EP0024349A1 - Material for electric contacts and process for its manufacture - Google Patents

Material for electric contacts and process for its manufacture Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0024349A1
EP0024349A1 EP80104820A EP80104820A EP0024349A1 EP 0024349 A1 EP0024349 A1 EP 0024349A1 EP 80104820 A EP80104820 A EP 80104820A EP 80104820 A EP80104820 A EP 80104820A EP 0024349 A1 EP0024349 A1 EP 0024349A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
weight
oxide
silver
tin oxide
materials
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP80104820A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0024349B1 (en
Inventor
Wolfgang Dr. Böhm
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Evonik Operations GmbH
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Degussa GmbH
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Application filed by Degussa GmbH filed Critical Degussa GmbH
Priority to AT80104820T priority Critical patent/ATE2032T1/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H11/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches
    • H01H11/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches of switch contacts
    • H01H11/048—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches of switch contacts by powder-metallurgical processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/001—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides
    • C22C32/0015—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides with only single oxides as main non-metallic constituents
    • C22C32/0021—Matrix based on noble metals, Cu or alloys thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
    • H01H1/021—Composite material
    • H01H1/023—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material
    • H01H1/0237—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material and containing oxides
    • H01H1/02372—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material and containing oxides containing as major components one or more oxides of the following elements only: Cd, Sn, Zn, In, Bi, Sb or Te
    • H01H1/02376—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material and containing oxides containing as major components one or more oxides of the following elements only: Cd, Sn, Zn, In, Bi, Sb or Te containing as major component SnO2
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a material for electrical contacts made of silver, tin oxide and a further metal oxide and a method for its production.
  • the object of the invention was to provide a material for electrical contacts made of silver, tin oxide and a further metal oxide and a process for its production which has a long service life, a low tendency to weld and shows no elevated temperatures when switching.
  • the material contains 8-20% by weight of tin oxide, 0.05-5% by weight of tungsten oxide, the rest being silver.
  • This material surprisingly results in a strong reduction in overtemperature, so that the same, and in some cases even lower, temperatures are found in the switching device than in Ag / Cd0. Also the Welding forces of Ag / Sn0 2 can surprisingly be significantly reduced by the addition of tungsten oxide.
  • This fine distribution of the metal oxide components can be achieved by wet screening the Sn0 2 before mixing, or particularly advantageously by mixing and kneading the silver, tin oxide and tungsten oxide powders in a moist state. Secondary agglomerates of Sn0 2 are removed by wet sieving before mixing. When manufacturing by mixing and kneading in the moist state, secondary agglomerates are destroyed by the high shear forces that occur, and this results in an even and fine-grained distribution of the component.
  • the following table illustrates the essential improvements in switching behavior that were achieved with the material according to the invention compared to Ag / Cd0 and Ag / SnO 2 using examples.
  • a 3 TB 54 switching device from Siemens was used for this purpose.
  • the materials according to the invention were produced by powder metallurgy after wet kneading with the following extrusion.

Abstract

Zum Ersatz der bekannten Ag/CdO-Werkstoffe für elektrische Kontakte benötigt man Werkstoffe auf der Basis Ag/SnO2, die zur Verbesserung der Verschweißfestigkeit eine weitere Metalloxidkomponente enthalten, ohne aber eine unerwünschte Temperaturerhöhung im Schaltgerät in Kauf nehmen zu müssen. Das erreicht man erfindungsgemäß mit einem Werkstoff, der 8 bis 20 Gew.% Zinnoxid, 0,05 bis 5 Gew.% Wolframoxid, Rest Silber enthält. Zur Herstellung dieser Werkstoffe wird ein Pulvergemisch im feuchten Zustand geknetet und dann gesintert.To replace the known Ag / CdO materials for electrical contacts, materials based on Ag / SnO2 are required that contain another metal oxide component to improve the weld strength, but without having to accept an undesirable temperature increase in the switching device. This is achieved according to the invention with a material which contains 8 to 20% by weight of tin oxide, 0.05 to 5% by weight of tungsten oxide, the rest being silver. To produce these materials, a powder mixture is kneaded in a moist state and then sintered.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Werkstoff für elektrische Kontakte aus Silber, Zinnoxid und einem weiteren Metalloxid und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung.The invention relates to a material for electrical contacts made of silver, tin oxide and a further metal oxide and a method for its production.

Für die Herstellung von elektrischen Kontaktstücken hat sich für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungsfällen Ag/Cd0 bisher am besten bewährt. Aufgrund der Umweltbelastung durch Cd0 wird jedoch verstärkt versucht, Cd0 durch ein anderes Metalloxid zu ersetzen. Bei diesen Untersuchungen zeigte es sich, dass Sn02 ein geeigneter Ersatz für Cd0 ist. Aufgrund der höheren thermischen Stabilität von Sn02 gegenüber Cd0 ergibt sich zudem eine deutlich verminderte Abbrandrate, die zur längeren Lebensdauer im Schaltgerät führt. Ein sehr wesentlicher Nachteil von Ag/SnO2 besteht jedoch darin, dass der Übergangswiderstand am Kontakt nach einigen tausend Schaltungen durch Deckschichtbildung zu hoch wird. Dies führt dann in der Regel zu erhöhten Temperaturen im Schaltgerät, die zur Zerstörung des Gerätes führen können und somit unzulässig sind.So far, Ag / Cd0 has proven to be the best for a large number of applications in the manufacture of electrical contact pieces. However, due to the environmental impact of Cd0, efforts are being made to replace Cd0 with another metal oxide. These investigations showed that Sn0 2 is a suitable replacement for Cd0. Due to the higher thermal stability of Sn0 2 compared to Cd0, there is also a significantly reduced burn rate, which leads to a longer service life in the switchgear. A very significant disadvantage of Ag / SnO 2 , however, is that the contact resistance at the contact becomes too high after a few thousand switching operations due to the formation of a covering layer. This usually leads to increased temperatures in the switching device, which can lead to the destruction of the device and are therefore inadmissible.

Ein weiterer Nachteil dieser Ag/SnO2-Werkstoffe gegenüber Ag/Cd0 besteht in der geringeren Sicherheit gegen Verschweissen. Die Kräfte, die zum Zerreissen der Schweissbrücke erforderlich sind, sind teilweise doppelt so hoch wie die bei Ag/Cd0-Kontakten. Damit besteht die Gefahr von Schaltstörungen bei Einsatz von Ag/Sn02.Another disadvantage of these Ag / SnO 2 materials compared to Ag / Cd0 is the lower security against welding. The forces required to tear the welding bridge are sometimes twice as high as with Ag / Cd0 contacts. There is therefore a risk of switching faults when using Ag / Sn0 2 .

Es ist daher versucht worden, durch den Zusatz weiterer Metalloxide zu Ag/Sn02 die Verschweißsicherheit zu erhöhen, wobei beispielsweise Wismutoxid (DE-OS 27 54 335) oder Indiumoxid (DE-OS 24 28 147) verwendet werden. Diese Zusätze verbessern zwar die Verschweißsicherheit bedingen jedoch eine erhöhte Temperatur am Kontakt und am Schaltgerät, was die Lebensdauer der Geräte beeinträchtigt.Attempts have therefore been made to increase the welding security by adding further metal oxides to Ag / Sn0 2 , bismuth oxide (DE-OS 27 54 335) or indium oxide (DE-OS 24 28 147) being used, for example. Although these additives improve welding security, they require an increased temperature on the contact and on the switching device, which affects the service life of the devices.

Aufgabe der Erfindung war es nun, einen Werkstoff für elektrische Kontakte aus Silber, Zinnoxid und einem weiteren Metalloxid und ein Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung zu schaffen, der eine hohe Lebensdauer besitzt, eine geringe Verschweissneigung und keine erhöhten Temperaturen beim Schalten zeigt.The object of the invention was to provide a material for electrical contacts made of silver, tin oxide and a further metal oxide and a process for its production which has a long service life, a low tendency to weld and shows no elevated temperatures when switching.

Diese Aufgabe wurde erfindungsgemäss dadurch gelöst, dass der Werkstoff 8 - 20 Gew.% Zinnoxid, 0,05 - 5 Gew.% Wolframoxid, Rest Silber enthält. Mit diesem Werkstoff tritt überraschenderweise eine starke Reduzierung der Übertemperatur ein, so dass die gleichen, teilweise sogar niedrigere Temperaturen im Schaltgerät als bei Ag/Cd0 gefunden werden. Auch die Verschweisskräfte von Ag/Sn02 können überraschenderweise durch den Zusatz von Wolframoxid wesentlich vermindert werden.This object was achieved according to the invention in that the material contains 8-20% by weight of tin oxide, 0.05-5% by weight of tungsten oxide, the rest being silver. This material surprisingly results in a strong reduction in overtemperature, so that the same, and in some cases even lower, temperatures are found in the switching device than in Ag / Cd0. Also the Welding forces of Ag / Sn0 2 can surprisingly be significantly reduced by the addition of tungsten oxide.

Besonders bewährt hat sich ein Werkstoff, der aus 10 - 15 Gew.% Zinnoxid, 0,2 - 1,5 Gew.% Wolframoxid, Rest Silber besteht. Erstaunlicherweise werden schon durch sehr geringe Wolframoxidgehalte deutliche Verbesserungen hinsichtlich der Übertemperatur und Verschweisskraft erzielt. Besonders gute Ergebnisse erhält man, wenn das Sn02 gleichmässig ohne Agglomerate eingebracht wird, mit einer Primärkorngrösse von < 5 /um.A material consisting of 10-15% by weight of tin oxide, 0.2-1.5% by weight of tungsten oxide, the rest of silver, has proven particularly useful. Surprisingly, even very low tungsten oxide contents result in significant improvements in terms of overtemperature and welding power. Particularly good results are obtained if the Sn0 2 is introduced evenly without agglomerates, with a primary grain size of <5 / um.

Diese feine Verteilung der Metalloxidkomponenten kann erreicht werden durch Naßsieben des Sn02 vor dem Mischen, oder besonders vorteilhaft durch Mischen und Kneten der Silber-, Zinnoxid- und Wolframoxidpulver in feuchtem Zustand. Durch das Naßsieben werden Sekundäragglomerate des Sn02 vor dem Mischen entfernt. Bei der Herstellung über Mischen und Kneten im feuchten Zustand werden durch die auftretenden hohen Scherkräfte Sekundäragglomerate zerstört und damit wird eine gleichmässige und feinkörnige Verteilung der Komponente bewirkt.This fine distribution of the metal oxide components can be achieved by wet screening the Sn0 2 before mixing, or particularly advantageously by mixing and kneading the silver, tin oxide and tungsten oxide powders in a moist state. Secondary agglomerates of Sn0 2 are removed by wet sieving before mixing. When manufacturing by mixing and kneading in the moist state, secondary agglomerates are destroyed by the high shear forces that occur, and this results in an even and fine-grained distribution of the component.

Es ist für das Schaltverhalten unerheblich, ob Zinnoxid und Wolframoxid durch vorherige Wärmebehandlung zu einem Mischoxid reagieren oder örtlich getrennt im Kontaktwerkstoff vorliegen.It is irrelevant for the switching behavior whether tin oxide and tungsten oxide react to a mixed oxide by prior heat treatment or whether they are separated in the contact material.

Die wesentlichen Verbesserungen im Schaltverhalten, die mit dem erfindungsgemässen Werkstoff gegenüber Ag/Cd0 und Ag/SnO2 erreicht wurden, verdeutlicht die folgende Tabelle anhand von Beispielen. Hierzu wurde ein Schaltgerät 3 TB 54 der Firma Siemens verwendet, Die erfindungsgemässen Werkstoffe wurden pulvermetallurgisch nach Naßkneten mit folgendem Strangpressen hergestellt.

Figure imgb0001
The following table illustrates the essential improvements in switching behavior that were achieved with the material according to the invention compared to Ag / Cd0 and Ag / SnO 2 using examples. A 3 TB 54 switching device from Siemens was used for this purpose. The materials according to the invention were produced by powder metallurgy after wet kneading with the following extrusion.
Figure imgb0001

Claims (3)

1. Werkstoff für elektrische Kontakte aus Silber, Zinnoxid und einem weiteren Metalloxid, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er 8 - 20 Gew.% Zinnoxid, 0,05 - 5 Gew.% Wolframoxid, Rest Silber enthält.1. Material for electrical contacts made of silver, tin oxide and another metal oxide, characterized in that it contains 8-20% by weight of tin oxide, 0.05-5% by weight of tungsten oxide, the rest being silver. 2. Werkstoff nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er 10 - 15 Gew.% Zinnoxid und 0,2 - 1,5 Gew.% Wolframoxid enthält.2. Material according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains 10-15% by weight of tin oxide and 0.2-1.5% by weight of tungsten oxide. 3. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Werkstoffen für elektrische Kontakte nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 3 durch Sintern eines pulverförmigen Gemisches der Komponenten, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Pulvergemisch vor dem Sintern in feuchtem Zustand geknetet wird. 3rd A method for producing materials for electrical contacts according to claims 1 to 3 by sintering a powdery mixture of the components, characterized in that the powder mixture is kneaded in a moist state before sintering.
EP80104820A 1979-08-17 1980-08-14 Material for electric contacts and process for its manufacture Expired EP0024349B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT80104820T ATE2032T1 (en) 1979-08-17 1980-08-14 MATERIAL FOR ELECTRICAL CONTACTS AND PROCESS FOR ITS MANUFACTURE.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2933338 1979-08-17
DE2933338A DE2933338C3 (en) 1979-08-17 1979-08-17 Material for electrical contacts and process for their manufacture

Publications (2)

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EP0024349A1 true EP0024349A1 (en) 1981-03-04
EP0024349B1 EP0024349B1 (en) 1982-12-15

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EP80104820A Expired EP0024349B1 (en) 1979-08-17 1980-08-14 Material for electric contacts and process for its manufacture

Country Status (14)

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US (1) US4330330A (en)
EP (1) EP0024349B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS5633444A (en)
AR (1) AR220647A1 (en)
AT (1) ATE2032T1 (en)
AU (1) AU529960B2 (en)
BR (1) BR8005126A (en)
CA (1) CA1149645A (en)
DE (2) DE2933338C3 (en)
ES (1) ES494261A0 (en)
IN (1) IN155263B (en)
MX (1) MX7137E (en)
YU (1) YU41511B (en)
ZA (1) ZA805021B (en)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0039429A1 (en) * 1980-05-07 1981-11-11 Degussa Aktiengesellschaft Material for electric contacts
EP0080641A1 (en) * 1981-11-26 1983-06-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method of producing preforms of cadmium-free silver-metal oxide compound materials for electric contacts
FR2530066A1 (en) * 1982-07-08 1984-01-13 Chugai Electric Ind Co Ltd MATERIALS FOR ELECTRICAL CONTACT AND PROCESS FOR THEIR MANUFACTURE
EP0152606A2 (en) * 1984-01-30 1985-08-28 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Contact material and production of electric contacts
DE3405218A1 (en) * 1984-02-14 1985-09-05 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Sintered contact material and method for the preparation thereof
DE3541584A1 (en) * 1985-11-25 1987-05-27 Siemens Ag Process and appliance for preparing metal-composite materials, and contact pieces produced therewith for electrical switchgear
WO1993026021A1 (en) * 1992-06-10 1993-12-23 Doduco Gmbh + Co. Material for electrical contacts based on silver-tin oxide or silver-zinc oxide

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3102067A1 (en) * 1981-01-23 1982-08-19 Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt MATERIAL FOR ELECTRICAL CONTACTS
DE3232627A1 (en) * 1981-09-24 1983-04-07 Doduco KG Dr. Eugen Dürrwächter, 7530 Pforzheim Material for electrical contacts
US4452651A (en) * 1982-07-08 1984-06-05 Chugai Denki Kogyo K.K. Electrical contact materials and their production method
JPH06104873B2 (en) * 1986-07-08 1994-12-21 富士電機株式会社 Silver-metal oxide contact material and manufacturing method thereof
US4904317A (en) * 1988-05-16 1990-02-27 Technitrol, Inc. Erosion resistant Ag-SnO2 electrical contact material
US5258052A (en) * 1992-06-18 1993-11-02 Advanced Metallurgy Incorporated Powder metallurgy silver-tin oxide electrical contact material
DE4331526C3 (en) * 1992-09-16 2003-11-06 Ami Doduco Gmbh Material for electrical contacts based on silver-tin oxide or silver-zinc oxide and method for producing a composite powder therefor
CN114334503B (en) * 2021-12-24 2022-11-15 佛山市诺普材料科技有限公司 Method for preparing silver tin oxide electrical contact material by low-temperature homogenization and material thereof

Citations (7)

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DE1190677B (en) * 1961-01-24 1965-04-08 Engelhard Ind Inc Process for producing electrical contacts by sintering silver powder with the addition of halogens
DE2432335A1 (en) * 1973-07-05 1975-01-30 Sumitomo Electric Industries ELECTRICAL CONTACT MATERIAL
DE2428147A1 (en) * 1973-07-20 1975-02-06 Chugai Electric Ind Co Ltd ELECTRICAL CONTACT MATERIAL
DE1719444B2 (en) * 1967-10-13 1975-09-04 Veb Keramische Werke Hermsdorf, X 6530 Hermsdorf Process for the production of a dispersion contact material with a silver or copper matrix
US3933486A (en) * 1974-02-12 1976-01-20 Chugai Denki Kogyo Kabushiki-Kaisha Silver-metal oxide composite and method of manufacturing the same
DE2306825B2 (en) * 1973-02-12 1977-08-11 National Research Institute For Metals, Tokio ELECTRICAL CONTACT MATERIAL MADE OF AN ALLOY CONTAINING SILVER AND AT LEAST ONE METAL OXIDE
DE2754335A1 (en) * 1976-12-03 1978-06-08 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd ELECTRICAL CONTACT MATERIAL AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING IT

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2486341A (en) * 1945-06-30 1949-10-25 Baker & Co Inc Electrical contact element containing tin oxide
DE807416C (en) * 1949-10-20 1951-06-28 Eugen Duerrwaechter Dr Ing Electrical contact material and process for its manufacture
US3205565A (en) 1963-01-21 1965-09-14 Clevite Corp Sintered rubbing contact material and method for producing same

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1190677B (en) * 1961-01-24 1965-04-08 Engelhard Ind Inc Process for producing electrical contacts by sintering silver powder with the addition of halogens
DE1719444B2 (en) * 1967-10-13 1975-09-04 Veb Keramische Werke Hermsdorf, X 6530 Hermsdorf Process for the production of a dispersion contact material with a silver or copper matrix
DE2306825B2 (en) * 1973-02-12 1977-08-11 National Research Institute For Metals, Tokio ELECTRICAL CONTACT MATERIAL MADE OF AN ALLOY CONTAINING SILVER AND AT LEAST ONE METAL OXIDE
DE2432335A1 (en) * 1973-07-05 1975-01-30 Sumitomo Electric Industries ELECTRICAL CONTACT MATERIAL
DE2428147A1 (en) * 1973-07-20 1975-02-06 Chugai Electric Ind Co Ltd ELECTRICAL CONTACT MATERIAL
US3933486A (en) * 1974-02-12 1976-01-20 Chugai Denki Kogyo Kabushiki-Kaisha Silver-metal oxide composite and method of manufacturing the same
DE2754335A1 (en) * 1976-12-03 1978-06-08 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd ELECTRICAL CONTACT MATERIAL AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING IT

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0039429A1 (en) * 1980-05-07 1981-11-11 Degussa Aktiengesellschaft Material for electric contacts
EP0080641A1 (en) * 1981-11-26 1983-06-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method of producing preforms of cadmium-free silver-metal oxide compound materials for electric contacts
FR2530066A1 (en) * 1982-07-08 1984-01-13 Chugai Electric Ind Co Ltd MATERIALS FOR ELECTRICAL CONTACT AND PROCESS FOR THEIR MANUFACTURE
EP0152606A2 (en) * 1984-01-30 1985-08-28 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Contact material and production of electric contacts
EP0152606A3 (en) * 1984-01-30 1985-09-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Material for electric contacts and process for manufacturing contacts, and the manufactured contact part
DE3405218A1 (en) * 1984-02-14 1985-09-05 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Sintered contact material and method for the preparation thereof
DE3541584A1 (en) * 1985-11-25 1987-05-27 Siemens Ag Process and appliance for preparing metal-composite materials, and contact pieces produced therewith for electrical switchgear
WO1993026021A1 (en) * 1992-06-10 1993-12-23 Doduco Gmbh + Co. Material for electrical contacts based on silver-tin oxide or silver-zinc oxide
US5610347A (en) * 1992-06-10 1997-03-11 Doduco Gmbh & Co. Dr. Eugen Durrwachter Material for electric contacts taking silver-tin oxide or silver-zinc oxide as basis
CN1036099C (en) * 1992-06-10 1997-10-08 欧根·迪尔瓦克特博士多杜科股份公司 Material for electrical contacts based on silver-tin oxide or silver-zinc oxide

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AR220647A1 (en) 1980-11-14
ZA805021B (en) 1981-08-26
DE2933338B2 (en) 1981-06-04
DE3061351D1 (en) 1983-01-20
DE2933338C3 (en) 1983-04-28
YU41511B (en) 1987-08-31
EP0024349B1 (en) 1982-12-15
BR8005126A (en) 1981-02-24
DE2933338A1 (en) 1981-02-26
MX7137E (en) 1987-08-10
JPH0141691B2 (en) 1989-09-07
IN155263B (en) 1985-01-12
US4330330A (en) 1982-05-18
AU529960B2 (en) 1983-06-30
ES8106560A1 (en) 1981-07-01
JPS5633444A (en) 1981-04-03
ATE2032T1 (en) 1982-12-15
YU199780A (en) 1983-04-30
CA1149645A (en) 1983-07-12
AU6090580A (en) 1981-02-19
ES494261A0 (en) 1981-07-01

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