EP1210489B1 - Pneumatisches bauelement - Google Patents
Pneumatisches bauelement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1210489B1 EP1210489B1 EP01903559A EP01903559A EP1210489B1 EP 1210489 B1 EP1210489 B1 EP 1210489B1 EP 01903559 A EP01903559 A EP 01903559A EP 01903559 A EP01903559 A EP 01903559A EP 1210489 B1 EP1210489 B1 EP 1210489B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hollow body
- tension elements
- structural component
- pressure rod
- component according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H15/00—Tents or canopies, in general
- E04H15/20—Tents or canopies, in general inflatable, e.g. shaped, strengthened or supported by fluid pressure
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H15/00—Tents or canopies, in general
- E04H15/20—Tents or canopies, in general inflatable, e.g. shaped, strengthened or supported by fluid pressure
- E04H2015/202—Tents or canopies, in general inflatable, e.g. shaped, strengthened or supported by fluid pressure with inflatable panels, without inflatable tubular framework
- E04H2015/203—Tents or canopies, in general inflatable, e.g. shaped, strengthened or supported by fluid pressure with inflatable panels, without inflatable tubular framework supported by a non-inflatable structure or framework
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H15/00—Tents or canopies, in general
- E04H15/20—Tents or canopies, in general inflatable, e.g. shaped, strengthened or supported by fluid pressure
- E04H2015/202—Tents or canopies, in general inflatable, e.g. shaped, strengthened or supported by fluid pressure with inflatable panels, without inflatable tubular framework
- E04H2015/205—Tents or canopies, in general inflatable, e.g. shaped, strengthened or supported by fluid pressure with inflatable panels, without inflatable tubular framework made from two sheets with intermediate spacer means
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a pneumatic component according to the preamble of claim 1.
- the compressive forces are due to numerous carbon fiber types taken, which between two separately to be built Abutment - for example made of reinforced concrete - clamped are.
- the pneumatic part of the components described there only has the task, the pressure against especially lateral Buckling to stabilize.
- the task The present invention is in the creation of pneumatic components with tension and compression elements, which simple and inexpensive, easy to complex Components and buildings such as roofs and bridges joined together can be and their erection also very fast can be done.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a first exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.
- the component shown here consists of an elongated, substantially cylindrical acted upon by compressed air hollow body 1 of the length L and with a longitudinal axis A , which is made of a flexible and airtight material.
- a pressure bar 2 which can be subjected to axial forces is mounted. Its ends are designed as nodes 3, to each of which two tension elements 4 are attached.
- the axial ends of the hollow body 1 each carry a cap 5; For example, one of these caps 5 is equipped with a valve 6 for loading and venting of the hollow body 1.
- the two tension elements 4 wrap around the hollow body 1 helically in opposite circumferential direction, for example, once each with a constant pitch. Therefore, they overlap each other at a point 8 in the middle of a 2 lying opposite the push rod 2 surface line pressure rod 2 and surface line 7 are both in a plane of symmetry E , which also contains the designated A longitudinal axis of the hollow body 1.
- the push rod 2 is mounted on the hollow body 1 that he example, in the flaccid state of the hollow body. 1 can be inserted, as shown in Fig. 3a, b is shown. In order to it is secured against lateral buckling.
- Various Embodiments of the node 3 are known and the civil engineer familiar, which omits here on their representation can be.
- Fig. 2 shows a loading example of the device according to Fig. 1a, b.
- a lying in the plane of symmetry E force F m acts on the center of the push rod 2. This is supported in the node 3. Neglecting the intrinsic weight of the component, bearing forces F A then act on each node 3.
- pure compressive forces F s act on the pressure rod 2 and pure tensile forces F z in the tension elements 4
- Vector components of these tensile forces which are perpendicular to the plane of symmetry E , each compensate to zero, but the component perpendicular to the plane of symmetry E grant a high rigidity and buckling strength.
- the limit load of such a component results from the fact that caused by the tension of the tension elements 4 surface pressure (in N / m 2 ) of the hollow body 1 must be smaller than the pressure prevailing in the hollow body 1 overpressure p.
- FIG. 3a, b, c are illustrations of some details of execution of the hollow body 1.
- An outer Sleeve 10 for example made of a textile fabric, takes over the force and tension stresses.
- an airtight tube 11 of a suitable Elastomer which by the shell 10 in its shape is defined and held.
- the cuff 13 takes the Push rod 2, the cuffs 12, the tension elements 4, which executed here as a flat band.
- a functional unit which as Druckkorper 14th is designated and for example made of a plastic-coated Tissue exists, which in a known manner either sewn and sealed, welded or glued.
- the sleeves 12, 13 carries the Druckkorper 14th a plurality of tabs 15, 16, wherein the simple tabs 15 for the tension elements 4 are provided whose position by their property is defined as geodetic lines, the tabs 16 executed for the push rod 2 but as so-called.
- Capstan tabs are, which wrap around the push rod 2 once. in the flaccid state of the Druckkorpers 14 are the tabs 16th easy, the push rod can be inserted easily.
- the The component can be put, the materials used be adapted in a wide range.
- textile materials such as polyester ropes and fabric for the tension elements 4 and the reinforcement of the hollow body 1 fully sufficient and also cost-effective.
- the Push rod 2 can even simple materials such as bamboo stem to be used. Since the push rod 2 against lateral buckling by the cuffs 13 well secured is, the push rod 2 also from buttocks stumping single pieces be composed.
- FIGS. 3a, b, c are without restrictive character; with the slogan of this Details familiar specialist will be many more solutions for the details are available.
- the first embodiment of the pneumatic component According to Fig. 1a, b, 2 is preferably suitable for a Point load in the middle of the component or for a uniform distributed load. Shall optimize the load distribution be used for other load attack points, so can the number of Tensile elements 4 are propagated. This will be described with reference to FIG. 4a until e shown.
- each tension element 4 describes two complete cycles around the hollow body 1 and is for example also attached to the pressure rod 2 at L / 2 , If the component according to the invention is used as a support beam or an element corresponding to it, a support at L / 2 is necessary according to the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 4b.
- this exemplary embodiment is in that of Fig. 4a at halved L.
- the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 4 c is with regard to Tensile elements 4, a superposition of those ACCORDANCE FIG. 4a and b. Since the hollow body 1 as in Fig. 4a at L / 2 by the tension elements 4 underlined, here is no middle support of notes. Furthermore, the preference for point loads is also eliminated L / 2.
- FIG. 4d there are three pairs of tension elements 4 used; the device becomes so for line loads suitable. In the places 8, where the tension elements 4, these are mutually secured against displacement.
- Fig. 4e shows the use of two parallel to each other shifted pairs of traction elements 4. The not in the ends of the push rod 2 attaching tension elements 4 are on This point is also saved in node elements. Also this execution defuses the preference for point loads in L / 2.
- FIGS. 5, 6 Two exemplary embodiments in the form of non-cylindrical hollow body 1 are shown in FIGS. 5, 6. That of FIG. 5 has a toroidal hollow body 1; the associated one Push rod 2 is then, for example nikbogenformig.
- FIG. 6 is a double cone with for example nikbogenformiger generatrix.
- truncated cone-shaped hollow body 1 in the inventive concept jointly contain
- yoke 19 summarizes all nodes 3 a bridge side together and initiates the bearing force F A in the components.
- the yoke 19 is shown transparent in Fig. 7 waiving any technical detail, since the formation of such yokes 19 is known in the art.
- push rod 2 and tension elements 4 existing pneumatic components are for example Wood planks laid 20 and in a conventional manner with each other and the letter 2 connected. Not shown other end of the bridge 18 is executed in the same way.
- other known types of coverings are possible for the bridge, such as perforated plates or other suitable Shapes and materials.
- Valves 6 are also not shown - as the state of the art - are the Valves 6 and a possibly summarizing collection tube for simultaneous and pressure equal inflation of the hollow body 1.
- Fig. 8 is a representation of another exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. 8a shows a side view, Fig. 8b is a plan view and Fig. 8c is a cross section.
- the hollow body 1 is the same, as those gemass Fig. 1 including the various manufacturing variants.
- the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 8 has two laterally mounted print 2 on. Each push rod 2 carries at each end a node 3 for kraft gleichigen connection of push rod 2 and tension elements 4. Although increases same pressure gauge of the hollow body 1 now its effective High from, at the same time, the device of FIG. 8 (with the Paragraph 22) but capable of positive and negative To absorb bending moments.
- FIG. 9 shows an application example of a combination of components 22 according to FIG. 8.
- a plurality of such components 22 are arranged side by side.
- Each push rod 2 takes over the pressure force of two adjacent components 22 resulting from the loading of the component 22 in the direction of the vector arrows (load force F L ) in FIG. 9.
- the walls of two adjacent hollow bodies 1 are joined along two surface lines by a seam to accommodate a push rod 2 , Gluing or welding - whereby a slow-moving pocket 21 is formed.
- the inserted into the first still flaccid pockets 21 pin 2 between the hollow bodies 1 are clamped and secured against buckling in both directions.
- Such an arrangement makes it possible to produce a light roof with a large span, which also has the great advantage of withstanding both snow loads and lifting wind forces.
- FIG. 10 Another exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept shows Fig. 10.
- Fig. 10 Here are about the cylindrical hollow body. 1 four print 2 arranged distributed regularly.
- Push rod 2 again has a node 3 at each end, in which, for example, each two tension elements 4 attached are.
- Fig. 10 are each to a push rod 2 owned pair of tension members each assigned to the same signatures.
- Cuffs analogous to the cuffs 13 according to FIG. 3
- radial buckling inwardly through the Excess pressure in the hollow body 1.
- suitable and known per se means can be ensured that the axial pressure load on all four pressure bars is evenly distributed.
Description
- Fig. 1a
- die schematische Darstellung eines ersten Ausfuhrungsbeispiels eines pneumatischen Bauelementes in Seitenansicht,
- Fig. 1b
- den Gegenstand von Fig. la in einer Perspektive,
- Fig. 2
- eine schematische Darstellung der Krafte,
- Fig. 3a, b, c
- Ausfuhrungsdetails des ersten Ausfuhrungsbeispiel,
- Fig. 4a bis e
- Verschiedene Anordnungen von Zugelementen in Abwicklungen,
- Fig. 5
- ein zweites Ausfuhrungsbeispiel,
- Fig. 6
- ein drittes Ausfuhrungsbeispiel,
- Fig. 7
- ein Beispiel fur die Anwendung des ersten Ausfuhrungsbeispiels,
- Fig. 8a, b, c
- ein viertes Ausfuhrungsbeispiel in drei Ansichten,
- Fig. 9
- ein Beispiel fur die Kombination von Bauelementen gemass Fig. 8,
- Fig. 10
- ein funftes Ausführungsbeispiel.
Claims (16)
- Pneumatisches Bauelement mit einem luftdichten und durch Druckluft beaufschlagbaren langgestreckten Hohlkorper (1) aus flexiblem Material, ferner mit mindestens einem Druckstab (2) und mindestens einem Paar von Zugelementen (4), dadurch gekennzeichnet, dassder mindestens eine Druckstab (2) langs einer Mantellinie des Hohlkorpers (1) an diesem anliegt und durch manschettenartige Elemente (13, 16) gegen Verschieben und Ausknicken gesichert ist,das mindestens eine Paar von Zugelementen (4) an den beiden Enden des mindestens einen Druckstabes (2) befestigt ist, zu welchem Zweck der Druckstab (2) an jedem Ende einen Knoten (3) aufweist zur gegenseitigen kraftschlussigen Befestigung von Druckstab (2) und Zugelementen (4),die mindestens zwei Zugelemente (4) mit mindestens einem Umgang schraubenformig gegenlaufig um den Hohlkorper (1) herumgelegt sind und einander auf eine dem Druckstab (2) gegenuberliegenden Mantellinie (7) des Hohlkopers (1) uberschneiden,die Knoten (3) zur Aufnahme von Auflagerkraften eingerichtet sind.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Hohlkorper (1) aus einem luftdicht beschichteten zugfesten Gewebe besteht und mindestens ein Ventil (6) zum Be- und Entluften aufweist.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dassder Hohlkorper (1) aus einem zugfesten Gewebe besteht, welche eine aussere Hulle (10) bildet,ein luftdichter Schlauch (11) aus einem Elastomer vorhanden und in die aussere Hulle eingelegt ist und mindestens ein Ventil (6) zum Be- und Entluften aufweist.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dasses genau einen aus mindestens einem Stuck bestehenden Druckstab (2) aufweist, welcher entlang einer Mantellinie des Hohlkorpers (1) verlauft,die Knoten (3) an seinen Enden zur Aufnahme transversaler und quer durch die Langsachse des Hohlkorpers (1) verlaufender Auflagerkrafte eingerichtet ist.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass genau ein Paar von Zugelementen (4) vorhanden und in den Knoten (3) kraftschlussig mit dem Druckstab (2) verbunden ist, wobei die Zugelemente (4) gegenläufig je eine ganze Zahl von Umgangen um den Hohlkorper (1) beschreiben.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Zugelemente (4) je einen Umgang um den Hohlkorper (1) beschreiben.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass genau zwei Paare von Zugelementen (4) vorhanden und in den Knoten (3) kraftschlussig mit den Druckstaben (2) verbunden sind, wobei jedes Paar von Zugelementen (4) eine ganze Zahl von Umgangen um den Hohlkorper (1) beschreibt.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das eine Paar von Zugelementen (4) genau einen Umgang, das andere Paar von Zugelementen (4) genau zwei Umgange um den Hohlkorper (1) beschreibt.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mehr als zwei Paare von Zugelementen vorhanden und in den Knoten (3) kraftschlussig mit den Druckstaben (2) verbunden sind, wobei jedes Paar von Zugelementen (4) eine ganze Zahl von Umgangen um den Hohlkorper (1) beschreibt.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dassgenau zwei Druckstäbe (2) vorhanden und entlang zwei einander gegenuberliegenden Mantellinien des Hohlkorpers (1) gegen Ausknicken an diesem befestigt sind,die Knoten (3) so eingerichtet sind, dass sie jeden Druckstab (2) mit den ihm zugeordneten Paar von Zugelementen (4) kraftschlussig verbinden und zur Aufnahme transversaler Auflagerkrafte eingerichtet sind, wobei diese Auflagerkrafte quer zu einer Ebene. (E) stehen, in welcher die Druckstabe (2) und die Langsachse des Hohlkorpers (1) liegen.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Hohlkorper (1) im Wesentlichen zylindrische Form aufweist.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Hohlkorper (1) im Wesentlichen torusformig ist.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Hohlkorper (1) mindestens einseitig konusformig ist.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 11 oder 12 oder 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass fur jeden Druckstab (2) genau ein Paar von Zugelementen (4) vorhanden und in den Knoten (3) kraftschlussig mit dem zugehorigen Druckstab (2) verbunden sind, wobei die Zugelemente (4) je eine ganze Zahl von Umgangen um den Hohlkorper (1) beschreiben.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 11 oder 12 oder 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass fur jeden Druckstab (2) mehr als ein Paar von Zugelementen (4) vorhanden und in den Knoten (3) kraftschlussig mit den zugehörigen Druckstaben (2) verbunden sind, wobei jedes Paar von Zugelementen (4) eine ganze Zahl von Umgangen um den Hohlkorper (1) beschreibt.
- Pneumatisches Bauelement nach Patentanspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dassgenau vier Druckstabe (2) vorhanden und entlang von um 90° auseinanderliegenden Mantellinien des Hohlkorpers (1) gegen Ausknicken an diesem befestigt sind,pro Druckstab (2) mindestens ein Paar von Zugelementen (4) vorhanden und in den Knoten (3) dieses Druckstabes (2) kraftschlussig verbunden sind,jedes Paar von Zugelementen (4) eine ganze Zahl von Umgangen um den Hohlkorper (1) aufweist,die Knoten (3) zudem zur Aufnahme von axial zum Hohlkorper (1) verlaufenden Kraften eingerichtet sind.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH5832000 | 2000-03-27 | ||
CH583002000 | 2000-03-27 | ||
PCT/CH2001/000107 WO2001073245A1 (de) | 2000-03-27 | 2001-02-19 | Pneumatisches bauelement |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1210489A1 EP1210489A1 (de) | 2002-06-05 |
EP1210489B1 true EP1210489B1 (de) | 2005-07-13 |
Family
ID=4521633
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01903559A Expired - Lifetime EP1210489B1 (de) | 2000-03-27 | 2001-02-19 | Pneumatisches bauelement |
Country Status (15)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6543730B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1210489B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP3906079B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1145733C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE299549T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU777055B2 (de) |
BR (1) | BR0105386B1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2374645C (de) |
DE (1) | DE50106726D1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2245348T3 (de) |
HK (1) | HK1048835B (de) |
NZ (1) | NZ515020A (de) |
PT (1) | PT1210489E (de) |
WO (1) | WO2001073245A1 (de) |
ZA (1) | ZA200108237B (de) |
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US20180050784A1 (en) * | 2015-03-10 | 2018-02-22 | Antoine Marcel PAULUS | Mobile artificial cloud |
ITUB20153899A1 (it) * | 2015-09-25 | 2017-03-25 | Univ Degli Studi Roma La Sapienza | Struttura tensairity con funi a memoria di forma. |
CN105545071B (zh) * | 2015-12-12 | 2018-02-13 | 重庆强大巴郡知识产权服务有限公司 | 一种隔热降温帐篷 |
CH712565A1 (de) | 2016-06-08 | 2017-12-15 | Pibridge Ltd | Pneumatischer Träger. |
CH713818A1 (de) * | 2017-05-16 | 2018-11-30 | Pibridge Ltd | Pneumatischer Träger. |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3145853A (en) * | 1961-12-07 | 1964-08-25 | Frederick G Langenberg | Air brace |
FR2229814A1 (de) | 1973-05-16 | 1974-12-13 | Superflexit | |
US4712335A (en) | 1986-12-17 | 1987-12-15 | Barkdull Jr Howard L | Method of span construction |
AU6741694A (en) | 1993-07-16 | 1995-01-27 | Albany International Corp. | Braided airbeams and method of making the same |
US5421128A (en) | 1994-01-14 | 1995-06-06 | Sharpless; Garrett C. | Curved, inflated, tubular beam |
US5735083A (en) | 1995-04-21 | 1998-04-07 | Brown; Glen J. | Braided airbeam structure |
FR2741373B1 (fr) | 1995-11-17 | 1998-01-30 | Bachmann Sa | Poutre gonflable destinee notamment a la realisation d'une armature d'un abri |
US5677023A (en) | 1996-10-10 | 1997-10-14 | Brown; Glen J. | Reinforced fabric inflatable tube |
US5967694A (en) * | 1998-01-28 | 1999-10-19 | Intevep, S.A. | Portable roadway and method of assembling same |
-
2001
- 2001-02-19 ES ES01903559T patent/ES2245348T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-02-19 EP EP01903559A patent/EP1210489B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-02-19 CA CA002374645A patent/CA2374645C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-02-19 CN CNB018006833A patent/CN1145733C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-02-19 JP JP2001570943A patent/JP3906079B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-02-19 PT PT01903559T patent/PT1210489E/pt unknown
- 2001-02-19 US US09/979,647 patent/US6543730B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-02-19 NZ NZ515020A patent/NZ515020A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-02-19 AU AU31471/01A patent/AU777055B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-02-19 DE DE50106726T patent/DE50106726D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-02-19 AT AT01903559T patent/ATE299549T1/de active
- 2001-02-19 WO PCT/CH2001/000107 patent/WO2001073245A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 2001-02-19 BR BRPI0105386-8A patent/BR0105386B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-10-08 ZA ZA200108237A patent/ZA200108237B/xx unknown
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2003
- 2003-02-07 HK HK03100921.1A patent/HK1048835B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
HK1048835A1 (en) | 2003-04-17 |
PT1210489E (pt) | 2005-11-30 |
BR0105386B1 (pt) | 2009-01-13 |
CA2374645C (en) | 2009-05-26 |
AU3147101A (en) | 2001-10-08 |
EP1210489A1 (de) | 2002-06-05 |
US20020157322A1 (en) | 2002-10-31 |
ATE299549T1 (de) | 2005-07-15 |
ZA200108237B (en) | 2002-06-12 |
CN1145733C (zh) | 2004-04-14 |
AU777055B2 (en) | 2004-09-30 |
JP2003529006A (ja) | 2003-09-30 |
CN1365416A (zh) | 2002-08-21 |
NZ515020A (en) | 2002-10-25 |
WO2001073245A1 (de) | 2001-10-04 |
JP3906079B2 (ja) | 2007-04-18 |
HK1048835B (zh) | 2005-02-18 |
CA2374645A1 (en) | 2001-10-04 |
ES2245348T3 (es) | 2006-01-01 |
BR0105386A (pt) | 2002-02-26 |
US6543730B2 (en) | 2003-04-08 |
DE50106726D1 (de) | 2005-08-18 |
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