DE69817621D1 - System zur überwachung einer osmotischen wirkstoffabgabevorrichtung - Google Patents

System zur überwachung einer osmotischen wirkstoffabgabevorrichtung

Info

Publication number
DE69817621D1
DE69817621D1 DE69817621T DE69817621T DE69817621D1 DE 69817621 D1 DE69817621 D1 DE 69817621D1 DE 69817621 T DE69817621 T DE 69817621T DE 69817621 T DE69817621 T DE 69817621T DE 69817621 D1 DE69817621 D1 DE 69817621D1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
monitoring
delivery device
active substance
substance delivery
osmotic active
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
DE69817621T
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
DE69817621T2 (de
Inventor
Rupal Ayer
D Jordan
R Stewart
A Berry
B Di Eckenhoff
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alza Corp
Original Assignee
Alza Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alza Corp filed Critical Alza Corp
Publication of DE69817621D1 publication Critical patent/DE69817621D1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE69817621T2 publication Critical patent/DE69817621T2/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0002Galenical forms characterised by the drug release technique; Application systems commanded by energy
    • A61K9/0004Osmotic delivery systems; Sustained release driven by osmosis, thermal energy or gas
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M31/00Devices for introducing or retaining media, e.g. remedies, in cavities of the body
    • A61M31/002Devices for releasing a drug at a continuous and controlled rate for a prolonged period of time
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/14Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
    • A61M5/142Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps
    • A61M5/14212Pumping with an aspiration and an expulsion action
    • A61M5/1424Manually operated pumps
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A61K9/0024Solid, semi-solid or solidifying implants, which are implanted or injected in body tissue
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2250/00Specially adapted for animals
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/01Introducing, guiding, advancing, emplacing or holding catheters
    • A61M25/0105Steering means as part of the catheter or advancing means; Markers for positioning
    • A61M25/0108Steering means as part of the catheter or advancing means; Markers for positioning using radio-opaque or ultrasound markers
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/14Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
    • A61M5/168Means for controlling media flow to the body or for metering media to the body, e.g. drip meters, counters ; Monitoring media flow to the body
    • A61M5/16831Monitoring, detecting, signalling or eliminating infusion flow anomalies
    • A61M5/1684Monitoring, detecting, signalling or eliminating infusion flow anomalies by detecting the amount of infusate remaining, e.g. signalling end of infusion
DE69817621T 1997-12-31 1998-12-21 Osmotisches Abgabesystem für ein wirksames Mittel Expired - Lifetime DE69817621T2 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US7017897P 1997-12-31 1997-12-31
US70178P 1997-12-31
PCT/US1998/027208 WO1999033513A1 (en) 1997-12-31 1998-12-21 Osmotic drug delivery monitoring system and method

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE69817621D1 true DE69817621D1 (de) 2003-10-02
DE69817621T2 DE69817621T2 (de) 2004-03-25

Family

ID=22093633

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE69834213T Expired - Lifetime DE69834213T2 (de) 1997-12-31 1998-12-21 Osmotisches Abgabesystem für ein nützliches Mittel
DE69817621T Expired - Lifetime DE69817621T2 (de) 1997-12-31 1998-12-21 Osmotisches Abgabesystem für ein wirksames Mittel

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE69834213T Expired - Lifetime DE69834213T2 (de) 1997-12-31 1998-12-21 Osmotisches Abgabesystem für ein nützliches Mittel

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (1) US6283953B1 (de)
EP (1) EP1051217B8 (de)
AR (1) AR014231A1 (de)
AT (2) ATE322928T1 (de)
AU (1) AU1937099A (de)
CA (1) CA2316887C (de)
DE (2) DE69834213T2 (de)
DK (1) DK1051217T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2205595T3 (de)
HK (1) HK1032363A1 (de)
PT (1) PT1051217E (de)
TW (1) TW381974B (de)
WO (1) WO1999033513A1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA9811879B (de)

Families Citing this family (60)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU771132B2 (en) 1998-12-31 2004-03-11 Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc. Osmotic delivery system having space efficient piston
WO2001034024A1 (en) * 1999-11-08 2001-05-17 University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. Marker detection method and apparatus to monitor drug compliance
US7104963B2 (en) * 2002-01-22 2006-09-12 University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. Method and apparatus for monitoring intravenous (IV) drug concentration using exhaled breath
US6981947B2 (en) * 2002-01-22 2006-01-03 University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. Method and apparatus for monitoring respiratory gases during anesthesia
US20050054942A1 (en) * 2002-01-22 2005-03-10 Melker Richard J. System and method for therapeutic drug monitoring
US20070167853A1 (en) 2002-01-22 2007-07-19 Melker Richard J System and method for monitoring health using exhaled breath
US7927613B2 (en) * 2002-02-15 2011-04-19 University Of South Florida Pharmaceutical co-crystal compositions
US20050025791A1 (en) * 2002-06-21 2005-02-03 Julius Remenar Pharmaceutical compositions with improved dissolution
US7790905B2 (en) * 2002-02-15 2010-09-07 Mcneil-Ppc, Inc. Pharmaceutical propylene glycol solvate compositions
US20100311701A1 (en) * 2002-02-15 2010-12-09 Transform Pharmaceuticals, Inc Pharmaceutical Co-Crystal Compositions
EP1494998A2 (de) 2002-03-01 2005-01-12 University Of South Florida Mehrkomponenten festphasen enthaltend wenigstens einen pharmazeutischen wirkstoff
US7731947B2 (en) * 2003-11-17 2010-06-08 Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc. Composition and dosage form comprising an interferon particle formulation and suspending vehicle
US8183290B2 (en) 2002-12-30 2012-05-22 Mcneil-Ppc, Inc. Pharmaceutically acceptable propylene glycol solvate of naproxen
EP2339328A3 (de) 2002-12-30 2011-07-13 Transform Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Pharmazeutische kokristallisierte Celecoxib-Zusammensetzungen
AU2003272270A1 (en) 2003-02-28 2004-09-28 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Pharmaceutical co-crystal compositions of drugs such as carbamazeptine, celecoxib, olanzapine, itraconazole, topiramate, modafinil, 5-fluorouracil, hydrochlorothiazide, acetaminophen, aspirin, flurbiprofen, phenytoin and ibuprofen
WO2004091278A2 (en) * 2003-04-11 2004-10-28 Transform Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Gabapentin compositions
EP1626950A4 (de) 2003-05-23 2007-05-23 Transform Pharmaceuticals Inc Sertralinzusammensetzungen
US20050020899A1 (en) * 2003-07-25 2005-01-27 Rubicor Medical, Inc. Post-biopsy cavity treatmetn implants and methods
NZ546148A (en) 2003-09-26 2009-05-31 Alza Corp Drug coating providing high drug loading and methods for providing the same
WO2005030181A1 (en) * 2003-09-26 2005-04-07 Alza Corporation Controlled release formulations of opioid and nonopioid analgesics
WO2005030182A1 (en) 2003-09-26 2005-04-07 Alza Corporation Controlled release formulations exhibiting an ascending rate of release
US20050113410A1 (en) * 2003-11-03 2005-05-26 Mark Tawa Pharmaceutical salts of zafirlukast
CN1882327A (zh) 2003-11-19 2006-12-20 症变治疗公司 含磷的新的拟甲状腺素药
WO2005092065A2 (en) * 2004-03-25 2005-10-06 Transform Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Novel tricyclic compounds and related methods of treatment
JP5017103B2 (ja) * 2004-06-17 2012-09-05 トランスフオーム・フアーマシユーチカルズ・インコーポレーテツド 薬剤共結晶組成物および関連した使用方法
US8541026B2 (en) * 2004-09-24 2013-09-24 Abbvie Inc. Sustained release formulations of opioid and nonopioid analgesics
US8779175B2 (en) 2004-10-25 2014-07-15 Synthonics, Inc. Coordination complexes, pharmaceutical solutions comprising coordination complexes, and methods of treating patients
WO2006073779A1 (en) * 2004-12-30 2006-07-13 Transform Phamaceuticals, Inc. Novel omeprazole forms and related methods
DE102006021016A1 (de) * 2006-05-05 2007-11-15 Dürschinger, Günter Chemisch aktivierbare Kapsel für die Durchgangsprüfung und Behandlung des Darm-Trakts
WO2008008281A2 (en) 2006-07-07 2008-01-17 Proteus Biomedical, Inc. Smart parenteral administration system
US7914460B2 (en) 2006-08-15 2011-03-29 University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. Condensate glucose analyzer
US9114133B2 (en) 2006-08-25 2015-08-25 U.S. Dept. Of Veterans Affairs Method of improving diastolic dysfunction
EP2786985B1 (de) 2007-02-09 2018-11-28 Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. Antagonisten des Glucagonrezeptors
CN101821276B (zh) 2007-08-13 2016-08-31 症变治疗公司 新颖的葡糖激酶活化剂
US8038659B2 (en) * 2007-10-17 2011-10-18 The Invention Science Fund I, Llc Disintegrating digestive tract interaction system
US8707964B2 (en) * 2007-10-31 2014-04-29 The Invention Science Fund I, Llc Medical or veterinary digestive tract utilization systems and methods
US8303573B2 (en) * 2007-10-17 2012-11-06 The Invention Science Fund I, Llc Medical or veterinary digestive tract utilization systems and methods
US8789536B2 (en) * 2007-10-17 2014-07-29 The Invention Science Fund I, Llc Medical or veterinary digestive tract utilization systems and methods
US20090105561A1 (en) * 2007-10-17 2009-04-23 Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware Medical or veterinary digestive tract utilization systems and methods
US8808276B2 (en) * 2007-10-23 2014-08-19 The Invention Science Fund I, Llc Adaptive dispensation in a digestive tract
WO2009055733A1 (en) 2007-10-25 2009-04-30 Proteus Biomedical, Inc. Fluid transfer port information system
US8109920B2 (en) * 2007-10-31 2012-02-07 The Invention Science Fund I, Llc Medical or veterinary digestive tract utilization systems and methods
US8333754B2 (en) * 2007-10-31 2012-12-18 The Invention Science Fund I, Llc Medical or veterinary digestive tract utilization systems and methods
US20090163894A1 (en) * 2007-10-31 2009-06-25 Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware Medical or veterinary digestive tract utilization systems and methods
US8808271B2 (en) * 2007-10-31 2014-08-19 The Invention Science Fund I, Llc Medical or veterinary digestive tract utilization systems and methods
WO2009067463A1 (en) 2007-11-19 2009-05-28 Proteus Biomedical, Inc. Body-associated fluid transport structure evaluation devices
US20090137866A1 (en) * 2007-11-28 2009-05-28 Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Delaware Medical or veterinary digestive tract utilization systems and methods
US9226907B2 (en) 2008-02-01 2016-01-05 Abbvie Inc. Extended release hydrocodone acetaminophen and related methods and uses thereof
MX2011001708A (es) 2008-08-13 2011-04-26 Metabasis Therapeutics Inc Antagonistas de glucagon.
CN102905612A (zh) 2010-02-01 2013-01-30 普罗秋斯数字健康公司 双腕式数据采集系统
EP2531099B1 (de) 2010-02-01 2018-12-12 Proteus Digital Health, Inc. Datensammelsystem
CN102884072A (zh) 2010-04-08 2013-01-16 爱默蕾大学 被取代的雄甾-4-烯二酮
CA2830069C (en) 2011-03-20 2019-11-12 The University Of British Columbia Therapeutic agent for emphysema and copd
US20140227293A1 (en) 2011-06-30 2014-08-14 Trustees Of Boston University Method for controlling tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis using immunoglobulin containing and proline rich receptor-1 (igpr-1)
US9956338B2 (en) * 2012-07-06 2018-05-01 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Drug delivery device
AU2014309012B2 (en) * 2013-08-19 2019-03-14 Taris Biomedical Llc Multi-unit drug delivery devices and methods
CA2924141C (en) 2013-08-22 2022-06-07 The General Hospital Corporation 5-amino 4-cyano substituted oxazole and thiazole derivatives as inhibitors of human 12/15-lipoxygenase
US10076504B2 (en) 2014-06-12 2018-09-18 Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Glucagon antagonists
CA3116906A1 (en) * 2018-11-02 2020-05-07 Bionaut Labs Ltd. Magnetomechanic triggering of payload release from miniaturized devices
WO2023181997A1 (ja) * 2022-03-25 2023-09-28 テルモ株式会社 持続投与装置

Family Cites Families (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3732865A (en) 1971-01-13 1973-05-15 Alza Corp Osmotic dispenser
US3995631A (en) 1971-01-13 1976-12-07 Alza Corporation Osmotic dispenser with means for dispensing active agent responsive to osmotic gradient
US3845770A (en) 1972-06-05 1974-11-05 Alza Corp Osmatic dispensing device for releasing beneficial agent
US3995632A (en) 1973-05-04 1976-12-07 Alza Corporation Osmotic dispenser
US3916889A (en) 1973-09-28 1975-11-04 Sandoz Ag Patient ventilator apparatus
DE2626348C3 (de) * 1976-06-11 1980-01-31 Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen Implantierbare Dosiereinrichtung
US4111203A (en) 1976-11-22 1978-09-05 Alza Corporation Osmotic system with means for improving delivery kinetics of system
US4111202A (en) 1976-11-22 1978-09-05 Alza Corporation Osmotic system for the controlled and delivery of agent over time
US4203439A (en) 1976-11-22 1980-05-20 Alza Corporation Osmotic system with volume amplifier for increasing amount of agent delivered therefrom
US4243030A (en) 1978-08-18 1981-01-06 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Implantable programmed microinfusion apparatus
US4373527B1 (en) 1979-04-27 1995-06-27 Univ Johns Hopkins Implantable programmable medication infusion system
US4340054A (en) 1980-12-29 1982-07-20 Alza Corporation Dispenser for delivering fluids and solids
US4439196A (en) 1982-03-18 1984-03-27 Merck & Co., Inc. Osmotic drug delivery system
US4457752A (en) * 1982-09-13 1984-07-03 Csaba Vadasz Surgically implantable pump
US4552561A (en) 1982-12-23 1985-11-12 Alza Corporation Body mounted pump housing and pump assembly employing the same
US4639244A (en) 1983-05-03 1987-01-27 Nabil I. Rizk Implantable electrophoretic pump for ionic drugs and associated methods
USH150H (en) 1984-08-03 1986-11-04 Medtronic, Inc. Accessory module for implantable fluid dispensing device
DE3610825A1 (de) * 1985-01-07 1987-10-08 Kurt Dr Ing Ziesche Geraet zur soforthilfe bei herzanfaellen und aehnlichem
NO165378C (no) * 1985-11-22 1991-02-06 Ellingsen O & Co Medikamentavgivende innretning for implantering i menneskekroppen.
US4865845A (en) 1986-03-21 1989-09-12 Alza Corporation Release rate adjustment of osmotic or diffusional delivery devices
JPS63300774A (ja) * 1987-05-29 1988-12-07 Kanji Takada 埋込み用薬液注入装置
US4874388A (en) 1987-06-25 1989-10-17 Alza Corporation Multi-layer delivery system
US5151093A (en) 1990-10-29 1992-09-29 Alza Corporation Osmotically driven syringe with programmable agent delivery
GB9027422D0 (en) 1990-12-18 1991-02-06 Scras Osmotically driven infusion device
US5137727A (en) 1991-06-12 1992-08-11 Alza Corporation Delivery device providing beneficial agent stability
US5223265A (en) 1992-01-10 1993-06-29 Alza Corporation Osmotic device with delayed activation of drug delivery
US5308348A (en) 1992-02-18 1994-05-03 Alza Corporation Delivery devices with pulsatile effect
US5456679A (en) 1992-02-18 1995-10-10 Alza Corporation Delivery devices with pulsatile effect
ES2123665T3 (es) * 1992-11-30 1999-01-16 Pfizer Dispositivo para dispensar con membrana soporte de liquido.
US5421818A (en) * 1993-10-18 1995-06-06 Inner Ear Medical Delivery Systems, Inc. Multi-functional inner ear treatment and diagnostic system
SE9400821D0 (sv) * 1994-03-10 1994-03-10 Siemens Elema Ab Implanterbart infusionssystem med tryckneutral läkemedelsbehållare
EP1249229A3 (de) 1996-02-02 2005-02-02 ALZA Corporation Verzögerte Freisetzung von einem aktiven Wirkstoff unter Verwendung einer implantierbaren Vorrichtung
WO1997044074A1 (en) * 1996-05-24 1997-11-27 Alza Corporation Nutritional support system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1051217A1 (de) 2000-11-15
AR014231A1 (es) 2001-02-07
TW381974B (en) 2000-02-11
WO1999033513A1 (en) 1999-07-08
CA2316887A1 (en) 1999-07-08
EP1051217B1 (de) 2003-08-27
ATE322928T1 (de) 2006-04-15
ZA9811879B (en) 1999-09-02
US6283953B1 (en) 2001-09-04
EP1051217B8 (de) 2004-07-21
ATE248002T1 (de) 2003-09-15
CA2316887C (en) 2008-04-08
DE69817621T2 (de) 2004-03-25
HK1032363A1 (en) 2001-07-20
DE69834213D1 (de) 2006-05-24
DK1051217T3 (da) 2003-12-08
ES2205595T3 (es) 2004-05-01
PT1051217E (pt) 2003-12-31
AU1937099A (en) 1999-07-19
DE69834213T2 (de) 2007-01-25

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE69817621D1 (de) System zur überwachung einer osmotischen wirkstoffabgabevorrichtung
DK0998273T3 (da) Strömningsmodulatorapparat for osmotisk afleveringssystem
ATE425739T1 (de) Osmotisches abgabesystem mit halbdurchlassigem stípsel
DE820258T1 (de) Substanzabgabevorrichtung
DE69802028D1 (de) Halbleiterlasergehäuse mit System zur Leistungsüberwachung
DE69828538D1 (de) Vorrichtung zur Fernüberwachung
DE69732444D1 (de) Vorrichtung für aktives Implantat
ATE301100T1 (de) Verteiltes abgabesystem für konzentrierte chemiekalien
DE59802434D1 (de) Patientenüberwachungssystem
DE69728626D1 (de) Geräteverwaltungssystem
FI961437A (fi) Vaikuttavan aineen luovuttava systeemi
DE69932415D1 (de) Im aufzug gebrauchtes meldungs-lieferungssystem
FI980473A (fi) Mittausjärjestelmä
FI943201A (fi) Vaikuttavaa ainetta luovuttava laite
DE69726763D1 (de) System zur Verwaltung von Feldgeräten
FR2723989B1 (fr) Systeme d'immobilisation d'un organe allonge.
DE59907918D1 (de) Einrichtung zur Stillsetzung einer Aufzugsanlage
DE59710420D1 (de) Vorrichtung zur kathodenzerstäubung
IT1284087B1 (it) Sistema per monitorare trattamenti biocidi
DE69411018D1 (de) Komponentenzulieferungsanlage
FI942142A (fi) Akun valvontajärjestelmä
FI982475A0 (fi) Menetelmä, järjestelmä ja laite linjavalvontaan
DE69806987D1 (de) Überwachungsanlage für Atmosphärenerzeugungsgerät
DE29819345U1 (de) Einrichtung zur Abdichtung von Inertisierungsanlagen
DE69800916D1 (de) System zur Verkehrsbeobachtung

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
8327 Change in the person/name/address of the patent owner

Owner name: ALZA CORP., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CALIF., US

8364 No opposition during term of opposition