或约50mL/min至约400mL/min。
水过滤材料实施例1
将购自弗吉尼亚州Covington的MeadWestvaco Corp.的约18.3gNucharRGC中孔碱性活性炭粉末(其DV，0.5等于约45μm)与俄亥俄州Cincinnati的Equistar Chemicals，Inc.的约7g Microthene低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)FN510-00粘合剂和购自佐治亚州Norcross的Selecto，Inc.约2g Alusil70硅铝酸盐粉末相混合。然后将所混合的粉末倾倒入一个内径约7.62厘米(本文中用“cm”表示)(约3in)和深度约1.27cm(约0.5in)的铝模中。将模具封闭并放置在一个具有压板的加热的压力机中在约204℃保持1小时。然后，使模具冷却到室温，打开并取出轴流过滤器。该过滤器的特征为：正面区域：约45.6平方厘米(本文中用“cm2”)；过滤器深度：约1.27cm；过滤器总体积：约58mL；过滤器孔隙度(对于大于约0.1纳米(本文中用“μm”表示)的孔)：约0.43；以及过滤材料孔体积(对于大于约0.1μm的孔)：约25mL(由压汞法测得)。
水过滤材料实施例2
将约26.2g椰子微孔碱性活性炭粉末(DV，0.5Dv，等于约92μm)与购自俄亥俄州Cincinnati的Equistar Chemicals，Inc.的7gMicrothene低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)FN510-00粘合剂和购自佐治亚州Norcros s的Selecto，Inc.的约2g Alusil70硅铝酸盐粉末相混合。然后将所混合的粉末倾倒入一个内径约7.62cm(约3in)和深度约1.27cm(约0.5in)的铝模中。将模具封闭并放置在一个具有压板的加热的压力机中在约204℃保持1小时。然后，使模具冷却到室温，打开并取出轴流过滤器。该过滤器的特征为：正面区域：约45.6cm2；过滤深度：约1.27cm；过滤器总体积：约58mL；过滤器孔隙度(对于大于约0.1μm的孔)：约0.44；和过滤材料孔体积(对于大于约0.1μm的孔)：约25.5mL(由压汞法测得)。
D.过滤器容器
如前面图1所示，可将过滤器容器28的形状做成环绕水过滤器26(可将其如图5所示以及入美国专利申请60/473,271中所述连接到控制头34上)和可脱离地连接(例如摩擦装配、螺纹装配、螺栓连接、螺纹连接、紧固件、弹压装配和锁连接等)并流体密封于控制头34或水过滤器装置20的其它部分上的形式，使得过滤器容器28可与控制头34流体连通。可采用O形环、U型圈、其它弹性密封件或密封垫等(未示出)来实现流体密封。过滤器容器28可做成“易开式”，使得普通成人能够仅用他们的手(即，不用任何工具)将其与控制头34进行连接和脱离，使得打开它仅需要约0.5N·m(约5英寸-磅)至约11N·m(约100英寸-磅)，约0.8N·m(约7英寸-磅)至约5.6N·m(约50英寸-磅)，或约1.1N·m(约10英寸-磅)至约3.4N·m(约30英寸-磅)的扭矩。可供选择地，过滤器容器28可通过启动一个按钮(未示出)完全地或部分地与水过滤器容器20脱扣，使得按钮释放一个压锁(未示出)或一个舌片(未示出)以附着定位将过滤器容器28装到水过滤器装置20上。可供选择地，按钮可撞击或引起过滤器容器28的撞击，使得它脱离开压锁或舌片。
可将过滤器容器28的形状做得象胶囊一样具有敞开的第一末端76、封闭的第二末端78和内部容积80。过滤器容器28可由多种材料中的一种或几种制成，包括但不限于塑料、金属及其合金、玻璃纤维等中的一种或组合物。
过滤器容器28可具有一条纵向轴线82，并且在连接到控制头34上之时为垂直定位。此外，如图4所示，过滤器容器28可在前部和/或前部和侧部区域的组合、区域A2、A3和A4(即大约前部占水过滤器装置20的75％)对后部、区域A1(即大约后部占水过滤器装置20的25％)进行定位。
采用前或侧定位和/或易开式可提高使用者更换水过滤器26的便利性。另外，使用者更换水过滤器26必须要拆卸开的元件越少，水过滤器装置20的内部零件受到污染的可能性越低。当过滤器容器28为前和/或侧定位并为易开式时，可将其进行连接和拆卸，并且可更换过滤器26，使得水过滤器装置20可象它在被使用者使用时一样保持在同一位置(其可正常地将出水器36朝向使用者，并可包括安装在墙壁上或放置在台面上的水过滤器装置20)。
过滤器容器28的内部容积可为约75毫升(本文用“mL”表示)至约3,000mL，约150mL至约2,000mL，或约300mL至约1,500mL。如图5所示，距离L1(过滤器容器28的高度)可为约5厘米(本文用“cm”表示)至约75cm，约7cm至约50cm，或约10cm至约25cm。过滤器容器28的直径可为约2cm至约40cm，约4cm至约20cm，或约6cm至约12cm。
过滤器容器28的高度(或在将过滤器外壳52用作过滤器容器28情形下的水过滤器26)可小于水过滤器装置20高度的75％，小于50％，小于25％(距离L2(水过滤器装置20的高度)可为约5cm至约80cm，约10cm至约40cm，或约20cm至约30cm)。因此，如果将水过滤器装置20置于平表面(如台面)上，则过滤器容器28(或在将过滤器外壳52用作过滤器容器28的情形下的水过滤器26)的底部距所述平表面可为约1mm至约70mm，为约3mm至约50mm，为约5mm至约25mm，使得过滤器容器28(或在将过滤器外壳52用作过滤器容器28的情形下的水过滤器26)可容易地与水过滤器装置20拆卸开。
可供选择地，如美国专利申请10/424,200中所述，过滤器容器28可完全装在水过滤器26内，使得水过滤器26物理地连接到过滤器容器28上以及过滤器容器26物理地连接到控制头34上使过滤器容器28和水过滤器26与控制头34流体连通。取代具有一个敞开的第一末端76，这样一种过滤器容器26可具有一个或多个使它与控制头34流体连通的较小的孔口。
可供选择地，过滤器外壳52可被用作过滤器容器28使得过滤器外壳52把过滤材料58包起来而不是包住其顶部，使得过滤器外壳52可脱离地连接(例如摩擦装配、螺纹装配、螺栓连接、螺纹连接、紧固件、弹压装配和锁连接等)并流体密封于控制头34或水过滤器装置20的其它部分上，使得水过滤器26可与控制头34流体连通。在这样一种应用场合，过滤器容器28可为一次性的。一次性的过滤器容器28在经济不发达地区可能不切实际，因为这样使用通常增大了水过滤器装置20的使用成本。
可将水过滤器26安置在过滤器容器28的内部，使得当从控制头34上拆卸过滤器容器28时，水过滤器26留在过滤器容器28的内部容积之内。如美国专利申请60/473,271中所述并如图6所示，过滤器容器6028可具有一个位于其第二末端处的插头82，使得形成了一个贯通过滤器容器6028的开口86。一个O型环84可环绕着插头82或水过滤器6026的第三管道64，使得水过滤器6026的第三管道64和过滤器容器6028的插头82密封连接。因此，当将过滤器容器6028从控制头34上拆下并用充注未处理过的饮用水时，可将它带到一个洗碗池上竖直放置，并可将水过滤器6026从其拆下，拆开插头82，使未处理过的饮用水能够从过滤器容器6028的开86溢出。
E.储水箱
如前面图1所示，储水箱30可具有一个用于盛放处理过的饮用水的敞开的顶部31、封闭的底部33和内部容积35。储水箱30也可具有一个在其底部33上用于安放出水器36的开口。可将储水箱30的形状做成盛放预定数量的处理过的饮用水的形式。储水箱可为能够盛放预定数量处理过的饮用水的任何形状。储水箱30可由多种材料中的一种或几种制成，包括但不限于塑料、金属及其合金、玻璃纤维等中的一种或组合物。
储水箱30可具有一个用于显示盛放在储水箱30内部的处理过的饮用水水位的垂直方向的窗口88。也可采用诸如具有浮体的管子(如着色珠的浮子)之类的其它部件来指示储水箱30内处理过的饮用水的水位。
可将储水箱30或其一部分可分离地从水过滤器装置20上拆下，使得拆下它没有任何水过滤器装置20的其它部件被连接到它上面或包含在它内部。这样可更容易清洁储水箱30，因为没有其它水过滤器装置20的组件会阻碍储水箱30的一部分得到清洁，以及因为储水箱30将能够以使用者找到最适宜清洁它的任何方式进行定位。此外，当储水箱30被拆下时，可使用要不然不会使用的洗净剂，因为如果在连接于水过滤器装置20上之时，如果用洗净剂清洗储水箱30，则洗净剂会流进控制头34的内部。然而，当拆下储水箱30时，可使用此类洗净剂并可彻底清洗储水箱30。当拆下储水箱30时，其它组件将也被暴露出来并更容易进行清洗。
储水箱30可容纳约0.5升(本文用“L”表示)至约20L、约1L至约12L或约2L至约6L的处理过的饮用水。其容量使其使用者能够在没有水压期间获得水。平均每户使用约4升/天至约10升/天处理过的饮用水用于每天的烹饪和饮用。
F.储水箱盖
如前面图1所示，可使用储水箱盖32来完全或部分地覆盖储水箱30的开口端。储水箱盖32可防止污染物污染在储水箱30中收集的处理过的饮用水。储水箱盖32可为完全可移除的，或可被活动地接合(例如铰接、滑动等)到储水箱30上。
G.控制头
如图7所示，控制头34可包括一个控制头外壳90、一个开关阀92、一个控制头软管94和/或一个控制头封盖96。控制头34可流体连接水过滤器26和储水箱30，使得二者流体相通，并使得控制头34的一部分处在储水箱30和/或过滤器容器28的内容积内。控制头外壳90在储水箱30的内容积内的部分可具有一个敞开的底部，使得处理过的饮用水在储水箱30中升高时，其也可在控制头外壳90内部升高，并可接触到控制头外壳90内部的开关阀92。
开关阀92可包括一个浮标98和/或一个挡块100以及一个连接到其基座部分上的挡块罩101。挡块100可停止处理过的饮用水流入储水箱30中(下面更详细地进行说明)。可供选择地，开关阀92可包括一个隔板、具有响应满水箱的水压移动一个挡块的弹簧的活塞等(未示出)。如前面图5所示，控制头34可包括一个第一控制头入口102和一个第二控制头入口104以及一个第一控制头出106和一个第二控制头出口108。第二控制头入口104和第二控制头出口108可通过一个控制头软管94相连接。开关阀92可安放在控制头外壳90的内部，使得控制头封盖96盖住它。可将浮标98挠性地(例如可绕轴转动地)连接到控制头外壳90上，使得当处理过的饮用水在控制头外壳90内部上升时，浮标98也可上升，并且挡块100和挡块罩101可流体密封第二控制头出口108，因此中止水流入储水箱30中。控制头34可由多种材料中的一种或几种制成，包括但不限于塑料、金属及其合金、玻璃纤维等中的一种或组合物。
因为挡块100自动地中止水流过水过滤器装置20，使用者可打开未处理过的饮用水源并留心其它事宜，因为在达到储水箱30的容量之后使用者可依靠水过滤器装置20来停止未处理过的饮用水的过滤，因此防止过溢情形的发生(这种性能使水过滤器装置20具有自充性)。
H.出水器
如前面图1所示，可将出水器36密封地连接(用O形环117)到储水箱30的底部33上的一个孔口上。出水器36可分配存储在储水箱30内容积内的处理过的饮用水。出水器36可包括一个出水器主体110、一个出水器手柄112、一个出水器入口116和一个出水器出口118。出水器手柄112(通过旋转、轻按、滑动等)可用来控制处理过的饮用水的流动。出水器36可由多种材料中的一种或几种制成，包括但不限于塑料、金属及其合金、玻璃纤维等中的一种或组合物。
I.壁挂托架
如前面图1所示以及如图8所示，可将壁挂托架8038的形状做成连接到一个平壁或柜子上并可脱离地连接到储水箱8030上的形式。与壁挂托架8038的联结可在水过滤器8026的后部、侧部、顶部和/或底部处。壁挂托架8038可由多种材料中的一种或几种制成，包括但不限于塑料、金属及其合金、玻璃纤维、橡胶等中的一种或组合物。
J.流量调节器
如前面图5(细部图A)所示，流量调节器39可为构成第二控制头出口108的外壳，使得孔口的直径(距离L3)可为约0.2mm至约6mm，约0.4mm至约3mm，或约0.7mm至约1.5mm。流量调节器39可为能够限制流速在最多约689kPa(100psi)的压力下将平均流体接触时间保持至少约3秒、至少约4秒和/或至少约5秒的任何预定孔口。流量调节器39还可为一个具有预定直径的软管、一个由柔韧材料制成的随着流速增大时减小孔径的流量垫圈等。
可确定接头软管24、接头入口46或第一或第二接头出口48和50、或第一或第二控制头入口102或出口104的尺寸以减慢流经水过滤器装置20的压力较高的水流而不会影响低压水流过水过滤器装置20。流量调节器39可为在系统的加压部分内引起压力下降的任何零件。流量调节器39为水过滤器装置20在低压下成为可操作的(即，水过滤器装置20以至少5mL/min的速度充注储水箱30)创造了条件，并且同时在较高的压力下依然有效。
K.寿命显示器
如前图1所示，水过滤器装置20可包括一个用于指示所述水过滤器26的剩余寿命或所用寿命的寿命显示器40。可将寿命显示器40置于储水箱盖32上。然而，也可将其置于水过滤器装置20上使得使用者可见的任何位置。寿命显示器40可为一个往下撕的日历、一个液晶显示屏、一个发光二极管、一个灯泡等等。寿命显示器40可为一个定时器，其中水过滤器26的寿命以时间为基准(即，它完全根据时间指示水过滤器26寿命的终结，与水过滤器26所处理的水的体积无关)或可以体积为基准(即，它根据水过滤器26所处理过的水的体积指示水过滤器26寿命的终结)。
水过滤器26寿命的终结可通过符号(例如雨滴、十字形等)的显现或消失和/或颜色不同的灯(例如红色、黄色、绿色等)来表现。寿命显示器40可通过装入或拆除一个新的水过滤器26、或通过一个复位按钮、开关、杠杆等进行复位。寿命显示器40可用交流电、直流电、电池(包括长寿命电池)、太阳能等来提供动力。
III.测试步骤
A.BET测试步骤
BET比表面积与孔容量分布采用氮吸附技术，如ASTM D 4820-99所述的多点氮吸附法在约77K条件下进行测量，可使用位于Miami，FL的Coulter Corp.制造的Coulter SA3100系列的表面积与孔径测定器。该方法还可得到微孔、中孔和大孔体积。
B.零电荷点测试步骤
由试剂级别KCl与水可制备约0.010M的KCl水溶液，水在氩气中新蒸馏而得。用于蒸馏的水利用连续反渗透和离子交换进行去离子处理。将约25.0mL体积的KCI水溶液分装至六个约125mL的烧瓶中，每一烧瓶配有24/40磨砂玻璃塞。每一烧瓶中加入微升量的标准含水HCl或NaOH溶液，使其初始pH值范围介于约2和约12之间。然后利用Orion生产的型号为420A的酸碱计记录每一烧瓶的pH值，该酸碱计带有Orion生产的型号为9107BN的三极管组合pH/ATC电极，其由位于Beverly，MA的Thermo Orion Inc.制造。该pH值称为初始pH值。约0.0750±0.0010g活性炭颗粒加入六个烧瓶中的每一烧瓶中，在记录最终pH值之前，对室温下封塞约24小时的含水悬浮液进行搅拌(速度为约15.7rad/s(150rpm))。
C.本体氧重量百分比测试步骤
利用PerkinElmer的型号为240的Elemental Analyzer(OxygenModification；PerkinElmer，Inc.；Wellesley，MA)测量本体氧重量百分比。该技术是基于在镀铂碳上约1000℃时氦气流中样本的高温分解。碳样本在真空炉内干燥过夜，温度为约100℃。
D.氧化还原电位(ORP)测试步骤
利用购自Orion Research，Inc.(马萨诸塞州Beverly)的型号为96-78-00的铂氧化还原电极测量氧化还原电位(ORP)，并遵循ASTM标准D 1498-93。该步骤涉及约0.2g碳在约80mL自来水中的悬浮液，并在轻微搅拌约5分钟后读取电极读数，单位为mV。
E.F-BLR测试步骤
具有中孔碳的轴流式过滤器的外壳由Teflon制成，并且是由2部分即封盖和基座组成。两部分的外直径均为约12.71cm(约5″)，内直径均为约7.623cm(约3″)。用O形环(约7.6cm(3″)的内径和约3.18mm(1/8″)的厚度)压应力封接将封盖反向安置于基座内。用约1.59mm(约1/16″)的NPT管螺纹将入口和出口软管有勾槽接头串到封盖和基座内。将约12.7mm(″厚乘约9.5cm(23/4″)外径的不锈钢分流器(在上游侧具有约4.76mm(3/16″)的孔和下游侧具有约6个筛孔的筛网)反向安置于外壳的封盖内。分流器的作用是将入口流分布在过滤器的所有正面上。外壳的封盖和基座相互啮合使得存在压应力封接，从而将过滤器密封在外壳内。利用四个约6.35mm(″)的扣件将封盖和基座结合在一起。
将过滤器安装在外壳内，被约1×108CFU/L的大肠杆菌污染过的水以约200mL/分钟的流速流经该过滤器。流入的水总量可为约2,000过滤材料孔体积或更多。使用的大肠杆菌为ATCC#25922，由位于马里兰州Rockville的American Type Culture Collection(美国菌种保藏中心)提供。可利用膜过滤技术按照位于华盛顿特区的美国公共卫生协会(APHA)出版的“水与废水检查的标准方法”第20版中所述的#9222方法对大肠杆菌进行化验。也可以采用本领域所知的其它化验方法来代替(如COLILERT)。当用膜过滤技术测量时，检测极限(LOD)为约1×102CFU/L，当用COLILERT技术测量时则为约10CFU/L。当水流过约最初2,000个过滤材料孔体积后，将流出水收集并化验以对存在的大肠杆菌细菌计数，并利用定义计算F-BLR值。
F.F-VLR测试步骤
具有中孔碳的轴流式过滤器的外壳与上面F-BLR步骤中所述相同。用约1×107PFU/L MS-2污染过的水流经外壳/过滤器系统，流速为约200mL/分钟。流入的水总量可为约2,000过滤材料孔体积或更多。使用的MS-2细菌噬菌体为ATCC#15597B，由马里兰州Rockville的American Type Culture Collection(美国菌种保藏中心)提供。可以按照C.J.Hurst的Appl.Environ.microbiol.，第60卷(第9期)，第3462页(1994年)中所述的程序进行MS-2化验，Hurst，Appl.Environ.Microbiol.，60(9)，3462(1994)。也可以采用本领域所知的其它化验方法来代替。检测极限(LOD)为1×103PFU/L。当水流过约最初2,000个过滤材料孔体积后，将流出水收集并化验以对存在的MS-2细菌噬菌体计数，并利用定义计算F-VLR值。
IV.水过滤器装置实施例
将购自弗吉尼亚州Covington的MeadWestvaco Corp.的约37gNucharRGC中孔碱性活性炭粉末与俄亥俄州Cincinnati的EquistarChemicals，Inc.的约14g Microthene低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)FN510-00粘合剂和购自佐治亚州Norcross的Selecto，Inc.的约4g Alusil70硅铝酸盐粉末相混合。然后将混合粉末倒入一圆形铝制模具中。然后将混合粉末倒入一圆形铝制模具中。将模具封闭并放置在一个具有压板的加热的压力机中在约204℃保持1小时。然后，使模具冷却到室温，打开并取出过滤材料58。过滤材料58的特征包括：外径为5.08cm、芯径为1.6cm、过滤器长度为6.35cm和过滤器容积为116mL。
过滤材料58如上所述用过滤器外壳52封住端部(使用热熔融粘合剂)以组成如上所述的水过滤器26。将水过滤器26如上所述插入到一个控制头34中。将一个过滤器容器28如上所述连接到控制头34上。
将接头入口46连接到一个未处理过的饮用水源上并且使用者打开未处理过的饮用水源。包括1×106个病毒每升和1×107个细菌每升的未处理过的饮用水流进接头入口46流经接头主体42、分流到连接到接头软管24上的第一接头出口48，并分流到水过滤器装置20的其它部分，然后流经第二接头出口50。
使用者从打开位置到闭合位置旋转接头手柄44九十度，使得接头阀控制未处理过的饮用水流到第一接头出口48而不是第二接头出口50并通过其。未处理过的饮用水然后流经接头软管24进入到第一控制头入口102，然后进入过滤器容器28中，充注过滤器容器28，并通过过滤器入口54进入水过滤器26。未处理过的饮用水然后径向进入水过滤材料58并径向流经水过滤材料58进行处理(细菌减少6log以及病毒减少4log)，然后径向进入水过滤材料58的芯部区域70，然后轴向流经芯部区域70到达并通过过滤器出口56。
处理过的饮用水然后从过滤器出口56流经第一控制头出口106、然后流经控制头软管94、然后流经第二控制头入口104、然后流经第二控制头出口108进入储水箱30中。
处理过的饮用水然后充注储水箱30的内部容积35，与出水器36(其处在闭合位置，使得水流不可通过)接触。处理过的饮用水继续充注储水箱30，使得它也开始淹没控制头外壳90，直到浮标98被升高为止，因此将挡块100升高到流体密封第二控制头出口108的位置，因此停止处理过的饮用水流进储水箱30中，直到达到足够的压力中止未处理过的饮用水流入水过滤器装置20中为止。
处理过的饮用水通过移动出水器手柄112到打开位置流经出水器36进行分配，使得处理过的饮用水流进出水器入口116、流经出水器主体110并流经出水器出口118。所分配的处理过的饮用水可被收集在一个容器中。
v.模块式单元
如图9所示，水过滤器装置20可被用作一个模块式单元，其可包括接头22、控制头34、水过滤器26、和/或过滤器容器28。可将相同的模块式单元可脱离地(例如摩擦装配、螺纹装配、螺栓连接、螺纹连接、紧固件、弹压装配和锁连接等)或永久地(例如模铸、胶合、钎焊、焊接和热板焊接等)连接到不同的储水箱(例如30)上。因此，生产商可生产相同的模块式单元组装进一系列不同储水箱中(例如可将相同的模块式单元放置在具有不同内部容积、色彩、形状、特征等的储水箱中)。同样，消费者可可互换地将相同的模块式单元用到不同的储水箱上(例如台面储水箱、冰箱储水箱等)。
本发明可附加包括将通过词语和/或通过图画传递给消费者的信息，即使用本发明将提供与水过滤器装置20相关的有益效果，以及对于预定加仑数在最低流速下提供所述有益效果。该信息可包括优于其它水过滤器装置和产品的权利要求。因此，使用与将通过词语和/或图画传递给消费者的信息有关的包装，使用本发明将提供如上前述的特殊的相关的有益效果。该信息可包括如在所有普通材料里的广告以及包装上或水过滤器装置20本身上的说明和图标来告知消费者。
所有以上引用文献均引入本文以供参考，任何文献的引用不可解释为是对其作为本发明的现有技术的认可。
尽管已用具体实施方案来说明和描述了本发明，但对于本领域的技术人员显而易见的是，在不背离本发明的精神和保护范围的情况下可作出许多其它的变化和修改。因此，有意识地在附加的权利要求书中包括本发明范围内的所有这些变化和修改。

Claims (13)

1.一种用于处理未处理过的饮用水的水过滤器装置，所述水过滤器装置包括：
(a)用于提供所述水过滤器装置和未处理过的饮用水源之间流体连通的接头；
(b)与所述接头流体连通的低压水过滤器，所述低压水过滤器用于处理未处理过的饮用水，所述水过滤器包括水过滤材料，所述水过滤材料包含的F-BLR大于2log，优选大于3log，甚至更优选为4log；
(c)与所述低压水过滤器流体连通的储水箱，所述储水箱用于存储由所述水过滤器处理过的饮用水；
(d)与所述储水箱流体连通的自动开关阀，所述自动开关阀用于中止处理过的饮用水流入所述储水箱中；和
(e)与所述储水箱流体连通的出水器，所述出水器用于从所述储水箱中分配处理过的饮用水；
特征在于所述处理过的饮用水以至少5毫升/分钟但不大于2,000毫升/分钟的速度进入所述储水箱中，直到启动所述自动开关阀为止，使得中止所述处理过的饮用水流进入所述储水箱中，并且其中所述水过滤器装置为非电动水过滤器装置。
2.如权利要求1所述的水过滤器装置，其中所述水过滤材料包含中孔活性炭过滤颗粒，所述颗粒优选为碱性的，甚至更优选为还原氧活性炭颗粒。
3.如权利要求1所述的水过滤器装置，其中所述水过滤器包含的F-VLR大于1log，优选大于2log，甚至更优选为3log。
4.如权利要求1所述的水过滤器装置，其中所述自动开关阀包括浮标。
5.如权利要求1所述的水过滤器装置，其中所述水过滤器装置还包括流量调节器，其中所述流量调节器调节所述未处理过的饮用水的流动，使得所述平均流体接触时间在最多120psi压力下大于2秒。
6.如权利要求1所述的水过滤器装置，其中所述水过滤器装置还包括用于安放所述水过滤器的可螺纹接合的过滤器容器，其中所述过滤器容器可用5英寸-磅至100英寸-磅的扭矩打开。
7.如权利要求1所述的水过滤器装置，其中所述水过滤器装置还包括用于安放所述水过滤器的过滤器容器，其中所述过滤器容器的至少一部分在所述水过滤器装置的前部或侧部定位。
8.如权利要求1所述的水过滤器装置，其中所述水过滤器装置还包括用于安放所述水过滤器的过滤器容器，其中所述过滤器容器的高度小于所述水过滤器装置高度的75％。
9.如权利要求1所述的水过滤器装置，其中所述储水箱可以可脱离地从所述水过滤器装置上拆下。
10.如权利要求1所述的水过滤器装置，其中所述储水箱包括用于观察盛放在所述储水箱内部的所述处理过的饮用水的容积的窗口。
11.如权利要求1所述的水过滤器装置，其中所述水过滤器装置还包括指示所述水过滤器寿命的部件。
12.如权利要求1所述的水过滤器装置，其中所述水过滤器还包括预过滤器，其中所述预过滤器选自熔喷聚丙烯、非织造聚合物、微玻璃纤维和非织造纤维素过滤材料。
13.如权利要求1所述的水过滤器装置，其中所述储水箱的内部容积为500mL至2,000mL。
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CN113874094A (zh) * 2019-07-19 2021-12-31 碧然德有限公司 过滤器滤筒
CN113874094B (zh) * 2019-07-19 2023-06-27 碧然德欧洲股份公司 过滤器滤筒

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WO2005019115A1 (en) 2005-03-03

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