EP0628780B1 - Système de visée pour aéronef - Google Patents
Système de visée pour aéronef Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0628780B1 EP0628780B1 EP94400904A EP94400904A EP0628780B1 EP 0628780 B1 EP0628780 B1 EP 0628780B1 EP 94400904 A EP94400904 A EP 94400904A EP 94400904 A EP94400904 A EP 94400904A EP 0628780 B1 EP0628780 B1 EP 0628780B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sighting system
- aircraft
- observation
- fire
- axial
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41G—WEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
- F41G3/00—Aiming or laying means
- F41G3/22—Aiming or laying means for vehicle-borne armament, e.g. on aircraft
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an aiming system for a aircraft, in particular a rotary wing aircraft, such as a helicopter.
- the optical sighting system for aircraft is mounted in a nacelle comprising a first part fixed to the aircraft, a second part which can be oriented relative to said first part around a first axis, and a third part orientable with respect to said second part around a axis orthogonal to the first axis mentioned.
- patent FR-2 570 195 relates to a device for search for targets, comprising a camera mounted on a tilting stabilization platform, on board of an aircraft.
- the movement of the platform stabilization can be a triangular movement, sinusoidal, sawtooth, or spiral.
- the object of the present invention is to avoid these drawbacks, and concerns a sighting system easily integrated into its carrier (aircraft) and can be easily adapted to different carriers, missions and armaments.
- the aiming system for an aircraft is remarkable, according to the invention, in that it comprises the combination of a first individual observation device, laterally integrated into the aircraft, and a second individual axial firing device, integrated in front of the aircraft, said first and second devices being connected to the on-board computer of the aircraft.
- the combination of observation devices and separate sight according to the invention constitutes an architecture original due to the specific fixed location of said devices integrated into the aircraft.
- the architecture of the sighting system according to the invention thanks its modular nature, makes it possible to satisfy the whole existing and projected operational needs, while responding to the many constraints of achieving these functions on an aircraft, in particular a wing aircraft rotating, such as a helicopter.
- the modular nature of this architecture allows, in particular, to quickly configure the carrier aircraft for a specific mission and a armament given, by the installation of detectors and appropriate guidance equipment, and reduce equipment integration and harmonization constraints on the carrier aircraft.
- the first observation device includes two sensors integrated directly on the fuselage of the aircraft on either side of the axis, respectively longitudinal of the latter, and covering, each, approximately 180 ° in deposit and 20 ° to 40 ° on site. This allows to cover a sweep range in 360 ° bearing.
- each sensor having a plurality of elementary detectors, may include a first optic scanning comprising a scanning prism in bearing, making it possible to obtain a reservoir sweeping layer, and a tilting prism of said sheet making it possible to perform site scanning.
- each sensor can include a second optic, allowing the exploration of part of the total field, which includes a sweeping mirror in bearing, rotating at reduced speed, and a retractable lens.
- the second axial firing device can be, either integrated into the nose of the aircraft, or integrated into the aircraft above its cockpit.
- the second axial firing device comprises a thermal camera with two simultaneous fields, namely a large field for the acquisition of objectives and a small field for long-range identification and engagement of a specific target.
- the first observation device and the second axial firing device working in the strip of 8 to 12 micrometers (infrared range).
- the first observation device can work further in the 3 to 5 micrometer band, and / or in the band from 0.45 to 0.9 micrometer, as well as being associated with a speed camera.
- the system aiming device comprises means for memorizing targets detected by the first observation device and / or alarms associated with the first observation device, active for fire control.
- sensors working in the field infrared or visible allow the piloting of the aircraft in fire control mode.
- different color symbologies are used according to the results of the identification procedure friend / enemy.
- observation device may have a visualization by visual helmet visor, and the device axial fire, head-up display or visualization in average head. Only shooting symbologies are possibly represented on a clear viewfinder at the head high.
- Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of a helicopter, showing the location of the sighting system according to the invention.
- Figure 2 shows, in a simplified and schematic way, the optical chain of a sensor of the observation device.
- Figure 3 shows the two simultaneous images provided by the two-field thermal camera of the shooting device axial.
- Helicopter 1 shown in Figure 1, has essentially, as is usual, a fuselage 2 extending along the longitudinal axis X-X of the helicopter, a post steering 3, a rotary wing 4, and a fin 5 fitted with an anti-torque propeller 6. Furthermore, it has two fins 7 (only one is visible in Figure 1) intended to receive armaments (missiles, rockets), a barrel which can be possibly accommodated in the nose 8 of the device.
- armaments missiles, rockets
- the aiming system comprises the combination a first individual observation device 9, laterally integrated into the aircraft (in this application example, helicopter 1), and a second individual device axial fire 10, integrated in the front of the aircraft, the first and second devices 9,10 being connected to the computer on board 11 of the aircraft.
- the observation device 9 comprises two optoelectronic sensors 12a, 12b, directly integrated on the fuselage 2 of the helicopter 1 on both sides, respectively, from the latter's longitudinal axis X-X, that is to say, each on a side 2a, 2b of the helicopter, and covering, each, about 180 ° in bearing and 20 ° to 40 ° on site, as illustrated by the volumes observation 13a, 13b in Figure 1.
- a cover 360 ° observation angle can thus be obtained.
- each sensor 12a, 12b has an optical window with three windows planes 14a, 14b.
- the field covered by the axial firing device 10, which can be either integrated in the nose 8 of the helicopter 1, either integrated into the helicopter 1 above cockpit 3 of this last, is designated by the reference numeral 15.
- Figure 2 illustrates the optical chain of each of the sensors 12a, 12b.
- Each of the sensors 12a, 12b comprising a matrix 16 of elementary detectors 17, the conjugate of the array of detectors is moved in object space by a first scanning optic comprising a prism 18 of field sweep, capable of performing an excursion of 180 °, and thus obtain a sweeping sheet 19 in deposit, while a sheet tilting prism 20 allows for site scanning, the assembly performing a superposition of horizontal layers 19, covering 180 ° in deposit and from 20 ° to 40 ° on site.
- a second lens allows exploration part of the total field (approximately 1 ° x 1 ° among 180 ° x 40 °).
- This second optic includes a mirror scanning in deposit 21 which, rotating at reduced speed, in an alternating movement, in a limited part of the total field, receives more photons, which allows get better contrast (better resolution).
- the fitting a retractable lens (magnifying glass) 22 ensures moreover a better definition of the image.
- the band the best suited spectral should be the band from 8 to 12 micrometers (infrared range). Its complement by the band from 3 to 5 micrometers can be considered.
- the second function can be performed by a mode of sub-scanning of the total field of the first function, thanks to the second optic 21,22 described above.
- the gain of range compared to the first function is obtained thanks to increasing the integration time of elementary detectors (up to complete scanning stop) and, possibly, by the interposition of the lens focusing 22 specific to this mode.
- the value of the field required is of the order of the degree.
- the spectral band of 8 to 12 micrometers offers the operator the advantages and disadvantages of thermal imaging.
- the usefulness of supplementing it with an intensifying image of light in the visible range (0.45 to 0.9 micrometer) can be considered.
- the first standby function can be supplemented by a active electromagnetic sensor with the advantages suitable for radar detection (range, capacity all time, Doppler effect detection).
- this device active is not effective for target detection land, apart from helicopters, and present the disadvantage of lack of discretion inherent in the principle radar detection.
- the third function of this observation device 9 can also be the pointing and the implementation of armaments. It requires angular measurements and distance. The angular measurements are obtained by copying position of scanning optics. Distance measurements are obtained by stadimetry, triangulation or telemetry.
- the axial firing device 10 consists of a certain number of elements whose choice depends on the configuration mission and armament of the helicopter. These are mounted directly on the structure of helicopter 1. They are harmonized with each other and with the structure by a integrated system or ground harmonization bench.
- the axial firing device 10 has all the functions an air-to-air optoelectronic firing line and air-ground.
- the simultaneous acquisition of these two images can be obtained by known means (as described, for example, in the document "Multiple Function Flir - A Second Generation Pilotage and Targeting System”: Symposium AGARD-CP411, "Advances in Guidance and Control Systems and Technology ", 7-10 October 1986, London), using a single detection module using time-sharing each of two optical channels.
- the image magnified in small field could be presented, either in inlay in the large field, at the place of detection, either in "Head Down Display” screen.
- This principle allows a certain multi-target capacity, by rapid sequential processing of detected objectives.
- the essential function of this device being the shooting, the tape 8 to 12 micrometers seems the most appropriate.
- the use of a 0.45-0.9 sensor micrometer could be considered to complete it.
- armaments is carried out from the large field image or the small field overlay, after telemetry and hooking up of automatic tracking and thanks to specific armaments guidance equipment.
- the location, on the structure, of these different pieces of equipment can be considered at the current locations of gyro-stabilized platforms (nose, roof).
- the first observation device 9 performs part of the functions traditionally assigned to the skipper, in its role of leading the mission and researching targets. It also allows short reflex engagement range of highly devoid targets, for self-protection or opportunity shooting.
- the acquisition requires the completion of angular and distance measurements, for the designation of missile seeker objectives and conduct in the axis.
- the acquisition phase must be able to be concluded, under certain conditions, by firing certain armaments (gun mounted on turret, air-to-air missiles) in engagement with short range, without necessarily using the phase to join the helicopter and take charge of objectives by the conduct of fire in the axis.
- This short-range engagement involves the identification of short-range targets, possibly using a magnification or friend / foe identification procedure (IFF).
- IFF magnification or friend / foe identification procedure
- this function will hardly be used insofar as the engagement will be made at distances short enough to allow identification visual.
- Air-to-air missile rigging is also required.
- the helicopter rallying possibly by a mode specific autopilot, can also be asked for the implementation, at short range, of armaments axial orientable in site (guns, rocket launchers).
- the second axial firing device 10 constitutes a pipe of multi-armament fire, available to the pilot and the skipper, capable of implementing, thanks to his high accuracy and range performance, all helicopter armaments, in their entire area shooting.
- this principle makes it possible to mount the different elements of the fire control (infrared detectors, camera, rangefinders, equipment for guiding armaments, among others) directly on the structure of the helicopter and not, for example, on a platform gyro-stabilized.
- This architecture gives the system a modular character for quick configuration the helicopter for a specific mission and armament given, by installation of detectors and equipment appropriate guidance, and reduce integration constraints and harmonization of equipment on the helicopter.
- Direct target acquisition is possible by driving in the axis. It can be done by the pilot, as is the case with the "head-up" viewfinder ("Head Up Display”) or clear sight, for self-protection shots at short range with air-to-air missile or cannon. On the other hand, the care and commitment of the targets to long range (air-air and air-ground) are performed, as this is usual, by the skipper (gunner).
- the assumption, by the firing line in the axis, of targets detected by the first observation device 9 requires a lens designation function between the observation device 9 and the axial firing device 10, via the on-board computer 11.
- the acquisition is then done in the same way as for a detection direct, after rallying the helicopter in the direction of the detected target.
- the performance of the observation device 9 may not always be sufficient for identification. Under these conditions, the rallying of the helicopter and handling by the firing device axial 10 (firing line in the axis) will remove the ambiguity up to the maximum system identification range in his outfit.
- the telemetry function intervenes just before the implementation of the armament. She may be obtained in several ways: stadimetry, triangulation, telemetry.
- the fire control function concerns the implementation armaments. It must be compatible with the largest possible number of armaments and offer all possibilities of modes and commands linked to their use (continuation automatic, manual remote control). In particular, he must be possible to integrate specific guidance equipment of these weapons (distance meters, laser illuminator, alignment laser beam generator). The performance required for the implementation of long-range armaments makes it necessary to have a harmonization function.
- the functions of the observation device make it suitable for helmet visor control and visualization (head-up display), fast and not very demanding in range and pointing accuracy.
- the treatment of detections in automatic mode could, in this configuration, generate a symbology of the order director type (up / down, right / left, site / deposit) for acquisition manual and observation on such a viewfinder, by rallying from the operator's head or by rallying the helicopter, for taking charge of the fire control in the axis.
- the functions of the axial firing device can be entirely produced in the band from 8 to 12 micrometers by a camera with two simultaneous fields. Visualization suitable for this function can be considered head up. In this configuration, the use of a clear viewfinder is not possible in the current state of technology, insofar as the intensity of the infrared image delivered by the monitor may not be sufficient to be superimposed, in good conditions, in all cases of light atmospheres encountered.
- Detection of targets from the observation system or the axial firing device generate symbologies superimposed on the optoelectronic image of the outside world (markers, identification interrogator results friend / enemy, telemetry) allowing the operator to engage in sequence and in order of priority. For that, he move a cursor on its "medium head” screen, select if necessary, the opening of the magnification window, inside which automatic tracking can be engaged and the shot made, by hooking the seeker air-to-air or air-to-ground missiles, support for guidance by passive distance meters, laser beams directors or illuminators, implementation of firing (cannon or rockets).
- a simplified version of the axis firing device can also be considered, which does not present an image optoelectronics in the axis. Only shooting symbologies are then presented on a clear "head-up" viewfinder. In this case the infrared image of the outside world exists but it is not displayed. It is only operated by automatic detection and tracking computers which generate the associated symbologies, directly superimposed on the transmitted image of the outside world. In in particular, the embedded zoom function cannot be carried out. On the other hand, the image with a small orientable field can be presented and operated on a "head down" screen in infrared or visible, depending on the sensors used.
- the targets detected by the first device can be stored for analysis later, for example in the on-board computer 11 of the aircraft.
- alarms can be associated with the first observation device, active with a view to fire control, while color symbologies different may be used depending on the results of the friend / foe identification procedure (IFF).
- IFF friend / foe identification procedure
Description
- d'une fonction d'observation et de détection omnidirectionnelle pour la recherche d'objectifs et la conduite de la mission ;
- d'une fonction de tir, d'une part, rapide, dans un large champ de débattement, pour la désignation d'objectif et le tir réflexe des armements d'autoprotection et, d'autre part, précise, dans un champ réduit de quelques dizaines de degrés, centré autour de l'axe longitudinal de l'aéronef, pour la mise en oeuvre des armements à longue portée.
- une composante assurant les fonctions de veille omnidirectionnelle,
d'observation et de pointage ("dispositif
d'observation") :
- capable de détecter des cibles aériennes et terrestres de façon automatique ;
- offrant des capacités d'observation, par télépointage, d'un champ réduit et avec un grossissement déterminé, pour la validation des détections et la reconnaissance des cibles ;
- permettant la prise en charge, pour la conduite de tir dans l'axe ("dispositif de tir axial"), de cibles éloignées et fortement dépointées, après ralliement de l'axe de l'aéronef ;
- une composante de tir dans l'axe, performante du point de vue de la qualité de la visionique et de la précision de pointage et d'harmonisation des voies optiques des différents capteurs, mais peu complexe du fait de l'absence de besoin d'orientation et de stabilisation de leurs supports (le terme "capteur", tel qu'utilisé ici, s'applique à un dispositif optoélectronique de détection).
- une fonction de veille panoramique automatique,
- une fonction d'observation dans un champ réduit, orientable par pointage télécommandé.
- une image de grand champ 23 (typiquement 40° x 30° et grossissement x1) non orientable, dans l'axe de l'hélicoptère, pour l'acquisition des objectifs 24,25 directement ou par désignation du dispositif d'observation 9 [des symbologies différentes (marqueurs) sont utilisées pour les objectifs aériens 24 et terrestres 25] ;
- une image de petit champ à fort grossissement 26 (typiquement 1° et x10) orientable et incrustée à l'intérieur du grand champ, pour l'identification et l'engagement à longue portée d'une cible déterminée 27.
- directement, ce qui nécessite la présence d'un champ large, de l'ordre de celui du pilotage (typiquement 40° x 30°) et de grossissement x1, pour assurer la continuité avec la vision extérieure directe ;
- à partir d'une désignation d'objectif du dispositif d'observation 9, grâce à une symbologie appropriée apparaissant dans l'axe de l'hélicoptère et préconisant un mode de ralliement de ce dernier.
- une tâche de veille omnidirectionnelle automatique, air-air et air-sol, permettant un balayage systématique de l'espace pour la détection des cibles ;
- une tâche d'observation dans un champ réduit, orientable par télépointage, similaire à celle généralement effectuée par le chef de bord pour la recherche d'objectifs. Cette dernière permet en outre la validation, à un niveau défini de reconnaissance et d'identification, des détections effectuées automatiquement par la veille omnidirectionnelle.
- elle contraint l'opérateur à quitter des yeux l'environnement extérieur, ce qui rend délicate la tâche simultanée de pilotage ;
- dans l'état actuel de la technologie, elle nécessite l'utilisation d'un moniteur spécifique ayant une résolution suffisante que n'atteignent pas encore les écrans à multiples fonctions.
Claims (19)
- Système de visée pour un aéronef, notamment un aéronef à voilure tournante, tel qu'un hélicoptère,
caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte la combinaison d'un premier dispositif individuel d'observation (9), intégré latéralement à l'aéronef (1), et d'un second dispositif individuel de tir axial (10), intégré à l'avant de l'aéronef (1), lesdits premier et second dispositifs (9,10) étant reliés au calculateur de bord (11) de l'aéronef (1). - Système de visée selon la revendication 1,
caractérisé en ce que le premier dispositif d'observation (9) comprend deux capteurs (12a,12b) intégrés directement sur le fuselage (2) de l'aéronef (1) de part et d'autre, respectivement, de l'axe longitudinal (X-X) de ce dernier, et couvrant, chacun, environ 180° en gisement et de 20° à 40° en site. - Système de visée selon la revendication 2,
caractérisé en ce que chaque capteur (12a,12b), présentant une pluralité de détecteurs élémentaires (17), comporte une première optique de balayage comprenant un prisme de balayage en gisement (18), permettant d'obtenir une nappe de balayage en gisement (19), et un prisme de basculement (20) de ladite nappe (19) permettant d'effectuer le balayage en site. - Système de visée selon la revendication 3,
caractérisé en ce que chaque capteur (12a,12b) comporte une seconde optique, permettant l'exploration d'une partie du champ total, qui comprend un miroir de balayage en gisement (21), tournant à vitesse réduite, et une lentille (22) escamotable. - Système de visée selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4,
caractérisé en ce que le second dispositif de tir axial (10) est intégré dans le nez (8) de l'aéronef (1). - Système de visée selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4,
caractérisé en ce que le second dispositif de tir axial (10) est intégré à l'aéronef (1) au-dessus du poste de pilotage (3) de celui-ci. - Système de visée selon la revendication 5 ou la revendication 6,
caractérisé en ce que le second dispositif de tir axial comprend une caméra thermique (10) à deux champs simultanés, à savoir un grand champ (23) pour l'acquisition des objectifs (24,25) et un petit champ (26) pour l'identification et l'engagement à longue portée d'une cible déterminée (27). - Système de visée selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7,
caractérisé en ce que le premier dispositif d'observation (9) et le second dispositif de tir axial (10) travaillent dans la bande de 8 à 12 micromètres. - Système de visée selon la revendication 8,
caractérisé en ce que le premier dispositif d'observation (9) travaille de plus dans la bande de 3 à 5 micromètres. - Système de visée selon la revendication 8 ou la revendication 9,
caractérisé en ce que le premier dispositif d'observation (9) travaille de plus dans la bande de 0,45 à 0,9 micromètre. - Système de visée selon l'une quelconque des revendications 8 à 10,
caractérisé en ce que le premier dispositif d'observation (9) est associé à un radar. - Système de visée selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11,
caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend des moyens de mémorisation des cibles détectées par le premier dispositif d'observation (9). - Système de visée selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 12,
caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend des alarmes, associées au premier dispositif d'observation (9), actives en vue de la conduite de tir. - Système de visée selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 13,
caractérisé en ce que des capteurs travaillant dans le domaine infrarouge ou visible permettent le pilotage de l'aéronef en mode de conduite de tir. - Système de visée selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 14,
caractérisé en ce que des symbologies de couleurs différentes sont utilisées en fonction des résultats de la procédure d'identification ami/ennemi. - Système de visée selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 15,
caractérisé en ce que le dispositif d'observation (9) présente une visualisation par viseur visuel de casque. - Système de visée selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 16,
caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de tir axial (10) présente une visualisation en tête haute. - Système de visée selon la revendication 17,
caractérisé en ce que seules les symbologies de tir sont représentées sur un viseur clair en tête haute. - Système de visée selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 16,
caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de tir axial (10) présente une visualisation en tête moyenne.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9306919A FR2706599B1 (fr) | 1993-06-09 | 1993-06-09 | Système de visée pour aéronef. |
FR9306919 | 1993-06-09 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0628780A1 EP0628780A1 (fr) | 1994-12-14 |
EP0628780B1 true EP0628780B1 (fr) | 1998-01-28 |
Family
ID=9447926
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP94400904A Expired - Lifetime EP0628780B1 (fr) | 1993-06-09 | 1994-04-27 | Système de visée pour aéronef |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5483865A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0628780B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3606601B2 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69408210T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2706599B1 (fr) |
IL (1) | IL109546A (fr) |
Families Citing this family (29)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE4413916A1 (de) * | 1994-04-21 | 1995-11-02 | Bodenseewerk Geraetetech | Einrichtung zur passiven Freund/Feind-Unterscheidung |
FR2741363B1 (fr) * | 1995-11-17 | 1998-02-20 | Carbone Ind | Procede et four d'activation d'une nappe textile tissee ou non tissee a base de fils continus ou de fils de fibres carbonees |
FR2751761B1 (fr) * | 1996-07-24 | 1998-10-23 | Sfim Ind | Systeme d'observation ou de visee |
DE19647756C1 (de) * | 1996-11-19 | 1998-06-04 | Eurocopter Deutschland | Elektrooptisches Verfahren zur statischen Harmonisierung von Waffensystemen und Luftfahrzeugen |
DE19829710A1 (de) * | 1998-07-03 | 2000-01-13 | Lfk Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Vorbereitung der vollautomatischen Harmonisierung der Sichtlinien von Visier und Suchkopf bei einer auf einem Fluggerät eingerichteten Waffenanlage |
US6166679A (en) * | 1999-01-13 | 2000-12-26 | Lemelson Jerome H. | Friend or foe detection system and method and expert system military action advisory system and method |
FR2800035B1 (fr) * | 1999-10-25 | 2001-12-28 | Aerospatiale Matra Missiles | Dispositif de suspension pour relier un equipement embarque a la structure d'un vehicule, notamment un aeronef a voilure tournante |
DE10151597C1 (de) * | 2001-10-18 | 2003-05-15 | Howaldtswerke Deutsche Werft | System und Verfahren zur Erkennung und Abwehr von Laserbedrohungen und Unterwasserobjekten für Unterwasserfahrzeuge |
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-
1993
- 1993-06-09 FR FR9306919A patent/FR2706599B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1994
- 1994-04-27 DE DE69408210T patent/DE69408210T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-04-27 EP EP94400904A patent/EP0628780B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-05-02 US US08/236,442 patent/US5483865A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-05-04 IL IL109546A patent/IL109546A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-06-09 JP JP12784194A patent/JP3606601B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
IL109546A (en) | 1997-09-30 |
JPH0710091A (ja) | 1995-01-13 |
FR2706599A1 (fr) | 1994-12-23 |
US5483865A (en) | 1996-01-16 |
EP0628780A1 (fr) | 1994-12-14 |
DE69408210T2 (de) | 1998-05-28 |
DE69408210D1 (de) | 1998-03-05 |
FR2706599B1 (fr) | 1995-08-18 |
JP3606601B2 (ja) | 2005-01-05 |
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