EP0629361A1 - Foot support, in particular insole for diabetes patients - Google Patents

Foot support, in particular insole for diabetes patients Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0629361A1
EP0629361A1 EP94104761A EP94104761A EP0629361A1 EP 0629361 A1 EP0629361 A1 EP 0629361A1 EP 94104761 A EP94104761 A EP 94104761A EP 94104761 A EP94104761 A EP 94104761A EP 0629361 A1 EP0629361 A1 EP 0629361A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
foot
footbed
layer
cover layer
base body
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Granted
Application number
EP94104761A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0629361B1 (en
Inventor
Jürgen Stumpf
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B7/00—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements
    • A43B7/14—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements with foot-supporting parts
    • A43B7/1405—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements with foot-supporting parts with pads or holes on one or more locations, or having an anatomical or curved form
    • A43B7/141—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements with foot-supporting parts with pads or holes on one or more locations, or having an anatomical or curved form having an anatomical or curved form
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B17/00—Insoles for insertion, e.g. footbeds or inlays, for attachment to the shoe after the upper has been joined
    • A43B17/02—Insoles for insertion, e.g. footbeds or inlays, for attachment to the shoe after the upper has been joined wedge-like or resilient
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B17/00—Insoles for insertion, e.g. footbeds or inlays, for attachment to the shoe after the upper has been joined
    • A43B17/14—Insoles for insertion, e.g. footbeds or inlays, for attachment to the shoe after the upper has been joined made of sponge, rubber, or plastic materials
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B7/00—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements
    • A43B7/14—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements with foot-supporting parts
    • A43B7/1405—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements with foot-supporting parts with pads or holes on one or more locations, or having an anatomical or curved form
    • A43B7/1455—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements with foot-supporting parts with pads or holes on one or more locations, or having an anatomical or curved form with special properties
    • A43B7/147—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements with foot-supporting parts with pads or holes on one or more locations, or having an anatomical or curved form with special properties for sick or disabled persons, e.g. persons having osteoarthritis or diabetes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B7/00—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements
    • A43B7/14—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements with foot-supporting parts
    • A43B7/22—Footwear with health or hygienic arrangements with foot-supporting parts with fixed flat-foot insertions, metatarsal supports, ankle flaps or the like

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a footbed, in particular an insert for people suffering from diabetes, which consists of a dimensionally stable base body, a damping layer running over it, made of an elastic material that is softer than the base body and a cover layer on the foot side.
  • Shoes with a footbed of the above type or insoles are generally known and used. They are usually used to correct the foot from an orthopedic point of view or to make the foot more resilient and to optimize the foot tread and the rolling movement. The latter is the case with sports deposits as described in German Patent 35 27 583.
  • the invention is based on the problem of designing a footbed of the type mentioned at the outset in such a way that the formation of pressure lesions of the foot is counteracted by local overloads.
  • the base body is provided exclusively in the central area of the foot and is designed to be excessively high over its entire width in order to relieve the pressure on the forefoot and the heel
  • the cover layer consists of a material which is even softer than the cushioning layer and which is in the plane of the cover layer permitting shear movements.
  • Such a footbed leads to macro relief and micro relief of the foot at the same time.
  • the macro relief consists of the fact that the inner and outer longitudinal arch of the foot is acted upon by the elevation of the base body in the central area of the foot, so that there is a pressure redistribution from the forefoot and the heel to the longitudinal arch. This counteracts the risk of overstressing the foot in the front and heel areas.
  • the micro-relief results from the softness of the cover layer, because this distributes pressure forces over larger areas and pressure peaks, especially in the area of the metatarsal heads, are avoided. Since the cover layer can absorb shear movements, a relative movement between the underside of the foot occurs when the foot rolls and the top layer, which prevents chafing of the skin.
  • the covering layer can optimally fulfill its task of micro-relieving the foot if it has a softness comparable to that of the tissue surrounding healthy feet.
  • the cover layer has a uniform thickness of approximately 5 mm over the entire footbed.
  • Polyethylene foam or neoprene has proven to be a particularly advantageous material for the cover layer.
  • the damping layer can perform its function optimally if it consists of a highly resilient plastic foam.
  • the footbed shown in Figure 1 consists of a base body 1 made of a dimensionally stable, elastic plastic. This base body 1 extends only in the middle area of the foot. It is so high over its entire width that the foot weighs the body in the area of the longitudinal arch wearing and thus relieves the pressure on the forefoot and heel.
  • the base body 1 is covered by a damping layer 2, which consists of a soft, highly resilient plastic foam and is softer than the base body 1.
  • the damping layer 2 extends backwards and forwards beyond the base body 1 and forms a heel part 3 and in front a forefoot part 4.
  • a cover layer 5 of uniform thickness is covered at the top by a cover layer 5 of uniform thickness.
  • This is preferably made of polyethylene foam, is much softer than the damping layer 2 and is capable of deforming in the plane of the footbed when shear movements occur. As a result, the foot does not slip on the top layer 5 when walking.
  • the top view according to FIG. 2 shows that the base body 1 is protruded rearwards from the heel part 3 and towards the front from the forefoot part 4.

Abstract

A foot support for diabetes patients has a dimensionally stable basic body (1), a damping layer (2) extending thereabove made of an elastic material which is softer in relation to the basic body (1), and a foot-side covering layer (5). The basic body (1) is provided exclusively in the central foot region and designed in a banked manner over its entire width to relieve the forefoot and the heel. The covering layer (5) consists of a material which is softer still in relation to the damping layer (2) and which allows shear movements running in the plane of the covering layer (5). <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Fußbett, insbesondere Einlage für an Diabetes erkrankte Personen, welches aus einem formstabilen Grundkörper, einer drüber verlaufenden Dämpfungsschicht aus einem gegenüber dem Grundkörper weicheren, elastischen Material und einer fußseitigen Deckschicht besteht.The invention relates to a footbed, in particular an insert for people suffering from diabetes, which consists of a dimensionally stable base body, a damping layer running over it, made of an elastic material that is softer than the base body and a cover layer on the foot side.

Schuhe mit einem Fußbett der vorstehenden Art oder Einlagen sind allgemein bekannt und gebräuchlich. Sie werden üblicherweise dazu eingesetzt, den Fuß nach orthopädischen Gesichtspunkten zu korrigieren oder um den Fuß belastbarer zu machen und den Fußauftritt und die Abrollbewegung zu optimieren. Letzeres ist bei Sporteinlagen der Fall, wie sie in dem deutschen Patent 35 27 583 beschrieben sind.Shoes with a footbed of the above type or insoles are generally known and used. They are usually used to correct the foot from an orthopedic point of view or to make the foot more resilient and to optimize the foot tread and the rolling movement. The latter is the case with sports deposits as described in German Patent 35 27 583.

Bei an Diabetes erkrankten Personen kommt es im Laufe der Erkrankung zu einer Verminderung der Sensibilität der Füße. Gleichzeitig nimmt die Gewebeelastizität im Vergleich zu gesunden Menschen erheblich ab. Die verminderte Gewebeelastizität führt dazu, daß dieses seine Polsterfunktion nur noch unzureichend erfüllen kann. Dadurch werden Druckkräfte nicht mehr über ausreichend große Bereiche verteilt. Es treten vielmehr hohe Druckspitzen auf. Insbesondere die nach unten gerichteten Köpfchen der Fußmittelknochen neigen dann dazu, durch herkömmliches Polstermaterial des Schuhbettes oder üblicher Einlagen durchzuschlagen, wodurch es zu einer Überbeanspruchung des Fußgewebes kommt. Aufgrund der Sensibilitätsminderung des an Diabetes Erkrankten wird diese Überbeanspruchung oftmals nicht wahrgenommen. Es kommt auf diese Weise häufig zu Wunden im Bereich der Fußsohlenseite, welche schwer heilen und oftmals im Krankenhaus stationär behandelt werden müssen. Man schätzt, daß etwa 7% aller wegen Fußprobleme im Krankenhaus aufgenommener Diabetespatienten einen chirurgischen Eingriff benötigen oder daß bei ihnen sogar der erkrankte Fuß amputiert werden muß. Auch andere neuropatische Erkrankungen oder Durchblutungsstörungen können gleiches bewirken.In people with diabetes, the sensitivity of the feet decreases in the course of the disease. At the same time, the tissue elasticity decreases significantly compared to healthy people. The reduced tissue elasticity means that it can only insufficiently fulfill its cushioning function. As a result, compressive forces are no longer distributed over sufficiently large areas. Rather, high pressure peaks occur. In particular, the downward-facing heads of the metatarsal bones then tend to penetrate through conventional padding material of the shoe bed or conventional insoles, which leads to an overuse of the foot tissue. Due to the reduced sensitivity of people suffering from diabetes, this overuse is often not noticed. This often causes wounds in the area of the sole of the foot, which difficult to heal and often have to be treated in hospital. It is estimated that about 7% of all diabetes patients admitted to the hospital due to foot problems require surgery or that even the diseased foot must be amputated. Other neuropathic diseases or circulatory disorders can also have the same effect.

Der Erfindung liegt das Problem zugrunde, ein Fußbett der eingangs genannten Art so auszubilden, daß der Bildung von Druckläsionen des Fußes durch örtliche Überbelastungen entgegengewirkt wird.The invention is based on the problem of designing a footbed of the type mentioned at the outset in such a way that the formation of pressure lesions of the foot is counteracted by local overloads.

Dieses Problem wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß der Grundkörper ausschließlich im mittleren Fußbereich vorgesehen und zur Entlastung des Vorderfußes und der Ferse über seine gesamte Breite überhöht ausgebildet ist und daß die Deckschicht aus einem gegenüber der Dämpfungsschicht nochmals weicheren Material besteht, welches in der Ebene der Deckschicht verlaufende Scherbewegungen zuläßt.This problem is solved according to the invention in that the base body is provided exclusively in the central area of the foot and is designed to be excessively high over its entire width in order to relieve the pressure on the forefoot and the heel, and in that the cover layer consists of a material which is even softer than the cushioning layer and which is in the plane of the cover layer permitting shear movements.

Ein solches Fußbett führt gleichzeitig zu einer Makroentlastung und Mikroentlastung des Fußes. Die Makroentlastung besteht darin, daß durch die Überhöhung des Grundkörpers im mittleren Fußbereich das innere und äußere Längsgewölbe des Fußes kraftbeaufschlagt wird, so daß es zu einer Druckumverteilung vom Vorderfuß und der Ferse zum Längsgewölbe kommt. Dadurch wird der Gefahr einer Überbeanspruchung des Fußes im vorderen Bereich und Fersenbereich begegnet. Die Mikroentlastung ergibt sich durch die Weichheit der Deckschicht, weil sich dadurch Druckkräfte über größere Bereiche verteilen und Druckspitzen, insbesondere im Bereich der Mittelfußköpfchen, vermieden werden. Da die Deckschicht Scherbewegungen aufzunehmen vermag, wird bei der Abrollbewegung des Fußes eine Relativbewegung zwischen der Unterseite des Fußes und der Deckschicht vermieden, wodurch ein Aufscheuern der Haut verhindert wird.Such a footbed leads to macro relief and micro relief of the foot at the same time. The macro relief consists of the fact that the inner and outer longitudinal arch of the foot is acted upon by the elevation of the base body in the central area of the foot, so that there is a pressure redistribution from the forefoot and the heel to the longitudinal arch. This counteracts the risk of overstressing the foot in the front and heel areas. The micro-relief results from the softness of the cover layer, because this distributes pressure forces over larger areas and pressure peaks, especially in the area of the metatarsal heads, are avoided. Since the cover layer can absorb shear movements, a relative movement between the underside of the foot occurs when the foot rolls and the top layer, which prevents chafing of the skin.

Die Deckschicht vermag ihre Aufgabe der Mikroentlastung des Fußes optimal zu erfüllen, wenn sie eine dem die Fußknochen umgebenden Gewebe gesunder Menschen vergleichbare Weichheit hat.The covering layer can optimally fulfill its task of micro-relieving the foot if it has a softness comparable to that of the tissue surrounding healthy feet.

Da die Makroentlastung durch den Grundkörper erfolgt und zwischen dem Grundkörper und der Deckschicht eine Dämpfschicht vorgesehen ist, genügt es, wenn gemäß einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung der Erfindung die Deckschicht über das gesamte Fußbett eine gleichmäßige Dicke von etwa 5 mm hat.Since the macro relief takes place through the base body and a damping layer is provided between the base body and the cover layer, it is sufficient if, according to an advantageous development of the invention, the cover layer has a uniform thickness of approximately 5 mm over the entire footbed.

Als besonders vorteilhafter Werkstoff für die Deckschicht hat sich Polyäthylenschaum oder Neopren erwiesen.Polyethylene foam or neoprene has proven to be a particularly advantageous material for the cover layer.

Die Dämpfungsschicht vermag ihre Funktion optimal zu erfüllen, wenn sie aus einem hochrückstellfähigen Kunststoffschaum besteht.The damping layer can perform its function optimally if it consists of a highly resilient plastic foam.

Die Erfindung läßt zahlreiche Ausführungsformen zu. Zur weiteren Verdeutlichung ihres Grundprinzips ist eine davon ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und wird nachfolgend beschrieben. Diese zeigt in

Fig.1
einen Längsschnitt durch ein erfindungsgemäß gestaltetes Fußbett,
Fig.2
eine Draufsicht auf das Fußbett.
The invention permits numerous embodiments. To further clarify its basic principle, one of these is shown in the drawing and is described below. This shows in
Fig. 1
a longitudinal section through a footbed designed according to the invention,
Fig. 2
a top view of the footbed.

Das in Figur 1 gezeigte Fußbett besteht aus einen Grundkörper 1 aus einem formstabilen, elastischen Kunststoff. Dieser Grundkörper 1 erstreckt sich nur im mittleren Fußbereich. Er ist über seine gesamte Breite so weit überhöht, daß der Fuß im Bereich des Längsgewölbes das Körpergewicht trägt und es somit zu einer Entlastung des Vorderfußes und der Ferse kommt. Nach oben hin ist der Grundkörper 1 von einer Dämpfungsschicht 2 abgedeckt, die aus einem weichelastischen, hochrückstellfähigen Kunststoffschaum besteht und weicher ist als der Grundkörper 1. Die Dämpfungsschicht 2 verläuft nach hinten und vorn zu über den Grundkörper 1 hinaus und bildet hinten einen Fersenteil 3 und vorn einen Vorderfußteil 4.The footbed shown in Figure 1 consists of a base body 1 made of a dimensionally stable, elastic plastic. This base body 1 extends only in the middle area of the foot. It is so high over its entire width that the foot weighs the body in the area of the longitudinal arch wearing and thus relieves the pressure on the forefoot and heel. At the top, the base body 1 is covered by a damping layer 2, which consists of a soft, highly resilient plastic foam and is softer than the base body 1. The damping layer 2 extends backwards and forwards beyond the base body 1 and forms a heel part 3 and in front a forefoot part 4.

Das gesamte Fußbett ist nach oben hin durch eine Deckschicht 5 gleichmäßiger Dicke abgedeckt. Diese besteht vorzugsweise aus Polyäthylenschaum, ist wesentlich weicher als die Dämpfungsschicht 2 und vermag sich beim Auftreten von Scherbewegungen in der Ebene des Fußbettes zu verformen. Dadurch rutscht der Fuß beim Gehen nicht auf der Deckschicht 5.The entire footbed is covered at the top by a cover layer 5 of uniform thickness. This is preferably made of polyethylene foam, is much softer than the damping layer 2 and is capable of deforming in the plane of the footbed when shear movements occur. As a result, the foot does not slip on the top layer 5 when walking.

Die Draufsicht gemäß Figur 2 verdeutlicht, daß der Grundkörper 1 nach hinten zu vom Fersenteil 3 und nach vorn zu vom Vorderfußteil 4 überragt wird.The top view according to FIG. 2 shows that the base body 1 is protruded rearwards from the heel part 3 and towards the front from the forefoot part 4.

Claims (5)

Fußbett, insbesondere Einlage für an Diabetes erkrankte Personen, welches aus einem formstabilen Grundkörper (1), einer drüber verlaufenden Dämpfungsschicht (2) aus einem gegenüber dem Grundkörper (1) weicheren, elastischen Material und einer fußseitigen Deckschicht (5) besteht, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Grundkörper (1) ausschließlich im mittleren Fußbereich vorgesehen und zur Entlastung des Vorderfußes und der Ferse über seine gesamte Breite überhöht ausgebildet ist und daß die Deckschicht (5) aus einem gegenüber der Dämpfungsschicht (2) nochmals weicheren Material besteht, welches in der Ebene der Deckschicht (5) verlaufende Scherbewegungen zuläßt.Footbed, in particular an insert for people suffering from diabetes, which consists of a dimensionally stable base body (1), a damping layer (2) running above it, an elastic material softer than the base body (1) and a cover layer (5) on the foot side, characterized in that that the base body (1) is provided only in the central area of the foot and is designed to be elevated to relieve the forefoot and the heel over its entire width and that the cover layer (5) consists of a material which is even softer than the damping layer (2) and which is in the plane the covering layer (5) permits shear movements. Fußbett nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Deckschicht (5) eine dem die Fußknochen umgebenden Gewebe gesunder Menschen vergleichbare Weichheit hat.Footbed according to claim 1, characterized in that the cover layer (5) has a softness comparable to that of the tissue surrounding healthy feet. Fußbett nach den Ansprüchen 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Deckschicht (5) über das gesamte Fußbett eine gleichmäßige Dicke von etwa 5 mm hat.Footbed according to claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the cover layer (5) has a uniform thickness of approximately 5 mm over the entire footbed. Fußbett nach zumindest einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Deckschicht (5) aus einem Polyäthylenschaum oder Neopren besteht.Footbed according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cover layer (5) consists of a polyethylene foam or neoprene. Fußbett nach zumindest einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Dämpfungsschicht (2) aus einem hochrückstellfähigen Kunststoffschaum besteht.Footbed according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the damping layer (2) consists of a highly resilient plastic foam.
EP94104761A 1993-06-19 1994-03-25 Foot support, in particular insole for diabetes patients Expired - Lifetime EP0629361B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4320386A DE4320386A1 (en) 1993-06-19 1993-06-19 Footbed, in particular an insert for people suffering from diabetes
DE4320386 1993-06-19

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0629361A1 true EP0629361A1 (en) 1994-12-21
EP0629361B1 EP0629361B1 (en) 1996-09-25

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ID=6490728

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EP94104761A Expired - Lifetime EP0629361B1 (en) 1993-06-19 1994-03-25 Foot support, in particular insole for diabetes patients

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EP (1) EP0629361B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE143226T1 (en)
DE (2) DE4320386A1 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL1010811C2 (en) * 1998-12-15 2000-06-19 Jacobus Gerardus De Jong Cushioned sole insert for sports shoe has less flexible area under arch of foot than under other parts of foot, reduces strain on ankle and knee joints
DE102015101373A1 (en) * 2015-01-30 2016-08-04 Thomas Obens Functional unit for a shoe, a shoe insert, a sock or the like

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ATE387867T1 (en) 2004-06-02 2008-03-15 Spannrit Schuhkomponenten Gmbh POLYURETHANE FOAM INSOLE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME
DE202005014764U1 (en) * 2005-09-14 2007-02-01 Me & Friends Ag Shoe supporting natural walking motion, comprises sole thicker in center and forming acute angles with floor at front and heel

Citations (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3470880A (en) * 1967-10-13 1969-10-07 John D Pagliano Foot shank pad
US4633598A (en) * 1983-09-30 1987-01-06 Nippon Rubber Co., Ltd. Insole for shoe
DE3527583A1 (en) * 1985-08-01 1987-02-05 Juergen Stumpf Foot bed and method of producing it
DE9100326U1 (en) * 1991-01-12 1991-06-13 Ipos Gmbh & Co Kg, 2120 Lueneburg, De
DE9217169U1 (en) * 1992-10-07 1993-03-04 Vogler, Friedhelm

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DE7825298U1 (en) * 1979-01-25 Weckenmann, Bernhard, 7500 Karlsruhe Orthopedic foot insert
US1163395A (en) * 1915-07-29 1915-12-07 Edith Perla Cushman Arch-support.
NL17513C (en) * 1925-05-05
US2217882A (en) * 1940-05-21 1940-10-15 Olaf H Andersen Insole
SU439284A1 (en) * 1971-03-29 1974-08-15 Ленинградский научно-исследовательский институт протезирования Inserted orthopedic insole for adults
SU1204210A1 (en) * 1984-07-27 1986-01-15 Ленинградский научно-исследовательский институт протезирования Insole
DE8509263U1 (en) * 1985-03-28 1985-05-09 Globus Fußstützenfabrik Karl Kremendahl, 5630 Remscheid Orthopedic shoe insole
DE8717094U1 (en) * 1987-12-30 1988-02-18 Nehring, Roland, 5401 Alken, De
US5042100A (en) * 1989-12-12 1991-08-27 Orthofeet Inc. Method for producing an insole

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3470880A (en) * 1967-10-13 1969-10-07 John D Pagliano Foot shank pad
US4633598A (en) * 1983-09-30 1987-01-06 Nippon Rubber Co., Ltd. Insole for shoe
DE3527583A1 (en) * 1985-08-01 1987-02-05 Juergen Stumpf Foot bed and method of producing it
DE9100326U1 (en) * 1991-01-12 1991-06-13 Ipos Gmbh & Co Kg, 2120 Lueneburg, De
DE9217169U1 (en) * 1992-10-07 1993-03-04 Vogler, Friedhelm

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL1010811C2 (en) * 1998-12-15 2000-06-19 Jacobus Gerardus De Jong Cushioned sole insert for sports shoe has less flexible area under arch of foot than under other parts of foot, reduces strain on ankle and knee joints
DE102015101373A1 (en) * 2015-01-30 2016-08-04 Thomas Obens Functional unit for a shoe, a shoe insert, a sock or the like
DE102015101373B4 (en) * 2015-01-30 2017-10-05 Thomas Obens Functional unit for a shoe, a shoe insert or a sock

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE143226T1 (en) 1996-10-15
EP0629361B1 (en) 1996-09-25
DE4320386A1 (en) 1994-12-22
DE59400726D1 (en) 1996-10-31

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