US20050208287A1 - Composite product - Google Patents
Composite product Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20050208287A1 US20050208287A1 US11/128,778 US12877805A US2005208287A1 US 20050208287 A1 US20050208287 A1 US 20050208287A1 US 12877805 A US12877805 A US 12877805A US 2005208287 A1 US2005208287 A1 US 2005208287A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- functional
- slurry
- composite product
- substrate layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000013538 functional additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 abstract description 50
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 16
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 9
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium carbonate Substances [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000006259 organic additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 244000137852 Petrea volubilis Species 0.000 description 4
- 229920002310 Welan gum Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000011518 fibre cement Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 150000004684 trihydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- HDERJYVLTPVNRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;ethenyl acetate Chemical group C=C.CC(=O)OC=C HDERJYVLTPVNRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004794 expanded polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009408 flooring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910021487 silica fume Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 description 2
- AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-6,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-5H-isoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline Chemical compound C1CN2CC(C(=C(OC)C=C3)OC)=C3CC2C2=C1C=C(OC)C(OC)=C2 AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbamic acid Chemical class NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920004482 WACKER® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- JXLHNMVSKXFWAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound N.OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C2=NON=C12 JXLHNMVSKXFWAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001222 biopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010882 bottom ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005551 calcium lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BCAARMUWIRURQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicalcium;oxocalcium;silicate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca]=O.[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BCAARMUWIRURQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013681 dietary sucrose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011405 expansive cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005002 finish coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008394 flocculating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- CBYZIWCZNMOEAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;naphthalene Chemical class O=C.C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 CBYZIWCZNMOEAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NVVZQXQBYZPMLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound O=C.C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 NVVZQXQBYZPMLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013022 formulation composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004572 hydraulic lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003562 lightweight material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014380 magnesium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000011404 masonry cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011412 natural cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000518 rheometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000176 sodium gluconate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012207 sodium gluconate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940005574 sodium gluconate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920005552 sodium lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WEFLTJMZDFLYAP-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;formaldehyde;hydrogen sulfate;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Chemical compound [Na+].O=C.OS([O-])(=O)=O.NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 WEFLTJMZDFLYAP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001909 styrene-acrylic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960004793 sucrose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011882 ultra-fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
- B32B13/14—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
- B28B1/52—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material specially adapted for producing articles from mixtures containing fibres, e.g. asbestos cement
- B28B1/522—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material specially adapted for producing articles from mixtures containing fibres, e.g. asbestos cement for producing multi-layered articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
- B28B7/40—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels characterised by means for modifying the properties of the moulding material
- B28B7/46—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels characterised by means for modifying the properties of the moulding material for humidifying or dehumidifying
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B18/04—Waste materials; Refuse
- C04B18/06—Combustion residues, e.g. purification products of smoke, fumes or exhaust gases
- C04B18/08—Flue dust, i.e. fly ash
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/04—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
- E04C2/06—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres reinforced
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/02—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings of plastic materials hardening after applying, e.g. plaster
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F15/00—Flooring
- E04F15/12—Flooring or floor layers made of masses in situ, e.g. seamless magnesite floors, terrazzo gypsum floors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00482—Coating or impregnation materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00612—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as one or more layers of a layered structure
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S106/00—Compositions: coating or plastic
- Y10S106/01—Fly ash
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249924—Noninterengaged fiber-containing paper-free web or sheet which is not of specified porosity
- Y10T428/249932—Fiber embedded in a layer derived from a water-settable material [e.g., cement, gypsum, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249967—Inorganic matrix in void-containing component
- Y10T428/249968—Of hydraulic-setting material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249971—Preformed hollow element-containing
- Y10T428/249972—Resin or rubber element
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249986—Void-containing component contains also a solid fiber or solid particle
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
- Y10T428/263—Coating layer not in excess of 5 mils thick or equivalent
- Y10T428/264—Up to 3 mils
- Y10T428/265—1 mil or less
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31652—Of asbestos
- Y10T428/31667—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers, or aldehyde or ketone condensation product
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/10—Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to composites and particularly, but not limited to, fibre reinforced building composites.
- Fibre reinforced cement is an extremely popular building product.
- FRC products have limited acoustic, thermal and fire retardant properties. They can exhibit limited workability and generally lie in the medium density range (around 1300 kg/m 3 ) or higher (compressed densities of around 1700 kg/m 3 ).
- the properties of fibre cement are altered by addition of other materials eg different fibres, fillers etc or altered with different production techniques.
- Such alterations to the FRC formulation can be expensive to develop in order to ensure no detrimental side effects arise from such new formulations. Alterations in production methods or equipment are also expensive and time consuming to develop. Such techniques also do not provide for true “tailoring” of the FRC product. It is, of course, inappropriate to shut down an entire production line, for example, to produce a small batch of FRC product tailored to a specific use.
- the present invention provides a composite product comprising a substrate layer and one or more functional layers applied thereto, each functional layer including a mixture of hydraulic binder, dewatering agent wherein the quantity of dewatering agent is sufficient to permit de-watering of each functional layer through the substrate layer and any additional functional layer.
- the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a composite product comprising:
- the substrate layer is a fibre reinforced base material such as fibre reinforced cement.
- This substrate layer provides a structural base on which additional functional layers may be added.
- the functional layers may be added to both sides of the substrate layer but most preferably are added to one side which generally expose one side of the building board during production. Such a technique allows the aforementioned method to be applied to current FRC production techniques such as Hatschek.
- the present applicants have developed a process for manufacture of a composite article to virtually any desired specification or use.
- the present inventive composite and method starts with a simple water permeable substrate layer such as conventional fibre reinforced building board.
- a simple water permeable substrate layer such as conventional fibre reinforced building board.
- the base layer are added one or more functional layers, each functional layer being specifically tailored to provide the desired functionality.
- the slurry formulation from which the functional layer is formed can include insulating materials such as rubber crumbs, vermiculite, perlite, gypsum, etc.
- water permeability may be decreased by including water resistant polymers eg silanes, siloxane blends etc or pozzalanic materials such as silica fume, metakaoline, ultrafine fly ash etc.
- water resistant polymers eg silanes, siloxane blends etc or pozzalanic materials such as silica fume, metakaoline, ultrafine fly ash etc.
- Density modification of the functional layer can be accomplished by addition of suitable light weight materials such as cenospheres (ceramic hollow spheres), expanded polystyrene, vermiculite, perlite etc.
- the inventive process enables various functional layers to be integrated into a single composite by appropriate slurry modification.
- each functional layer has a reinforcing layer positioned therebetween.
- the reinforcing layer may comprise fibre mesh or netting, and serves to improve the strength and durability of the composite product.
- the reinforcing layer may comprise a thin fibre reinforced cementitious layer similar for instance to the base material.
- a thin fibre reinforced cementitious layer similar for instance to the base material.
- This provides for more efficient utilisation of such fibre reinforced layers, similar to sandwich composite technology.
- a core area can be formed as the aforementioned functional layer with low fibre reinforcement.
- Areas which require high fibre reinforcement due to high tensile strength ie surface or skin areas, can be covered by a fibre reinforced cementitious layer.
- the thus formed fibre reinforced layers act as sandwich skins with a de-watered slurry functional layer acting as a sandwich core.
- the described composite provides significant advantages over monolithic fibre reinforced composites. Firstly, by the aforementioned composite action, fibres can be positioned in areas where they are most required. This will, of course, lead to a reduction in the fibre reinforced volume of the product.
- one of the most important advantages arising from preferred embodiments of the present invention is the ability to concentrate a particular functionality into a single layer.
- any adjustments to the functional or structural aspects of the product au be diluted or diminished or unevenly spread throughout the product.
- additives and filler can be incorporated for specific purposes, ie acoustic, thermal or fire performance, density modification, cost or production efficiency.
- a top or finish coating layer can also be provided for the composite product by a fibre reinforced cementitious layer, a material similar or identical to the functional layer or any other product.
- the top or finishing coating can be primarily an “aesthetic” layer of, say, ultrafine particle size or made from a sandable material to smooth the exterior surface of the composite product and thereby provide a finish/paint ready surface.
- the dewatering agent serves to maintain sufficient porosity in the slurry and product to be coated to permit dewatering of the slurry through the product to be coated.
- the dewatering agent is a particulate material such as fly ash, alumina trihydrate, silica flour, cenospheres (ceramic hollow spheres) or similar.
- Fly ash is particularly preferred as it permits dewatering of the slurry within a few minutes.
- Other particulate dewatering agents such as alumina trihydrate or silica flour may also be used, however, they increase the time required for dewatering of the slurry through the product to be coated.
- the slurry applied to the product to be coated has a high water content.
- the water content can be up to about 50%. This is in contrast to previous cementitious formulations which generally have a very high solids content.
- a self levelling dewaterable slurry is obtained which can be applied to the substrate layer, dewatered through the substrate layer and thereby provide a uniform coating over this substrate layer.
- the resultant product would be normally cured, steam cured or hydrothermally cured, ie autoclaved, and if required, sanded to a smooth flat finish.
- the substrate layer to which the functional layers can be applied is virtually limitless provided the slurry can be dewatered through the substrate layer.
- Cementitious and gypsum building boards are typical examples of suitable building products on which the coating can be applied.
- the thickness of the functional layers would range from around 0.1 to 10 mm, preferably about 0.5 to 5 mm and most preferably about 1 to 3 mm.
- the layer may have a depth of around 0.05 to 5 mm, preferably about 1 to 2 mm and most preferably about 0.5 to 1 mm.
- the thus produced composite is comparable in its workability to monolithic (single layer) composites. It can be flexed, cut, drilled and fixed by nails etc to a frame without surface cracking or chipping.
- hydroaulic binder refers to a pulverised material in the solid, dry state which, when mixed with water, yields plastic mixtures that are able to set and harden, for example a cement. Included within the definition are white, grey or pigmented cements and hydraulic limes.
- cement includes hydraulic and alite cements such as portland cement, blended cements such as portland cement blended with fly ash, blast-furnace slag, pozzalans and the like and mixtures thereof, masonry cement, oil well cement, natural cement, alumina cement, expansive cements and the like, or mixtures thereof.
- the quantity of binder in the formulation is preferably between about 10 to 50 wt % based on the total dry ingredients, more preferably about 15 to 40 wt % and most preferably about 20 to 30 wt %.
- the fly ash used in the preferred embodiments provides a number of advantages including, particularly, as an aid to dewatering of the slurry as defined above.
- powder ash refers to a solid powder having a chemical composition similar to or the same as the composition of material that is produced during combustion of powdered coal, ie about 25 to 60 wt % silica, about 10 to 30 wt % A1 2 0 3 , about 5 to 25 wt % Fe 2 O 3 , about 0 to 20 wt % CaO and about 0 to 5 wt % MgO.
- the dewatering agent may include a coarse fraction fly ash which is greater than about 100 microns.
- This coarse fraction fly ash includes bottom ash or similar products from coal combustion. There is an advantage to using these products over the aforementioned particle size fly ash since it is cheaper.
- some reformulation of the slurry may be required to provide a suitable coating and appropriate dewatering characteristics when the dewatering agent is such a coarse fraction fly ash.
- Fly ash particles are typically spherical and range in diameter from about 1 to 100 microns.
- the fly ash comprises two components.
- a first ‘larger’ size particles of fly ash with preferably about a 100 micron maximum size. This size range of fly ash is used in the slurry to aid in improving the dewatering characteristics of the slurry but also as a moderately reactive pozzalan.
- the second ‘smaller’ fly ash size zone which preferably has about a 10 micron maximum size also adds an improving dewatering characteristic but is a more highly reactive pozzalan. This ‘smaller’ fly ash particle zone also improves the sanded surface quality of the finish layer.
- the first fly ash comprises about 10 to 60 wt % of the formulation based on total dry ingredients, more preferably about 20 to 50 wt % and most preferably about 30 to 40 wt %.
- the second fly ash component preferably provides about 5 to 30 wt % of the formulation based on total dry ingredients, more preferably about 10 to 25 wt % and most preferably about 15 to 20%.
- the functional layers may optionally contain other additives such as fillers.
- fillers may also be used to improve the dewatering characteristics of the slurry.
- cenospheres high ceramic microspheres
- wollastonite diatomite
- ground rice hulls ground perlite or the like
- fillers may also be used to provide additional benefits, for example calcium carbonates or alumina hydrates improve sandability and flexibility of the coated layer respectively.
- Silica flour improves hardness of the sanded surface of the coating layer and the acoustic/thermal insulation properties of the layer can be improved by including rubber particles, vermiculite, perlite, shredded or expanded polystyrene or gypsum.
- the fillers preferably comprise about 5 to 30 wt % of the formulation based on total dry ingredients, more preferably about 10 to 25 wt % and most preferably about 25 to 20 wt %.
- the functional layers may also contain other organic additives.
- Cement plasticising agents may be used to alter the rheology of the slurry. Suitable cement plasticising agents include melamine sulphonate formaldehyde condensates, naphthalene sulphonate formaldehyde condensates, naphthalene sulphonates, calcium lignosulphonates, sodium lignosulphonates, saccharose, sodium gluconate, sulphonic acids, carbohydrates, amino carboxylic acids, polyhydroxycarboxilic acids, sulphonated melomine and the like.
- the amount of cement plasticiser of course will depend upon the fluidising ability of the particular plasticisers. Generally the quantity of plasticiser will be in the range of about 0.3 to 3 wt % and more preferably about 0.5 to 2 wt % based on the total of dry ingredients in the formulation.
- cement plasticisers are Melment F-10, a melamine formaldehyde sodium bisulphate polymer dispersant marketed by SKW-Trostburg in the form of a fine white powder.
- Another suitable plasticiser is Neosyn, a condensed sodium salt of sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde available from Hodgson Chemicals.
- Another preferred component in the coating is a biopolymer which acts to enhance the flowability, segregation resistance and self levelling qualities of the cementitious slurry.
- Particularly suitable bioplymers are xanathan gum and/or whelan gum, eg KELCO-CRETE, K1C 376 manufactured by Monsanto.
- Latex may also be included in the formulation to improve adherence, elasticity, stability and impermeability of the functional layers.
- the latex also improves flexibility of the formed composite.
- the latex may be selected from the group consisting of acrylic latex, styrene latex, butadiene latex or mixtures thereof and is provided preferably in an amount between about 0.5 to 20%, more preferably about 1 to 15% and most preferably about 10% by weight of cement (on polymer solids basis) solids.
- Vinyl polymers may also be incorporated into the formulation either in addition or as a substitute to the latex emulsions. Such vinyl polymers or equivalent polymeric materials enhance adhesion, resilience and flexural strength and abrasion resistance of the functional layer.
- Preferred vinyl polymers include polyvinyl acetate or a copolymer vinyl acetate with another monomer such as ethylene.
- a particularly preferred vinyl acetate resin is VINNAPAS LL5044 thermo plastic resin powder which contains a vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer available from Wacker. Such powdered vinyl polymer is preferably provided in quantities similar to the latex emulsion referred to above.
- conventional other additives such as mineral oxides, hydroxides and clays, metal oxides and hydroxides, fire retardants such as magnesite, thickeners, silica fume or amorphous silica, water sealing agents, water reducing agents, setting modifiers, hardeners, dispersants, foaming agents or flocculating agents, water-proofing agents and density modifiers are suitable for use with the present invention.
- one particular advantage arising from the preferred embodiments is the ability to treat the product to be coated by providing additives in the functional layer.
- additives in the functional layer.
- a waterproofing agent such as silane may be included in the formulation in excess of the functional layer requirements.
- the silane will be drawn into and through the base layer being coated thereby treating the base layer.
- This simultaneous treatment of the base layer as well as providing a functional attribute via the deposited layer is a valuable additional benefit arising from the aforedescribed method.
- a slurry of the formulation is prepared by mixing the hydraulic binder, fly ash and other optional components with water.
- the solids content in the slurry is preferably between about 50 and 90%, more preferably about 55 to 80% and most preferably about 60 to 70%.
- the slurry is applied to the base layer by any convenient means such as brushes rollers, knives or sprays etc.
- the slurry is designed to self level and form a uniform coating on the product.
- the building product to be coated exhibits s certain degree of porosity causing the slurry to dewater and form a uniform deposited cementitious layer.
- Time for dewatering can vary quite dramatically but normally occurs between about 10 and 90 seconds, depending on the porosity of the material to be coated, its water content and thickness and viscosity of the slurry formulation.
- a vacuum may be used to reduce the slurry dewatering time if required. This is particularly useful when tailoring the coating process to the speed of a building product forming process, eg between about 40 to 45 seconds on a Hatschek production line.
- the green laminate article comprising the building product plus coating is preferably precured for a short time, eg up to about 48 hours, then cured by air/moist curing at room temperature, steam curing between about 40 and 90° C. or autoclaving in a steam pressure vessel between about 120 and 200° C.
- a curing time range between about 6 and 72 hours, preferably up to about 48 hours, is suitable.
- the length of time chosen for curing is dependent on the formulation, the manufacturing process and form of the article.
- the aforementioned examples provide a composite comparable in workability to monolithic or single layer composites. They can be flexed, cut, drilled or fixed by nails or the like to a frame without surface cracking or chipping.
- the surface is ‘finish-ready’ and remains smooth, flat, crack-free and with low permeability even when used in a curved configuration.
- Each example provided excellent interlaminer bond between the base sheet and coating exhibiting good composite action, compatibility and resistance to delamination.
- the applicants have developed a unique process which allows them to combine fibre reinforced layers with functional dewatered slurry layers optional reinforced with a wide range of synthetic or natural fibres, eg polypropylene, glass, PVA, cellulose fibres etc.
- the outcome of the aforementioned method is to produce a fibre reinforced composite with strength, water resistance, incombustibility of fibre cement with a low density, surface finish and insulation properties of, for example, gypsum board.
Abstract
Description
- This is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/090, 406 filed on Mar. 4, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This application also claims priority from the following Australian provisional patent applications, the full contents of which are hereby incorporated by cross-reference.
Application No Title Date Filed PR3474 A Composite Product 2 Mar. 2001 PR3475 Spattering Apparatus 2 Mar. 2001 PR3476 Additive for a Dewaterable Slurry 2 Mar. 2001 PR3477 A Method and Apparatus for Forming a 2 Mar. 2001 Laminated Sheet Material by Spattering PR3478 Coatings for Building Products 2 Mar. 2001 - 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to composites and particularly, but not limited to, fibre reinforced building composites.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field.
- Fibre reinforced cement (FRC) is an extremely popular building product.
- The applicant along with other various parties have developed a variety of techniques for producing fibre reinforced cement building products and tailoring those FRC products to the particular environment of use.
- There are still, however, certain limitations with regard to FRC products. They have limited acoustic, thermal and fire retardant properties. They can exhibit limited workability and generally lie in the medium density range (around 1300 kg/m3) or higher (compressed densities of around 1700 kg/m3).
- Generally, the properties of fibre cement are altered by addition of other materials eg different fibres, fillers etc or altered with different production techniques. Such alterations to the FRC formulation, however, can be expensive to develop in order to ensure no detrimental side effects arise from such new formulations. Alterations in production methods or equipment are also expensive and time consuming to develop. Such techniques also do not provide for true “tailoring” of the FRC product. It is, of course, inappropriate to shut down an entire production line, for example, to produce a small batch of FRC product tailored to a specific use.
- It is an object of the present invention to overcome or ameliorate at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art, or to provide a useful alternative.
- In a broad aspect, the present invention provides a composite product comprising a substrate layer and one or more functional layers applied thereto, each functional layer including a mixture of hydraulic binder, dewatering agent wherein the quantity of dewatering agent is sufficient to permit de-watering of each functional layer through the substrate layer and any additional functional layer.
- In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a composite product comprising:
-
- (i) providing a substrate layer,
- (ii) providing a slurry formulation including an hydraulic binder and dewatering agent,
- (iii) applying said slurry to said substrate layer to form a functional layer,
- (iv) dewatering the functional layer, and
- (v) optionally repeating steps (ii) through (iv), wherein the quantity of dewatering agent is sufficient to maintain porosity and thereby permit de-watering of each functional layer through the substrate layer and any additional functional layer.
- Preferably, the substrate layer is a fibre reinforced base material such as fibre reinforced cement. This substrate layer provides a structural base on which additional functional layers may be added.
- The functional layers may be added to both sides of the substrate layer but most preferably are added to one side which generally expose one side of the building board during production. Such a technique allows the aforementioned method to be applied to current FRC production techniques such as Hatschek.
- The present applicants have developed a process for manufacture of a composite article to virtually any desired specification or use. To explain, the present inventive composite and method starts with a simple water permeable substrate layer such as conventional fibre reinforced building board. To this base layer are added one or more functional layers, each functional layer being specifically tailored to provide the desired functionality. For example, if it is desired to provide an insulating layer, the slurry formulation from which the functional layer is formed can include insulating materials such as rubber crumbs, vermiculite, perlite, gypsum, etc.
- Similarly, water permeability may be decreased by including water resistant polymers eg silanes, siloxane blends etc or pozzalanic materials such as silica fume, metakaoline, ultrafine fly ash etc.
- Density modification of the functional layer can be accomplished by addition of suitable light weight materials such as cenospheres (ceramic hollow spheres), expanded polystyrene, vermiculite, perlite etc.
- The inventive process enables various functional layers to be integrated into a single composite by appropriate slurry modification.
- In a preferred embodiment, each functional layer has a reinforcing layer positioned therebetween. The reinforcing layer may comprise fibre mesh or netting, and serves to improve the strength and durability of the composite product.
- In some instances, the reinforcing layer may comprise a thin fibre reinforced cementitious layer similar for instance to the base material. This provides for more efficient utilisation of such fibre reinforced layers, similar to sandwich composite technology. It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art, that there are areas of a composite which require less fibre reinforcement ie the core. Such a core area can be formed as the aforementioned functional layer with low fibre reinforcement. Areas which require high fibre reinforcement due to high tensile strength ie surface or skin areas, can be covered by a fibre reinforced cementitious layer. The thus formed fibre reinforced layers act as sandwich skins with a de-watered slurry functional layer acting as a sandwich core.
- As a result, the described composite provides significant advantages over monolithic fibre reinforced composites. Firstly, by the aforementioned composite action, fibres can be positioned in areas where they are most required. This will, of course, lead to a reduction in the fibre reinforced volume of the product.
- Secondly, such a reduced fibre volume will lead to an improvement in non-combustibility and thermal insulation performance of the composite. Production of a non-combustible composite has, in the past, been difficult to achieve due the high cost of non-combustible fibres and specialised processes required for their use.
- Further, one of the most important advantages arising from preferred embodiments of the present invention is the ability to concentrate a particular functionality into a single layer. To explain, in large monolithic structural layers, particularly fibre reinforced cement building products, any adjustments to the functional or structural aspects of the product ,au be diluted or diminished or unevenly spread throughout the product. There is also the possibility of adverse side reactions occurring during production of such a monolithic product which may diminish the structural or functional attributes required. With the present invention, on the other hand, it is possible to concentrate or target specific functional or structural attributes within a single functional layer thereby assuring the attribute is provided to the resultant composite product.
- Indeed, various optional additives and filler can be incorporated for specific purposes, ie acoustic, thermal or fire performance, density modification, cost or production efficiency.
- A top or finish coating layer can also be provided for the composite product by a fibre reinforced cementitious layer, a material similar or identical to the functional layer or any other product. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the top or finishing coating can be primarily an “aesthetic” layer of, say, ultrafine particle size or made from a sandable material to smooth the exterior surface of the composite product and thereby provide a finish/paint ready surface.
- Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words ‘comprise’, ‘comprising’, and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to”.
- The dewatering agent serves to maintain sufficient porosity in the slurry and product to be coated to permit dewatering of the slurry through the product to be coated. Preferably, the dewatering agent is a particulate material such as fly ash, alumina trihydrate, silica flour, cenospheres (ceramic hollow spheres) or similar.
- Fly ash is particularly preferred as it permits dewatering of the slurry within a few minutes. Other particulate dewatering agents such as alumina trihydrate or silica flour may also be used, however, they increase the time required for dewatering of the slurry through the product to be coated.
- In a preferred embodiment, the slurry applied to the product to be coated has a high water content. Preferably, the water content can be up to about 50%. This is in contrast to previous cementitious formulations which generally have a very high solids content.
- By combining the various components of the formulation described above, a self levelling dewaterable slurry is obtained which can be applied to the substrate layer, dewatered through the substrate layer and thereby provide a uniform coating over this substrate layer.
- Normally, after application of the coating, the resultant product would be normally cured, steam cured or hydrothermally cured, ie autoclaved, and if required, sanded to a smooth flat finish.
- The substrate layer to which the functional layers can be applied is virtually limitless provided the slurry can be dewatered through the substrate layer. Cementitious and gypsum building boards are typical examples of suitable building products on which the coating can be applied.
- The thickness of the functional layers would range from around 0.1 to 10 mm, preferably about 0.5 to 5 mm and most preferably about 1 to 3 mm.
- After optional sanding, the layer may have a depth of around 0.05 to 5 mm, preferably about 1 to 2 mm and most preferably about 0.5 to 1 mm. The thus produced composite is comparable in its workability to monolithic (single layer) composites. It can be flexed, cut, drilled and fixed by nails etc to a frame without surface cracking or chipping.
- The applicants have found an extremely good interlaminer bond and compatibility between the dewatered slurry layer and base layer resulting in excellent composite action, compatibility and resistance to delamination.
- The term ‘hydraulic binder’ as used throughout the specification refers to a pulverised material in the solid, dry state which, when mixed with water, yields plastic mixtures that are able to set and harden, for example a cement. Included within the definition are white, grey or pigmented cements and hydraulic limes.
- The term ‘cement’ includes hydraulic and alite cements such as portland cement, blended cements such as portland cement blended with fly ash, blast-furnace slag, pozzalans and the like and mixtures thereof, masonry cement, oil well cement, natural cement, alumina cement, expansive cements and the like, or mixtures thereof.
- The quantity of binder in the formulation is preferably between about 10 to 50 wt % based on the total dry ingredients, more preferably about 15 to 40 wt % and most preferably about 20 to 30 wt %.
- The fly ash used in the preferred embodiments provides a number of advantages including, particularly, as an aid to dewatering of the slurry as defined above.
- The term ‘fly ash’ as used herein refers to a solid powder having a chemical composition similar to or the same as the composition of material that is produced during combustion of powdered coal, ie about 25 to 60 wt % silica, about 10 to 30 wt % A1203, about 5 to 25 wt % Fe2O3, about 0 to 20 wt % CaO and about 0 to 5 wt % MgO.
- In another preferred embodiment, the dewatering agent may include a coarse fraction fly ash which is greater than about 100 microns. This coarse fraction fly ash includes bottom ash or similar products from coal combustion. There is an advantage to using these products over the aforementioned particle size fly ash since it is cheaper. Of course, as will be clear to persons skilled in the art, some reformulation of the slurry may be required to provide a suitable coating and appropriate dewatering characteristics when the dewatering agent is such a coarse fraction fly ash.
- Fly ash particles are typically spherical and range in diameter from about 1 to 100 microns. In a preferred embodiment, the fly ash comprises two components. A first ‘larger’ size particles of fly ash with preferably about a 100 micron maximum size. This size range of fly ash is used in the slurry to aid in improving the dewatering characteristics of the slurry but also as a moderately reactive pozzalan.
- The second ‘smaller’ fly ash size zone which preferably has about a 10 micron maximum size also adds an improving dewatering characteristic but is a more highly reactive pozzalan. This ‘smaller’ fly ash particle zone also improves the sanded surface quality of the finish layer.
- In a preferred embodiment, the first fly ash comprises about 10 to 60 wt % of the formulation based on total dry ingredients, more preferably about 20 to 50 wt % and most preferably about 30 to 40 wt %.
- The second fly ash component preferably provides about 5 to 30 wt % of the formulation based on total dry ingredients, more preferably about 10 to 25 wt % and most preferably about 15 to 20%.
- The functional layers may optionally contain other additives such as fillers. Such fillers may also be used to improve the dewatering characteristics of the slurry. For example, cenospheres (hollow ceramic microspheres) diatomite, wollastonite, ground rice hulls, ground perlite or the like, are particularly suitable for this purpose.
- These and other fillers may also be used to provide additional benefits, for example calcium carbonates or alumina hydrates improve sandability and flexibility of the coated layer respectively. Silica flour improves hardness of the sanded surface of the coating layer and the acoustic/thermal insulation properties of the layer can be improved by including rubber particles, vermiculite, perlite, shredded or expanded polystyrene or gypsum.
- The fillers preferably comprise about 5 to 30 wt % of the formulation based on total dry ingredients, more preferably about 10 to 25 wt % and most preferably about 25 to 20 wt %.
- The functional layers may also contain other organic additives. Cement plasticising agents, for example, may be used to alter the rheology of the slurry. Suitable cement plasticising agents include melamine sulphonate formaldehyde condensates, naphthalene sulphonate formaldehyde condensates, naphthalene sulphonates, calcium lignosulphonates, sodium lignosulphonates, saccharose, sodium gluconate, sulphonic acids, carbohydrates, amino carboxylic acids, polyhydroxycarboxilic acids, sulphonated melomine and the like.
- The amount of cement plasticiser of course will depend upon the fluidising ability of the particular plasticisers. Generally the quantity of plasticiser will be in the range of about 0.3 to 3 wt % and more preferably about 0.5 to 2 wt % based on the total of dry ingredients in the formulation.
- Particularly preferred cement plasticisers are Melment F-10, a melamine formaldehyde sodium bisulphate polymer dispersant marketed by SKW-Trostburg in the form of a fine white powder. Another suitable plasticiser is Neosyn, a condensed sodium salt of sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde available from Hodgson Chemicals.
- Another preferred component in the coating is a biopolymer which acts to enhance the flowability, segregation resistance and self levelling qualities of the cementitious slurry. Particularly suitable bioplymers are xanathan gum and/or whelan gum, eg KELCO-CRETE, K1C 376 manufactured by Monsanto.
- Latex may also be included in the formulation to improve adherence, elasticity, stability and impermeability of the functional layers. The latex also improves flexibility of the formed composite.
- The latex may be selected from the group consisting of acrylic latex, styrene latex, butadiene latex or mixtures thereof and is provided preferably in an amount between about 0.5 to 20%, more preferably about 1 to 15% and most preferably about 10% by weight of cement (on polymer solids basis) solids.
- Vinyl polymers may also be incorporated into the formulation either in addition or as a substitute to the latex emulsions. Such vinyl polymers or equivalent polymeric materials enhance adhesion, resilience and flexural strength and abrasion resistance of the functional layer.
- Preferred vinyl polymers include polyvinyl acetate or a copolymer vinyl acetate with another monomer such as ethylene. A particularly preferred vinyl acetate resin is VINNAPAS LL5044 thermo plastic resin powder which contains a vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer available from Wacker. Such powdered vinyl polymer is preferably provided in quantities similar to the latex emulsion referred to above.
- In addition to the above, conventional other additives such as mineral oxides, hydroxides and clays, metal oxides and hydroxides, fire retardants such as magnesite, thickeners, silica fume or amorphous silica, water sealing agents, water reducing agents, setting modifiers, hardeners, dispersants, foaming agents or flocculating agents, water-proofing agents and density modifiers are suitable for use with the present invention.
- In this regard, one particular advantage arising from the preferred embodiments is the ability to treat the product to be coated by providing additives in the functional layer. To explain, since the slurry is dewatered through the product to be coated, it is possible to provide additives to the base layer by incorporation in the slurry. For instance, a waterproofing agent such as silane may be included in the formulation in excess of the functional layer requirements. During dewatering, the silane will be drawn into and through the base layer being coated thereby treating the base layer. This simultaneous treatment of the base layer as well as providing a functional attribute via the deposited layer is a valuable additional benefit arising from the aforedescribed method.
- The present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the following embodiments.
- In each of the following examples, the product was produced as follows.
- Step 1 Slurry Preparation
- A slurry of the formulation is prepared by mixing the hydraulic binder, fly ash and other optional components with water. The solids content in the slurry is preferably between about 50 and 90%, more preferably about 55 to 80% and most preferably about 60 to 70%.
- Step 2 Slurry Application/Dewatering
- The slurry is applied to the base layer by any convenient means such as brushes rollers, knives or sprays etc. The slurry is designed to self level and form a uniform coating on the product. The building product to be coated exhibits s certain degree of porosity causing the slurry to dewater and form a uniform deposited cementitious layer. Time for dewatering can vary quite dramatically but normally occurs between about 10 and 90 seconds, depending on the porosity of the material to be coated, its water content and thickness and viscosity of the slurry formulation. A vacuum may be used to reduce the slurry dewatering time if required. This is particularly useful when tailoring the coating process to the speed of a building product forming process, eg between about 40 to 45 seconds on a Hatschek production line.
- Step 3 Curing
- After forming, the green laminate article comprising the building product plus coating is preferably precured for a short time, eg up to about 48 hours, then cured by air/moist curing at room temperature, steam curing between about 40 and 90° C. or autoclaving in a steam pressure vessel between about 120 and 200° C.
- For either of these three curing techniques, a curing time range between about 6 and 72 hours, preferably up to about 48 hours, is suitable. Of course, as will be clear to persons skilled in the art, the length of time chosen for curing is dependent on the formulation, the manufacturing process and form of the article.
- The following examples relate to specific formulation compositions.
- Function: Sandable, Durable Finishing Layer for Facade Applications.
- The low viscosity slurry (drainage time in 50 ml volume funnel=3.4 seconds) was applied on the base layer (Hardiform™ 12 mm thick cellulose fibre reinforced cement-based green sheet manufactured by James Hardie Industries). The slurry dewatered in 90 seconds (un-aided by vacuum) forming a 1.25 mm thick coating. The coated sheet was autoclave-cured for 8 hrs at 180 ° C. temperature and 0.80 MPa pressure. It was then sanded flat to 0.60 mm thick using industrial sanders equipped with 100 grit sand paper belts.
% by total Slurry weight of Composition solids (S) Weight in gm Dewatered Cementitious Composition Portland Cement 30 12000 Silica Flour 10 4000 (400 G grade) Fly ash 40 16000 (larger size fraction) Fly ash 20 8000 (smaller size fraction) Total 100 40000 Water (W) 14000 Water/Solids (W/S 0.35 ratio) Solids Content 0.74 (W/W + S) Organic Additives Welan Gum 0.0075 3.0 (Kelcocrete) naphthalene 0.25 100.0 formaldehyde Plasticising Agent (Neosyn) Acrylic Emulsion 1.0 400.0 Rhoplex MC1934 - Function: In Skid-Resistant Flooring, Hard Wearing Static Dissipative Flooring and Acoustic Insulating Ceiling Panels.
- The low viscosity slurry (drainage time in 50 ml volume funnel =4.2 seconds) was applied on the base layer (Hardiform™ 12 mm thick cellulose fibre reinforced cement-based green sheet manufactured by James Hardie Industries). The slurry dewatered in 60 seconds (un-aided by vacuum) forming a 1.25 mm thick coating. The coated sheet was autoclave-cured for 8 hrs at 180 ° C. temperature and 0.80 MPa pressure. It was then sanded flat to 0.60 mm thick using industrial sanders equipped with 100 grit sand paper belts.
% by total Slurry weight of Composition solids (S) Weight in gm Dewatered Cementitious Composition Portland Cement 30 12000 Recycled Rubber crumbs 10 4000 (minus 30 mesh) Fly ash 40 16000 (larger size fraction) Fly ash 20 8000 (smaller size fraction) Total 100 40000 Water 13000 Water/Solids (W/S 0.325 ratio) Solids Content 0.755 (W/W + S) Organic Additives Welan Gum (Kelcocrete) 0.0075 3.0 naphthalene 0.25 100.0 formaldehyde Plasticising Agent (Neosyn) Acrylic Emulsion 1.0 400.0 Rhoplex MC1934 - Function: Flexible & Sandable Layer on Thin Fibre Cement Reinforced Cement-Based Lining.
- The low viscosity slurry (drainage time in 50 ml volume funnel =2.8 seconds) was applied on the base layer (Hardiflex™ 4.5 mm thick cellulose fibre reinforced cement-based green sheet manufactured by James Hardie Industries). The slurry dewatered in 120 seconds (un-aided by vacuum) forming a 1.25 mm thick coating. The coated sheet was precured for 48 hours then was autoclave-cured for 8 hrs at 180 ° C. temperature and 0.80 MPa pressure. It was then sanded flat to 0.60 mm thick using industrial sanders equipped with 100 grit sand paper belts.
% by total Slurry weight of Composition solids (S) Weight in gm Dewatered Cementitious Composition Portland Cement 20 8000 Calcium Carbonate 10 4000 Grade 10 (40 um avg. size) Alumina Tri-hydrate 5 2000 (80 um avg. size) Fly ash 45 18000 (larger size fraction) Fly ash 20 8000 (smaller size fraction) Total 100 40000 Water 12000 Water/Solids (W/S 0.30 ratio) Solids Content 0.77 (W/W + S) Organic Additive Welan Gum (Kelcocrete) 0.0075 3.0 naphthalene 0.25 100.0 formaldehyde Plasticising Agent (Neosyn) Styrene Acrylic Latex 5 2000 Emulsion (56% solids) - Function: Flexible & Sandable Layer on Thin Fibre Cement Reinforced Cement-Based Lining.
- The low viscosity slurry (drainage time in 50 ml volume funnel=4.5 seconds) was applied on the base layer (Hardiflex™ 4.5 mm thick cellulose fibre reinforced cement-based green sheet manufactured by James Hardie Industries). The slurry dewatered in 90 seconds (un-aided by vacuum) forming a 1.25 mm thick coating. The coated sheet was autoclave-cured for 8 hrs at 180 ° C. temperature and 0.80 MPa pressure. It was then sanded flat to 0.60 mm thick using industrial sanders equipped with 100 grit sand paper belts.
% by total Slurry weight of Composition solids (S) Weight in gm Dewatered Cementitious Composition Portland Cement 10 4000 Calcium Carbonate 20 8000 Grade 10 (40 um avg. size) Alumina Tri-hydrate 5 2000 (80 um avg. size) Fly ash 40 18000 (larger size fraction) Fly ash 25 10000 (smaller size fraction) Total 100 40000 Water 16000 Water/Solids (W/S 0.40 ratio) Solids Content 0.715 (W/W + S) Organic Additives Welan Gum (Kelcocrete) 0.0075 3.0 naphthalene 0.25 100.0 formaldehyde Plasticising Agent (Neosyn) Vinyl acetate-ethylene 1.625 650 powdered copolymer (Vinnapas LL5004) - The aforementioned examples provide a composite comparable in workability to monolithic or single layer composites. They can be flexed, cut, drilled or fixed by nails or the like to a frame without surface cracking or chipping.
- The surface is ‘finish-ready’ and remains smooth, flat, crack-free and with low permeability even when used in a curved configuration.
- Each example provided excellent interlaminer bond between the base sheet and coating exhibiting good composite action, compatibility and resistance to delamination.
- The applicants have developed a unique process which allows them to combine fibre reinforced layers with functional dewatered slurry layers optional reinforced with a wide range of synthetic or natural fibres, eg polypropylene, glass, PVA, cellulose fibres etc. The outcome of the aforementioned method is to produce a fibre reinforced composite with strength, water resistance, incombustibility of fibre cement with a low density, surface finish and insulation properties of, for example, gypsum board.
- The applicants have found that using the techniques described herein, functional layers can be added to the substrate layer with no delamination or incompatibility between the layers, ie no differential shrinking, warping or similar properties.
- It will be understood by persons skilled in the art that the present invention may be embodied in other forms without departing form the spirit or scope of the inventive idea as described herein. In particular, it will be appreciated that the formulations, coatings, additives, methods and composite products of the present invention are suitable or may be adapted for use in conjunction with the methods and apparatus as described in the various priority documents.
Claims (8)
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US10/090,376 Expired - Fee Related US6692570B2 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2002-03-04 | Spattering apparatus |
US10/090,560 Abandoned US20020189499A1 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2002-03-04 | Coating for building products and composite products incorporating same |
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US10/090,561 Expired - Fee Related US7704316B2 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2002-03-04 | Coatings for building products and methods of making same |
US10/090,338 Abandoned US20020189500A1 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2002-03-04 | Additive for dewaterable slurry |
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- 2002-03-04 US US10/090,385 patent/US20020179219A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-03-04 HU HU0303320A patent/HUP0303320A3/en unknown
- 2002-03-04 PL PL02363465A patent/PL363465A1/en unknown
- 2002-03-04 NZ NZ528304A patent/NZ528304A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-03-04 BR BR0207804A patent/BR0207804A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-03-04 US US10/090,406 patent/US6893751B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-03-04 PL PL02363498A patent/PL363498A1/en unknown
- 2002-03-04 DE DE60235531T patent/DE60235531D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-03-04 MX MXPA03007893A patent/MXPA03007893A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-03-04 NZ NZ528303A patent/NZ528303A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-03-04 AT AT02700057T patent/ATE459466T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-03-04 KR KR10-2003-7011517A patent/KR20030084960A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-03-04 US US10/090,387 patent/US6749897B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-03-04 US US10/090,375 patent/US20030000424A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-03-04 US US10/090,299 patent/US7396402B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-03-04 CZ CZ20032656A patent/CZ20032656A3/en unknown
- 2002-03-04 CN CNB028071360A patent/CN100391883C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-03-04 BR BR0207805A patent/BR0207805A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-03-04 KR KR10-2003-7011547A patent/KR20030083726A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-03-04 WO PCT/AU2002/000240 patent/WO2002070421A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-03-04 CA CA 2439484 patent/CA2439484C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-03-04 WO PCT/AU2002/000241 patent/WO2002070247A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-03-04 NZ NZ528305A patent/NZ528305A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-03-04 US US10/090,376 patent/US6692570B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-03-04 JP JP2002569750A patent/JP2004529836A/en active Pending
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2003
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- 2003-10-02 CR CR7093A patent/CR7093A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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-
2005
- 2005-05-13 US US11/128,778 patent/US20050208287A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2006
- 2006-12-04 US US11/634,285 patent/US20070077436A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2008
- 2008-03-06 AU AU2008201088A patent/AU2008201088B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2010
- 2010-01-21 US US12/691,505 patent/US8153245B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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