CN1993688B - 走近启动的打印 - Google Patents
走近启动的打印 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1993688B CN1993688B CN2005800261388A CN200580026138A CN1993688B CN 1993688 B CN1993688 B CN 1993688B CN 2005800261388 A CN2005800261388 A CN 2005800261388A CN 200580026138 A CN200580026138 A CN 200580026138A CN 1993688 B CN1993688 B CN 1993688B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/06—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the phase of light
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/033—Pointing devices displaced or positioned by the user, e.g. mice, trackballs, pens or joysticks; Accessories therefor
- G06F3/0354—Pointing devices displaced or positioned by the user, e.g. mice, trackballs, pens or joysticks; Accessories therefor with detection of 2D relative movements between the device, or an operating part thereof, and a plane or surface, e.g. 2D mice, trackballs, pens or pucks
- G06F3/03545—Pens or stylus
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/0093—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for monitoring data relating to the user, e.g. head-tracking, eye-tracking
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/017—Head mounted
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B30/00—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images
- G02B30/20—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes
- G02B30/26—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes of the autostereoscopic type
- G02B30/27—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes of the autostereoscopic type involving lenticular arrays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/011—Arrangements for interaction with the human body, e.g. for user immersion in virtual reality
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/011—Arrangements for interaction with the human body, e.g. for user immersion in virtual reality
- G06F3/013—Eye tracking input arrangements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/0304—Detection arrangements using opto-electronic means
- G06F3/0317—Detection arrangements using opto-electronic means in co-operation with a patterned surface, e.g. absolute position or relative movement detection for an optical mouse or pen positioned with respect to a coded surface
- G06F3/0321—Detection arrangements using opto-electronic means in co-operation with a patterned surface, e.g. absolute position or relative movement detection for an optical mouse or pen positioned with respect to a coded surface by optically sensing the absolute position with respect to a regularly patterned surface forming a passive digitiser, e.g. pen optically detecting position indicative tags printed on a paper sheet
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/30—Image reproducers
- H04N13/332—Displays for viewing with the aid of special glasses or head-mounted displays [HMD]
- H04N13/344—Displays for viewing with the aid of special glasses or head-mounted displays [HMD] with head-mounted left-right displays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
- G02B2027/0123—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices increasing the field of view
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
- G02B2027/014—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising information/image processing systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/0179—Display position adjusting means not related to the information to be displayed
- G02B2027/0187—Display position adjusting means not related to the information to be displayed slaved to motion of at least a part of the body of the user, e.g. head, eye
Abstract
一种用于多个用户的计算机网络,该计算机网络包括:服务器;打印机;网络用户识别标志,由网络用户携带于其身上;以及打印机识别标志,与打印机关联;其中在使用期间,网络用户识别标志与打印机识别标志交互,以便在网络用户接近打印机时将网络用户的任何等待的打印输出发送到打印机进行打印。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及打印系统,特别是包括交互纸(interactive paper)、计算机发布、计算机应用、人机交互以及信息设备的打印系统。
交叉引用
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这些共同未决申请的公开内容通过交叉引用结合于此。其中一些申请暂时通过其案卷号来标识。当获得美国申请号时,这些案卷号将替换为相应的美国申请号。
背景技术
在办公环境下,通常通过计算机局域网将要打印的文档发送到与该网络相连的多个打印机之一。指定的打印机通常对用户最方便,但是除非用户在发送了该打印作业之后立即取走该文档,否则打印的文档就停留在收取盘(collection tray)上。如果该文档是敏感文档,则存在其内容泄露给经过该打印机的其他人的危险。
发明内容
根据第一方面,本发明提供了一种用于多个用户的计算机网络,该计算机网络包括:
服务器;
打印机;
网络用户识别标志(identifier),由网络用户携带于其身上;以及打印机识别标志,与该打印机关联;其中在使用期间,
网络用户识别标志与打印机识别标志交互,以便在该网络用户接近该打印机时将该网络用户的任何等待打印输出发送到该打印机进行打印。
通过使打印作业保存在网络上,直到用户靠近打印机,在该用户取走之前,打印的文档不会出现在收取盘上。这样就减小了其他人看到任何敏感文档的危险。如果连接到该网络的所有打印机都具有用于识别各用户的传感器,则各用户将不需要选择打印机(或者指定默认打印机)。可以从最方便的打印机中收取打印作业,而不考虑用户当前在办公室内的位置。
在交叉引用的文献以及下面的具体实施方式中全面描述了Netpage系统。该系统使用基于纸和基于笔的接口传送基于计算机而且典型地基于网络的信息和应用。通过利用Netpage笔“点击”Netpage文档上的交互元素,该用户可以请求打印作业,因此,在请求打印作业时,该用户可以远离任何联网的打印机或甚至办公室。因此,本发明尤其适合Netpage系统,而且尤其参考其在该环境下的运行过程来描述本发明。然而应理解,本发明具有比Netpage宽得多的应用,而且并不局限于或者受限于打印Netpage文档。
任选地,该网络包括:多个所述打印机,每个打印机分别与打印机识别标志之一关联;以及
多个所述网络用户识别标志,分别唯一识别不同网络用户。
任选地,每个网络用户识别标志是令牌,而且每个打印机识别标志具有令牌读取器,以便该用户将其令牌呈现给与打印机之一关联的令牌读取器,以请求利用该打印机实际打印其排队的打印输出。
任选地,该令牌是短距离RFID标签、智能卡或者磁条卡。
任选地,该令牌读取器将用户接近关联打印机通知给服务器上的走近启动处理应用(walk-up-handling application),该走近启动处理应用又启动打印。
任选地,每个打印机识别标志是令牌,而且每个网络用户识别标志具有与该用户关联的令牌读取器。任选地,该令牌读取器是具有光学传感器的电子触针,而令牌是其上设置有编码数据的每个打印机上的表面,利用每个用户的电子触针的光学传感器可以读取编码数据。
任选地,该服务器将等待的打印输出保持在队列中,而每个等待的打印输出具有一优先级,使得优先级较高的打印输出在较早排队但优先级较低的打印输出之前打印。
任选地,令牌读取器与相应的打印机关联,使得在用户将其令牌呈现给读取器时,读取器读取该令牌并向服务器指明用户和打印机两者。任选地,该令牌明确识别该用户。任选地,该令牌具有令牌识别标志,而且该服务器进行数据库查询,以便将令牌识别标志转换为用户标识(identity)。任选地,该令牌读取器明确识别该打印机。任选地,该读取器具有读取器识别标志,而且该服务器进行数据库查询,以将该读取器识别标志转换为打印机标识。
任选地,该令牌读取器和打印机是具有电连接的分立设备。
任选地,该令牌读取器在物理上内置在打印机内。该读取器向打印机通知该用户已呈现令牌,然后,该打印机明确检索用户的等待的打印输出来进行打印。
任选地,该令牌是安全进入或识别证章(badge)或者卡。
附图说明
现在,将参考附图、仅通过举例来说明本发明的实施例,附图中:
图1示出Netpage发布机构和应用、Netpage服务以及Netpage设备之间的数据流;
图2是Netpage文档内的内容类型范围的示意图;
图3示出其物理结构包括一系列编号页的Netpage文档;
图4示出包括一系列版面(impression)的打印输出;
图5是示出具有笔和默认打印机的用户的示意图;
图6示出以数字墨流记录的笔事件;
图7示出提交到一应用的表单数据;
图8示出用作文档元素的动态元素;
图9示出链接到现有版面的动态对象;
图10示出文档、打印输出和数字墨存储之间的关系;
图11比图1更详细地示出Netpage系统中的基本数据流;
图12示出与重新打印版面相关的数据流;
图13示出与打印相关的数据流;
图14示出分叉的一般打印数据流;
图15示出与走近启动打印相关的数据流;
图16示出与建立打印输出队列相关的数据流;
图17示出Netpage系统中可能的网络分布和接入的不同层级;
图18示出用户具有由与打印机关联的读取器来读取的令牌时的数据流;
图19示出用户具有用于读取与打印机关联的令牌的读取器时的数据流;
图20示出用户具有读取打印机令牌、然后使用打印机读取器连接到Netpage服务器的读取器时的数据流;
图21示出私有寄主网络(privately hosted network)和公共主网络(publicly hosted network)之间的数据流;
图22示出PC或者设备作为寄主的Netpage系统;
图23示出完整标签的结构;
图24示出符号单位单元(symbol unit cell);
图25示出9个符号单位单元;
图26示出比特在符号内的排序;
图27示出所有比特都被置位的标签;
图28示出由四种标签构成的标签组;
图29示出标签组的连续铺砌;
图30示出码字A、B、C和D与标签的交织;
图31示出码字布局;以及
图32示出标签及其利用其对应的比特索引来标记的八个紧邻(immediate neighbour)。
具体实施方式
如上所述,本发明非常适合于结合在受让人的Netpage系统中。鉴于此,本发明被描述为较大Netpage体系结构的部件。然而容易理解,本发明还可以应用于其它计算机网络。
NETPAGE体系结构
概述
图1示出Netpage发布机构、应用、服务以及设备之间的交互。Netpage文档服务1从Netpage发布机构3或者Netpage应用4接收文档2,并且通过Netpage打印机6产生打印输出5。该打印输出5包括一系列纸张的任何一面或者两面上的一系列版面。除了在纸上再现文档2的图形内容外,该打印机6还以不可见毫米级标签7的阵列的形式布置坐标网格(请参考上述交叉引用的USSN 10/309,358)。每个标签对其在版面上的位置的二维坐标以及该版面的唯一识别标志进行编码。在利用Netpage笔8对标签进行光学成像(请参考下面的内容以及上述交叉引用的USSN10/815,636)时,该笔能够识别对应的版面以及其自身相对于该版面的位置。在笔8的用户相对于坐标网格7移动该笔时,该笔产生位置流。该流被称为数字墨9。数字墨流还记录该笔何时接触表面,以及它何时离开表面,每对这些所谓提笔和落笔事件描述用户使用该笔画出的笔划。
通常利用不可见红外墨打印Netpage标签图形7,而利用在其红外频谱部分透明的有色墨打印可见图形内容。为了不遮掩标签图形7,Netpage笔8结合了采用红外透明墨的传统标记笔尖(marking nib)。
因为版面识别标志(标签)显现在打印的版面中,所以它们被设计成在所有Netpage系统中是唯一的,并因此依赖于全局分配机制。
文档2可以包括输入描述11,其定义命令和表单数据12。所述命令是用户可以激活的指令,而所述表单具有用户可以填写的指定字段。命令和表单字段都具有有效区(active area),即,它们捕获用户输入的页区域。Netpage数字墨服务13从Netpage笔8接收数字墨9。由于该笔通常仅具有短距离通信能力,所以它通过具有较长距离通信能力的Netpage中继器14将该数字墨9转发到Netpage数字墨服务13。典型中继器包括移动电话、PDA和个人计算机。
数字墨服务13利用该数字墨9中的版面识别标志7从该文档服务1检索对应的版面和输入描述11,并且尝试将每个单独的数字墨笔划分配给输入描述11的表单。一旦检测到该笔8的用户已经指定了表单提交命令,它就对分配给该表单的数字墨9进行解释,并且将所得到的表单数据12提交到与该命令相关的应用。
为了使该数字墨服务解释与特定版面相关的笔输入,该文档服务1保存它打印的每个输入描述11的拷贝。
为了使用户在任意长时间内填写表单,数字墨服务13保存它收到的所有数字墨9的拷贝,至少直到该数字墨被解释并提交到应用4。任选地,该数字墨服务13无限地保存所有数字墨9,以允许在数字墨中搜索表单内容和文档注释。
可以将Netpage笔或者更简单的Netpage指示器直接结合在诸如移动电话或者PDA的手持设备中。相反,该笔可以引入长距离通信能力,这样,就不需要单独的中继器。
由于中继设备14通常结合有交互式显示器15,所以该数字墨服务13可以向目标应用4指明交互式显示器15,以使该应用直接与该交互式显示器通信,从而允许通过笔和纸发起的交互导致更丰富的基于屏幕的交互,而且通常允许开发基于纸和基于屏幕的混合应用,这样可以充分利用这两种介质。
如果存在多个分布式数字墨服务13,则根据笔识别标志和可能的版面识别标志,笔8(或者其中继器14)可以使用名称服务来解析目标数字墨服务的网络地址。如果存在多个分布式文档服务1,则根据版面识别标志,数字墨服务13使用名称服务来解析文档服务的网络地址。
尽管上面的描述着眼于基于表单来解释数字墨以及随后将表单数据传送到应用,该数字墨服务也支持以流化方法将数字墨传送到应用。这样使应用更直接地响应笔输入。在流化模式下,数字墨服务传送笔划数字墨和中间的“悬停(hover)”数字墨两者,以使该应用通过显示器向用户提供实时位置反馈。
对象模型
该对象模型是与Netpage服务的外部接口相关的逻辑模型。并不想要将其作为实现模型。
文档
图2是示出包括可视描述16和输入描述11的文档2的类图。对于给定的文档,这两种描述中的任一描述可以是空的。每个文档2被唯一地标识18。可视描述16是表示静态元素22和动态元素24的可视元素20的集合。静态元素表示文本流26、图像28、图形30等。下面说明动态元素24。
输入描述11是表单32的集合,每个表单32包括表示命令36和字段38的输入元素34的集合。表单32可以在物理和逻辑上重叠,而且相同的输入元素34可以加入多个表单。每个输入元素34分别具有区40,区40限定在其内捕获输入的区域。每个表单32与一目标应用42关联。应用42接收提交的表单32。利用地址44识别应用42。如图3中的类图所示,文档2的物理结构包括一系列编号页,对每页46分配页号54。在该一系列页中,对文档元素48分别分配特定位置52。由于单个文档元素48可以跨越多页46,所以它可以具有相应数量的页元素50,每个页元素50限定该文档元素48的片段(fragment)的位置52。
打印输出
参考图4所示的类图,打印输出5包括一系列分配了打印输出ID 56的版面58。对于“N-up”打印,多页46可以出现在单个版面58上,而对于“海报”打印,单页46可以跨越多个版面58。页版面64利用变换66来表示页46在版面58上的位置、缩放和旋转。
每个版面58由打印该版面时利用版面坐标网格编码的唯一识别标志60来标识。
一实际进行打印(或在下面描述的“走近启动的情况”下,等待打印),版面58就与打印它的打印机6和请求它的用户62(如果知道)两者相关联。如图5所示,笔8归单个用户62所有,但是用户可以拥有任意数量的笔8。因此,对该用户62分配用户ID和其他用户详情68,同样,笔8和打印机6分别具有笔ID和详情70以及打印机ID和详情72。任选地,用户62可以具有默认打印机6。图6所示的类图示出与笔8相关、包括一系列笔事件76的单个数字墨流74。利用笔尖力传感器对每个笔事件加时间戳78。该流74内的相继的段80涉及不同的版面58。对每个段分配编号82。每个系列的笔事件76是处于落笔事件84与提笔事件86之间的一系列笔位置事件88。由此限定该笔的用户所画的笔划。通常,一连串笔划与同一版面58相关,而且,通常,段边界对应于笔划边界。然而,笔划还可以横跨多个版面58,而且流74可以包括笔划之间的“悬停”笔事件。
图7所示的类图示出提交到应用的表单数据12包括字段值90的集合。表单数据12与打印输出5上出现的唯一表单实例相关。在初次创建表单实例92(作为打印输出的一部分)时,应用可以规定事务处理识别标志。与表单数据12一起提交该事务处理识别标志94,以便目标应用利用它来索引唯一的事务处理上下文。
数字墨服务13(请参考图1)支持表单使用周期,其中表单可以仅提交一次,可以到期,可以在签名之后被冻结,并且可以被使得无效。该表单实例反映该表单相对于表单使用周期的状态。
如图8的类图所示,文档2还可以包括动态元素24。每个动态元素具有关联的动态对象96,该关联的动态对象96又具有关联的对象数据98和(通常特定于类型的)对象应用99。利用诸如Netpage观察器(viewer)(请参考上述交叉引用的USSN 09/722,175)的设备,可以就地激活动态元素24,也可以在诸如与中继器14关联的交互式显示器15(请参考图1)的任意交互式显示器上激活它,还可以通过Netpage Explorer(下面描述)激活它。
动态对象及其相关应用的例子包括音频剪辑和音频播放器、视频剪辑和视频播放器、照片和照片观察器、URL和Web浏览器、可编辑文档和字处理器(仅列举了其中的一些)。
如图9示出的类图所示,例如,通过“粘贴”在版面的虚拟视图上,或者粘贴在版面本身上,还可以将动态对象96动态链接到现有版面上的任意位置。
图10示出利用导航限定符(navigational qualifier),Netpage文档服务1和Netpage数字墨服务13(请参考图1)名义上维护的3个存储之间的关系。除了文档存储100、打印输出存储102以及数字墨存储104,Netpage服务还可以具有用于注册用户62、笔8和打印机6、识别标志分配和服务地址解析(未示出)的存储。
功能
下面的小节中描述的处理过程和存储意在描述功能,而不是暗示实现过程。
表单输入
图11比图1更详细地示出Netpage系统中的基本数据流。文档服务1允许应用4存放(lodge))文档2,并且单独发送打印请求106来打印文档2。它将每个所存放文档的拷贝保存在文档存储100内,而且如果有的话,将该文档的输入描述的拷贝保存在文档存储100内。在它将文档2打印到规定的打印机6时,它将该打印输出5记录在打印输出存储102中。
数字墨服务13通过中继器14从笔8接收数字墨9,并且将收到的数字墨的拷贝保存在数字墨存储104内。它利用数字墨9内的版面识别标志60从该文档服务1检索对应的版面58和输入描述。然后,它根据笔划的位置和延伸(extent)以及输入元素的有效区,将每个单独数字墨笔划分配给诸如命令或者表单字段的输入描述元素。一旦它检测到该笔8的用户已经指定了表单提交命令,就根据字段类型来解释108对每个字段分配的数字墨9,并且将所得到的表单数据12提交到与该命令相关联的应用。例如,数字墨服务13将复选框内的标记解释为复选标记。利用智能字符识别,它将文本字段内的手写文本转换为文本字符串;并且,它将签名字段内的手写签名与记录的该笔用户的签名进行比较,并且如果签名一致,则代表用户以数字方式对表单数据进行签名。
重新打印版面
Netpage系统支持重新打印先前打印的版面,不管有或者没有利用这些版面所捕获的任何绘画或者书写。因此,它支持独立于来源的文档再现。
图12示出响应于应用4的重新打印请求110的数据流。在文档服务1重新打印一组版面58时,它任选地包括利用这些版面捕获的任何绘画和书写,并且从数字墨服务13内的数字墨存储104检索对应的数字墨(受可见性和访问权的控制)。它记录新打印输出,以便记录对重新打印的版面112分配的版面识别标志。
一般打印
Netpage系统用作任何打印文档的虚拟档案柜,而无论它是否是利用Netpage知晓的(Netpage-aware)应用产生的。Netpage知晓的应用的优点是,它可以将输入描述包括在其文档内,而非Netpage知晓的应用得益于其打印的文档支持可搜索注释以及独立于来源的重新打印。
图13示出响应于非Netpage知晓的应用114的一般打印请求的数据流。Netpage知晓的打印机驱动116将特定于平台的绘画命令118转换为它存放在文档服务1的Netpage兼容文档2,然后发送文档服务1的打印请求106,以利用规定的打印机6打印文档2。
图14示出在文档服务1不能访问打印机时的对应数据流。在此,打印机驱动116仍将文档2存放在文档服务1,并将打印输出5记录在打印输出存储102内,但直接利用规定的打印机6实际打印该文档2。
走近启动的打印
在用户请求通过传统的用户接口打印文档时,规定目标打印机通常非常方便。然而,在Netpage系统中,通常响应于通过打印表单进行的用户输入来进行打印,因此,规定目标打印机可能不方便。在一些环境下,如在具有单个打印机的房间内,可以推断期望的目标打印机。在其它环境下,如在具有多个联网打印机的办公室内,就不这么容易推断期望的目标打印机。在这种环境下,使用户通过走近打印机来规定目标打印机是有用的。
图15示出走近启动环境下的数据流。通常,来自Netpage应用4的所有打印(以及重新打印)请求120被推迟。响应于推迟的打印请求120,文档服务1将打印输出5记录在打印输出存储102内,以捕获与版面相关信息,并且为请求的用户将该打印输出排列在打印输出等待队列122中。
在一种可能配置中,每个打印机6具有关联的令牌读取器124,而且用户将令牌126呈现给该令牌读取器,以请求利用打印机6实际打印队列中的打印输出。令牌126可以是短距离RFID标签、智能卡、磁条卡等。令牌读取器124向走近启动处理应用128通知用户接近打印机,该走近启动处理应用又通过文档服务1启动打印。
在另一种可能配置中,令牌读取器124与用户关联,而令牌126与打印机关联。例如,令牌读取器124可以是用户的Netpage笔8,而令牌124可以是设置在该打印机上的标签图形。
图16示出文档服务1所保持的等待打印输出队列122的类图。每个等待打印输出128具有一优先级130,从而允许优先级较高的打印输出在较早排队但优先级较低的打印输出之前打印。
可以利用文档服务为没有利用Netpage标签编码而且没有保存的文档提供走近启动的打印。
通常,令牌126可以是许多无源装置、半无源装置或者有源装置中的任何一种,包括:承载Netpage标签图形的表面或者对象、直线条形码或者二维条形码;磁条卡;智能卡或者非接触智能卡;或者射频识别(RFID)标签。与传统的条形码读取器或者Netpage感测设备、磁条读取器、智能卡读取器或者RFID读取器相同,读取器124可以是与令牌126的类型匹配的任何读取器,如采用扫描激光器或者二维图像传感器的光学读取器。
如图18所示,在第一种配置中,令牌读取器124与打印机6关联,而且用户将令牌126呈现给该读取器。该读取器124读取令牌126,并且将走近事件传送到Netpage服务器1。走近事件识别用户62和打印机6两者。令牌126可以明确识别用户62,因此,走近事件可以明确识别用户62,也可以要求该服务器进行数据库查询,以将该令牌识别标志转换为用户识别标志。一旦该服务器1识别了该用户62和该打印机6,它就检索该用户的等待打印输出,并且将它们发送到打印机进行打印。
图18示出作为物理上关联的分立设备的读取器124和打印机6。该读取器124可以在物理上内置在该打印机6内。在打印机将走近事件传送到该服务器的情况下,它也可以电连接到该打印机。可替选地且等效地,该打印机6可以解释走近事件本身,而且明确地检索用户的等待打印输出来进行打印。
可以将用户令牌126附着于用户62携带的便携式设备或内置在其中,如移动电话、笔、电子笔(如Netpage笔8)、钱包、安全进入卡或令牌、或者识别证章或卡。它也可以是单独且专用的。
对于Netpage笔8,打印机读取器124可以提供用于容纳该笔的插座,从而使笔电接触该读取器,并与该读取器建立有线通信链路(例如,USB),以便将该用户识别标志传送到该读取器。
如图19所示,在第二种配置中,令牌读取器124与用户62关联,而且用户将该读取器呈现给令牌126。读取器124读取令牌126,而且将走近事件传送到Netpage服务器1。走近事件识别用户62和打印机6两者。令牌126可以明确识别打印机6,因此,走近事件可以明确识别打印机6,也可以要求服务器1进行数据库查询,从而将令牌识别标志转换为打印机识别标志。读取器124可以明确识别用户62,因此,走近事件可以明确识别用户62,也可以要求服务器1进行数据库查询,以将读取器识别标志转换为用户识别标志。一旦该服务器1识别了该用户62和打印机6,它就检索该用户的等待打印输出,并且将它们发送到该打印机进行打印。
可以将打印机令牌126附着于打印机6或与该打印机处于同一位置的设备,或者内置在其中。
如图20所示,即使在用户62呈现令牌读取器125时,用户读取器125依靠该打印机上的令牌读取器124(或者打印机本身)与服务器1之间的通信链路可能更方便,因为该通信链路保证是存在的。如图19所示,用户62将读取器125呈现给令牌127。该读取器125读取令牌127。根据该令牌,它确定到该打印机6的短距离通信链路。这可以是诸如蓝牙、无线USB或者ZigBee的个人区域网(PAN)无线链路或者诸如IEEE 802.11(WiFi)的局域网(LAN)无线链路。它也可以是诸如IrDA的短距离光学链路。如果该链路需要目标地址(如对于蓝牙),则令牌提供目标地址。例如,如果该打印机6上的令牌127采用Netpage标签图形,则该标签图形对该目标地址进行编码,而不是版面ID、x-y位置等,并且就此对其进行标记。如果该链路不需要目标地址(如对于IrDA),则令牌127仅向用户的令牌读取器126发信号,以将用户识别标志传送到打印机的令牌读取器126。同样,如果该打印机令牌使用Netpage标签图形,则该标签图形对该命令进行标记,以便将用户识别标志传送到打印机读取器124。如果支持多种通信链路,则该令牌127(例如,标签图形)可以识别特定类型的链路。打印机读取器124从用户读取器125接收用户识别标志,而且将该走近事件传送到Netpage服务器1。一旦该服务器识别了该用户62和打印机6,它就检索该用户的等待打印输出,并且将它们发送到打印机进行打印。
如果没有用户令牌126或者用户读取器125,则利用任选的口令,用户62可以将用户识别标志或者作业识别标志键入与该打印机6关联的键区。用户62可以利用与该打印机关联的基于显示器的输入设备从用户或者作业列表中选择其标识或者其等待打印输出。
Netpage Explorer
如上所述,Netpage系统用作任何打印文档的虚拟档案柜。因此,该Netpage系统向用户提供了基于屏幕的浏览器-Netpage Explorer,用于浏览并搜索文档服务所保持的打印输出的集合,而且在屏幕上观察各个打印输出,包括其数字墨。该Netpage Explorer还支持实时显示流化数字墨,并因此提供了远程会议的基础。
如上所述,Netpage系统支持将动态对象嵌入文档中,以及将动态对象动态链接到打印版面上的位置。Netpage Explorer支持利用它所提供的打印版面的虚拟视图来观察这样的对象而且与这样的对象交互,并且支持动态链接这样的对象。
产品变型
本节描述3种Netpage产品变型,这3种Netpage产品变型分别反映网络分布和接入的不同层级。图17示出采用运行在公共因特网133上的分布式服务器组上的公共Netpage服务134以及位于该公共因特网133上的服务应用133和用户的系统。图21示出具有运行在私有内部网138上的一个或者多个服务器上的服务136(例如,私有Netpage文档和数字墨服务)以及位于该私有内部网上的服务应用4和用户的私有Netpage系统。图22示出具有运行在单个个人计算机或者其它个人设备140上的服务142的个人Netpage系统。
在每种情况下,通常由运行在因特网上的公共Netpage文档服务来作为预先打印的诸如杂志广告、目录、小册子以及产品项目超级标签(Hyperlabel)的Netpage内容的寄主。在私有Netpage系统中,即使文档服务是公共的,安全和隐私原因也可以促使使用私有数字墨服务,如图21和22所暗示的那样。私有文档服务还可以用作公共文档服务的高速缓存代理。
更一般地说,安全和隐私原因可以促使将用户数字墨路由到一组受限的数字墨服务,而与文档服务的增长(proliferation)无关。即使在与国际文档服务交互时,有些国家的政府也可以要求将其公民的数字墨路由到国家数字墨服务器。因此,Netpage笔(或者其中继器)可以知道私有数字墨服务和公共数字墨服务两者,而且可以将属于私有版面的数字墨路由到前者,而将属于公共版面的数字墨路由到后者。即使在给定笔的数字墨与公共版面相关,而且名义上可以在公共服务器上访问时,这也并不意味着该版面的所有者或者该版面的其他用户自动获得对该数字墨的访问权。
NETPAGE表面编码的安全性
引言
结合诸如Netpage笔和Netpage观察器的Netpage感测设备,Netpage系统利用表面编码来使否则为无源表面的表面具有交互性。在与Netpage编码表面交互时,Netpage感测设备产生数字墨流,该数字墨流指示感测设备相对于其运动的表面区域的标识和感测设备在该区域内的绝对路径。
本节描述Netpage表面编码的任选鉴权特征以及相关鉴权协议。
表面编码的安全性
表面编码的背景
Netpage表面编码包括平面密集铺砌的标签。每个标签编码其自己在该平面上的地址。结合相邻标签,每个标签还编码包含该标签的区域的识别标志。该区域ID在所有区域中是唯一的。在Netpage系统中,该区域通常对应于加标签的表面如纸张的一面的整个延伸。在Hyperlabel系统中,该区域通常对应于整个产品项目的表面,而该区域ID对应于唯一的项目ID。为了在下面清楚地进行说明,对项目和项目ID(或者,仅ID)的引用对应于区域ID。
这样设计该表面编码,以便使大到足以保证获取整个标签的获取视界足够大,从而保证获取包含该标签的区域的ID。获取该标签本身保证了能够获取该标签在该区域内的二维位置以及其它特定于标签的数据。因此,在与编码表面执行纯局部交互期间,例如,在利用笔“点击”或者敲击编码表面期间,该表面编码允许感测设备获取区域ID和标签位置。
加密技术的背景
加密技术用于保护处于存储中的和传输中的敏感信息,而且对事务处理的各方进行鉴权。广泛使用的加密技术有两种:密钥加密和公钥加密。Netpage系统和Hyperlabel系统采用这两种加密技术。密钥加密还被称为对称加密,它利用同一个钥来加密和解密消息。希望交换消息的双方必须首先安排安全地交换密钥。
公钥加密还被称为非对称加密,它使用两个加密钥。这两个钥在数学上以这样的方式相关,使得只能利用一个钥来解密利用另一个钥加密的任何消息。然后,公开这两个钥之一,而使另一个钥保持私有。它们被分别称为公钥和私钥。该公钥用于对要发送到该私钥持有者的任何消息进行加密。一旦利用该公钥进行了加密,就只能利用该私钥解密该消息。因此,双方可以安全地交换消息,而无需交换密钥。为了确保该私钥安全,该私钥的持有者通常产生公-私钥对。
公钥加密可以用于创建数字签名。如果私钥的持有者产生已知的消息散列,然后,利用该私钥对该散列进行加密,则仅通过利用公钥来解密该加密散列并且针对该消息来检验该散列,任何人都可以检验该加密散列构成该私钥持有者对于该特定消息的“签名”。如果该签名被附加到该消息,则该消息的接收者可以检验该消息是真的,而且在传输中,它没有被改变。
密钥也可以用于创建数字签名,但是其缺点是,知晓该密钥的一方也可以进行签名检验。
为了进行公钥加密工作,必须有分发防止假冒的公钥的方法。这通常是利用证书和证书机构实现的。证书机构是用于对公钥与人或者其它实体的标识之间的关联进行鉴权的受信第三方。证书机构通过检查标识文档等来检验标识,然后,创建含有标识详情和公钥的数字证书并对其进行签名。信任该认证机构的任何人都可以利用证书中的公钥,同时非常确定它是真的。它们仅必须检验该证书的确已经由其公钥众所周知的证书机构签名。
为了实现与密钥加密可比的安全性,公钥加密采用大于几百比特的数量级的钥长度,即,几千比特的钥长度。
加密技术的详细说明请参考Schncler,B.,Applied Cryptography,Second Edition,John Wiley & Sons 1996。
安全性要求
我们限定项目安全性有两个相关目的:
●允许项目的鉴权
●防止项目的伪造
伪造难度越大,鉴权的可信度越高。
在对项目进行编码时,Netpage表面编码的安全性有如下两个对应的目的:
a)允许编码项目的鉴权
b)防止具有新项目ID的编码项目的伪造
如果用户可以确定项目表面编码的真实性,则该用户可以对该项目的可能真实性进行有据的判定。
在难以伪造新ID的表面编码时,利用可信表面编码来伪造项目的唯一容易的方式是复制现有项目的表面编码(并因此复制其ID的表面编码)。如果该用户能够利用其它方法判断该项目的ID可能是唯一的,则该用户可以假定该项目是可信的。
由于Netpage表面编码允许在纯局部交互期间,在感测设备与表面编码之间进行有意义的交互,所以希望表面编码支持在类似局部交互期间进行鉴权,即,不需要增加感测设备视界的大小。由于在可信编码项目的创建者与可能希望对该项目进行鉴权的用户之间没有先验的关系,所以不希望要求在创建者与用户之间存在信任关系。例如,不希望要求创建者与用户共享保密签名钥。
许多用户依赖于在线访问创建者信任的鉴权器以便对项目进行鉴权是合理的。然而,理想的是允许在不能在线访问时进行鉴权。
安全性讨论
如上在“加密技术的背景”中所述,鉴权依赖于检验数据与该数据的签名之间的对应关系。伪造签名的难度越大,则基于签名的鉴权的可信度越高。
项目ID是唯一的,因此,该项目ID提供了签名的基础。如果采用在线鉴权访问,则该签名可以简单地是受信的在线鉴权器可访问的鉴权数据库内与项目ID相关的随机数。可以利用任何适当的方法产生该随机数,如,利用确定性(伪随机)算法,或者利用随机物理过程。对于随机数,加钥散列或者加密散列是优选的,因为它不需要鉴权数据库内的附加空间。
在极端情况下实际上不需要签名,这是因为该数据库内仅存在该项目ID指示了真实性。然而,使用签名限制了伪造者伪造他实际看到的项目。
为了防止伪造没有看到的ID的签名,该签名必须足够大,使得难以通过反复访问在线鉴权器进行穷尽性的搜索。如果利用钥产生而非随机产生,则该签名的长度也必须足够大,以便防止伪造者根据已知的ID-签名对推断该钥。几百比特的签名被认为是安全的,而无论是否利用私钥或密钥产生。
表面编码标签结构内的有限空间使得在标签内包括安全签名是不实际的。因此,促使我们将签名片段分布在多个标签上。如果可以与ID分离检验每个片段,则在不增大感测设备的视界的情况下,可以实现支持鉴权的目的。签名的安全性仍来自签名的整个长度,而非片段的长度,因为伪造者不能预测用户将随机选择哪个片段进行检验。请注意,受信鉴权器可以始终进行片段检验,因此,在可以在线访问受信鉴权器时,始终可以进行片段检验。片段检验需要片段识别。可以对片段进行明确编号,也可以利用其标签的二维坐标,以连续铺砌标签上的签名的重复(repetition)为模,更经济地识别片段。
有限长度的ID本身使得更易受攻击。理想的是,它至少应该有几百比特。在Netpage和Hyperlabel表面编码方案中,它是96比特或者以下。为了解决该问题,可以填充该ID。为了更有效,填充符(padding)必须是可变的,即,一个ID与另一个ID必须不同。理想的是,该填充符仅是随机数,然后,必须将它存储在利用ID来索引的鉴权数据库中。根据ID确定性地产生该填充符是没有价值的。对密钥签名进行离线鉴权需要使用受信离线鉴权设备。QA芯片(请参考2002年4月16日授予的US6,374,354)提供了这种设备的基础,尽管能力有限。可以对QA芯片进行编程,以便利用安全地保存在其内存中的密钥来检验签名。然而,在这种情况下,支持每ID的填充是不实际的,而且即使是支持非常少的密钥也是不实际的。此外,以这种方式编程的QA芯片容易受到选择消息攻击。这些局限性限制了基于QA芯片的受信离线鉴权设备在利基应用(nicheapplication)上的适用性。
通常,尽管宣称了任何特定受信离线鉴权设备的安全性,但是安全项目的创建者可能不愿意将其保密签名钥交给这种设备,而这同样有可能限制这种设备在利基应用上的适用性。
相比之下,对公钥签名(即,利用对应的私钥产生的公钥签名)进行离线鉴权非常切合实际。采用公钥的离线鉴权设备保存任意数量的公钥是无足轻重的,而且可以设计成在它遇到它知道没有对应公共签名钥的ID时,利用瞬间在线连接、根据需要来检索附加的公钥。非受信离线鉴权可能对大多数安全项目创建者有吸引力,因为他们可以保持对其私有签名钥的排他控制。
对公钥签名进行离线鉴权的缺点是,必须根据编码获取整个签名,妨碍了我们对支持利用最小视界进行鉴权的期望。对公钥签名进行离线鉴权的相应优点是,不再要求访问ID填充符,因为利用公共签名钥解密该签名产生了ID及其填充符,然后可以忽略填充符。
获取整个分布式签名并不特别麻烦。在编码表面上任意随机或者直线挥动手持感测设备可以迅速获取该签名的所有片段。可以容易地对该感测设备进行编程,以便在获取整个一组片段,而且完成鉴权时,向用户发信号。扫描激光器也可以容易地获取该签名的所有片段。可以对这两种设备进行编程,以便仅在标签指示存在签名时进行鉴权。
请注意,以与任何签名相同的方式,利用其任何片段,可以对公钥签名进行在线鉴权,而无论它是随机产生的,还是保密密钥产生的。受信在线鉴权器可以利用私钥和ID填充符、根据需要产生签名,也可以将该签名明确存储在鉴权数据库中。后一种方法不需要存储ID填充符。
请注意,即使在可以在线访问受信鉴权器时,也可以采用基于签名的鉴权,而不采用基于片段的鉴权。
安全性说明
根据ID范围的设置:
●产生公共-私有签名钥对
●存储密钥对,利用ID范围来索引
根据ID的设置:
●产生ID填充符
●利用ID来检索私有签名钥
●通过利用私钥加密ID和填充符,产生签名
●将签名存储数据库中,利用ID来索引
●以重复方式将签名编码在多个标签上
在线(基于片段的)鉴权(用户)
●根据标签获取ID
●根据标签获取位置和签名片段
●根据位置产生片段号
●利用ID来查询受信鉴权器
●将ID、片段和片段号发送到受信鉴权器
在线(基于片段的)鉴权(受信鉴权器)
●从用户接收ID、片段和片段号
●利用ID从数据库检索签名
●将提供的片段与签名进行比较
●向用户报告鉴权结果
离线(基于签名的)鉴权(用户)
●根据标签获取ID
●根据标签获取位置和签名片段
●根据片段产生签名
●利用ID检索公共签名
●利用公钥解密签名
●将获取的ID与解密的ID进行比较
●向用户报告鉴权结果
NETPAGE表面编码
引言
本节将说明,结合诸如Netpage笔和Netpage观察器的Netpage感测设备,Netpage系统(以上在“Netpage体系结构”中描述)利用表面编码使否则为无源表面的表面具有交互性。
在与Netpage编码表面交互时,Netpage感测设备产生数字墨流,该数字墨流指示感测设备相对于其运动的表面区域的标识和感测设备在该区域内的绝对路径。
表面编码
Netpage表面编码包括平面密集铺砌的标签。每个标签对其自己在该平面上的地址进行编码。结合相邻标签,每个标签还对包含该标签的区域的识别标志进行编码。在Netpage系统中,该区域通常对应于标签表面如纸张的一面的整个延伸。
利用包括两种元素的图形来表示每个标签。第一种元素是目标。目标使标签位于编码表面的图像上,而且使得可以推断该标签的透视畸变。第二种元素是宏点(macrodot)。每个宏点利用其存在或不存在来编码比特值。
图形以这样的方式表示在该编码表面上,以便利用光学成像系统获取它,而且特别是利用在近红外具有窄带响应的光学系统获取它。通常,利用窄带近红外墨将该图形打印在该表面上。
标签结构
图23示出完整的标签200的结构。四个黑圆中的每个都是目标。标签200和整个图形在物理层面上具有四重旋转对称(four-fold rotationalsymmetry)。每个方形区分别表示符号204,而每个符号表示四比特的信息。该标签结构中所示的每个符号204分别具有唯一的标志(label)216。每个标志216分别具有字母前缀和数字后缀。
图24示出符号204的结构。它包括四个宏点206,每个宏点206利用其存在(1)或不存在(0)来表示一比特的值。
在整个说明书中,利用参数S来规定宏点206的间隔。根据以每英寸1600点的节距打印的9个点,它的标称值是143μm。然而,可以根据用于产生该图形的设备的能力,在限定的范围内改变它。
图25示出9个相邻符号204的阵列208。无论在符号208内,还是在符号208之间,宏点206的间隔都是均匀的。
图26示出比特在符号204内的排序。
比特零210是符号204内的最低有效比特,比特三212是最高有效比特。请注意,该排序是相对于符号204的取向的。标签图(请参考图23所示的例子)中符号的标志216的取向指示该标签200内特定符号204的取向。通常,标签200的特定段内的所有符号204的取向相同,与符号底部最接近于标签中心一致。
仅宏点206是图形中符号204的表示的部分。在该说明书中采用符号204的方形轮廓214是为了更清楚地说明标签204的结构。作为示意图,图27示出每个比特206都被置位的标签200的实际图形。请注意,实际上,可以始终不将标签200的每个比特206置位。
宏点206通常是标称直径为(5/9)S的标称圆。然而,可以根据用于产生该图形的设备的能力,在±10%的范围内改变其大小。
目标202通常是标称直径为(17/9)S的标称圆。然而,可以根据用于产生该图形的设备的能力,在±10%的范围内改变其大小。
根据用于产生该图形的设备的能力,可以在至多±10%的范围内改变该标签图形的比例。将与该标称比例的任何偏差记录在标签数据中,以准确地产生位置采样。
标签组
将标签200排列为标签组218。每个标签组包括以方形排列的4个标签。每个标签200具有4种可能标签类型之一,根据其在标签组218内的位置对每种标签类型加标志。标签类型标志220是00、10、01和11,如图28所示。
图29示出标签组在连续铺砌的标签或者标签图形222内是如何重复的。该铺砌确保任意一组4个相邻标签200包含每种类型的一个标签220。码字
该标签含有四个完整码字。图30示出4个码字的布局。每个码字分别是穿孔24-ary(8,5)Reed-Solomon码。对这些码字加标志A、B、C和D。每个码字的片段遍及标签200而分布。
这些码字中的两个码字对于标签200是唯一的。这两个码字被称为局部码字224,而且对它们加标志A和B。因此,该标签200最多编码对该标签唯一的40比特信息。其余的两个码字对标签类型是唯一的,但是它对于连续铺砌的标签222内相同类型的所有标签相同。这两个剩余码字被称为全局码字226,而且对它们加标志C和D,以标签类型为下标。因此,标签组218最多编码对连续铺砌的标签内的所有标签组相同的160比特信息。
REED-SOLOMON编码
码字是利用穿孔24-ary(8,5)Reed-Solomon码来编码的。24-ary(8,5)Reed-Solomon码对每个码字内的20个数据比特(即,5个四比特符号)和12个冗余比特(即,3个四比特符号)进行编码。其检错能力是3个符号。其纠错能力是1个符号。
图31示出8个符号204的码字228,其中5个符号对数据坐标230进行编码而3个符号对冗余坐标232进行编码。以系数顺序来索引码字坐标,而且数据比特排序遵循码字比特排序。
穿孔24-ary(8,5)Reed-Solomon码是去除了7个冗余坐标的24-ary(15,5)Reed-Solomon码。去除的坐标是最高有效冗余坐标。该码具有下面的本原多项式:
p(x)=x4+x+1 (等式1)
该码具有下面的生成多项式:
g(x)=(x+α)(x+α2)…(x+α10) (等式2)
关于Reed-Solomon码的详细说明,请参考Wicker,S.B.和V.K.Bhargava,eds.,Read-Solomon Codes and Their Applications,IEEE Press,1994,其内容通过引用结合于此。
标签坐标空间
该标签坐标空间具有两个分别标记为x和y的正交轴。在正x轴指向右时,正y轴指向下。
该表面编码没有规定标签坐标空间原点在特定加标签的表面上的位置,也没有规定该标签坐标空间相对于该表面的取向。该信息是特定于应用的。例如,如果该加标签表面是一张纸,则将标签打印到该纸上的应用可以记录实际的偏差和取向,而且这些可以用于将随后结合该表面捕获的任何数字墨规格化。
以标签为单位来限定以标签来编码的位置。按照惯例,将该位置取为最接近于原点的目标的中心位置。
标签信息内容
表1定义了嵌入表面编码的信息字段。表2定义这些字段如何映射到码字。
表1.字段定义
字段 | 宽度 | 描述 |
每个码字 | ||
码字类型 | 2 | 码字类型,即,A(b’00’)、B(b’01’)、C(b’10’)和D(b’11’)之一。 |
每个标签 | ||
标签类型 | 2 | 标签类型1,即,00(b’00’)、01(b’01’)、10(b’10’)和11(b’11’)之一。 |
x坐标 | 13 | 标签2的无符号的x坐标。 |
y坐标 | 13 | 标签b的无符号的y坐标。 |
有效区旗标 | 1 | 指示该标签是否是有效区的组成部分的旗标。b’1’指示是组成部分。 |
有效区映射旗标 | 1 | 指示是否存在有效区映射的旗标。b’1’指示存在映射(见下一字段)。如果不存在该映射,则根据有效区旗标(见前一字段)得出每个映射项的值。 |
有效区映射 | 8 | 该标签8个紧邻中的哪些是有效区的组成部分的映射3。b’1’指示是组成部分。 |
数据片段 | 8 | 嵌入数据流的片段。仅在不存在有效域映射时存在。 |
每个标签组 | ||
编码格式 | 8 | 编码的格式。0:当前编码其它值是TBA。 |
区域旗标 | 8 | 控制区域相关信息的解释和路由的旗标。0:区域ID是EPC1:区域被链接2:区域是交互的3:区域被签名4:区域包括数据5:区域涉及移动应用其它比特保留,而且必须是0。 |
标签大小调整 | 16 | 实际标签大小与标称标签大小4之间的差,以10nm为单位,处于符号-幅值格式。 |
区域ID | 96 | 包含标签的区域的ID |
CRC | 16 | 标签组数据的CRC5。 |
合计 | 320 |
1.对应于该标签的x坐标和y坐标的底部2比特
2.允许近似14m的最大坐标值
3.图29示出该映射的比特排序
4.标称标签大小是1.7145mm(根据1600dpi,每个宏点9个点,以及每个标签12个宏点)
5.CCITT CRC-16[7]
图32示出标签200及其8个紧邻,各利用其在有效区映射中的对应比特索引来标记。有效区映射指示对应的标签是否是有效区的组成部分。有效区是在其中捕获的任何输入应当立即前转到对应Netpage服务器进行解释的区域。它还允许Netpage感测设备向用户发信号通知该输入将具有即时效果。
表2.字段到码字的映射
码字 | 码字比特 | 字段 | 宽度 | 字段比特 |
A | 1:0 | 码字类型(b’00’) | 2 | 全部 |
10:2 | x坐标 | 9 | 12:4 | |
19:11 | y坐标 | 9 | 12:4 | |
B | 1:0 | 码字类型(b’01’) | 2 | 全部 |
2 | 标签类型 | 1 | 0 | |
5:2 | x坐标 | 4 | 3:0 | |
6 | 标签类型 | 1 | 1 | |
9:6 | y坐标 | 4 | 3:0 | |
10 | 有效区旗标 | 1 | 全部 | |
11 | 有效区映射旗标 | 1 | 全部 | |
19:12 | 有效区映射 | 8 | 全部 | |
19:12 | 数据片段 | 8 | 全部 | |
C00 | 1:0 | 码字类型(b’10’) | 2 | 全部 |
9:2 | 编码格式 | 8 | 全部 | |
17:10 | 区域旗标 | 8 | 全部 | |
19:18 | 标签大小调整 | 2 | 1:0 | |
C01 | 1:0 | 码字类型(b’10’) | 2 | 全部 |
15:2 | 标签大小调整 | 14 | 15:2 | |
19:16 | 区域ID | 4 | 3:0 | |
C10 | 1:0 | 码字类型(b’10’) | 2 | 全部 |
19:2 | 区域ID | 18 | 21:4 | |
C11 | 1:0 | 码字类型(b’10’) | 2 | 全部 |
19:2 | 区域ID | 18 | 39:22 | |
D00 | 1:0 | 码字类型(b’11’) | 2 | 全部 |
19:2 | 区域ID | 18 | 57:40 | |
D01 | 1:0 | 码字类型(b’11’) | 2 | 全部 |
19:2 | 区域ID | 18 | 75:58 | |
D10 | 1:0 | 码字类型(b’11’) | 2 | 全部 |
19:2 | 区域ID | 18 | 93:76 | |
D11 | 1:0 | 码字类型(b’11’) | 2 | 全部 |
3:2 | 区域ID | 2 | 95:94 | |
19:4 | CRC | 16 | 全部 |
请注意,标签类型可以移到全局码字内,以将局部码字的利用率提高到最高。这又可以允许较大坐标和/或者16比特数据片段(可结合坐标精度配置)。然而,这降低了位置解码对区域ID解码的独立性,而且此时,尚未包括在本说明书中。
嵌入数据
如果区域旗标中的“区域包括数据”旗标被置位,则该表面编码包含嵌入数据。数据被编码在多个连续标签的数据片段中,而且在该表面编码中复制适合的次数。
以这样的方式编码该嵌入数据,使得对包含该嵌入数据的表面编码的随机部分扫描足以检索全部数据。扫描系统重新组装所检索的片段中的数据,然后,在无错地检索了足够多的片段时,报告给用户。如表3所示,200比特数据块对160比特数据进行编码。块数据被编码在以5×5方阵排列的一组25个连续标签的数据片段中。标签属于这样的块,其整数坐标为标签坐标除以5。在每块内,以随着y坐标的增大、x坐标也增大的方式,将数据设置到标签中。
在存在有效区映射时,数据片段可能从块中丢失。然而,有可能从该块的另一个拷贝中恢复丢失的数据片段。
任意大小的数据被编码成包括一组以矩形排列的连续块的超块。该超块的大小被编码在每个块中。块属于这样的超块,其整数坐标为块坐标除以超块大小。在每个超块中,以随着y坐标的增大、x坐标也增大的方式,将该数据设置到块中。
超块在表面编码中复制适合的次数,部分地包括沿表面编码的边缘。
以超块编码的数据可以包括更精确的类型信息、更精确的大小信息以及更广的检错和/或者校正数据。
表3.嵌入数据块
字段 | 宽度 | 描述 |
数据类型 | 8 | 超块内的数据类型。值包括:0:类型由区域旗标控制1:MIME其它值是TBA。 |
超块宽度 | 8 | 以块为单位的超块宽度。 |
超块高度 | 8 | 以块为单位的超块高度。 |
数据 | 160 | 块数据。 |
CRC | 16 | 该块数据的CRC6。 |
总数 | 200 |
6.CCITT CRC-16[7]
区域ID的加密签名
如果区域旗标中的“区域被签名”旗标被置位,则该表面编码包含该区域ID的160比特加密签名。以单块超块来编码该签名。
在在线环境下,可以结合区域ID利用任何签名片段来验证该签名。在离线环境下,可以通过读取多个标签来恢复整个签名,然后,可以利用对应的公共签名钥来验证它。在上面的“Netpage表面编码的安全性”一节中对此进行了详细说明。
MIME数据
如果嵌入数据类型是“MIME”,则根据RFC 2045(请参考Freed,N.,and N.Borenstein,“Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions(MIME)-PartOne:Format of Internet Message Bodies”,RFC 2045,November 1996)、RFC 2046(请参考Freed,N.,and N.Borenstein,“Multipurpose InternetMail Extensions(MIME)-Part Two:Media Types”,RFC 2046,November1996)以及相关RFC,超块包含多用途网际邮件扩充(MIME)数据。该MIME数据包括标题和后面的主体(body)。该标题被编码为8比特串长度在前的可变长度正文串。以网络字节序(big-endian)格式,将该主体编码为16比特大小在前的可变长度、特定于类型的八位字节流。RFC2046内描述的基本顶层媒体类型包括:文本、图像、音频、视频和应用。RFC 2425(请参考Howes,T.,M.Smith and F.Dawson,“A MIMEContent-Type for Directory Information”,RFC 2045,September 1998)和RFC 2426(请参考Dawson F.,and T.Howes,“vCard MIME DirectoryProfile”,RFC 2046,September 1998)描述了例如适合于对可能出现在业务卡片上的联系信息进行编码的目录信息的文本子类型。
编码和打印方面的考虑
打印引擎控制器(PEC)支持两个固定(每页)24-ary(15,5)Reed-Solomon码字和6个可变(每标签)24-ary(15,5)Reed-Solomon码字的编码。此外,PEC支持利用其布局恒定(每页)但其可变码字数据可在单位单元与单位单元之间不同的矩形单位单元来再现标签。PEC不允许单位单元在页移动方向重叠。
与PEC兼容的单位单元包含单个包括4个标签的标签组。该标签组包含对该标签组唯一的但在该标签组内复制4次的单个A码字和4个唯一的B码字。可以利用6个PEC支持的可变码字中的5个对它们进行编码。该标签组还包括8个固定C码字和D码字。它们之一可以利用PEC可变码字中剩下的一个来编码,另外两个可以利用两个PEC固定码字来编码,而其余5个可以被编码和预再现为提供到PEC的标签格式结构(TFS)。
PEC有每TFS行32个唯一比特地址的限制。单位单元的内容遵循这一限制。PEC还对TFS的宽度施加384的限制。单位单元的内容遵循这一限制。请注意,对于合理的页大小,A码字内可变坐标比特的数量适中,使得容易通过查询表进行编码。还可以利用查询表对B码字进行编码。请注意,由于Reed-Solomon码是对称的,所以在该查询表上仅需要列出冗余数据。
成像和解码方面的考虑
表4列出在假定图像传感器大小为128像素的情况下,对于不同采样速率,当前表面编码可以实现的节距范围。
表4.对于不同采样速率,当前表面编码可以实现的节距范围;
点节距=1600dpi,宏点节距=9点,视距=30mm,笔尖到FOV间距=1mm,图像传感器大小=128像素
采样速率 | 节距范围 |
2 | -40至+49 |
2.5 | -27至+36 |
3 | -10至+18 |
给定当前表面编码,如下是相应的解码序列:
●定位整个标签的目标
●根据目标推断透视变换
●对标签的4个码字中的任何一个进行采样和解码
●确定码字类型并因此确定标签取向
●对所需的局部(A和B)码字进行采样和解码
●码字冗余仅12比特,因此,仅检错
●在解码错误时,标记不良位置采样
●参照标签取向,确定标签x-y位置
●根据定向的目标,推断3D标签变换
●根据标签x-y位置和3D变换,确定笔尖x-y位置
●参照有效区映射,确定笔尖位置的有效区状态
●根据笔尖有效区状态,产生局部反馈
●根据A码字,确定标签类型
●对所需的局部(C和D)码字进行采样和解码(参照标签类型,模窗对准)
●尽管码字冗余仅12比特,但是纠错;后续CRC校验将检测错误的纠错
●校验标签组数据CRC
●在解码错误时,标记不良区域ID采样
●确定编码类型,而且拒绝未知编码
●确定区域旗标
●确定区域ID
●在数字墨中编码区域ID、笔尖x-y位置、笔尖有效区状态
●根据区域旗标,路由数字墨
请注意,不需要以与位置解码相同的速率进行区域ID解码。
请注意,如果发现码字与已知良好码字相同,则可以避免对该码字进行解码。
上述说明纯粹是为了说明问题,而且本领域的技术人员可以轻而易举地设想许多变型和修改,这些变型和修改均不脱离本发明原理的实质和范围。
Claims (4)
1.一种用于多个用户的计算机网络,该计算机网络包括:
服务器;
多个打印机,每个打印机都具有用于标识该打印机的令牌;以及
与每个用户相关联的用户装置,用于感测相应打印机的令牌,在感测到所述多个打印机中的一个的令牌之后,向所述服务器发送表示所述一个打印机的标识和所述用户装置的唯一标识的数据;
其中,在所述服务器从所述用户装置接收到所述数据时,所述服务器可操作以根据所述用户装置的所述唯一标识来识别用户,并且向通过所述数据识别出的打印机发送用户的等待的打印输出,以由所述打印机进行打印。
2.根据权利要求1所述的计算机网络,其中每个令牌都是设置在相应打印机的表面上的编码数据,而且每个用户装置都包括用于感测所述编码数据的感测装置。
3.根据权利要求2所述的计算机网络,其中所述用户装置是具有光学传感器的电子触针,并且所述编码数据能够由每个用户的电子触针的光学传感器来读取。
4.根据权利要求1所述的计算机网络,其中所述服务器将所述等待的打印输出保持在队列中,并且每个等待的打印输出具有优先级,使得优先级较高的打印输出在优先级较低的较早排队的打印输出之前打印。
Applications Claiming Priority (13)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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AU2004904324 | 2004-08-03 | ||
AU2004904325A AU2004904325A0 (en) | 2004-08-03 | Methods and apparatus (NPS075) | |
AU2004904325 | 2004-08-03 | ||
AU2004904324A AU2004904324A0 (en) | 2004-08-03 | Methods and apparatus (NPS074) | |
AU2004904740 | 2004-08-20 | ||
AU2004904740A AU2004904740A0 (en) | 2004-08-20 | Methods, systems and apparatus (NPS080) | |
AU2004904803 | 2004-08-24 | ||
AU2004904803A AU2004904803A0 (en) | 2004-08-24 | Methods, systems and apparatus (NPS082) | |
AU2004905413A AU2004905413A0 (en) | 2004-09-21 | Methods, systems and apparatus (NPS083) | |
AU2004905413 | 2004-09-21 | ||
AU2005900034 | 2005-01-05 | ||
AU2005900034A AU2005900034A0 (en) | 2005-01-05 | Methods, systems and apparatus (NPS083) | |
PCT/AU2005/001123 WO2006012678A1 (en) | 2004-08-03 | 2005-08-01 | Walk-up printing |
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CN1993688A CN1993688A (zh) | 2007-07-04 |
CN1993688B true CN1993688B (zh) | 2012-01-18 |
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CN2005800261388A Expired - Fee Related CN1993688B (zh) | 2004-08-03 | 2005-08-01 | 走近启动的打印 |
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US (6) | US7567241B2 (zh) |
EP (3) | EP1782228A1 (zh) |
JP (2) | JP2008508621A (zh) |
KR (2) | KR101084853B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1993688B (zh) |
AU (3) | AU2005269254B2 (zh) |
CA (3) | CA2576026A1 (zh) |
SG (1) | SG155167A1 (zh) |
WO (3) | WO2006012678A1 (zh) |
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- 2005-08-01 AU AU2005269254A patent/AU2005269254B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-08-01 AU AU2005269256A patent/AU2005269256B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-08-01 CN CN2005800261388A patent/CN1993688B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-08-01 WO PCT/AU2005/001123 patent/WO2006012678A1/en active Application Filing
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2007
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2009
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