DE69132975T2 - Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung - Google Patents

Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung

Info

Publication number
DE69132975T2
DE69132975T2 DE69132975T DE69132975T DE69132975T2 DE 69132975 T2 DE69132975 T2 DE 69132975T2 DE 69132975 T DE69132975 T DE 69132975T DE 69132975 T DE69132975 T DE 69132975T DE 69132975 T2 DE69132975 T2 DE 69132975T2
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
liquid crystal
display device
crystal display
liquid
display
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
DE69132975T
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
DE69132975D1 (de
Inventor
Yasuhiro Ukai
Tomihisa Sunata
Toshiya Inada
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Koninklijke Philips NV
Original Assignee
Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV filed Critical Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE69132975D1 publication Critical patent/DE69132975D1/de
Publication of DE69132975T2 publication Critical patent/DE69132975T2/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/136—Liquid crystal cells structurally associated with a semi-conducting layer or substrate, e.g. cells forming part of an integrated circuit
    • G02F1/1362—Active matrix addressed cells
    • G02F1/136213—Storage capacitors associated with the pixel electrode
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1343—Electrodes
    • G02F1/134309—Electrodes characterised by their geometrical arrangement
    • G02F1/134345—Subdivided pixels, e.g. for grey scale or redundancy
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1343—Electrodes
    • G02F1/134309—Electrodes characterised by their geometrical arrangement
    • G02F1/134345—Subdivided pixels, e.g. for grey scale or redundancy
    • G02F1/134354—Subdivided pixels, e.g. for grey scale or redundancy the sub-pixels being capacitively coupled
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
    • G02F2203/30—Gray scale
DE69132975T 1990-07-23 1991-07-23 Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung Expired - Fee Related DE69132975T2 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP02194632 1990-07-23

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE69132975D1 DE69132975D1 (de) 2002-05-08
DE69132975T2 true DE69132975T2 (de) 2002-11-28

Family

ID=16327744

Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE69132976T Expired - Fee Related DE69132976T2 (de) 1990-07-23 1991-07-23 Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69132975T Expired - Fee Related DE69132975T2 (de) 1990-07-23 1991-07-23 Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69127866T Expired - Fee Related DE69127866T2 (de) 1990-07-23 1991-07-23 Flüssigkristallanzeigevorrichtung

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE69132976T Expired - Fee Related DE69132976T2 (de) 1990-07-23 1991-07-23 Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE69127866T Expired - Fee Related DE69127866T2 (de) 1990-07-23 1991-07-23 Flüssigkristallanzeigevorrichtung

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (3) US5245450A (de)
EP (3) EP0672935B1 (de)
KR (1) KR950013550B1 (de)
DE (3) DE69132976T2 (de)

Families Citing this family (87)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5126865A (en) * 1990-12-31 1992-06-30 Honeywell Inc. Liquid crystal display with sub-pixels
US5576858A (en) * 1991-10-14 1996-11-19 Hosiden Corporation Gray scale LCD control capacitors formed between a control capacitor electrode on one side of an insulating layer and two subpixel electrodes on the other side
JPH05158444A (ja) * 1991-12-04 1993-06-25 Canon Inc 液晶表示装置
JPH06250211A (ja) * 1993-02-23 1994-09-09 Hitachi Ltd 液晶表示基板とその製造方法
JPH08507880A (ja) * 1993-02-26 1996-08-20 ハネウエル・インコーポレーテッド 自己参照ハーフトーン液晶表示装置
US5319480A (en) * 1993-03-19 1994-06-07 Honeywell Inc. Liquid crystal half-tone display with gray level uniformity
JP2556253B2 (ja) * 1993-05-25 1996-11-20 日本電気株式会社 液晶表示装置
JP2975844B2 (ja) * 1993-06-24 1999-11-10 三洋電機株式会社 液晶表示装置
US5777700A (en) * 1993-07-14 1998-07-07 Nec Corporation Liquid crystal display with improved viewing angle dependence
GB9319351D0 (en) * 1993-09-18 1993-11-03 Central Research Lab Ltd Light modulator
US5610739A (en) * 1994-05-31 1997-03-11 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal display unit with a plurality of subpixels
KR0141774B1 (ko) * 1994-06-17 1998-06-15 구자홍 액정표시장치 및 그 제조방법
US5606437A (en) * 1995-03-31 1997-02-25 Rockwell International Direct drive split pixel structure for active matrix liquid crystal displays
US5706064A (en) * 1995-03-31 1998-01-06 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba LCD having an organic-inorganic hybrid glass functional layer
JPH08306926A (ja) * 1995-05-07 1996-11-22 Semiconductor Energy Lab Co Ltd 液晶電気光学装置
KR100261934B1 (ko) * 1995-06-16 2000-07-15 야스카와 히데아키 액정표시소자, 그것의 제조방법 및 전자기기
US5767828A (en) * 1995-07-20 1998-06-16 The Regents Of The University Of Colorado Method and apparatus for displaying grey-scale or color images from binary images
US5959598A (en) * 1995-07-20 1999-09-28 The Regents Of The University Of Colorado Pixel buffer circuits for implementing improved methods of displaying grey-scale or color images
JP3484702B2 (ja) * 1996-03-14 2004-01-06 セイコーエプソン株式会社 液晶装置及びそれを用いた電子機器
KR100225910B1 (ko) 1996-04-04 1999-10-15 구자홍 액정표시장치(liquid crystal display device)
JP3087668B2 (ja) * 1996-05-01 2000-09-11 日本電気株式会社 液晶表示装置、その製造方法およびその駆動方法
KR100209531B1 (ko) 1996-06-22 1999-07-15 구자홍 액정표시장치
JP3126661B2 (ja) 1996-06-25 2001-01-22 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 液晶表示装置
US6812985B1 (en) 1996-09-23 2004-11-02 Lg.Philips Lcd Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal display device
US5920298A (en) * 1996-12-19 1999-07-06 Colorado Microdisplay, Inc. Display system having common electrode modulation
US6078303A (en) 1996-12-19 2000-06-20 Colorado Microdisplay, Inc. Display system having electrode modulation to alter a state of an electro-optic layer
US6046716A (en) 1996-12-19 2000-04-04 Colorado Microdisplay, Inc. Display system having electrode modulation to alter a state of an electro-optic layer
KR100257369B1 (ko) 1997-05-19 2000-05-15 구본준 횡전계방식액정표시장치
KR100257370B1 (ko) 1997-05-19 2000-05-15 구본준 횡전계방식액정표시장치
US6972818B1 (en) 1997-05-19 2005-12-06 Lg.Philips Lcd Co., Ltd. In-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device
US6184961B1 (en) 1997-07-07 2001-02-06 Lg Electronics Inc. In-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device having opposite alignment directions for two adjacent domains
KR100251512B1 (ko) 1997-07-12 2000-04-15 구본준 횡전계방식 액정표시장치
US6335770B1 (en) * 1997-07-22 2002-01-01 Lg. Philips Lcd Co., Ltd. In-plane switching mode LCD with specific arrangement of common bus line, data electrode, and common electrode
US6697140B2 (en) 1997-07-29 2004-02-24 Lg. Philips Lcd Co., Ltd. In-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device wherein portions of second gate line overlaps with data electrode
KR100255931B1 (ko) * 1997-08-14 2000-05-01 구본준, 론 위라하디락사 횡전계방식 액정표시소자
US6549258B1 (en) 1997-09-04 2003-04-15 Lg. Philips Lcd Co., Ltd. Hybrid switching mode liquid crystal display device
KR100293434B1 (ko) 1997-09-08 2001-08-07 구본준, 론 위라하디락사 횡전계방식액정표시소자
KR100293436B1 (ko) 1998-01-23 2001-08-07 구본준, 론 위라하디락사 횡전계방식액정표시장치
GB9811477D0 (en) * 1998-05-29 1998-07-29 Sharp Kk Liquid crystal device
KR100344844B1 (ko) 1998-07-07 2002-11-18 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 액정표시소자및그제조방법
KR100320416B1 (ko) 1998-08-26 2002-09-17 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 횡전계방식액정표시소자
US6181398B1 (en) * 1998-09-03 2001-01-30 International Business Machines Corporation Multiple pixel driven mirror electrodes for improved aperture ratio of reflective displays
KR100312753B1 (ko) 1998-10-13 2002-04-06 윤종용 광시야각액정표시장치
KR100595294B1 (ko) 1999-12-14 2006-07-03 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 횡전계방식 액정표시장치용 칼라필터 기판의 제조방법
KR100504531B1 (ko) * 1999-12-15 2005-08-03 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 횡전계방식 액정표시장치
TW583431B (en) * 2000-02-22 2004-04-11 Toshiba Corp Liquid crystal display device
TW518882B (en) * 2000-03-27 2003-01-21 Hitachi Ltd Liquid crystal display device for displaying video data
JP3712637B2 (ja) 2000-08-11 2005-11-02 シャープ株式会社 液晶表示装置およびその欠陥修正方法
US7456911B2 (en) * 2000-08-14 2008-11-25 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Semiconductor device
CN1297950C (zh) 2000-11-30 2007-01-31 汤姆森特许公司 用于液晶显示器的驱动电路及其方法
JP4667587B2 (ja) * 2000-12-01 2011-04-13 株式会社日立製作所 液晶表示装置
KR100364836B1 (ko) * 2001-02-09 2002-12-16 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 액정표시소자
JP2004279904A (ja) * 2003-03-18 2004-10-07 Fujitsu Display Technologies Corp 液晶表示装置及びその製造方法
WO2004088400A1 (ja) * 2003-03-31 2004-10-14 Fujitsu Limited 液晶表示装置及びその駆動方法
JP2005184419A (ja) * 2003-12-19 2005-07-07 Hitachi Ltd 映像信号符号化装置および映像信号記録装置
JP4338511B2 (ja) 2003-12-24 2009-10-07 シャープ株式会社 液晶表示装置
KR100680103B1 (ko) * 2004-02-02 2007-02-28 샤프 가부시키가이샤 액정 표시 장치
JP3891995B2 (ja) 2004-04-26 2007-03-14 シャープ株式会社 液晶表示装置
JP2006031771A (ja) * 2004-07-13 2006-02-02 Pioneer Electronic Corp 収差補正素子、光ピックアップ及び情報機器
KR101112539B1 (ko) * 2004-07-27 2012-02-15 삼성전자주식회사 다중 도메인 액정 표시 장치 및 그에 사용되는 표시판
JP4361844B2 (ja) * 2004-07-28 2009-11-11 富士通株式会社 液晶表示装置
US8614658B2 (en) 2004-10-06 2013-12-24 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Liquid crystal display
KR20060069080A (ko) 2004-12-17 2006-06-21 삼성전자주식회사 박막 트랜지스터 표시판 및 이를 포함하는 액정 표시 장치
TWI254444B (en) 2005-04-19 2006-05-01 Au Optronics Corp Pixel structure and repairing method thereof
US7652291B2 (en) * 2005-05-28 2010-01-26 Samsung Mobile Display Co., Ltd. Flat panel display
US7359105B2 (en) * 2006-02-07 2008-04-15 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Spatial light modulator and a display device
KR101230312B1 (ko) * 2006-04-11 2013-02-06 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 액정 표시 장치
KR101344351B1 (ko) * 2006-06-30 2013-12-24 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 어레이 기판 및 이를 갖는 표시패널
US8111356B2 (en) 2006-09-12 2012-02-07 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Liquid crystal display panel provided with microlens array, method for manufacturing the liquid crystal display panel, and liquid crystal display device
ATE556348T1 (de) 2006-09-28 2012-05-15 Sharp Kk Flüssigkristallanzeigeschirm mit mikrolinsenarray,herstellungsverfahren dafür und flüssigkristallanzeigeanordnung
TWI290658B (en) * 2006-10-16 2007-12-01 Au Optronics Corp Transflective liquid crystal display
US8068201B2 (en) 2006-12-18 2011-11-29 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Liquid crystal display having particular auxiliary electrode
US8300188B2 (en) 2007-01-11 2012-10-30 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Liquid crystal display panel with micro-lens array and liquid crystal display device
US8698969B2 (en) * 2009-03-05 2014-04-15 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Active matrix substrate, method for producing active matrix substrate, liquid crystal panel, method for producing liquid crystal panel, liquid crystal display device, liquid crystal display unit, and television receiver
WO2010100789A1 (ja) 2009-03-05 2010-09-10 シャープ株式会社 アクティブマトリクス基板、アクティブマトリクス基板の製造方法、液晶パネル、液晶パネルの製造方法、液晶表示装置、液晶表示ユニット、テレビジョン受像機
TWI390315B (zh) * 2009-12-23 2013-03-21 Au Optronics Corp 畫素陣列
WO2013001566A1 (ja) * 2011-06-27 2013-01-03 パナソニック株式会社 表示装置及びその製造方法
TWI492389B (zh) * 2012-07-13 2015-07-11 Au Optronics Corp 畫素結構及畫素結構的製作方法
JP2014199899A (ja) 2012-08-10 2014-10-23 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 半導体装置
US9231002B2 (en) 2013-05-03 2016-01-05 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Display device and electronic device
WO2015121067A1 (en) * 2014-02-13 2015-08-20 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Display panel having fewer data drivers
JP6844845B2 (ja) 2017-05-31 2021-03-17 三国電子有限会社 表示装置
JP7190729B2 (ja) 2018-08-31 2022-12-16 三国電子有限会社 キャリア注入量制御電極を有する有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子
JP7246681B2 (ja) 2018-09-26 2023-03-28 三国電子有限会社 トランジスタ及びトランジスタの製造方法、並びにトランジスタを含む表示装置
JP7190740B2 (ja) 2019-02-22 2022-12-16 三国電子有限会社 エレクトロルミネセンス素子を有する表示装置
JP7444436B2 (ja) 2020-02-05 2024-03-06 三国電子有限会社 液晶表示装置
CN113451279B (zh) * 2020-03-26 2023-09-12 群创光电股份有限公司 电容器及电子装置

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS6014219A (ja) * 1983-07-06 1985-01-24 Canon Inc 表示パネル
GB8622715D0 (en) * 1986-09-20 1986-10-29 Emi Plc Thorn Display device
GB2203881B (en) * 1987-04-16 1991-03-27 Philips Electronic Associated Liquid crystal display device
JP2580603B2 (ja) * 1987-06-18 1997-02-12 東レ株式会社 液晶表示装置
JP2536766B2 (ja) * 1987-08-11 1996-09-18 旭硝子株式会社 アクティブマトリックス型表示素子
US4840460A (en) * 1987-11-13 1989-06-20 Honeywell Inc. Apparatus and method for providing a gray scale capability in a liquid crystal display unit
GB2217088A (en) * 1988-04-05 1989-10-18 English Electric Valve Co Ltd Optical display panel
US5042918A (en) * 1988-11-15 1991-08-27 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Liquid crystal display device
US5191452A (en) * 1989-09-20 1993-03-02 Honeywell Inc. Active matrix liquid crystal display fabrication for grayscale
US5126865A (en) * 1990-12-31 1992-06-30 Honeywell Inc. Liquid crystal display with sub-pixels

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69132976D1 (de) 2002-05-08
EP0468452B1 (de) 1997-10-08
DE69132976T2 (de) 2002-11-14
DE69132975D1 (de) 2002-05-08
KR950013550B1 (ko) 1995-11-08
DE69127866T2 (de) 1998-03-05
EP0672935A1 (de) 1995-09-20
US5521729A (en) 1996-05-28
US5321535A (en) 1994-06-14
EP0669549B1 (de) 2002-04-03
EP0672935B1 (de) 2002-04-03
US5245450A (en) 1993-09-14
DE69127866D1 (de) 1997-11-13
EP0468452A2 (de) 1992-01-29
EP0669549A1 (de) 1995-08-30
EP0468452A3 (en) 1993-01-27

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE69132976T2 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69333323D1 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69333189D1 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69331508D1 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69119389D1 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69127393T2 (de) Flüssigkristallanzeigevorrichtung
DE69121616D1 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE68929562D1 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69431145T2 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69434302D1 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69431505T2 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69121138T2 (de) Flüssigkristallanzeigeeinrichtung
DE69431701D1 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69210638D1 (de) Flüssigkristallanzeigevorrichtung
DE69127169D1 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69116967D1 (de) Flüssigkristallanzeigevorrichtung
DE69131902T2 (de) Flüssigkristall-anzeigevorrichtung
DE69119009D1 (de) Flüssigkristallanzeigeeinrichtung
DE69117398T2 (de) Flüssigkristallanzeigevorrichtung
DE69129508T2 (de) Flüssigkristall-Wiedergabeanordnung
DE69117401D1 (de) Flüssigkristallanzeigevorrichtung
DE69124770T2 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
DE69119485T2 (de) Flüssigkristall-Anzeigevorrichtung
KR910018720U (ko) 액정 표시소자

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
8320 Willingness to grant licences declared (paragraph 23)
8364 No opposition during term of opposition
8339 Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee