DE19954970A1 - Coating agent for coating the surface of a substrate and method for coating the surface of a substrate - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a coating agent for coating the surface of a substrate in the form of a foil which is provided with an upper cover layer, a middle chromophore layer and a lower carrier layer. According to the invention, the lower carrier layer is a free-flowing, hardenable adhesive and levelling layer for gluing the foil onto the surface of the substrate and for covering irregularities in the surface of the substrate. A flexible, hardenable cover layer is provided. The present invention also relates to a method for coating the surface of a substrate using such a coating agent.

Description

The present invention relates to a coating composition for Coating the surface of a substrate, for example a Ka body or a body part for motor vehicles or egg nes component, especially a car body, of railway vehicles gene, in the form of a film which has an upper cover layer, a middle coloring layer and a lower carrier layer has. The present invention further relates to a method for coating the surface of a substrate with one of the like coating agent.

Such coating compositions are known. They serve for loading layering of product surfaces, especially as a replacement for a paint job.

Wet painting of substrates after leveling the Surfaces of substrates with filler is time, labor and expensive. E.g. need body parts from Kraftfahr testify on steel or aluminum basis or components made of fiber composite materials after applying a corrosion protection layer to be leveled first. This is a compensation filler applied one or more times, after each Applying an intermediate sanding must be carried out. On then the surface smoothed in this way must be pre-painted and coated finally be provided with a top coat. The numerous Manufacturing steps with different materials bring additional  Waiting times for drying, drying and hardening with yourself. The compensation of manufacturing-related faults by joining places such as welds, grinding points or rivets cannot be automated. The process is sensitive to external influences, especially dust and causes emissions, e.g. of solvents. Therefore, the procedural steps in separate plants.

EP 0 352 298 B1 discloses a body paneling and a Process for their production. The body paneling is made of plastic and is coated with a film made of a base layer, a pigment layer and a clear coat layer exists. The laminate is heated and preformed and then placed in an injection mold and with plastic back injected so that the finished body planking ent stands.

US 50 21 278 A describes a thermally deformable lami nat from a carrier layer, a color layer and a layer clear coat of clear lacquer. The laminate is heated and preformed and molded onto the substrate.

EP 0 615 840 A1 relates to a coating film for a Metal container for beverages in the form of a laminate, made by un looking up, an adhesive layer, a layer of paint, has a polyester layer and a cover layer. The foil is drawn on a flat sheet with the adhesive layer, which is then formed into a jug.

These known films and the methods for applying them to a metallic or fiber composite substrate are expensive and moreover not in all cases for such substra te suitable, since there is usually no adhesive layer, so that the foils must be melted onto the substrate. The known films are also not flexible enough so that they  have to be preformed in order to be applied to the substrate to be able to.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a layering agent and a method of the above. Kind to provide len, which allows short processing times, insensitive against external influences, as few emissions as possible releases and an additional surface finish away can fall.

The solution is a coating agent with the characteristics len of claim 1 and a method in which this Be layering agent is used. According to the invention is before seen that the lower backing layer is a flowable curable Adhesive and leveling layer for gluing the film to the top surface of the substrate and for covering up irregularities is in the surface of the substrate and is flexible, hardens bare upper cover layer is provided.

It is thus with the application of a color decorative Coating through the flowable lower adhesive and off at the same time irregularities in the substra laminated to the surface, the after the application of the Be resulting coating due to the then cured top layer high resistance to external has major influences and loads.

The response time of the lower adhesive and compensation layer between the surface of the substrate and the coloring layer doesn't matter. It can be seconds, minutes, Hours or days. This is secondary since the sub strat already exists in its final state and thus also the The surface or the surface is adequately protected and because no further processing steps are necessary, so  that even with a longer response time delays in the Production cannot occur.

Because no liquid materials during the entire process no unwanted emissions occur open. The method according to the invention can also be parallel to other processing steps on the same substrate, e.g. parallel to another construction process of a motor vehicle or Railway vehicle can be carried out as it is insensitive to about immissions, especially dust. It is only a coating step is necessary. A preform of coating means is not required. Aside from the net Coating times are not subject to waiting times, for example Drying or reaction of the coating materials.

Advantageous further developments result from the dependent claims chen. The compensation of irregularities in the surface the substrate through the lower gluing and leveling step is particularly easy if this layer at least 0.150 mm, preferably at least 1 mm thick, since sufficient flowable material is present to all wells fill in the surface and a flat layer on the To form surface. To do this, the bottom glue and off same layer preferably a viscous consistency, be a thixotropic property profile is particularly preferred. A such layer is viscous enough not to be coated draining agent, but flowable enough to remove the irregularity to be able to compensate for the surface of the substrate nen. Thixotropic layers are well suited because they are usually solid to viscous, under stress, that is when the coating agent is pulled onto the substrate, but liquefy and therefore irregularities particularly well can compensate.  

The bottom adhesive and leveling layer can punk all over be carried out in a line or in a line. It is not necessary dig, give the bottom layer all the way to the middle color de layer to apply. An order of glue dots or glue streaking can suffice and saves material.

The lower adhesive and leveling layer is preferably on the basis of a thermally crosslinkable, moisture or photocrosslinkable polymer. Is particularly suitable a polymer based on a polyurethane or a Mi creation of several polyurethanes. The bottom adhesive and leveling Layer can also be based on a partial network, for example th pressure sensitive adhesive. These are pressure sensitive adhesives, that are already networked (e.g. through ESH or UV curing), which is still a stickiness and a have a tough consistency to ensure the necessary adhesion of the coating agent on the substrate and the compensation of irregularities to ensure liquids on the surface of the substrate. Internal networking is beneficial to better cohesive ve to achieve strength of the adhesive so that, for example, a high Layer thickness of the adhesive can be displayed without it from Coating agent drips off. The bottom adhesive and leveling layer can also from a foamed adhesive surface, ge foamed adhesive dots or foamed adhesive tapes. Then the foam takes over the balancing function.

The upper cover layer preferably consists of a thermopla Plastic plastic matrix, which can be heated or heated radiate with UV light or electron beams or visible Light is fully cured. The curing of the top Cover layer to a preferably transparent protective layer takes place only after application of the film on the finished component. The upper cover layer is therefore preferably a crosslinkable, in particular thermally crosslinkable or photocrosslinkable clear layer of paint that is hard enough to cure after curing  adequate protection of the resulting coating from outside guarantee their influences.

Under the adhesive and leveling layer and / or over the top Cover layer of the coating agent according to the invention can ne removable protective layer attached, which the outer Layers of the coating agent before damage in position tion, transport and, in the case of the top layer, at Application on the substrate protects. Here is the lower one Protective layer preferably a paper film and / or the upper one Protective layer a polyester film or a polyolefin, esp especially a polypropylene film.

In the method according to the invention using the invented coating agent according to the invention can this by rolling and / or doctor blades are applied to the surface. Preferential As a coating agent with a flexible top Cover layer made of a crosslinkable, in particular thermally ver wettable or photocrosslinkable polymer used and the above re top layer after applying the coating agent the substrate is thermally cross-linked or photocross-linked.

When using a coating agent with a damp The lower adhesive and leveling layer is hardened Surface of the substrate before application of the coating by means of a liquid, preferably water, e.g. sprayed. However, if a coating agent with a thermally curing lower adhesive and leveling layer ver the resulting composite of substrate and Be Layering agents are heated to the adhesive and off to allow the hardening layer to harden. In this case it is recommended itself, a coating agent with a flexible top deck to use layer made of a thermally crosslinkable polymer and the thermosetting lower adhesive and leveling layer and the top cover layer after application of the coating agent  on the substrate by heating the result the bond (either by heat or by radiation, each according to the nature of the upper cover layer) at the same time.

To protect the top cover layer from damage, a coating agent with an upper protective layer before moves, which only after the application of the coating agent is removed on the substrate.

The coating agent according to the invention can, for example, depend on Thickness of the bottom adhesive and leveling layer on top surface is applied, which bumps of 0.5 mm and has more and / or which with a corrosion protection layer is provided.

The coating composition of the invention is particularly suitable for coating metallic or fiber composite fabric substrates, for example bodies or body parts from Motor vehicles or components, in particular car bodies, from Train vehicles.

An embodiment of the present Er Finding in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It demonstrate:

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the structure of a coating agent according to the invention.

Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of the coating agent and the substrate before coating;

Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of the finished composite of coating agent and substrate after coating Be.

Fig. 1 shows schematically a sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of the coating agent 1 according to the invention. The coating agent 1 is composed of at least three functional layers: an upper covering layer 2 , a middle coloring layer 3 and a lower adhesive and compensating layer 4 . The upper cover layer 2 is flexible and can be hardened into a hard protective layer, preferably into a transparent clear lacquer layer. The middle coloring layer 3 is preferably formed from colored thermoplastics, in particular colored polyurethane, which do not require additional hardening. The layer thickness should be about 20 to 100 µm. The selection is made according to compatibility and liability with the adhesive and leveling layer or with the top cover layer 3 , mechanical and thermal properties and compatibility with dyes and pigments with which the plastic is to be colored. The lower adhesive and compensation layer consists of a suitable adhesive such as a pressure sensitive adhesive, a hot melt adhesive, a 1K system or a light-activated adhesive or foamed adhesive surfaces, adhesive points or adhesive tapes. The function of the adhesive and leveling layer 4 corresponds approximately to the takeover of mechanical properties of the filler in a normal motor vehicle painting. The selection of the material is based on compatibility and adhesion with the color layer or with the substrate material as well as mechanical and thermal properties and can be based on marketable materials. Moisture or thermally crosslinkable polyurethane systems are particularly suitable. The layer thickness should be at least 150 µm. Layer thicknesses of 500 μm and more, in particular of 1 mm and more, are particularly preferred.

Furthermore, a protective film 5 , preferably made of polyester, with a layer thickness of approximately 100 μm can be provided, which protects the upper cover layer 2 from mechanical damage during storage, transport and application of the coating agent 1 to the substrate. It is preferably a rigid, elastic material which, when using application techniques such as rollers or doctor blades or the like, acts as a surface compensation layer, so that no rolling and grinding marks are embossed into the film. The protective film 5 can be peeled off from the upper cover layer 2 after the application of the coating agent 1 onto the substrate.

Finally, a temporary protective layer 6 can be seen on the lower adhesive and compensating layer 4 to protect the adhesive, which is removed before the application of the coating agent 1 to the substrate.

The following materials are particularly suitable for layers 2 , 3 and 4:

The thermoplastic components of the coloring layer 3 can be polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polybutyl methacrylate (PBMA), polyurethane (PUR), polyethylene terephthalate (PETP), polybutylene terephthalate (PBTP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyester (PES), polyolefine ( PE, PP), polyamides (PA), polycarbonates (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymers (ABS), acrylonitrile acrylonitrile copolymers (ASA) and acrylonitrile ethylene propylene diene styrene copolymers (A-EPDM) are used, with halogen-free polymers being preferred. Suitable pigments and dyes are inorganic or organic dyes, inorganic, organic or metallic pigments, mica effect pigments, interference pigments, pearl pigments and liquid-crystalline polymers.

In particular, a polymerizable binder or a mixture of a thermoplastic with a polymerizable binder can be used as materials for the top cover layer 3 in the form of a transparent, radiation-curable clear lacquer layer, the binder being polymerizable either by radical or cationic means or by both methods. Depending on the reaction mechanism, suitable curing catalysts (photoinitiators) are added to the mixture.

The free-radically polymerizable binders are usually single or multiple ethylenically unsaturated compounds. Of polyunsaturated binders are of particular importance since this for networking the reaction system into insoluble products te contribute. Radically polymerizable are used aliphatic urethane acrylates, polyether acrylates, polyester acrylic latex, epoxy acrylates or acrylated isocyanurates or mixtures gen of two or more of these classes of compounds.

Examples of monounsaturated compounds are acrylates, Methacrylates of monohydric alcohols, acrylic acid derivatives (Me ethyl, ethyl, butyl, isooctyl, hydroxyethyl acrylate, Hy droxyethyl methacrylate, ethyl or methyl acrylate as well as vinyl and allyl compounds such as vinyl acetate, vinyl stearate and allyla acetate.

Examples of polyunsaturated compounds are acrylates and methacrylates of polyols such as ethylene glycol diacrylate, The ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, butane diol-1,4-diacrylate, butadiol-1,3-dimethacrylate, neopentylgly koldiacrylate, trimethylolpropane di (meth) acrylate, trimethylo lethane di (meth) acrylate, glycerol di and triacrylates, pentae rythritol di - / - tri - / - tetraacrylates or methacrylates, Dipentae rythritol - / - tetra - / - penta - / - hexaacrylates or methacrylates, Diacrylates and dimethacrylates of 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,4- Dimethylolcyclohexane, polyethylene glycols or of oligoesters or oligourethanes, silicon-modified acrylates and methacrylics late, di - / - tri - / - tetraacrylates and methacrylates from tris- (2- hydroxyethyl) isocyanurates and (meth) acrylates from Po lyvinyl alcohol and copolymers of butadiene or isoprene.  

The unsaturated binders can be used as a mixture or as a individual substances are used.

Examples of photoinitiators are benzoin, benzil, benzophenone, the benzoin alkylene ethers, esters of phenylglyoxylic acid, α- Trichloroacetophenone, α-diethoxyacetophenone, α- Hydroxyacetophenones, benzil dimethyl ketal, methyl benzoyl formates, 1-benzoylcyclohexanone, α-aminoacetophenone, D, L- Camphorquinone, 2,2-Diethoxyacetophenone, N- Mehtyldiethanolamine, 4-Benzoyl-4'-methyldiphenylsulfide, Iso propylthioxanthones, ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, N- Methyldiethanolamine, 1-hydroxy-cyclohexylphenyl-ketone, Bis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide, 2-methyl-1- [4- (methylthio) phenyl] -2-morpholinopropanone-1, 2-hydroxy-2- methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one, bis (2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl) -2,4,4- trimethylphenylphosphine oxides, 1- [4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl] -2- hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propan-1-one, [2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1- [4- (1- methylvinyl) phenyl] propanone, 2,4,6- Trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphinic acid ethyl ester, diphenyl (2,4,6- trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide in question.

The photoinitiators can be used both as a single component and can also be added to the binders in mixtures.

Pressure-sensitive adhesives can be used as adhesives, and thermal post-curing systems can also be used. The applied to the middle coloring layer 3 be polymer sit as non-curable, highly viscous liquids a certain stickiness (so-called. "Tack") and are connected by a pressure to the surface of the substrate. The thermal post-curing systems are subsequently cross-linked. The processing temperature is usually between 10 and 40 ° C.

Reactive hotmelt adhesives can also be used, which bind polymers by cooling and partial crystallization of the backbone. By adding other reactive components, this system can be set to crosslink moisture or thermally. In the case of moisture-curing 1-component systems, polyurethane systems are preferred. The hardening reaction is only started when sufficient moisture is available. The moisture is provided by moistening the surface of the substrate before the application of the coating agent 1 . A relative humidity of 40% should be present during processing.

In order to achieve sufficient hardening with a high layer thickness, the moisture, preferably water, can be used in a micro-encapsulated manner. Applying the coating agent to the surface destroys the capsules and releases the moisture. The capsule material remains as a filler in the adhesive and compensation layer 4 . Microencapsulated adhesives are available, for example, as epoxy resins, acrylates, polyesters and polyurethanes.

Activation takes place in the case of thermally curable 1K systems of the hardener over temperature. The hardener is previously bloc ciert or as a solid in the resin.

Finally, 1K systems are conceivable in which the reactive component is microencapsulated in the resin. During the application of the coating agent 1 , the capsules are destroyed and the reactive component is released, so that the curing reaction can start.

Photo-crosslinkable adhesives are particularly preferred since these have medium to high adhesive strength and elasticity and pre-harden quickly. The final strength (dark reaction) can can only be reached after hours or days. The photoinitiator  decays by exposure to radiation, preferably Light, in a compound that triggers polymerization. This runs after the end of the light and on Lich points further away from the tab (dark reaction).

The adhesive and compensation layer 4 can also be present as a foamed adhesive surface, adhesive tapes or adhesive dots. The adhesive surfaces and the tape core form a unit from the same adhesive polymer. The polymer is available both as a pure viscoelastic adhesive and as an adhesive tape core in a foamed and closed-cell structure. Due to its viscoelastic properties, the polymer is able to flow into the surface roughness and thus increases the effective surface and thus the peeling resistance.

In addition, the coating agent 1 can be hit both in each layer and in individual layers, as they are commonly used in films, for example additives such as stabilizers (antioxidants, light stabilizers (UV adsorbers, HALS), metal deactivators, thiosy energists), processing aids, flow aids, thixotropic agents and defoamers. Fillers, fibers, lubricants, antistatic agents, plasticizers and flame retardants can also be added.

The material for the curable upper cover layer 2 made of thermoplastic plastics and binders can be obtained in a manner known per se by extrusion. The thermoplastic plastics are melted in the extruder. Binding agent, hardener and any additives are mixed and added to the melted thermoplastics in the extruder. A reactive mixture is obtained which is obtained in granulate, powder or film form.

The ratio between binders, hardeners and aggregate fen on the one hand and thermoplastic materials on the other is 1: 1 to 1: 5, but preferably particularly 1: 3.

The upper cover layer 2 is coextruded with the coloring middle layer 3 and the lower adhesive and compensating layer 4 in a single operation to form a multilayer film. The reactive radiation-curable mixture of thermoplastic material, binders, hardeners and possibly additives can be represented as a transparent film in layer thicknesses of 15-100 µm and cured, for example, with UV light. The initiation of the polymerization in the transparent layer is preferably carried out by means of UV lamps such as, for example, low-pressure, medium-pressure or high-pressure mercury lamps, xenon lamps, Ar ion lamps, metal halide lamps, lightning discharge lamps, laser beams or electron beams (ESH). The wavelength for curing with UV / VIS light is preferably 200-600 nm.

The bottom of the resulting film can also be used separately the adhesive can be coated, adhesive spots or Adhesive strips can be applied. The foamed adhesive surfaces, adhesive strips or adhesive dots are also separate advice applied.

The following examples show how the procedure in detail can be executed. In it parts mean parts by weight and Percentages by weight, unless stated otherwise.

example 1

A photoactive mixture is composed by mixing:

This mixture is metered into a melt of polymethyl methacrylate Lucryl G55 or Lucryl G87e (from BASF) in a continuous process:

Curing conditions under UV light: 2 * 2-3 m / min; 120 W / cm

In the exemplary embodiment, PMMA Lucryl 55 was used as thermoplastic shear plastic chosen for the coloring layer, because this with the thermoplastic components of the clear top layer is identical and therefore the best liability and tolerability having. Pigments and dyes can also be used at approx. 220 ° C can be easily incorporated into the melt.

In the exemplary embodiment, metallic pigments were also used (Al-Flakes PCR 501 from Eckart, a powdery nonleaving pigment that is coated with SiO ₂ and has a particle size distribution of 10 to 60 μm) or a red metallic gloss pigment (mica Flakes Iriodin® 504 from Merck, a powdery α-Fe ₂ O ₃ -coated mica with a particle size distribution of 10 to 60 µm).

Example 2

This mixture is metered into a melt of thermoplastic polyurethane KU-1-8602 or KU-2- 8602 (Bayer) in a continuous process:

Curing conditions under UV light: 2 * 2-4 m / min; 120 W / cm

Figs. 2 and 3 illustrate the function of the adhesive and leveling layer 4 during application of the coating composition 1 on a substrate 10. The coating agent 1 can be brought up on roughly prepared surfaces with unevenness of up to 0.5 mm or more, as well as on temporarily corrosion-protected surfaces 11 , which are coated, for example, with the 2-component EP metal base of the Lankwit zer paint factory. After cutting of the coating by means of Be 1 and the removal of the protective film 6 from the lower adhesive and leveling layer 4, the coating is medium 1 by means of rollers and / or doctor blades, if necessary, large area on the surface 11 of the metallic substrate 10 is firmly pressed. The flowable adhesive of the lower adhesive and equalizing layer 4 is distributed over the unevenness 12 in the surface 11 of the substrate 10 . The rigid protective film 5 supports the uniformly flat and even distribution of the adhesive. If the desired flatness is achieved, the protective film 5 can be removed from the upper cover layer 2 . The upper cover layer 2 is then hardened by means of radiation or heating and the abrasion-resistant final state is thus achieved. The surface 11 of the substrate 10 is thus coated. The reaction time of the adhesive can be hours or days. However, this does not play a role since the surface 11 is already in its final state and is therefore adequately protected from external influences, so that the substrate 10 can be processed further without waiting.

In the case of a moisture-curing adhesive and compensation layer 4 , the surface 11 of the substrate 10 is preferably coated, for example sprayed, with a thin water film before the application of the coating agent 1 .

If 4 thermally crosslinking systems such as polyurethane systems are used as the adhesive and compensating layer, the reaction temperature of which should preferably be about 50 to 70 ° C, the necessary thermal threshold value is applied by heating the entire layer structure after the application of the coating agent 1 , and either by heating in the case of thermally curing upper cover layers 2 or by radiation in the case of photocrosslinkable upper cover layers 2 . Investigations showed that the process control, for example 2 * 2-3 m / min; 120 W / cm, sufficient thermal heating to a depth of approx. 2 mm is achieved.

Claims (24)

1. Coating agent in the form of a film, which has an upper cover layer, a middle coloring layer and a lower carrier layer, for coating the surface of a substrate, characterized in that the lower carrier layer has a flowable, curable adhesive and compensating layer for gluing the film onto the Surface of the metallic substrate and for laminating irregularities in the surface of the metallic substrate and ei ne flexible, curable cover layer is provided. 2. Coating composition according to claim 1, characterized, that the lower adhesive and leveling layer has a layer thickness of at least 0.150 mm, preferably at least 1 mm. 3. Coating agent according to one of the preceding claims che, characterized, that the lower adhesive and leveling layer is a viscous Has consistency. 4. Coating composition according to claim 3, characterized, that the lower adhesive and leveling layer is a thixotropic egg has a property profile.   5. Coating agent according to one of the preceding claims che, characterized, that the lower adhesive and leveling layer over the entire surface, punk is carried out tuell or linear. 6. Coating agent according to one of the preceding claims che, characterized, that the lower adhesive and leveling layer based on a thermally crosslinkable, moisture or photocrosslinkable Polymers is made. 7. Coating composition according to claim 6, characterized, that the adhesive and leveling layer moisture, preferably Microcapsules containing water. 8. Coating agent according to one of the preceding claims che, characterized, that the lower adhesive and leveling layer based on a Polyurethane or a mixture of several polyurethanes represents is. 9. Coating agent according to one of the preceding claims che, characterized, that the lower adhesive and leveling layer based on a partially crosslinked pressure sensitive adhesive is produced. 10. Coating composition according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized, that the lower adhesive and leveling layer from a foam surface, foamed adhesive spots or foamed there is a strip of adhesive.   11. Coating agent according to one of the preceding claims che, characterized, that the upper cover layer is a crosslinkable, especially ther is mixable or photocrosslinkable clearcoat. 12. Coating agent according to one of the preceding claims che, characterized, that under the adhesive and leveling layer and / or over the a removable protective layer is attached to the upper cover layer is. 13. Coating agent according to one of the preceding claims che, characterized, that the lower protective layer is a paper film and / or the above re protective layer a polyester film or a polyolefin film, is in particular a polypropylene film. 14. Method for coating the surface of a substrate with a film that has an upper cover layer, a middle one has a color-imparting layer and a lower carrier layer, characterized, that a coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 12 is used. 15. The method according to claim 14, characterized, that the coating agent by rolling and / or knife coating the surface of the substrate is applied. 16. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 15, characterized,  that a coating agent with a flexible top deck layer of a cross-linkable, in particular thermal cross-link baren or photocrosslinkable polymer is used and the upper cover layer after application of the coating agent is thermally crosslinked or photocrosslinked onto the substrate. 17. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 16, characterized, that when using a coating agent with a damp action-hardening lower adhesive and leveling layer Surface of the substrate before application of the coating by means of a liquid, preferably water becomes. 18. The method according to claim 17, characterized, that the moisture, preferably water, in the form of in the Adhesive and compensation layer provided microcapsules is brought. 19. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 18, characterized, that when using a coating agent with a ther Mix-curing lower adhesive and leveling layer of the resul ing composite of substrate and coating agent is heated. 20. The method according to claim 19, characterized, that a coating agent with a flexible top deck layer of a thermally crosslinkable polymer is used and the thermosetting lower adhesive and leveling layer and the top layer after the coating has been applied on the substrate by heating the resulting the network can be networked at the same time.   21. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 20, characterized, that a coating agent with an upper protective layer ver is used, which is only after the application of the coating is removed by means of the substrate. 22. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 21, characterized, that the coating agent is applied to a surface which has unevenness up to 0.5 mm and / or wel surface is provided with a corrosion protection layer. 23. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 22, characterized, that the coating agent on a metallic substrate or a fiber composite substrate is applied. 24. Use of a coating agent according to one of the An claims 1 to 13 or a method according to any one of the claims 14 to 23 for coating a body or a body Rieteiles for motor vehicles or for coating a building part, in particular a car body, of railway vehicles.