EP0344146A2 - Ski with damping layers - Google Patents

Ski with damping layers Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0344146A2
EP0344146A2 EP89890152A EP89890152A EP0344146A2 EP 0344146 A2 EP0344146 A2 EP 0344146A2 EP 89890152 A EP89890152 A EP 89890152A EP 89890152 A EP89890152 A EP 89890152A EP 0344146 A2 EP0344146 A2 EP 0344146A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
ski
slot
viscoelastic
ski according
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Granted
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EP89890152A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0344146A3 (en
EP0344146B1 (en
Inventor
Bernhard Dr. Mayr
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Head Sport GmbH
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Head Sportgerate and Co oHG GmbH
Head Sport GmbH
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Publication of EP0344146A2 publication Critical patent/EP0344146A2/en
Publication of EP0344146A3 publication Critical patent/EP0344146A3/en
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63CSKATES; SKIS; ROLLER SKATES; DESIGN OR LAYOUT OF COURTS, RINKS OR THE LIKE
    • A63C5/00Skis or snowboards
    • A63C5/12Making thereof; Selection of particular materials
    • A63C5/128A part for the binding being integrated within the board structure, e.g. plate, rail, insert
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63CSKATES; SKIS; ROLLER SKATES; DESIGN OR LAYOUT OF COURTS, RINKS OR THE LIKE
    • A63C5/00Skis or snowboards
    • A63C5/12Making thereof; Selection of particular materials
    • A63C5/122Selection of particular materials for damping purposes, e.g. rubber or the like

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a multi-layer ski with a top flange, which consists at least over part of the length of the ski from at least two layers connected to one another with the interposition of a viscoelastic or viscous damping layer, a core and a tread.
  • Multi-layer skis with laminates that are connected to one another over a large area have good torsional rigidity with rigid bonding, while at the same time having good strength properties and bending properties.
  • a ski of the type mentioned in the introduction in which the upper flange consists of two metallic layers connected to one another with the interposition of a full-surface elastic layer over the entire length of the ski, has become known, for example, from US Pat. No. 2,995,379.
  • skis should be torsionally rigid on the one hand but flexible on the other hand places different demands on the load-bearing capacity of the composite construction in different axes and a full-surface bonding of individual layers to one another in the case of multi-layer skis is unsuitable if a corresponding torsional rigidity is to be ensured, vibrations, in particular to dampen transverse vibrations.
  • the invention now aims to provide a multi-layer ski of the type mentioned at the beginning, with which it becomes possible to better dampen low-frequency vibrations of skis, which have a negative impact on skiing behavior, and thus to create a multi-layer ski with improved skiing properties.
  • the ski according to the invention essentially consists in the fact that the outer layer of the region of the upper flange having at least three layers has at least one transverse to the longitudinal direction of the ski has extending slot and that the slot towards the core is overlapped by a laminate layer with the interposition of the viscoelastic or viscous damping layer.
  • the outer layer of the region of the upper flange having at least three layers has at least one slot running transversely to the longitudinal direction of the ski, the deflection of the ski is promoted and good bending elasticity is ensured despite correspondingly stiffer materials.
  • the task of the laminate overlapping the slot is to compensate for the loss of rigidity and strength corresponding to the slot and to maintain the desired torsional rigidity.
  • the stiffness curve of the ski should run as evenly as possible and should have no discontinuities.
  • the viscoelastic or viscous damping layer is now arranged in this partial area between the outer slotted layer and the underlying inner layer, sufficient flexural elasticity can be achieved and, due to the choice of a viscoelastic or viscous damping layer, also a damping of the low-frequency vibrations, in particular of vibrations in the range of 15-150 Hz.
  • the design is such that the three-layer top chord, which extends at least over a portion of the length of the ski, is connected in the direction of the ski core with a continuous laminate, in particular an aluminum layer or a fiber-reinforced plastic laminate, such a design providing adequate torsional rigidity with sufficient flexibility, bending elasticity and bending strength. Furthermore, such continuous laminates are particularly important for the breaking strength of the ski.
  • the outer layer of the three-layer top chord advantageously also consists of aluminum or steel or thermoplastic and / or thermosetting composites with glass, carbon, aramid, Boron fiber reinforcement and on this outer layer of the three-layer top flange a conventional cover layer can optionally be applied, which remains of subordinate importance for the strength properties and the torsional rigidity of the ski.
  • the lower layer of the three-layer top chord must also have sufficient strength to be able to interact with the viscoelastic layer in between while exerting shear forces.
  • the design is such that the layer (s) overlapping the slot (s) of the outer layer with the interposition of the viscoelastic or viscous damping layer is designed as an aluminum layer or fiber-reinforced plastic laminate, with a total of two relatively stable structures in the three-layer structure Have load distribution layers formed, via which the shear forces are introduced into the viscoelastic layer.
  • the design according to the invention is advantageously made such that the viscoelastic or viscous intermediate layer made of an elastomeric plastic with a modulus of elasticity of 10 10 to 1010Pa, preferably approx. 108Pa and a loss factor tan ⁇ > 0.8, preferably a tan ⁇ of approx. 1.5.
  • a, especially rubber-elastic material with a modulus of elasticity between 107 and 1010Pa and the specified loss factors differs significantly from hard rubber layers already used in ski constructions and is able to optimally use frequencies between 15 and 150 Hz in a temperature range of -35 ° to + Steam at 10 ° C.
  • the design is advantageously made such that the viscoelastic or viscous layer has a thickness of 0.3-2.5 mm, preferably 0.7-1.3 mm.
  • the design according to the invention is advantageously made such that the outer, at least one cross-section having layer in the region of the binding parts in the ski longitudinal direction through openings or elongated holes for receiving fastening screws or bolts for the binding parts.
  • Such elongated holes or openings running in the longitudinal direction of the ski allow the sliding attachment of binding parts to the inner load-bearing parts of a ski and do not hinder the introduction of shear forces into the viscoelastic layer and the pushing movement of the upper laminate.
  • the training in the assembly of the binding parts is advantageously made such that the binding parts are connected to the outer layer of the ski with the interposition of a sliding layer or with the formation of an air gap.
  • the slit (s) provided in the outer layer which runs transversely to the longitudinal direction of the ski, is intended to ensure unhindered transmission of shear forces that occur when the ski vibrates or deflects to the viscoelastic damping layer, for which training with
  • the advantage is that the transverse slot (s) of the outer layer extends to the side edge of the ski.
  • the design is preferably such that the transverse slot (s) in the outer layer extend (s) across the entire width of the outer layer.
  • the slot (s) extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of the ski are each arranged in a vibration node of the vibrations of the ski, which results in optimal damping properties.
  • the slots can be made over the entire length of the ski.
  • the position of the vibration nodes depends on the type (mode) of the natural vibration (fundamental vibration, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, ... (harmonic). This in turn depends on the stiffness, distribution of stiffness, weight distribution, clamping, etc. of the ski Depending on the intended use of the ski, different natural frequencies of the ski can be excited, whereby certain frequencies in turn can have a disruptive effect on the skiing behavior of the ski.
  • the damping property of the viscoelastic or viscous intermediate layer is influenced by the thickness of the intermediate layer, the length and width of the intermediate layer, the position on the ski and the number of dampers on the ski and can therefore be set within wide limits according to the requirements.
  • the design is such that the width of the slot (s) in the longitudinal direction of the ski is 0.7 to 2.5 mm, preferably approximately 1.5 mm, whereby the maximum thrust movements occurring are taken into account.
  • the procedure is preferably such that the slot (s) is (are) filled with a damping material, the damping being effected by pressure deformation of the damping material in the slot.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a ski 1 according to the invention, which has transverse slots 2 which extend transversely to the longitudinal direction of the ski and extend over the entire width of the ski.
  • transverse slots 2 which extend transversely to the longitudinal direction of the ski and extend over the entire width of the ski.
  • Several oblong holes 3 are provided in the ski surface for receiving fastening screws or bolts for the binding parts.
  • FIG. 2 shows a side view of the ski 1 according to the invention, from which the assembly of a binding 4 in the elongated holes 3 provided in the ski surface can be seen schematically.
  • the binding parts 4 are hiebei fixed by forming an air gap 5 through the elongated holes 3 in the inner load-bearing parts of the ski 1, so that the installation of the binding parts does not hinder the introduction of shear forces into the ski's damping layer.
  • the outer layer 6 of the made of aluminum or steel or thermoplastic and / or thermosetting composites with glass, carbon, aramid, boron fiber reinforcement
  • the upper flange like the conventional cover layer 7 of the ski lying above it, has slots 2 which extend across the entire width of the ski. These slots 2 are covered by a further layer formed from aluminum or a fiber-reinforced plastic laminate 9 with the interposition of a viscoelastic damping layer 8. Below this layer 9, which is made of aluminum or fiber-reinforced plastic laminate, there is a further layer 10 made of such materials, which overlaps stretches the entire length of the ski. This configuration forms at least two relatively stable load distribution layers which are suitable for absorbing shear forces.
  • the actual ski core is designated 11 in FIG.
  • FIG. 4 shows a cross section through the ski according to the invention.
  • the outer layer is again designated by 6, and the conventional cover layer of the ski lying above is indicated schematically by 7.
  • the layer 6 is interrupted in this embodiment by an elongated hole 3 for receiving bolts or screws for mounting the binding.
  • a viscoelastic damping layer 8 which is intended to absorb the low-frequency vibrations which occur in particular when driving.
  • the second aluminum layer or the layer formed from fiber-reinforced plastic laminate, which overlaps the elongated holes or the transverse slots in layer 6, as well as the underlying one, which extends across the entire length of the ski and is made of the same or different than the slit laminate Material made layer are again indicated in Figure 4 with 9 and 10.
  • the lower flange 12 of the ski which is also formed from aluminum or fiber-reinforced plastic laminate, lies under the ski core 11.
  • a tread 13 and steel edges 14 are arranged in a conventional manner.

Abstract

In a multi-layer ski (1) with an upper flange, a core (11) and a runner (13), the upper flange is, at least over a part of the length of the ski (1), constructed of at least three layers, at least two layers (6,9) being interconnected with interposition of a visco-elastic or viscous damping layer. The outer layer (6) has in this connection at least one slot (2), which runs transversely to the longitudinal direction of the ski, and a further layer (9), which overlaps the slot (2) in the direction of the core (11), is provided, with interposition of the visco-elastic damping layer (8), as a result of which low-frequency vibrations can be damped simply. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf einen mehrschichtigen Ski mit einem Obergurt, welcher zumindest über einen Teil der Länge des Skis aus wenigstens zwei, unter Zwischenschaltung einer viskoelastischen oder viskosen Dämpfungsschicht miteinander verbundenen Schichten besteht, einem Kern und einer Lauf­fläche.The invention relates to a multi-layer ski with a top flange, which consists at least over part of the length of the ski from at least two layers connected to one another with the interposition of a viscoelastic or viscous damping layer, a core and a tread.

Mehrschichtige Skier mit flächig miteinander verbundenen Laminaten weisen bei starrer Verklebung eine gute Torsions­steifigkeit bei gleichzeitig guten Festigkeitseigenschaften und Durchbiegeeigenschaften auf. Ein Ski der eingangs ge­nannten Art, bei welchem der Obergurt über die gesamte Länge des Skis aus zwei, unter Zwischenschaltung einer voll­flächigen elastischen Schicht miteinander verbundenen metal­lischen Schichten besteht, ist beispielsweise aus der US-PS 2 995 379 bekanntgeworden. Die Tatsache, daß Skier einerseits torsionssteif andererseits aber biegeelastisch sein sollen, stellt unterschiedliche Ansprüche an die Belastbarkeit der Verbundkonstruktion in verschiedenen Achsen und eine bei mehrschichtigen Skiern bekannte vollflächige Verklebung einzelner Schichten miteinander, ist, wenn eine entsprechende Torsionssteifigkeit sichergestellt werden soll, ungeeignet, Schwingungen, insbesondere Transversalschwingungen, zu dämpfen.Multi-layer skis with laminates that are connected to one another over a large area have good torsional rigidity with rigid bonding, while at the same time having good strength properties and bending properties. A ski of the type mentioned in the introduction, in which the upper flange consists of two metallic layers connected to one another with the interposition of a full-surface elastic layer over the entire length of the ski, has become known, for example, from US Pat. No. 2,995,379. The fact that skis should be torsionally rigid on the one hand but flexible on the other hand places different demands on the load-bearing capacity of the composite construction in different axes and a full-surface bonding of individual layers to one another in the case of multi-layer skis is unsuitable if a corresponding torsional rigidity is to be ensured, vibrations, in particular to dampen transverse vibrations.

Die Erfindung zielt nun darauf ab, einen mehrschichtigen Ski der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, mit welchem es möglich wird, niederfrequente Schwingungen von Skiern, welche das Fahrverhalten negativ beeinflussen, besser zu dämpfen und damit einen mehrschichtigen Ski mit verbesserten Fahreigen­schaften zu schaffen. Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe besteht der erfindungsgemäße Ski im wesentlichen darin, daß die äußere Schicht des wenigstens drei Schichten aufweisenden Bereiches des Obergurtes wenigstens einen quer zur Skilängsrichtung verlaufenden Schlitz aufweist und daß der Schlitz in Richtung zum Kern von einer Laminatschicht unter Zwischenschaltung der viskoelastischen oder viskosen Dämpfungsschicht überlappt ist. Dadurch, daß die äußere Schicht des wenigstens drei Schichten aufweisenden Bereiches des Obergurtes wenigstens einen quer zur Skilängsrichtung verlaufenden Schlitz auf­weist, wird die Durchbiegung des Skis begünstigt und trotz entsprechend steiferer Materialien eine gute Biegeelastizität sichergetellt. Das den Schlitz überlappende Laminat hat die Aufgabe, den durch den Schlitz entsprechenden Steifigkeits- und Festigkeitsverlust zu kompensieren und die gewünschte Torsionssteifigkeit aufrecht zu erhalten. Der Steifigkeits­verlauf des Skis soll dabei möglichst gleichmäßig verlaufen und keine Unstetigkeiten aufweisen. Dadurch, daß nun in diesem Teilbereich zwischen der äußeren geschlitzten Schicht und der darunter liegenden inneren Schicht die visko­elastische oder viskose Dämpfungsschicht angeordnet ist, kann zum einen eine hinreichende biegeelastizität und auf Grund der Wahl einer viskoelastischen oder viskosen Dämpfungs­schicht auch eine Dämpfung der niederfrequenten Schwingungen, insbesondere von Schwingungen im Bereich von 15 - 150 Hz, erzielt werden.The invention now aims to provide a multi-layer ski of the type mentioned at the beginning, with which it becomes possible to better dampen low-frequency vibrations of skis, which have a negative impact on skiing behavior, and thus to create a multi-layer ski with improved skiing properties. To achieve this object, the ski according to the invention essentially consists in the fact that the outer layer of the region of the upper flange having at least three layers has at least one transverse to the longitudinal direction of the ski has extending slot and that the slot towards the core is overlapped by a laminate layer with the interposition of the viscoelastic or viscous damping layer. Characterized in that the outer layer of the region of the upper flange having at least three layers has at least one slot running transversely to the longitudinal direction of the ski, the deflection of the ski is promoted and good bending elasticity is ensured despite correspondingly stiffer materials. The task of the laminate overlapping the slot is to compensate for the loss of rigidity and strength corresponding to the slot and to maintain the desired torsional rigidity. The stiffness curve of the ski should run as evenly as possible and should have no discontinuities. Due to the fact that the viscoelastic or viscous damping layer is now arranged in this partial area between the outer slotted layer and the underlying inner layer, sufficient flexural elasticity can be achieved and, due to the choice of a viscoelastic or viscous damping layer, also a damping of the low-frequency vibrations, in particular of vibrations in the range of 15-150 Hz.

Mit Vorteil ist die Ausbildung hiezu so getroffen, daß der sich zumindest über einen Teilbereich der Länge des Skis erstreckende dreischichtige Obergurt in Richtung zum Skikern mit einem durchgehenden Laminat, insbesondere einer Alu­schicht oder einem faserverstärkten Kunststofflaminat, verbunden ist, wobei eine derartige Ausbildung eine hin­reichende Torsionssteifigkeit bei gleichzeitig hinreichender Flexibilität, Biegeelastizität und Biegefestigkeit erzielen läßt. Weiters sind derartige durchgehende Laminate vor allem für die Bruchfestigkeit des Skis von Bedeutung. Mit Vorteil besteht auch die äußere Schicht des dreischichtigen Ober­gurtes aus Aluminium oder Stahl oder Thermo- und/oder duro­plastischen Composits mit Glas-, Kohlenstoff-, Aramid-, Bor-Faserverstärkung und auf diese äußere Schicht des drei­schichtigen Obergurtes kann gegebenenfalls eine konven­tionelle Deckschicht aufgebracht werden, welche für die Festigkeitseigenschaften und die Torsionssteifigkeit des Skis von untergeordneter Bedeutung bleibt.Advantageously, the design is such that the three-layer top chord, which extends at least over a portion of the length of the ski, is connected in the direction of the ski core with a continuous laminate, in particular an aluminum layer or a fiber-reinforced plastic laminate, such a design providing adequate torsional rigidity with sufficient flexibility, bending elasticity and bending strength. Furthermore, such continuous laminates are particularly important for the breaking strength of the ski. The outer layer of the three-layer top chord advantageously also consists of aluminum or steel or thermoplastic and / or thermosetting composites with glass, carbon, aramid, Boron fiber reinforcement and on this outer layer of the three-layer top flange a conventional cover layer can optionally be applied, which remains of subordinate importance for the strength properties and the torsional rigidity of the ski.

Um in der viskoelastischen Schicht die Dämpfung durch Scher-Bewegung (Schubverformung) zu erzielen, muß auch die untere Schicht des dreischichtigen Obergurtes eine hin­reichende Festigkeit aufweisen, um mit der dazwischen­liegenden viskoelastischen Schicht unter Ausübung von Scher­kräften zusammenwirken zu können. Mit Vorteil ist hiebei die Ausbildung so getroffen, daß die den (die) Schlitz(e) der äußeren Schicht unter Zwischenschaltung der viskoelastischen oder viskosen Dämpfungsschichte überlappende Schicht als Aluminiumschicht oder faserverstärktes Kunststofflaminat ausgebildet ist, wobei sich insgesamt somit in dem drei­schichtigen Aufbau zwei relativ stabile Lastverteilungs­schichten ausbilden lassen, über welche die Scherkräfte in die viskoelastische Schicht eingeleitet werden.In order to achieve damping in the viscoelastic layer by shear movement (shear deformation), the lower layer of the three-layer top chord must also have sufficient strength to be able to interact with the viscoelastic layer in between while exerting shear forces. Advantageously, the design is such that the layer (s) overlapping the slot (s) of the outer layer with the interposition of the viscoelastic or viscous damping layer is designed as an aluminum layer or fiber-reinforced plastic laminate, with a total of two relatively stable structures in the three-layer structure Have load distribution layers formed, via which the shear forces are introduced into the viscoelastic layer.

Mit Vorteil ist die Ausbildung erfindungsgemäß so getroffen, daß die viskoelastische oder viskose Zwischenschicht aus einem elastomeren Kunststoff mit einem E-Modul von 10⁷ bis 10¹⁰Pa, vorzugsweise ca. 10⁸Pa und einem Verlustfaktor tan δ> 0,8, vorzugsweise einem tan δ von ca. 1,5, besteht. Ein derartiges, insbesondere gummielastisches Material mit einem E-Modul zwischen 10⁷ und 10¹⁰Pa und den angegebenen Verlustfaktoren unterscheidet sich wesentlich von in Skikon­struktionen bereits verwendeten Hartgummischichten und ist in der Lage, Frequenzen zwischen 15 und 150 Hz optimal in einem Temperaturbereich von -35° bis +10°C zu dämpfen. Um die Scherkräfte in der viskoelastischen Dämpfungsschicht aus einem derartigen Material optimal aufnehmen zu können, ist die Ausbildung mit Vorteil so getroffen, daß die visko­elastische oder viskose Schicht eine Stärke von 0,3 - 2,5 mm, vorzugsweise 0,7 - 1,3 mm, aufweist.The design according to the invention is advantageously made such that the viscoelastic or viscous intermediate layer made of an elastomeric plastic with a modulus of elasticity of 10 10 to 10¹⁰Pa, preferably approx. 10⁸Pa and a loss factor tan δ> 0.8, preferably a tan δ of approx. 1.5. Such a, especially rubber-elastic material with a modulus of elasticity between 10⁷ and 10¹⁰Pa and the specified loss factors differs significantly from hard rubber layers already used in ski constructions and is able to optimally use frequencies between 15 and 150 Hz in a temperature range of -35 ° to + Steam at 10 ° C. In order to be able to optimally absorb the shear forces in the viscoelastic damping layer made of such a material, the design is advantageously made such that the viscoelastic or viscous layer has a thickness of 0.3-2.5 mm, preferably 0.7-1.3 mm.

Um nun die Vorteile, welche sie durch die Ausbildung eines derartigen Dämpfungsgliedes in Form eines dreischichtigen Aufbaues mit äußerer, geschlitzter Schicht ergeben, unbeein­trächtigt durch Anordnungen von Bindungsteilen aufrecht­erhalten zu können, ist die Ausbildung erfindungsgemäß mit Vorteil so getroffen, daß die äußere, wenigstens einen Querschnitt aufweisende Schicht im Bereich der Bindungsteile in Skilängsrichtung verlaufende Durchbrechungen bzw. Lang­löcher für die Aufnahme von Befestigungsschrauben oder Bolzen für die Bindungsteile aufweist. Derartige Langlöcher bzw. in Skilängsrichtung verlaufende Durchbrechungen erlauben die gleitende Festlegung von Bindungsteilen an dne innenliegenden tragenden Teilen eines Skis und behindern die Einleitung von Scherkräften in die viskoelastische Schicht und die Schub­bewegung des oberen Laminates nicht. Um eine vollständige Entkopplung der Außenschicht von der Innenschicht zu er­zielen, ist die Ausbildung bei der Montage der Bindungsteile mit Vorteil so getroffen, daß die Bindungsteile unter Zwischenschaltung einer Gleitschicht oder unter Ausbildung eines Luftspaltes an der Außenschicht des Skis angeschlossen sind.In order to be able to maintain the advantages which they result from the formation of such an attenuator in the form of a three-layer structure with an outer, slotted layer, unimpaired by arrangements of binding parts, the design according to the invention is advantageously made such that the outer, at least one cross-section having layer in the region of the binding parts in the ski longitudinal direction through openings or elongated holes for receiving fastening screws or bolts for the binding parts. Such elongated holes or openings running in the longitudinal direction of the ski allow the sliding attachment of binding parts to the inner load-bearing parts of a ski and do not hinder the introduction of shear forces into the viscoelastic layer and the pushing movement of the upper laminate. In order to achieve a complete decoupling of the outer layer from the inner layer, the training in the assembly of the binding parts is advantageously made such that the binding parts are connected to the outer layer of the ski with the interposition of a sliding layer or with the formation of an air gap.

Der (die) in der Außenschicht vorgesehene(n), quer zur Skilängsrichtung verlaufende(n) Schlitz(e) soll(en) eine ungehinderte Übertragung von bei Schwingungen bzw. Durch­biegungen des Skis auftretenden Scherkräften auf die visko­elastische Dämpfungsschicht sicherstellen, wofür die Aus­bildung mit Vorteil so getroffen ist, daß der (die) Quer­schlitz(e) der äußeren Schicht sich bis zur Seitenkante des Skis erstreckt (erstrecken). Für eine besonders effiziente und richtungsunabhängige Dämpfung von Schwingungen ist die Ausbildung dabei bevorzugt so getroffen, daß der (die) Querschlitz(e) der äußeren Schicht sich durchgehend über die gesamte Breite der äußeren Schicht erstreckt (erstrecken).The slit (s) provided in the outer layer, which runs transversely to the longitudinal direction of the ski, is intended to ensure unhindered transmission of shear forces that occur when the ski vibrates or deflects to the viscoelastic damping layer, for which training with The advantage is that the transverse slot (s) of the outer layer extends to the side edge of the ski. For a particularly efficient and direction-independent damping of vibrations, the design is preferably such that the transverse slot (s) in the outer layer extend (s) across the entire width of the outer layer.

Mit Vorteil sind hiebei der (die) quer zur Skilängsrichtung verlaufende(n) Schlitz(e) jeweils in einem Schwingungsknoten der Schwingungen des Skis angeordnet, wodurch sich optimale Dämpfungseigenschaften ergeben. Die Schlitze können über die gesamte Skilänge angebracht werden. Die Lage der Schwingungs­knoten hängt von der Art (Mode) der Eigenschwingung (Grund­schwingung, 1., 2., 3.,... (Oberschwingung) ab. Diese wieder­um hängt von der Steifigkeit, Steifigkeitsverteilung, Gewichtsverteilung, Einspannung, etc. des Skis ab. Je nach Einsatzzweck des Skis können unterschiedliche Eigenfrequenzen des Skis angeregt werden, wobei sich von diesen wiederum gewisse Frequenzen störend auf das Fahrverhalten des Skis auswirken können. Diese störenden Schwingungen werden dabei durch die Anbringung von Schlitzen am Ort ihrer Schwingungs­knoten in optimaler Weise gedämpft.Advantageously, the slot (s) extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of the ski are each arranged in a vibration node of the vibrations of the ski, which results in optimal damping properties. The slots can be made over the entire length of the ski. The position of the vibration nodes depends on the type (mode) of the natural vibration (fundamental vibration, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, ... (harmonic). This in turn depends on the stiffness, distribution of stiffness, weight distribution, clamping, etc. of the ski Depending on the intended use of the ski, different natural frequencies of the ski can be excited, whereby certain frequencies in turn can have a disruptive effect on the skiing behavior of the ski.

Die Dämpfungseigenschaft der viskoelastischen oder viskosen Zwischenschicht wird dabei durch die Dicke der Zwischen­schicht, die Länge und Breite der Zwischenschicht, die Lage am Ski sowie die Anzahl der Dämpfer am Ski beeinflußt und kann dadurch in weiten Grenzen gemäß den Anforderungen eingestellt werden.The damping property of the viscoelastic or viscous intermediate layer is influenced by the thickness of the intermediate layer, the length and width of the intermediate layer, the position on the ski and the number of dampers on the ski and can therefore be set within wide limits according to the requirements.

Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist die Ausbildung so getroffen, daß die Breite der (des) Schlitze(s) in Skilängs­richtung 0,7 bis 2,5 mm, vorzugsweise etwa 1,5 mm, beträgt, wodurch den maximal auftretenden Schubbewegungen Rechnung getragen wird. Für eine weitere Verbesserung der Dämpfungs­eigenschaften wird vorzugsweise so vorgegangen, daß der (die) Schlitz(e) mit einem dämpfenden Material ausgefüllt ist (sind), wobei die Dämpfung durch Druckdeformation des dämpfenden Materials im Schlitz erfolgt.According to a preferred embodiment, the design is such that the width of the slot (s) in the longitudinal direction of the ski is 0.7 to 2.5 mm, preferably approximately 1.5 mm, whereby the maximum thrust movements occurring are taken into account. To further improve the damping properties, the procedure is preferably such that the slot (s) is (are) filled with a damping material, the damping being effected by pressure deformation of the damping material in the slot.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend an Hand eines in der Zeichnung schematisch dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher er­läutert. In dieser zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 eine Draufsicht auf einen erfindungsgemäßen Ski;
  • Fig.2 eine Seitenansicht des Skis mit montierter Bindung;
  • Fig.3 eine vergrößerte Detaildarstellung der Fig.2, und
  • Fig.4 einen Schnitt entlang der Linie IV-IV der Fig.1.
The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of an exemplary embodiment shown schematically in the drawing. In this show:
  • Fig. 1 is a plan view of a ski according to the invention;
  • 2 shows a side view of the ski with the binding installed;
  • 3 shows an enlarged detail of FIG. 2, and
  • 4 shows a section along the line IV-IV of Fig.1.

In Fig.1 ist schematisch ein erfindungsgemäßer Ski 1 dar­gestellt, welcher quer zur Skilängsrichtung verlaufende, sich über die gesamte Breite des Skis erstreckende Querschlitze 2 aufweist. In der Skioberfläche sind mehrere Langlöcher 3 für die Aufnahme von Befestigungsschrauben oder Bolzen für die Bindungsteile vorgesehen.1 schematically shows a ski 1 according to the invention, which has transverse slots 2 which extend transversely to the longitudinal direction of the ski and extend over the entire width of the ski. Several oblong holes 3 are provided in the ski surface for receiving fastening screws or bolts for the binding parts.

In Fig.2 ist eine Seitenansicht des erfindungsgemäßen Skis 1 gezeigt, aus welcher sich schematisch die Montage einer Bindung 4 in den in der Skioberfläche vorgesehenen Lang­löchern 3 entnehmen läßt. Die Bindungsteile 4 sind hiebei unter Ausbildung eines Luftspaltes 5 durch die Langlöcher 3 in den innenliegenden tragenden Teilen des Skis 1 festgelegt, so daß durch die Montage der Bindungsteile die Einleitung von Scherkräften in die Dämpfungsschicht des Skis nicht behindert wird.2 shows a side view of the ski 1 according to the invention, from which the assembly of a binding 4 in the elongated holes 3 provided in the ski surface can be seen schematically. The binding parts 4 are hiebei fixed by forming an air gap 5 through the elongated holes 3 in the inner load-bearing parts of the ski 1, so that the installation of the binding parts does not hinder the introduction of shear forces into the ski's damping layer.

Fig.3 zeigt den mehrschichtigen Aufbau des Obergurtes bzw. der darunter liegenden Dämpfungsschichten des Skis 1. Die aus Aluminium oder Stahl oder Thermo- und/oder duroplastischen Composits mit Glas-, Kohlenstoff-, Aramid-, Bor-Faser­verstärkung gefertigte äußere Schicht 6 des Obergurtes weist ebenso wie die darüber liegende konventionelle Deckschicht 7 des Skis sich quer über die gesamte Breite des Skis er­streckende Schlitze 2 auf. Diese Schlitze 2 werden unter Zwischenschaltung einer viskoelastischen Dämpfungsschicht 8 von einer weiteren aus Aluminium oder einem faserverstärkten Kunststofflaminat 9 gebildeten Schicht übergriffen. Unter dieser aus Aluminium oder faserverstärktem Kunststofflaminat bestehenden Schicht 9 befindet sich eine weitere, aus der­artigen Materialien gefertigte Schicht 10, welche sich über die gesamte Skilänge erstreckt. Durch diese Ausbildung werden zumindest zwei relativ stabile Lastverteilungsschichten ausgebildet, welche zur Aufnahme von Scherkräften geeignet sind. Der eigentliche Skikern ist in Fig.3 mit 11 bezeichnet.3 shows the multilayer structure of the upper flange or the damping layers of the ski 1 underneath. The outer layer 6 of the made of aluminum or steel or thermoplastic and / or thermosetting composites with glass, carbon, aramid, boron fiber reinforcement The upper flange, like the conventional cover layer 7 of the ski lying above it, has slots 2 which extend across the entire width of the ski. These slots 2 are covered by a further layer formed from aluminum or a fiber-reinforced plastic laminate 9 with the interposition of a viscoelastic damping layer 8. Below this layer 9, which is made of aluminum or fiber-reinforced plastic laminate, there is a further layer 10 made of such materials, which overlaps stretches the entire length of the ski. This configuration forms at least two relatively stable load distribution layers which are suitable for absorbing shear forces. The actual ski core is designated 11 in FIG.

In Fig.4 ist ein Querschnitt durch den erfindungsgemäßen Ski gezeigt. Bei dieser Ausbildung ist wiederum die äußere Schicht mit 6 bezeichnet, sowie die darüber liegende konven­tionelle Deckschicht des Skis mit 7 schematisch angedeutet. Die Schicht 6 wird bei dieser Ausbildung durch ein Langloch 3 zur Aufnahme von Bolzen bzw. Schrauben für die Bindungs­montage unterbrochen. Unter dieser äußeren, geschlitzten Schicht 6 liegt wiederum eine viskoelastische Dämpfungs­schicht 8, welche die insbesondere beim Fahren auftretenden, niederfrequenten Schwingungen aufnehmen soll. Die zweite Aluschicht bzw. die aus faserverstärktem Kunststofflaminat gebildete Schicht, welche die Langlöcher bzw. die Quer­schlitze in der Schicht 6 übergreift, sowie die darunter liegende, sich quer über die gesamte Länge des Skis er­streckende, aus dem gleichen oder anderem als das geschlitzte Laminat bestehendem Material gefertigte Schicht, sind in der Fig.4 wiederum mit 9 und 10 angedeutet. Unter dem Skikern 11 liegt der ebenfalls aus Aluminium oder faserverstärktem Kunststofflaminat gebildete Untergurt 12 des Skis. An diesem ebenfalls zur Aufnahme von Scherkräften geeigneten Untergurt 12 sind in konventioneller Weise eine Lauffläche 13 sowie Stahlkanten 14 angeordnet.4 shows a cross section through the ski according to the invention. In this embodiment, the outer layer is again designated by 6, and the conventional cover layer of the ski lying above is indicated schematically by 7. The layer 6 is interrupted in this embodiment by an elongated hole 3 for receiving bolts or screws for mounting the binding. Under this outer, slotted layer 6 there is in turn a viscoelastic damping layer 8 which is intended to absorb the low-frequency vibrations which occur in particular when driving. The second aluminum layer or the layer formed from fiber-reinforced plastic laminate, which overlaps the elongated holes or the transverse slots in layer 6, as well as the underlying one, which extends across the entire length of the ski and is made of the same or different than the slit laminate Material made layer are again indicated in Figure 4 with 9 and 10. The lower flange 12 of the ski, which is also formed from aluminum or fiber-reinforced plastic laminate, lies under the ski core 11. On this lower flange 12, which is also suitable for absorbing shear forces, a tread 13 and steel edges 14 are arranged in a conventional manner.

Claims (13)

1. Mehrschichtiger Ski (1) mit einem Obergurt, welcher zumindest über einen Teil der Länge des Skis aus wenigstens zwei, unter Zwischenschaltung einer viskoelastischen oder viskosen Dämpfungsschicht miteinander verbundenen Schichten (6,8,9) besteht, einem Kern (11) und einer Lauffläche (13), dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die äußere Schicht (6) des wenigstens drei Schichten aufweisenden Bereiches des Ober­gurtes wenigstens einen quer zur Skilängsrichtung ver­laufenden Schlitz (2) aufweist und daß der Schlitz (2) in Richtung zum Kern (11) von einer Laminatschicht unter Zwischenschaltung der viskoelastischen oder viskosen Dämpfungsschicht (8) überlappt ist.1. Multi-layer ski (1) with an upper belt, which at least over part of the length of the ski consists of at least two layers (6, 8, 9) connected to one another with the interposition of a viscoelastic or viscous damping layer, a core (11) and one Tread (13), characterized in that the outer layer (6) of the region of the upper flange having at least three layers has at least one slot (2) running transversely to the longitudinal direction of the ski and in that the slot (2) in the direction of the core (11) from one Laminate layer with the interposition of the viscoelastic or viscous damping layer (8) is overlapped. 2. Mehrschichtiger Ski nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekenn­zeichnet, daß der sich zumindest über einen Teilbereich der Länge des Skis erstreckende dreischichtige Obergurt in Richtung zum Skikern (11) mit einem durchgehenden Laminat (10), insbesondere einer Aluschicht oder einem faser­verstärkten Kunststofflaminat, verbunden ist.2. Multi-layer ski according to claim 1, characterized in that the three-layer upper flange extending at least over a portion of the length of the ski is connected in the direction of the ski core (11) with a continuous laminate (10), in particular an aluminum layer or a fiber-reinforced plastic laminate . 3. Mehrschichtiger Ski nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die äußere Schicht (6) des drei­schichtigen Obergurtes aus Aluminium oder Stahl oder Thermo- und/oder duroplastischen Composits mit Glas-, Kohlenstoff-, Aramid-, Bor-Faserverstärkung besteht, auf welches gegebe­nenfalls eine Deckschicht (7) aufgebracht ist.3. Multi-layer ski according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the outer layer (6) of the three-layer top flange made of aluminum or steel or thermoplastic and / or thermosetting composite with glass, carbon, aramid, boron fiber reinforcement, to which a cover layer (7) is optionally applied. 4. Mehrschichtiger Ski nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die den (die) Schlitz(e) (2) der äußeren Schicht (6) unter Zwischenschaltung der viskoelastischen oder viskosen Dämpfungsschicht (8) überlappende Schicht (9) als Aluminiumschicht oder faserverstärktes Kunststofflaminat ausgebildet ist.4. Multi-layer ski according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the (the) slot (s) (2) of the outer layer (6) with the interposition of the viscoelastic or viscous damping layer (8) overlapping layer (9) as Aluminum layer or fiber-reinforced plastic laminate is formed. 5. Mehrschichtiger Ski nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die viskoelastische oder viskose Zwischenschicht (8) aus einem elastomeren Kunststoff mit einem E-Modul von 10⁷ bis 10¹⁰Pa, vorzugsweise ca. 10⁸Pa und einem Verlustfaktor tan δ>0,8, vorzugsweise einem tan δ von ca. 1,5, besteht.5. Multi-layer ski according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the viscoelastic or viscous intermediate layer (8) made of an elastomeric plastic with a modulus of elasticity of 10 10 to 10¹⁰Pa, preferably about 10⁸Pa and a loss factor tan δ> 0, 8, preferably a tan δ of approximately 1.5. 6. Mehrschichtiger Ski nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die viskoelastische oder viskose Schicht (8) eine Stärke von 0,3 - 2,5 mm, vorzugsweise 0,7 - 1,3 mm, aufweist.6. Multi-layer ski according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the viscoelastic or viscous layer (8) has a thickness of 0.3-2.5 mm, preferably 0.7-1.3 mm. 7. Mehrschichtiger Ski nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die äußere, wenigstens einen Querschlitz (2) aufweisende Schicht (6) im Bereich der Bindungsteile in Skilängsrichtung verlaufende Durchbrechungen bzw. Langlöcher (3) für die Aufnahme von Befestigungs­schrauben oder Bolzen für die Bindungsteile aufweist.7. Multi-layer ski according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the outer, at least one transverse slot (2) having layer (6) in the region of the binding parts in the ski longitudinal direction openings or elongated holes (3) for receiving fastening screws or Has bolts for the binding parts. 8. Mehrschichtiger Ski nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der (die) Querschlitz(e) (2) der äußeren Schicht (6) sich bis zur Seitenkante des Skis er­streckt (erstrecken).8. Multi-layer ski according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the (the) transverse slot (s) (2) of the outer layer (6) extends (extend) to the side edge of the ski. 9. Mehrschichtiger Ski nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der (die) Querschlitz(e) (2) der äußeren Schicht (6) sich durchgehend über die gesamte Breite der äußeren Schicht (6) erstreckt (erstrecken).9. Multi-layer ski according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the (the) transverse slot (s) (2) of the outer layer (6) extends (extend) over the entire width of the outer layer (6). 10. Mehrschichtiger Ski nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Breite der (des) Schlitze(s) (2) in Skilängsrichtung 0,7 bis 2,5 mm, vorzugsweise etwa 1,5 mm, beträgt.10. Multi-layer ski according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the width of the (the) slots (s) (2) in the longitudinal direction of the ski 0.7 to 2.5 mm, preferably about 1.5 mm. 11. Mehrschichtiger Ski nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der (die) Schlitz(e) (2) mit einem dämpfenden Material ausgefüllt ist (sind).11. Multi-layer ski according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the slot (s) (2) is (are) filled with a damping material. 12. Mehrschichtiger Ski nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bindungsteile unter Zwischen­schaltung einer Gleitschicht oder unter Ausbildung eines Luftspaltes an der Außenschicht (6) des Skis (1) ange­schlossen sind.12. Multi-layer ski according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the binding parts are connected with the interposition of a sliding layer or with the formation of an air gap on the outer layer (6) of the ski (1). 13. Mehrschichtiger Ski nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der (die) quer zur Skilängs­richtung verlaufende(n) Schlitz(e) (2) jeweils in einem Schwingungsknoten der Schwingungen des Skis (1) angeordnet ist (sind).13. Multi-layer ski according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the (the) transverse to the longitudinal direction (s) slot (s) (2) is arranged in a vibration node of the vibrations of the ski (1) .
EP89890152A 1988-05-26 1989-05-19 Ski with damping layers Expired - Lifetime EP0344146B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT1386/88A AT391088B (en) 1988-05-26 1988-05-26 SKI WITH DAMPING LAYERS
AT1386/88 1988-05-26

Publications (3)

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EP0344146A2 true EP0344146A2 (en) 1989-11-29
EP0344146A3 EP0344146A3 (en) 1990-09-19
EP0344146B1 EP0344146B1 (en) 1993-05-12

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US (1) US5092618A (en)
EP (1) EP0344146B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH0661377B2 (en)
AT (2) AT391088B (en)
CA (1) CA1316557C (en)
DE (1) DE58904309D1 (en)

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DE3933717A1 (en) * 1988-10-10 1990-04-12 Varpat Patentverwertung Ski for downhill skiing - has top bearing layer and bottom multilayer portion with core between
EP0441971A1 (en) * 1989-08-28 1991-08-21 Toray Industries, Inc. Sporting goods and shock absorbing material used by being fitted to the sporting goods
WO1991012860A1 (en) * 1990-02-21 1991-09-05 Kästle Aktiengesellschaft Ski with integrated binding securing plates
FR2660385A1 (en) * 1990-04-03 1991-10-04 Rossignol Sa Beam equipped with a progressive vibration-damping device
FR2664823A1 (en) * 1990-07-19 1992-01-24 Rossignol Sa Alpine ski
WO1992022361A1 (en) * 1991-06-17 1992-12-23 Trimble & Co., Inc. Ski binding block
EP0561182A1 (en) * 1992-03-20 1993-09-22 HTM Sport- und Freizeitgeräte Aktiengesellschaft Arrangement for fitting a plate to the upper surface of a ski
US5303948A (en) * 1991-02-08 1994-04-19 Salomon S.A. Ski for winter sports comprising an assembly platform for the bindings
FR2698012A1 (en) * 1992-11-19 1994-05-20 Rossignol Sa Ski structure with elastic bars forming shock absorber - includes bars engaging in hollows across upper surface of core in sliding zone and covered by upper covering and edges
FR2706319A1 (en) * 1993-06-11 1994-12-23 Rossignol Sa Vibration damper fastened on the topsheet (upper face) of an alpine (downhill) ski
US5421574A (en) * 1989-08-28 1995-06-06 Toray Industries, Inc. Sports instrument and impact-absorbing element to be attached to sports instrument
WO1995021663A1 (en) * 1994-02-14 1995-08-17 Georg Ignatius Sliding body, in particular a ski or runner
AT402156B (en) * 1990-05-02 1997-02-25 Fischer Gmbh A ski, especially an alpine ski
FR2748399A1 (en) * 1996-05-09 1997-11-14 Rossignol Sa Snow-board shock absorber
FR2763861A1 (en) * 1997-05-30 1998-12-04 Rossignol Sa One-piece ski platform for boot fastenings

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DE8911516U1 (en) * 1989-09-27 1990-10-25 Blizzard Ges.M.B.H., Mittersill, Salzburg, At
AT402157B (en) * 1990-08-07 1997-02-25 Varpat Patentverwertung Plate-shaped damping device for a ski binding
FR2675392B1 (en) * 1991-04-22 1995-06-23 Salomon Sa DAMPING DEVICE FOR SKIING.
FR2689411B1 (en) * 1992-04-01 1994-06-03 Salomon Sa SKI COMPRISING A BASE AND A TWO-PART STIFFENER CONNECTED TO THE BASE.
US5538272A (en) * 1994-03-21 1996-07-23 Peart; Stephen Tunable snowboard
US6352268B1 (en) 1994-09-19 2002-03-05 Stephen Peart Snowboard with transitioning convex/concave curvature
US6267402B1 (en) * 1999-03-30 2001-07-31 Nitinol Technologies, Inc. Nitinol ski structures
FR2809024B1 (en) 2000-05-18 2002-07-12 Look Fixations Sa DEVICE FOR INCREASING AT LEAST ONE FIXING ELEMENT USED ON A SLIDING BOARD
US6916035B2 (en) 2001-01-23 2005-07-12 Russell A. Houser Athletic devices and other devices with superelastic components

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GB2000571A (en) * 1977-06-29 1979-01-10 Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm A vibration damping layer
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Cited By (20)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2638370A1 (en) * 1988-10-10 1990-05-04 Varpat Patentverwertung SKI WITH MOBILE BASE LAYER PART RELATIVELY TO HIS SOUL
DE3933717A1 (en) * 1988-10-10 1990-04-12 Varpat Patentverwertung Ski for downhill skiing - has top bearing layer and bottom multilayer portion with core between
EP0441971A4 (en) * 1989-08-28 1992-09-30 Toray Industries, Inc. Sporting goods and shock absorbing material used by being fitted to the sporting goods
EP0441971A1 (en) * 1989-08-28 1991-08-21 Toray Industries, Inc. Sporting goods and shock absorbing material used by being fitted to the sporting goods
US5421574A (en) * 1989-08-28 1995-06-06 Toray Industries, Inc. Sports instrument and impact-absorbing element to be attached to sports instrument
WO1991012860A1 (en) * 1990-02-21 1991-09-05 Kästle Aktiengesellschaft Ski with integrated binding securing plates
FR2660385A1 (en) * 1990-04-03 1991-10-04 Rossignol Sa Beam equipped with a progressive vibration-damping device
AT402156B (en) * 1990-05-02 1997-02-25 Fischer Gmbh A ski, especially an alpine ski
FR2664823A1 (en) * 1990-07-19 1992-01-24 Rossignol Sa Alpine ski
US5303948A (en) * 1991-02-08 1994-04-19 Salomon S.A. Ski for winter sports comprising an assembly platform for the bindings
WO1992022361A1 (en) * 1991-06-17 1992-12-23 Trimble & Co., Inc. Ski binding block
US5344176A (en) * 1991-06-17 1994-09-06 Trimble Alan M Ski binding block
US5413371A (en) * 1991-06-17 1995-05-09 Trimble; Alan M. Ski binding block
EP0561182A1 (en) * 1992-03-20 1993-09-22 HTM Sport- und Freizeitgeräte Aktiengesellschaft Arrangement for fitting a plate to the upper surface of a ski
FR2698012A1 (en) * 1992-11-19 1994-05-20 Rossignol Sa Ski structure with elastic bars forming shock absorber - includes bars engaging in hollows across upper surface of core in sliding zone and covered by upper covering and edges
US5865459A (en) * 1992-11-19 1999-02-02 Skis Rossignol S.A. Ski structure
FR2706319A1 (en) * 1993-06-11 1994-12-23 Rossignol Sa Vibration damper fastened on the topsheet (upper face) of an alpine (downhill) ski
WO1995021663A1 (en) * 1994-02-14 1995-08-17 Georg Ignatius Sliding body, in particular a ski or runner
FR2748399A1 (en) * 1996-05-09 1997-11-14 Rossignol Sa Snow-board shock absorber
FR2763861A1 (en) * 1997-05-30 1998-12-04 Rossignol Sa One-piece ski platform for boot fastenings

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE58904309D1 (en) 1993-06-17
ATA138688A (en) 1990-02-15
AT391088B (en) 1990-08-10
US5092618A (en) 1992-03-03
EP0344146A3 (en) 1990-09-19
JPH02147077A (en) 1990-06-06
JPH0661377B2 (en) 1994-08-17
CA1316557C (en) 1993-04-20
EP0344146B1 (en) 1993-05-12
ATE89182T1 (en) 1993-05-15

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