EP1367702B1 - Power supply arrangement - Google Patents
Power supply arrangement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1367702B1 EP1367702B1 EP02388037A EP02388037A EP1367702B1 EP 1367702 B1 EP1367702 B1 EP 1367702B1 EP 02388037 A EP02388037 A EP 02388037A EP 02388037 A EP02388037 A EP 02388037A EP 1367702 B1 EP1367702 B1 EP 1367702B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- voltage
- battery
- bat
- reduction
- conversion
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010752 BS 2869 Class D Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003542 behavioural effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/06—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider
- H02M3/07—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider using capacitors charged and discharged alternately by semiconductor devices with control electrode, e.g. charge pumps
Abstract
Description
- The invention relates to the area of power supply systems for use in connection with battery powered headworn communication devices. More specifically the invention relates to power supply systems where the battery voltage is higher than desired and therefore need to be reduced. Such battery-powered devices may be hearing aids, telephone headsets and other mobile devices.
- In connection with battery powered headworn communication devices it is previously known to use a switched mode power supply based on a class-D driver and an external LC-lowpass filter. This solution has a good efficiency but suffers from a variety of problems due to the presence of an inductor, which gives rise to magnetic interference, stability problems and in some cases size problems. Another idea is to use a switched capacitor (sc) step down converter, which in no-load condition would linearly transform the battery voltage to a fraction of it. In principle, this would have a satisfactory function, however, for battery voltages below a certain voltage the output supply can no longer be guaranteed to be the desired. Low battery voltage may occur gradually or instantaneously (sudden load changes) during lifetime of the battery. A third possibility is to use linear regulators to provide a lower voltage than the battery voltage, however a drawback for such conversion is that the energy efficiency is poor. High efficiency is however a very important aspect for battery operated applications where lifetime of the battery may be crucial for the individual in need of such battery-operated device.
-
EP-A-0 610 939 deals with a voltage drop circuit for stabilizing a divided output voltage from a battery in the face of a dynamically varying load in a DRAM IC.US 4,868,908 deals with a power supply down-conversion, regulation, and low battery detection system wherein a battery voltage is down-converted by a high efficiency switched capacitor voltage divider to a suitable intermediate voltage.JP 10028371 - The objective of the invention is therefore to provide a power conversion method and system for battery operated applications, where the energy efficiency is improved compared to previously known linear regulator systems, which does provide a stable power supply and which still is capable of maintaining a sufficient voltage for the battery operated application.
- According to the invention this objective is achieved by means of the method as defined in
claim 1. - By performing the conversion in this manner there has been provided an opportunity for a more energy efficient conversion than hitherto known in connection with battery powered headworn communication devices. The conversion may be performed in a stable manner and a sufficient voltage can be maintained during the lifetime of the battery.
- Advantageous embodiments are defined in the dependent claims 2-5.
- The two systems are operated in parallel hereby enabling a simple implementation.
- The reduction fraction is preferably 2/3, but in principle any fraction may be achieved.
- By balancing the fixed part voltage conversion and the variable part conversion, a possibility of optimising the efficiency of the system may be achieved. In a system comprising a switched capacitor part this is done by setting the clock frequency of the switched capacitor part.
- Further according to the invention the objective is achieved by means of the system as defined in claim 6.
- By means of the system defined in claim 6 the same advantages as mentioned in connection with the method may be achieved.
- Advantageous embodiments are defined in the dependent claims 7 to 9 hereby achieving the same advantages as defined above in connection with the method according to the invention.
- A battery operated device operating at a voltage lower than the battery voltage, comprising a voltage conversion system according to the present invention is furthermore provided.
- A hearing aid comprising a voltage conversion system according to the present invention is furthermore provided.
- The invention will be described more detailed in connection with the following description of a preferred embodiment with reference to the drawings.
-
-
FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B are block diagrams showing a combined switched capacitor/linear DC/DC power supply; -
FIG. 2 shows typical DC transfer characteristics for the system according to the invention; -
FIG. 3 shows output current and voltage in the linear regulator as part of the overall supply system; -
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an automatic adapting system; -
FIG. 5 shows behaviour of voltages and currents in an automatically adapting system; -
FIG. 6 shows behaviour of an automatically adapting system using transistor level schematics; -
FIG. 7 shows basic operating principle of 2/3 switched capacitor step down converter; - It should be appreciated that the system in principle can be adapted to any input and output voltages and still have the same advantages as in the specific example. The example shown is related to a battery powered headworn communication device, and more specifically to a hearing aid or a headset.
- The SC step down converter provides a power efficient conversion of the battery voltage by a factor of e.g. 2/3 while the linear regulator ensures operation of the digital supply at low battery voltages. This technique as explained in the following allows significant saving of battery current compared to a supply based on a pure linear regulator. The (high) battery voltage should power efficiently be transformed to a pre-defined lower supply voltage, which can be provided by a SC step down converter. This SC-power converter can however not guarantee sufficient output voltage at a low battery supply. A combination of a linear and a switched capacitor supply is therefore proposed here, where at low battery voltage the linear regulator gradually takes over the load current while maintaining the required supply voltage.
-
FIG. 1A shows the block diagram of the proposed supplyFIG. 1B shows a simplified equivalent model. It consists of a 2/3-switched capacitor step down converter plus a linear regulator, which are connected in parallel. The switched capacitor part, whose detailed operation will be described later, can be considered as an ideal transformer applied to the battery with turn ratio n=2/3 and an equivalent resistor R sc. On the other hand, the linear regulator can be seen as fixed voltage source V ref with a (low-impedance) output resistance R lin. When connected in parallel, both of the two parts contribute to the overall load current I L=I sc+I lin with decreasing current I lin (linear regulator) for an increasing battery voltage V bat. Above a critical battery voltage V bat,crit, I lin becomes zero and the load will only be supplied by the switched capacitor part. The advantage of such a combined scheme is that for battery voltages around V bat,crit a power supply is provided by a high efficient DC/DC converter while the linear regulator guarantees a certain minimum voltage V o=V ref. At battery voltages higher than V bat,crit the good efficiency is preserved, however, the output voltage is linearly increased due to the aforementioned transformer characteristics. For some applications, this might not be desired. A slightly more complex system, which automatically adapts the frequency dependent equivalent output resistance R sc of the SC-regulator to the actual load, can maintain good efficiency while keeping the output voltage constant. This is described later. - The DC transfer characteristics of the described combined digital supply is shown in
FIG. 2 . These are based on a simulation using the schematic ofFIG. 1 with ideal switches, capacitors and resistors. - As already mentioned above, the operation of the proposed SC-digital supply can be divided in two operation modes (reference is made to
FIG. 3 ): - Mode 1: V bat > V bat,crit: Only switched capacitor is active. Output voltage V o scales linearly with supply voltage
- Mode 2: V bat ⇐ V bat,crit: Both linear and switched capacitor part are active. Output voltage V o is constant around V ref.
- Mode 1 (V bat > V bat,crit)
- Mode 2 (V bat ⇐ V bat,crit)
- The critical battery voltage V bat,crit (see
FIG. 2 ) can be derived from equation (5) when setting Ibat,lin to zero: - If desired, the supply may be configured such that it provides good power efficiency over a wide range of load currents, (which might change dynamically during lifetime of the battery) , whereby the above system can be made more flexible. In principle, this can be done by adapting R sc the same amount as the load resistor changes, as the critical battery voltage V bat,crit, where efficiency is best, depends on the load resistor R L and the switched capacitor resistor R sc. To keep V bat,crit, to be at the optimum independent of the load current, the impedance R sc can be changed by setting the clock frequency f sc appropriate. As an example, one can say: if the load current is doubled, the clock frequency f sc should also be doubled, which then effectively reduces R sc by a factor two.
- By measurement in the system which tells us whether the supply block operates close to optimum or not the frequency dependent sc-resistor R sc may be changed, such that this optimum is achieved.
-
FIG. 3 depicts a scheme, which provides this information. The top graph shows the output vs. battery voltage whereas the bottom graph depicts the current delivered by the linear regulator. There are three regions of operation. Inregion 1 the sc-resistor R sc is too high such that current partly has to be provided by the linear regulator.Region 2 is optimal since there is no linear current and the output voltage is close to the target voltage V ref. Inregion 3, however, the impedance R sc is too low, leading to an (undisirable) increase of the output voltage. The distinguishing of the three regions can be done by voltage and current comparators: - Voltage comparator for
regions 2 and 3: provides a logic high if V o < V ref+ΔV, Current comparator forregions 1 and 2: provides a logic high if I lin < I lin, min. - By using the signals provided by these two comparators, a feedback loop may be provided in the system, which automatically changes R sc through the clock frequency f sc. An implementation of such a feedback loop is shown in
FIG. 4 . If the current comparator goes high (R sc to low), R sc will be increased. The effect then is that the system may slowly oscillate between the borders of the good region (2), depending on the load. Time constant of the oscillation is set by the decoupling capacitor CL, the load R L and the sc-resistor R sc. - As an example,
FIG. 5 shows a behavioural simulation of this adaptive system, when a load current is applied. The bottom trace of the figure shows the output voltage oscillating within a small ripple around V ref. The transient battery current, shown in the third trace, jumps between the two current levels defined by the sc-resistor R sc. In the top part of the figures the waveforms of the two comparators are shown, indicating in which region of operation the system is working (see explanation above). -
FIG. 6 shows simulation results using a full transistor level schematic for the regulator system. Top trace is the output voltage for load currents varying between 180µA ...500µA. In the middle trace the efficiency is plotted, both for the adaptive and the non-adaptive voltage supply. In the lower trace the oscillation frequency of the aforementioned ripple is shown, appearing between 300µA ...400µA of load current. - To understand the basic operating principle of the 2/3 switched capacitor DC/DC converter,
FIG. 7 provides some background. The switched capacitor circuit is periodically switched back and forth between the two phases (φ2) "charge phase" and (φ1) "dump phase", from whichFIG. 7 shows the transient between φ2 to φ1. In the charge phase, both capacitors C 1 are configured in parallel and put in series to the load capacitor C L. Charge is flowing from the battery to both C 1 and C L and the output becomes V o1-=V bat-V 11, where V 11- is the voltage across C 1. In the dump phase, the capacitors C 1 are the configured in series to the load capacitor C L, in order to arrive at V o1+ =2*V 11+. In no load condition (I L=0) the output voltage does not change from phase to phase, hence V o1+:=V o1- and V 11+:=V 11-. This can only be satisfied for V o. being exactly 2/3*V bat. - When a load current I L is applied to the 2/3 SC-DC/DC converter, the settled output voltage V o no longer is exactly 2/3*V bat and a voltage pattern as shown in the bottom of
FIG. 7 is achieved. It can be shown that for large load caps C L>>C 1 , the following expression for the output voltage may be used:
Claims (11)
- A method for conversion of a battery voltage in a battery operated system, the method comprising• providing a voltage reduction to a fixed part of the input voltage using a switched capacitor conversion element, an equivalent model for which comprises an equivalent output resistor Rsc and• providing a variable reduction that ensures that a minimum voltage is maintained• providing that the fixed part reduction and the variable part reduction are performed in parallel, so that the load current is a sum of the fixed reduction part ISC and the variable reduction part Ilin,characterized in that the method further comprises• providing a feedback loop from the variable reduction part to the fixed reduction part for adapting the equivalent output resistance Rsc to the actual load of the system by controlling the clock frequency fsc of the switched capacitor conversion element, whereby the battery efficiency is automatically optimized.
- A method according to claim 1, where the fixed voltage conversion is a 2/3 conversion of the input voltage.
- A method according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the contribution to the load current from the variable reduction part Ilin decreases for an increasing battery voltage Vbat, becoming substantially zero at a critical battery voltage Vbat.crit so that only the fixed reduction part is active for Vbat > Vbat.crit .
- A method according to claim 3 wherein the feedback loop is adapted to determine the critical battery voltage Vbat.crit.
- A method according to claim 3 or 4 wherein RSC is adapted to provide that the critical battery voltage Vbat,crit is substantially equal to a typical battery voltage for the battery type in question.
- A voltage conversion system for converting the battery voltage in a battery operated system, the voltage conversion system comprising a switched capacitor conversion element for providing a voltage reduction to a fixed part of the input voltage and in addition to this, and arranged in parallel therewith so that the load current is a sum of the fixed reduction part Isc and the variable reduction part Ilin, means for providing a variable reduction that ensures that a minimum voltage is maintained, wherein an equivalent model for the switched capacitor conversion element comprises an equivalent output resistor Rsc, characterized in that the system further comprises a feedback loop from the variable reduction means to the switched capacitor conversion element for adapting the equivalent output resistance Rsc to the actual load of the system by appropriately setting the clock frequency fsc of the switched capacitor conversion element, whereby the battery efficiency is automatically optimized.
- A voltage conversion system according to claim 6 adapted to provide that the contribution to the load current from the variable reduction part I lin decrases for an increasing battery voltage Vbat becoming zero at a critical battery voltage Vbat,crit.
- A voltage conversion system according to claim 7 wherein the feedback loop comprises a current comparator and a voltage comparator adapted to determine the critical battery voltage Vbat,crit.
- A voltage conversion system according to any one of claims 6-8, where the switched capacitor conversion element is adapted to perform a 2/3 conversion of the input voltage.
- A battery operated device operating at a voltage lower than the battery voltage, comprising a voltage conversion system according to any of claims 6-9.
- A hearing aid comprising a voltage conversion system according to any one of claims 6-9.
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE60227923T DE60227923D1 (en) | 2002-05-27 | 2002-05-27 | The power supply arrangement |
EP02388037A EP1367702B1 (en) | 2002-05-27 | 2002-05-27 | Power supply arrangement |
DK02388037T DK1367702T3 (en) | 2002-05-27 | 2002-05-27 | Ström Supply System |
AT02388037T ATE403259T1 (en) | 2002-05-27 | 2002-05-27 | POWER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT |
AU2003237694A AU2003237694A1 (en) | 2002-05-27 | 2003-05-27 | Power supply arrangement for battery powered device |
US10/515,582 US7307858B2 (en) | 2002-05-27 | 2003-05-27 | Power supply arrangement for battery powered device |
PCT/EP2003/005558 WO2003100951A1 (en) | 2002-05-27 | 2003-05-27 | Power supply arrangement for battery powered device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP02388037A EP1367702B1 (en) | 2002-05-27 | 2002-05-27 | Power supply arrangement |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1367702A1 EP1367702A1 (en) | 2003-12-03 |
EP1367702B1 true EP1367702B1 (en) | 2008-07-30 |
Family
ID=29414846
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02388037A Expired - Lifetime EP1367702B1 (en) | 2002-05-27 | 2002-05-27 | Power supply arrangement |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7307858B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1367702B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE403259T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003237694A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE60227923D1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK1367702T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003100951A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10341549B4 (en) * | 2003-09-09 | 2006-03-09 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Method and circuit arrangement for determining a charge consumed in a period in mobile devices |
WO2008107376A1 (en) * | 2007-03-02 | 2008-09-12 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Step-down converter, and method for the operation thereof |
DE102007034491A1 (en) | 2007-07-24 | 2009-02-05 | Siemens Ag | Module with electronic component between two substrates, in particular DCB ceramic substrates, its production and contacting |
US8330436B2 (en) * | 2008-06-30 | 2012-12-11 | Intel Corporation | Series and parallel hybrid switched capacitor networks for IC power delivery |
AU2010347004B2 (en) | 2010-02-26 | 2013-11-28 | Widex A/S | A hearing aid with adaptive bulk biasing power management |
US20140078801A1 (en) * | 2012-09-17 | 2014-03-20 | Chrysler Group Llc | Advanced dc voltage adjustment using switched capacitors |
WO2018023695A1 (en) | 2016-08-05 | 2018-02-08 | The University Of Hong Kong | High-efficiency switched-capacitor power supplies and methods |
US10002821B1 (en) | 2017-09-29 | 2018-06-19 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Semiconductor chip package comprising semiconductor chip and leadframe disposed between two substrates |
US10340794B1 (en) * | 2018-06-21 | 2019-07-02 | Linear Technology Llc | Reverse capacitor voltage balancing for high current high voltage charge pump circuits |
CN110729888B (en) * | 2019-10-29 | 2020-11-06 | 上海南芯半导体科技有限公司 | Hybrid power converter with high voltage conversion ratio |
WO2022200436A1 (en) * | 2021-03-24 | 2022-09-29 | Widex A/S | An ear level audio device and a method of operating an ear level audio device |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5363057A (en) * | 1976-11-18 | 1978-06-06 | Seiko Epson Corp | Electronic wristwatch |
US4433282A (en) * | 1981-12-08 | 1984-02-21 | Intersil | Monolithic voltage divider |
US4509193A (en) * | 1983-07-11 | 1985-04-02 | Industrial Research Products, Inc. | Miniature acoustical transducer with filter/regulator power supply circuit |
US4868908A (en) * | 1988-10-18 | 1989-09-19 | Ventritex | Power supply down-conversion, regulation and low battery detection system |
JPH0828965B2 (en) * | 1992-09-02 | 1996-03-21 | 日本電気株式会社 | Voltage conversion circuit |
JP2500422B2 (en) * | 1993-02-10 | 1996-05-29 | 日本電気株式会社 | Step-down circuit for built-in semiconductor IC chip |
US5345376A (en) * | 1993-02-19 | 1994-09-06 | Tescom Corporation | Switching power supply with electronic isolation |
US5581454A (en) * | 1994-11-22 | 1996-12-03 | Collins; Hansel | High power switched capacitor voltage conversion and regulation apparatus |
US5680300A (en) * | 1995-12-22 | 1997-10-21 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Regulated charge pump DC/DC converter |
JP3224744B2 (en) * | 1996-07-08 | 2001-11-05 | 富士通株式会社 | Step-down DC-DC regulator |
FR2752343B1 (en) * | 1996-08-09 | 1998-09-11 | Gec Alsthom Transport Sa | ELECTRONIC DEVICE FOR CONVERTING ELECTRICAL ENERGY |
-
2002
- 2002-05-27 AT AT02388037T patent/ATE403259T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-05-27 DK DK02388037T patent/DK1367702T3/en active
- 2002-05-27 EP EP02388037A patent/EP1367702B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-05-27 DE DE60227923T patent/DE60227923D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-05-27 AU AU2003237694A patent/AU2003237694A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-05-27 WO PCT/EP2003/005558 patent/WO2003100951A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-05-27 US US10/515,582 patent/US7307858B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE403259T1 (en) | 2008-08-15 |
WO2003100951A1 (en) | 2003-12-04 |
DE60227923D1 (en) | 2008-09-11 |
DK1367702T3 (en) | 2008-12-01 |
US20060019721A1 (en) | 2006-01-26 |
US7307858B2 (en) | 2007-12-11 |
AU2003237694A1 (en) | 2003-12-12 |
EP1367702A1 (en) | 2003-12-03 |
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