US20030045888A1 - Articulated apparatus for telemanipulator system - Google Patents
Articulated apparatus for telemanipulator system Download PDFInfo
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- US20030045888A1 US20030045888A1 US10/208,087 US20808702A US2003045888A1 US 20030045888 A1 US20030045888 A1 US 20030045888A1 US 20808702 A US20808702 A US 20808702A US 2003045888 A1 US2003045888 A1 US 2003045888A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25J—MANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
- B25J3/00—Manipulators of master-slave type, i.e. both controlling unit and controlled unit perform corresponding spatial movements
- B25J3/04—Manipulators of master-slave type, i.e. both controlling unit and controlled unit perform corresponding spatial movements involving servo mechanisms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
- A61B34/30—Surgical robots
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
- A61B34/30—Surgical robots
- A61B34/35—Surgical robots for telesurgery
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
- A61B34/30—Surgical robots
- A61B34/37—Master-slave robots
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
- A61B34/70—Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
- A61B34/70—Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
- A61B34/71—Manipulators operated by drive cable mechanisms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
- A61B34/70—Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
- A61B34/77—Manipulators with motion or force scaling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25J—MANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
- B25J9/00—Programme-controlled manipulators
- B25J9/10—Programme-controlled manipulators characterised by positioning means for manipulator elements
- B25J9/104—Programme-controlled manipulators characterised by positioning means for manipulator elements with cables, chains or ribbons
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
- G16H20/00—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance
- G16H20/40—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to mechanical, radiation or invasive therapies, e.g. surgery, laser therapy, dialysis or acupuncture
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
- G16H40/00—ICT specially adapted for the management or administration of healthcare resources or facilities; ICT specially adapted for the management or operation of medical equipment or devices
- G16H40/60—ICT specially adapted for the management or administration of healthcare resources or facilities; ICT specially adapted for the management or operation of medical equipment or devices for the operation of medical equipment or devices
- G16H40/67—ICT specially adapted for the management or administration of healthcare resources or facilities; ICT specially adapted for the management or operation of medical equipment or devices for the operation of medical equipment or devices for remote operation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/00234—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for minimally invasive surgery
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/34—Trocars; Puncturing needles
- A61B17/3417—Details of tips or shafts, e.g. grooves, expandable, bendable; Multiple coaxial sliding cannulas, e.g. for dilating
- A61B17/3421—Cannulas
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/34—Trocars; Puncturing needles
- A61B17/3462—Trocars; Puncturing needles with means for changing the diameter or the orientation of the entrance port of the cannula, e.g. for use with different-sized instruments, reduction ports, adapter seals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/28—Surgical forceps
- A61B17/29—Forceps for use in minimally invasive surgery
- A61B2017/2926—Details of heads or jaws
- A61B2017/2932—Transmission of forces to jaw members
- A61B2017/2939—Details of linkages or pivot points
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
- A61B34/70—Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
- A61B34/71—Manipulators operated by drive cable mechanisms
- A61B2034/715—Cable tensioning mechanisms for removing slack
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/36—Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
- A61B90/361—Image-producing devices, e.g. surgical cameras
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Robotics (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Primary Health Care (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- General Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Manipulator (AREA)
Abstract
An articulated apparatus is disclosed that includes a first link member, a second link member, and a third link member. The second link member is coupled to the first link member at a proximal end of the second link member by a first joint having a first axis of rotation. The third link member is coupled to a distal end of the second link member by a second joint. The movement of the third link member with respect to the second link member is governed by at least one tendon that passes through the first axis of rotation of the first joint such that movement of the second member with respect to the first member does not cause movement of the third member with respect to the second member.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/827,503, filed Apr. 6, 2001, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/746,853, filed Dec. 21, 2000, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/375,666, filed Aug. 17, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,017 which issued on Mar. 6, 2001, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/028,550, filed on Feb. 24, 1998, which is now abandoned. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.
- The invention generally relates to robotics and particularly relates to telerobotic surgery.
- Telerobotic surgical devices are well suited for use in performing endoscopic (or minimal access) surgery, as opposed to conventional surgery where the patient's body cavity is open to permit the surgeon's hands access to internal organs. Endoscopic techniques involve performing an operation through small (about 5 mm to 10 mm) skin incisions through which instruments are inserted for performing the surgical procedure. A video camera may also be inserted into the patient in the area of the surgical site to view the procedure. Endoscopic surgery is typically less traumatic than conventional surgery, in part, due to the significantly reduced size of the incision. Further, hospitalization periods are shorter and recovery periods may be quicker when surgery is performed endoscopically rather than conventionally.
- It is, of course, important that the surgeon have some feedback from the surgical site, e.g., visual feedback either through a camera and fiber optic cable, or through real-time computerized tomography scan imagery. Even with good visualization, however, the surgeon's tactile and position senses are physically removed from the operative site rendering the endoscopic procedure slow and clumsy. Current instrumentation, with forceps, scissors, etc., inserted into the body at the end of long slender push rods is not fully satisfactory. The use of such conventional instrumentation may result in longer operative time, and potentially higher risks, for example if a ruptured artery cannot be quickly closed off then significant blood loss may occur. Moreover, there are limitations on the type and complexity of procedures that can be performed endoscopically due, in part, to the limitations on the instruments that may be employed.
- Limited development work has been undertaken to investigate the use of robots in surgery. The robot at the surgical site, however, must be small and light enough that it may be easily manipulated around and inside of the patient, yet strong enough to perform effective surgery. The controls for the robot must also be precise and not sloppy. Presently existing telerobotic systems, using manipulators both with and without haptic feedback, are generally too bulky and heavy for many endoscopic techniques, or are too weak and imprecise for surgery.
- There is a need, therefore, for a micro-manipulator that is strong and precise in its movements, yet is small, light and easily manipulated,
- The invention provides an articulated apparatus that includes a first link member, a second link member, and a third link member. The second link member is coupled to the first link member at a proximal end of the second link member by a first joint having a first axis of rotation. The third link member is coupled to a distal end of the second link member by a second joint. The movement of the third link member with respect to the second link member is governed by at least one tendon that passes through the first axis of rotation of the first joint such that movement of the second member with respect to the first member does not cause movement of the third member with respect to the second member.
- The following detailed description of the illustrated embodiments may be further understood with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
- FIG. 1 shows an illustrative view of a system incorporating the benefits of the invention;
- FIG. 2 shows a diagrammatic representation of the relative rotational movements of the joints in the system of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 shows an illustrative isometric view of the handle portion of the system of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 4 shows an illustrative top view of the handle portion shown in FIG. 3 with a portion of the outer housing removed;
- FIG. 5 shows an illustrative side view of the handle portion shown in FIG. 3 with a portion of the outer housing removed;
- FIGS. 6 through 11 show illustrative sectional views of the handle portion shown in FIG. 5 taken along lines6-6 through 11-11 respectively thereof;
- FIGS. 12 and 13 show illustrative side and top views respectively of the handle axial rotation portion of the system shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 14 shows an illustrative and partially exploded isometric view of the rotating bearings of FIGS. 12 and 13;
- FIG. 15 shows an illustrative view of the cable collector of FIGS. 12 and 13 with its housing partially removed;
- FIGS. 16 through 18 show illustrative sectional views of the cable collector of FIG. 15 taken along lines16-16 through 18-18 respectively thereof;
- FIG. 19 shows an illustrative side view of the elbow joint portion of the master robot shown in FIG. 1;
- FIGS. 20 and 21 show illustrative sectional views of the elbow joint portion shown in FIG. 19 taken along lines20-20 and 21-21 thereof;
- FIG. 22 shows an illustrative rear view of the elbow joint of FIG. 19 taken along line22-22 thereof;
- FIG. 23 is an illustrative front view the base and shoulder portions of the master robot of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 24 is an illustrative side view of the shoulder portion of the robot of FIG. 1 is taken along line24-24 of FIG. 23;
- FIG. 25 is a plan view of a portion of the base portion of FIG. 23 taken along line25-25 thereof;
- FIGS. 26 and 27 are illustrative top and side views respectively of the gripper portion of the system of FIG. 1 with the housing partially removed;
- FIGS.28-33 are illustrative sectional views of the gripper portion of FIG. 27 taken along lines 28-28 through 33-33 respectively thereof;
- FIGS. 34 and 35 show operational steps of different embodiments of systems incorporating the invention;
- FIGS. 36 and 37 show illustrative side views of a portion of another embodiment of the invention involving a four bar linkage in two different positions;
- FIG. 38 shows an illustrative isometric view of another embodiment of a gripper mechanism of a system of the invention;
- FIG. 39 shows an illustrative side view of a portion of the gripper assembly shown in FIG. 38; and
- FIG. 40 shows an illustrative top view of the portion of the gripper assembly shown in FIG. 39.
- The drawings are not to scale and are intended to be illustrative of the operation of various systems of the invention.
- The invention provides a micro-manipulator that is suitable for use in endoscopic surgery. During use, the surgeon should have the familiarity and surety of experiencing his or her hands within the patient at the operative site, while the surgeon's hands are placed within a sensory interface outside of the patient. The sensory interface, or master robot, precisely reflects the tactile environment of the robotic hand to the operator's fingers. This haptic interface electronically connects the surgeon's hand and wrist position and motion to the micro-manipulator within the patient. The digital information communicated between the haptic interface and robotic manipulator is transmitted through the endoscopic device, whether it be a laparoscope, thoracoscope, arthroscope, laryngoscope or other minimal access surgical device.
- Due to the electronic digital interface, it is not required that the haptic interface and micro-manipulator be mechanically connected. This permits civilian, as well as military, physicians to provide care to patients located in remote or potentially hostile environments via telepresence. Telepresence with appropriate sensing instruments could permit one surgeon to conduct operations at different sites (any distance apart) without traveling. Systems incorporating the invention also permit sterile isolation of the slave robot at the operation site from the master robot and surgeon.
- As shown in FIG. 1, a
system 10 including benefits of the invention includes amaster robot 12, acentral processor 14, and aslave robot 16. The system may be used by positioning theend effector tip 18 of theslave robot 16 through atrocar sleeve 20 into a patient 22 during surgery. During use, a surgeon may manipulate the endeffector handle unit 24 of the master robot, to effect the desired positioning and movement of the grippers on thetip unit 18 within thepatient 22. The system may also include a fiber optic cable with a camera (not shown) at its distal end within the surgical site. The fiber optic cable is connected to a video system (not shown) for viewing the surgical site. The camera may be mounted on theinstrument tip unit 18, or may be positioned away from the site to provide additional perspective on the surgical operation. In certain situations, it may be desirable to provide the camera through an incision other than the one through which thetrocar sleeve 20 and instrument have been inserted into the patient. - The
master robot 12 includeshandles - The
slave robot 16 includes a base rotation joint 40, a shoulder rotation joint 42, and an elbow rotation joint 44 each similar to thejoints master robot 12. Theslave robot 16 also includes twofree joints slave robot 16 also includes an axial rotation joint 50 providing axial rotation of thetip unit 18, as well asjoints - Significantly, the motors that control the joints proximate the
handle 26 in themaster robot 12 are located in thebase 58, and the motors that control the joints in theslave robot 16 proximate thegrippers base 60 of theslave robot 16. Cables extend from motors in the base up through each section and joint to control and monitor movement of the non-free joints as will be discussed further below. This permits the robots, and in particular the end effector portion of the slave robot, to be both small and light. In a preferred embodiment, all of the motors are located in the base of each respective robot. - As shown in FIGS. 3 through 5, the
handles pulleys 62.Cables 64 a-64 d extend from the handle pulleys 62 and pass around additional pulleys within thehandle unit 24. Thecables 64 then extend toward the next proximate section of the robot, and eventually terminate in thebase 58. Specifically, and with reference to the sectional views shown in FIGS. 6 through 11, thecables 64 extend from the handle pulleys 62 (FIG. 6), then pass around two split level pulleys 66 (FIG. 7), then around another pulley 68 (FIG. 8) to bring the cables near a set of four larger diameter pulleys 70 (FIG. 9), and finally to a set of four alignment pulleys 72 (FIG. 10). - The cables may be formed of any high strength, high molecular weight polyethylene (or other polymeric) fibers such as SPECTRA or VECTRAN polymers. The cables may be 80/1000 of an inch in diameter, and may be either two single loop cables that are fixed to the handle pulleys62, or may comprise four separate cables, each of which is fixed to the handle pulleys 62. The pulleys may be formed of any suitable material, e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and the guide pulleys 66, 68 and 72 may either be independently freely rotating or fixed. The various portions of
pulleys adjacent pulley wheels 70 in FIG. 9. Thespacers 71 permit rotation of the pulleys relative each other with decreased friction, and help maintain placement of the cables on the pulleys. - The
handle unit 24 provides three degrees of freedom of movement as follows. When one of thehandles 26 is moved relative the other 27, the pairs ofcables cables pulleys 70, thecables cables handles cables pulleys - As shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, the axial rotational joint32 on the
master robot 12 of FIG. 1, is driven by twocables robot arm member 76, around one set of pulleys each positioned over anotherarm member 78 fixed to thearm member 76, and then are attached to anadjoining arm member 80. By rotating thearm member 80 with respect to thearm member 76, thecables safety tie strap 82 may be fixed to each of thearms cables 64 that extend from thehandle unit 24 run through the center of thearm members arm member 80 also includes internalrotational bearing 83 through which the cables pass as shown in FIG. 14. FIG. 14 illustrates the rotational relationship of thecable arms 78 and 80 (shown slightly spaced apart. The positioning of thecables 64 in the center of thesections section 80 to be rotated with respect tosection 78 about joint 32 without significant attendant movement of thecables 64. - As shown in phantom in FIG. 12, a
cable collector 84 is located within therobot section 76. Thecable collector 84 receives thecables 64 that are positioned within the center of thesections section 76 toward the next joint as shown in FIGS. 12, 13 and 19. Cable collectors similar tocable collector 84 are used in several other places in therobots cable collector 84 may be used to distribute six cables instead of the four shown by feeding the two additional cables through theupper pulleys 86 shown in FIG. 16 (similar to cable pairs 64 a, 64 b and 64 c, 64 d). The fifth and sixth cables would then pass around theupper pulleys 88 shown in FIG. 17 (similar tocables cables cables 64 a-64 d to form the planar distribution, in part, because the receiving pulleys at the elbow joint 34 urge the cables to form a planar distribution. - The
cables cable connector 84 within thesection 84, and approach the plane B, as shown in FIGS. 19 and 20. Thecables 64 and 74 are received between two sets ofpulleys pulleys cables 64 and 74 remain approximately in the center of the joint 34 as thesection 80 is rotated about thesection 78 of therobot 12. This permits thesection 76 to be rotated with respect to thesection 82 about the joint 34 without significant attendant movement of thecables 64 and 74. - The joint34 is actuated by either of
cables fixed points 88 a and 88 b respectively on opposite sides ofsection 76 as shown in FIGS. 19 and 22. Thecables section 82 along a plane generally indicated at C in FIG. 22. - As shown in FIG. 23, the
cables 64, and 74 are received between another two sets ofpulleys section 82 within joint 36. Each set ofpulleys pulleys cables 64 and 74 to extend through approximately the center to the joint 36. Thesection 82 may therefore be rotated with respect to thebase section 94 about joint 36 without significant attendant movement of thecables 64 and 74. Thecables cable 84 a then wraps around onemore pulley 100 a, and then bothcables hollow termination cylinder 102. In a preferred embodiment, the ends of the twocables 84 wrapped around thecylinder 102 are attached to each other, forming asingle cable 84. As thecylinder 102 is rotated between alternate directions, the joint 34 is actuated in mutually opposing directions. - The
shoulder section 94 may be rotated with respect to the base 106 providing a joint 38 that has an axis of rotation that is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the joint 36 (as shown in FIG. 2). Thecables 64 and 74 extend through acable collector 104 similar to the cable collector described above with reference to FIGS. 15-18, except that six cables are run through thecable collector 104. The cables extend from thecollector 104 toward the base 106 in three pairs that are positioned such thatcables cables - Rotation about joint34 may be effected by controlling the movement of the motor M1, which causes
cylinders cables 84 causing rotation of thesection 76 with respect tosection 82 with respect to the joint 34. - Rotation may be effected about joint36 by controlling the movement of the motor M2, which causes
cylinders Cylinder 114 is fixed to thesection 82, so rotation of thecylinder 114 causes rotation of thesection 82 with respect to theshoulder section 94 about joint 36. - Rotation about joint38 may be achieved by controlling the movement of the motor M3, which causes
cylinders shoulder section 94 with respect to the base 106 about joint 38. - The remaining six joints are controlled by the remaining six motors in the base. Only two of the remaining motors M4 and M5 are shown in FIG. 23, The other four motors are positioned in the base behind the drive system for motors M4 and M5, as indicated in FIG. 25, and operate similar to the systems of motors M4 and M5. In particular,
cable 64 c may be drawn toward the base by controlling the movement of the motor M4, which causescylinders cable 64 d may be drawn toward the base by controlling the movement of the motor M5, which causescylinders other cables cylinders - The gearing ratios of the base rotation joint38 (associated with M3), the shoulder joint 36 (associated with M2) and the elbow joint 34 (associated with M1) should each be about 40 to 1, while the gearing ratios of the remaining joints should be about 8 to 1.
- The
slave robot 16 is identical to the master robot from the base up to the joint 46, with the one exception that the gearing ratio for the remaining joints (that was 8 to 1 with the master) is 20 to 1 for theslave robot 16. Specifically, the joint 40 on theslave robot 16 is similar to the joint 38 on themaster robot 12, and the joint 42 on the slave robot is similar to the joint 36 on the master robot, and the joint 44 on the slave robot is similar to the joint 34 on the master robot. The slave robot also includes cable tracking through thebase 60 and shoulder section andsection 140 similar to the cable tracking of themaster robot 12 through thebase 58,shoulder section 94 andsection 82. - In the
slave robot 16, thejoints section 76 on themaster robot 12. There are six cables that extend through the section 142. The cables are collected by a cable collector (as discussed above) prior to the joint 46 where they are redistributed from a planar arrangement to a centrally positioned collection. The six cables then pass through the joint 46 centrally positioned similar to that shown in FIG. 14. Following the joint 46, the cables are again redistributed by another cable collector from the central position to a planar distribution. - The six planar distributed cables are then fed between two sets of pulleys at the joint48 as described above with reference to FIGS. 19-22, except that all of the cables pass through the joint. There are no pulleys at joint 48 similar to the
pulleys 86 at joint 34.Joints - The six cables then continue through the
subsequent section 144. The joint 50 is identical to (though smaller in scale than) the joint 32, and is driven by two cables in the same fashion thatcables section 146. The section 146 (together with the remaining four cables) pass into a patient 22 through thetrocar sleeve 20. - As shown in FIGS.26-33, the
gripper portion 18 is similar to (though smaller in scale than) thehandle portion 24, except that where the handle portion included a single pulley wheel (pulley 68 in FIGS. 5 and 8), the associated arrangement of the gripper portion includes two pulley wheels (seepulleys 150 of FIGS. 27 and 31). Generally, cables 156 a-156 d extend through the gripper portion around pulleys 158 (FIG. 29), around pulleys 160 (FIG. 30), around pulleys 150 (FIG. 31), around pulleys 162 (FIG. 32), and terminate on pulleys 164 (FIG. 33) as shown. - The cables156 may be formed as discussed above in connection with the handle portions shown in FIGS. 3-11, and the guide pulleys 150, 158, and 162 may be independently freely rotating or fixed. Again, PTFE spacers may be placed between adjacent, independently rotating pulleys.
- The gripper unit provides three degrees of freedom as follows. When one of the cables,156 a, is moved relative the other of its air, 156 d, the associated
gripper 166 will rotate with respect to the central axis of thepulley 164. Similarly, when one of thecables 156 b is moved relative the other of its pair, 156 c, then the associatedgripper 168 will rotate with respect to the central axis of thepulley 164. When both ofcables other cables pulleys 160. See FIGS. 27 and 30. - During operation, and with reference to the flow chart shown in FIG. 34, a system including robotic manipulators of the invention, begins (step3400) by initializing variables and establishing a home position for the master and robot slaves. The system (step 3405) then reads the outputs of the optical encoders to identify movement of the joints of the master robot. The system also reads the outputs of the optical encoders of the slave robot (step 3410) for identifying feedback. The feedback information is utilized later in the process loop. The system then computes the new position of the handle based on the position sensor signals read from the optical encoders of the master robot (step 3415). A new gripper position is then computed (step 3420) based on the new handle position and a predetermined mapping function that maps handle position to gripper position. The desired motor movements of the slave robot (step 3425) are then computed based on the new desired position of the gripper using inverse kinematics. The desired gripper position is then compared (step 3430) with the actual gripper position as known from monitoring the optical encoder outputs of the slave robot motors. The voltages required to move the gripper to the desired position are then calculated and applied (step 3435) proportional to the difference between the desired and actual positions of the gripper.
- A feedback gripper position is then computed (step3440) based on the outputs of the optical encoders of the slave robot, using forward kinematics. The associated handle position is then computed (step 3445) based on the feedback gripper position using the mapping function, and the desired motor movements are calculated for the master robot using inverse kinematics (step 3450). The feedback voltages are applied to the required motors of the master robot (step 3455) to effect the required feedback from the slave robot. The process then returns to step 3405 and begins again. The system may cycle very rapidly, providing continuous actuation and feedback responses. The forward and inverse kinematical equations are well known in the art, as is the generation and use of three space mapping functions.
- The process of FIG. 35 is similar to the process of FIG. 34 except that the feedback signals are responsive to torque sensors instead of position sensors. Steps3500-3535 are the same as steps 3400-3435 of FIG. 34. The system of FIG. 35 then reads the outputs from torque force sensors on the slave robot (step 3540), which outputs are then digitized (step 3545). A set of feedback gripper forces are then calculated based on the torque sensor outputs using forward kinematics (step 3550). Feedback handle forces are then computed from the feedback gripper forces by using a mapping function (step 3555), and the desired motor movements of the master robot may then be calculated by inverse kinematics (step 3560). The required voltages to be applied to the master robot motors may then be calculated (step 3565), converted to analog signals (step 3570), and then applied to the master robot motors (step 3575) to effect the required feedback onto the master robot. The process then returns to step 3505 and begins again.
- As shown in FIGS. 36 and 37, in an alternative embodiment of a system incorporating the benefits of the invention, a robot may include a four bar linkage system. Specifically, the
link 170 is analogous to thelink 82 of the system shown in FIG. 1, and thejoints joints joints member 170 similar to the system of FIG. 1. - In the system of FIGS. 36 and 37, however, the link176 (which is analogous to the
link 76 of FIG. 1), extends beyond the joint 172. The extended portion ofmember 176 is connected to another joint 178, which in turn connects tomember 180.Member 180 is connected at joint 182 tomember 184 which extends to joint 174.Members members base 186 around a pulley at the joint 174 and fasten tomember 184. When this cable is pulled, themember 184 rotates with respect to the joint 174, rotating themember 176 with respect to the joint 172. The four bar linkage system, therefore, is replaces the elbow joint 34 actuator system of FIG. 1. The system of FIGS. 36 and 37 permits the elbow joint to be actuated from closer to the base, and may provide for greater strength and rigidity. - As shown in FIG. 38, an alternative embodiment of a
gripper unit 200 of the invention includes link members instead of the cables and pulleys of FIGS. 26-33. Specifically, one half of thegripper unit 200 includes links 202-220 for controllinggripper 222, and the other half of the gripper unit includes links 232-248 for controllinggripper 252. The gripper unit halves are shown in somewhat exploded view. Thegrippers respective openings common axis 259 that is shown in exploded view in FIG. 38. The face ofgripper 222 that does not include thelinks gripper 252 that does not include thelinks - Each of
link members openings links axis 258. For example, the links may be ordered from top down as 206, 216, 236 and 246, or they may be interleaved as 206, 236, 216 and 246. - As shown in FIG. 39, in a side view of one half of the
gripper unit 200 of FIG. 38, it can be seen that adjacent links rotate about joint axes that are parallel with theaxis 258. As shown in FIG. 40, thegripper 222 rotates about theaxis 259 throughopening 224 that is orthogonal to theaxis 258. Thelinks axis 258, but are otherwise fixed in place. Thegrippers axis 259, and the secured a fixed distance from theaxis 258, but the pair ofgrippers axis 258. - During use, when link202 is pulled away from the
axis 258 with-respect to link 212, then link 210 will rotate (clockwise in FIG. 39) until it contacts astop 260 on thegripper 222. When thestop 260 is contacted and link 202 continues to be pulled away from theaxis 258, then gripper 222 will begin to rotate (clockwise in FIG. 39) about itsopening 224. Pullinglink 212 away from theaxis 258 may similarly cause thegripper 222 to rotate (counterclockwise in FIG. 39) about theopening 224 when link 220 contacts stop 262 on thegripper 222. The second portion of the gripperunit including gripper 252 may be caused to rotate in a similar fashion by pullinglinks axis 258. - If
link members axis 258, then the entire gripper assembly (includinggrippers 222 and 252) will rotate (counterclockwise in FIG. 40) about theaxis 258. Similarly, iflinks axis 258, then the entire gripper assembly will rotate (clockwise in FIG. 40) about theaxis 258. - The
gripper assembly 200 may provide greater strength, and reduced size. Moreover, thegripper assembly 200 may also provide improved access through extremely small openings. If thelinks axis 259 such that the outer ends of thelinks axis 258 and close to one another, and thelinks gripper 252 are similarly collapsed upon one another, then thegripper assembly 200 may be introduced through an opening that is only the size of the round portion of thegrippers links gripper assembly 200 may be employed within a patient. - Any of the various features of the invention disclosed herein may be employed in a wide variety of systems. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that modifications and variations may be made to the above disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. An articulated apparatus comprising;
a plurality of link members each in communication with and rotatably movable with respect to at least one other adjacent link member about an associated joint between the adjacent link members;
said plurality of link members including a first link member that extends in a first direction and is associated with a first joint having an axis of rotation in a second direction that is different than the first direction;
and a second link member that extends in a third direction and is associated with a second joint having an axis of rotation in a fourth direction that is substantially coplanar with the third direction.
2. An articulated apparatus as set forth in claim 1 further comprising a base portion including a drive assembly for controlling the movement of each of the link members with respect to other link members about the joints via tendons that control the rotational movement of the link members about the joints responsive to the drive assembly.
3. An articulated apparatus as set forth in claim 2 wherein at least some of the tendons extend through at least some of the joints including the first and second joints such that the movement of the link members about the joints through which the tendons extend, does not cause significant attendant movement of the tendons extending through other joints.
4. An articulated apparatus as set forth in claim 1 comprising a base portion including a drive assembly of a plurality of motors for controlling actions at the joints.
5. An articulated apparatus as set forth in claim 4 wherein all motors for controlling the link members are disposed remote from the link members.
6. An articulated apparatus as set forth in claim 5 wherein cables extend from motors in the base up to the joints to control movement of the joints.
7. An articulated apparatus comprising;
a plurality of link members each in communication with and rotatably movable with respect to at least one other adjacent link member about an associated joint between the adjacent link members;
said plurality of link members including a first link member that extends in a first direction and is associated with a first joint having an axis of rotation in a second direction that is different than the first direction;
a second link member that extends in a third direction and is associated with a second joint having an axis of rotation in a fourth direction; and
a base portion including a drive assembly for controlling the movement of each of the link members;
said drive assembly including a plurality of motors for controlling motions of the link members, the majority of said motors being disposed remote from and off of any moving link members.
8. An articulated apparatus as set forth in claim 7 wherein cables extend from motors in the base up to the joints to control movement of the joints and thereby movement of the link members.
Priority Applications (1)
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US10/208,087 US20030045888A1 (en) | 1998-02-24 | 2002-07-29 | Articulated apparatus for telemanipulator system |
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US09/827,503 US6432112B2 (en) | 1998-02-24 | 2001-04-06 | Articulated apparatus for telemanipulator system |
US10/208,087 US20030045888A1 (en) | 1998-02-24 | 2002-07-29 | Articulated apparatus for telemanipulator system |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US6432112B2 (en) | 2002-08-13 |
US6692485B1 (en) | 2004-02-17 |
US20010018591A1 (en) | 2001-08-30 |
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