US20060025469A1 - Methods for decreasing beta amyloid protein - Google Patents

Methods for decreasing beta amyloid protein Download PDF

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US20060025469A1
US20060025469A1 US11/232,844 US23284405A US2006025469A1 US 20060025469 A1 US20060025469 A1 US 20060025469A1 US 23284405 A US23284405 A US 23284405A US 2006025469 A1 US2006025469 A1 US 2006025469A1
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cholesterol
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composition
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Bruce Yankner
Philip Nadeau
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Childrens Medical Center Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
    • G01N33/6896—Neurological disorders, e.g. Alzheimer's disease
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
    • A61K31/225—Polycarboxylic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/365—Lactones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/365—Lactones
    • A61K31/366—Lactones having six-membered rings, e.g. delta-lactones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/401—Proline; Derivatives thereof, e.g. captopril
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
    • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4418—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof having a carbocyclic group directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. cyproheptadine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/46—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • G01N2333/47—Assays involving proteins of known structure or function as defined in the subgroups
    • G01N2333/4701—Details
    • G01N2333/4709—Amyloid plaque core protein
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/28—Neurological disorders
    • G01N2800/2814—Dementia; Cognitive disorders
    • G01N2800/2821—Alzheimer

Definitions

  • AD Alzheimer's disease
  • a ⁇ 40-42 amino acid amyloid ⁇ protein
  • AD Alzheimer's disease
  • Blood cholesterol levels are correlated with production of amyloid ⁇ protein (A ⁇ ), and are predictors of populations at risk of developing AD.
  • Methods for lowering blood cholesterol levels can be used to decrease production of A ⁇ , thereby decreasing the risk of developing AD.
  • the same methods and compositions can also be used for treating individuals diagnosed with AD.
  • Methods include administration of compounds which increase uptake of cholesterol by the liver, such as the administration of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, administration of compounds which block endogenous cholesterol production, such as administration of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, administration of compositions which prevent uptake of dietary cholesterol, and administration of combinations of any of these which are effective to lower blood cholesterol levels.
  • Methods have also been developed to predict populations at risk, based on the role of cholesterol in production of A ⁇ .
  • individuals with Apo E4 and high cholesterol defined as a blood cholesterol level of greater than 200 mg/dl
  • post menopausal women with high cholesterol levels—especially those who are not taking estrogen, or individuals which high blood cholesterol levels who are not obese are all at risk of developing AD if blood cholesterol levels are not decreased.
  • individuals with these risk factors are treated to lower blood cholesterol levels prior to developing any mental impairment attributable to AD, based on accepted neuropsychiatric and diagnostic criteria in clinical practice. Treatment is based on adminstration of one or more compositions effective to lower cholesterol blood levels at least 10%, which is believed to be sufficient to decrease production of A ⁇ .
  • Diagnostic kits based on the discovery of these risk factors include reagents for measurement of cholesterol, total lipoproteins, and/or Apo E4.
  • the examples demonstrate the use of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors to treat Alzheimer's disease.
  • Rats fed a high cholesterol diet show increased levels of the Alzheimer's disease A ⁇ protein in the brain.
  • Cholesterol has been shown to increase the amount of A ⁇ in human neurons in culture.
  • the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors reduce cholesterol production.
  • HMG CoA reductase inhibitors including lovastatin, simlvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin and compactin, significantly inhibit the level of A ⁇ production in human neuronal cultures.
  • Alzheimer's disease individuals with a family history of Alzheimer's disease have been documented to be at increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (Farrer et al., (1989) Ann. Neurol. 25, 485-492; van Duijn et al., (1991) Int. J. Epidemiol. 20 (suppl 2). S13-S20), and could therefore benefit from prophylactic treatment with an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor.
  • individuals are all at risk of developing AD if blood cholesterol levels are not decreased.
  • individuals with these risk factors are treated to lower blood cholesterol levels prior to developing any mental impairment attributable to AD using accepted neuropsychiatric and diagnostic criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease (McKhahn et al. (1984) Neurology 34:939-944).
  • Methods for lowering blood cholesterol levels can be used to decrease production of A ⁇ , thereby decreasing the risk of developing AD.
  • the same methods can also be used to treat patients who have already been diagnosed with AD.
  • Methods include administration of compounds which increase uptake of cholesterol by the liver, such as the administration of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, administration of compounds which, block endogenous cholesterol production, such as administration of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, administration of compositions which prevent uptake of dietary cholesterol, and administration of combinations of any of these which are effective to lower blood cholesterol levels.
  • HMG CoA reductase inhibitors may act to lower cholesterol at several different levels.
  • HMG CoA reductase inhibitors have been shown to lower blood cholesterol levels by upregulating liporprotein clearance receptors in the liver (Brown and Goldstein, (1986) Science 232, 34-47).
  • HMG CoA reductase inhibitors will directly inhibit cholesterol synthesis in neurons. Since every HMG CoA reductase inhibitor tested reduces A ⁇ production, it is anticipated that new members of this class of drugs will also inhibit A ⁇ production. Furthermore, since increased dietary cholesterol increases A ⁇ in the brain, drugs which act through other mechanisms to reduce cholesterol will also inhibit A ⁇ production.
  • CoA reductase inhibitors include the statins, including lovastatin, simvastatin, compactin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, cerivastatin, and pravastin. These are typically administered orally.
  • cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes including 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase, squalene synthase, and 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, can also be used.
  • compositions which decrease uptake of dietary cholesterol include the bile acid binding resins (cholestryramine and colestipol) and the fibrates (clofibrate).
  • bile acid binding resins cholesterol and colestipol
  • fibrates clofibrate
  • Probucol, nicotinic acid, garlic and garlic derivatives, and psyllium are also used to lower blood cholesterol levels.
  • Probucol and the fibrates increase the metabolism of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins. The cholesterol-lowering mechanism of nicotinic acid is not understood.
  • the preferential route of administration of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors would be oral, the drugs could also by administered by intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular routes. In some cases, direct administration into the cerebrospinal fluid may be efficacious.
  • rats fed a high cholesterol diet show increased levels of the Alzheimer's disease A ⁇ protein in the brain; cholesterol increases the amount of A ⁇ in human neurons in culture; HMG CoA reductase inhibitors reduce cholesterol production; and several different HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, including lovastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin and compactin, significantly inhibit the level of A ⁇ production in human neuronal cultures.
  • VLDL very low density lipoprotein
  • LDL low density lipoprotein
  • HDL high density lipoprotein
  • the human cortical cultures were maintained in serum-free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) with N2 supplements (a serum-free supplement that supports neuronal viability). The medium was then changed to the same medium (controls) or medium supplemented with VLDL, LDL, or HDL particles. After incubation for 48-72 hours, A ⁇ was measured by immunoprecipitation of the culture medium with a polyclonal antibody to A ⁇ (B12), followed by Western blotting with a monoclonal antibody to A ⁇ (6E10). The Western blots were developed either by the enhanced chemiluminescence method or by addition of an 125 I-labeled secondary antibody and phosphorimager scanning.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
  • N2 supplements a serum-free supplement that supports neuronal viability
  • lipoprotein particles containing apolipoproteins E or A1 were able to increase A ⁇ production. To address this question, synthetic lipoprotein particles containing these proteins were created. Particles containing either apolipoprotein E or A1 increased the level of A ⁇ in the human cortical cultures.
  • HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors Inhibit the Production of A ⁇ by Human Neurons
  • the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors have been used in humans to decrease plasma levels of cholesterol in patients at risk for heart disease.
  • the discovery that cholesterol increases the amount of A ⁇ in the brain led to this investigation to determine whether the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors may be therapeutically efficacious for Alzheimer's disease by inhibiting the production of A ⁇ .
  • Human cortical neuronal cultures were established from 18 weeks gestation normal fetal cortical tissue as described above and maintained in a culture medium comprised of DMEM containing N2 supplements.
  • the culture medium was changed to DMEM+N2 supplements (control), or DMEM+N2 supplements+either 100 ⁇ M lovastatin, 100 ⁇ M simvastatin, 100 ⁇ M compactin, 100 ⁇ M fluvastatin, or 1 mM pravastatin. after incubation for 48 hours, the cultured cells were harvested and the levels of A ⁇ were assayed, as described above.
  • a ⁇ was isolated from the culture medium from human cortical neuronal cultures and resolved by electrophoresis in gels. These results demonstrate that human neurons treated with either lovastatin, simvastatin, compactin, fluvastatin or pravastatin have significantly decreased levels of A ⁇ relative to controls. These results indicate that HMG CoA reductase inhibitors decrease the production of A ⁇ by human neurons.
  • HMG CoA reductase inhibitors inhibit A ⁇ production by human cortical cells supports the use of this class of drugs for reducing the levels of A ⁇ in individuals with Alzheimer's disease or at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract

Blood cholesterol levels are correlated with production of amyloid β protein (Aβ), and are predictors of populations at risk of developing AD. Methods for lowering blood cholesterol levels can be used to decrease production of Aβ, thereby decreasing the risk of developing AD. The same methods and compositions can also be used for treating individuals diagnosed with AD. Methods include administration of compounds which increase uptake of cholesterol by the liver, such as the administration of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, administration of compounds which block endogenous cholesterol production, such as administration of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, administration of compositions which prevent uptake of dietary cholesterol, and administration of combinations of any of these which are effective to lower blood cholesterol levels. Methods have also been developed to predict populations at risk, based on the role of cholesterol in production of Aβ. For example, individuals with Apo E4 and high cholesterol, defined as a blood cholesterol level of greater than 200 mg/dl, post menopausal women with high cholesterol levels—especially those who are not taking estrogen, or individuals which high blood cholesterol levels who are not obese are all at risk of developing AD if blood cholesterol levels are not decreased.

Description

  • The United States government has certain rights in this invention by virtue of National Institutes of Health grant number RO1NS33325 to Bruce A. Yankner.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the aged population. The accumulation of large numbers of senile plaques containing the 40-42 amino acid amyloid β protein (Aβ) is a classic pathological feature of AD. Both genetic and cell biological findings suggest that the accumulation of Aβ in the brain is the likely cause of AD (Yankner, B. A. (1996) Neuron 16, 921-932; Selkoe, D. J. Science 275, 630-631 (1997)). Strong genetic evidence in support of the pathogenic role of Aβ came from the observation that individuals who inherit mutations in the amyloid precursor protein almost invariably develop AD at an early age. These mutations increase the production of a long variant of tile Aβ peptide that forms senile plaques in the brain (Goate et al., (1991) Nature 349, 704-706). Mutations and allelic variations in other genes that cause AD, including the presenilins and apolipoprotein E, also result in increased production or deposition of the Aβ peptide. Reiman, et al. (1996) N.E.J. Med. 334, 752-758, reported that in middle age, early to mid 50's, individuals who are homozygous for the Apo E4 gene have reduced glucose metabolism in the same regions of the brain as in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest that the pathological changes in the brain associated with this gene start early. Furthermore, individuals with Down's syndrome overexpress the amyloid precursor protein, develop Aβ deposits in the brain at an early age, and develop Alzheimer's disease at an early age. Finally, the Aβ protein has been demonstrated to be highly toxic to nerve cells. Thus, it is widely believed that drugs which decrease tile levels of Aβ in the brain would prevent Alzheimer's disease.
  • The known genetic causes of AD can account for only a small proportion of the total number of cases of AD. Most cases of AD are sporadic and occur in the aged population. A major goal of research is the identification of environmental factors that predispose to AD that would be amenable to therapeutic measures.
  • It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide methods for predicting populations at risk of developing AD.
  • It is another object of the present invention to provide diagnostics and pharmaceuticals to decrease the production of amyloid β protein (Aβ), and thereby to prevent or reduce the liklihood of developing AD.
  • It is a further object of the present invention to provide pharmaceutical treatments to treat AD in patients' having the neuropsychiatric or diagnostic criteria for AD.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • Blood cholesterol levels are correlated with production of amyloid β protein (Aβ), and are predictors of populations at risk of developing AD. Methods for lowering blood cholesterol levels can be used to decrease production of Aβ, thereby decreasing the risk of developing AD. The same methods and compositions can also be used for treating individuals diagnosed with AD. Methods include administration of compounds which increase uptake of cholesterol by the liver, such as the administration of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, administration of compounds which block endogenous cholesterol production, such as administration of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, administration of compositions which prevent uptake of dietary cholesterol, and administration of combinations of any of these which are effective to lower blood cholesterol levels. Methods have also been developed to predict populations at risk, based on the role of cholesterol in production of Aβ. For example, individuals with Apo E4 and high cholesterol, defined as a blood cholesterol level of greater than 200 mg/dl, post menopausal women with high cholesterol levels—especially those who are not taking estrogen, or individuals which high blood cholesterol levels who are not obese are all at risk of developing AD if blood cholesterol levels are not decreased. In the preferred embodiment, individuals with these risk factors are treated to lower blood cholesterol levels prior to developing any mental impairment attributable to AD, based on accepted neuropsychiatric and diagnostic criteria in clinical practice. Treatment is based on adminstration of one or more compositions effective to lower cholesterol blood levels at least 10%, which is believed to be sufficient to decrease production of Aβ.
  • Diagnostic kits based on the discovery of these risk factors include reagents for measurement of cholesterol, total lipoproteins, and/or Apo E4.
  • The examples demonstrate the use of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors to treat Alzheimer's disease. Rats fed a high cholesterol diet show increased levels of the Alzheimer's disease Aβ protein in the brain. Cholesterol has been shown to increase the amount of Aβ in human neurons in culture. The HMG CoA reductase inhibitors reduce cholesterol production. Several different HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, including lovastatin, simlvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin and compactin, significantly inhibit the level of Aβ production in human neuronal cultures.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. METHODS FOR PREDICTING POPULATIONS AT RISK FOR AD
  • Individuals at increased risk for Aβ accumulation and Alzheimer's disease are those who carry a copy of the apolipoprotein E4 gene (Strittmatter et al., (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 1977-1981), those with trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) (Mann and Esiri, (1989) J. Neurol. Sci. 89, 169-179)), and individuals who carry a mutation in one of the genes that encode the amyloid precursor protein, presenilin-1 or presenilin-2 (reviewed in Yankner, 1996). In addition, individuals with a family history of Alzheimer's disease have been documented to be at increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (Farrer et al., (1989) Ann. Neurol. 25, 485-492; van Duijn et al., (1991) Int. J. Epidemiol. 20 (suppl 2). S13-S20), and could therefore benefit from prophylactic treatment with an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor.
  • Methods have also been developed to predict populations at risk, based on the role of cholesterol in production of Aβ. Several risk factors for developing AD have been identified. These include:
  • (1) individuals with Apo E4 and high cholesterol, defined as a blood cholesterol level of greater than 200 mg/dl,
  • (2) post menopausal women with high cholesterol, especially those who are not taking estrogen,
  • (3) young individuals with high blood cholesterol levels who are not obese (age 48-65 yrs),
  • (4) individuals with high blood cholesterol levels who have a family history of AD,
  • (5) individuals with high blood cholesterol levels who have a family history of AD, and
  • (6) all adult individuals with Down's syndrome.
  • These individuals are all at risk of developing AD if blood cholesterol levels are not decreased. In the preferred embodiment, individuals with these risk factors are treated to lower blood cholesterol levels prior to developing any mental impairment attributable to AD using accepted neuropsychiatric and diagnostic criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease (McKhahn et al. (1984) Neurology 34:939-944).
  • Individuals can be screened using standard blood tests for cholesterol, ApoE4, and/or total lipoprotein levels, as well as by taking a medical and family history. In addition, over the counter immunoassay tests can be used by individuals who may be at risk, so that they can seek further medical advise. These immunoassay kits can be qualitative and/or quantitative for elevated cholesterol, total lipoproteins, and Apo E4.
    • II. METHODS OF TREATMENT TO DECREASE PRODUCTION OF Aβ
  • Methods for lowering blood cholesterol levels can be used to decrease production of Aβ, thereby decreasing the risk of developing AD. The same methods can also be used to treat patients who have already been diagnosed with AD. Methods include administration of compounds which increase uptake of cholesterol by the liver, such as the administration of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, administration of compounds which, block endogenous cholesterol production, such as administration of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, administration of compositions which prevent uptake of dietary cholesterol, and administration of combinations of any of these which are effective to lower blood cholesterol levels.
  • The examples indicate that several different HMG CoA reductase inhibitors reduce the production of Aβ. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors may act to lower cholesterol at several different levels. For example, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors have been shown to lower blood cholesterol levels by upregulating liporprotein clearance receptors in the liver (Brown and Goldstein, (1986) Science 232, 34-47). In addition, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors will directly inhibit cholesterol synthesis in neurons. Since every HMG CoA reductase inhibitor tested reduces Aβ production, it is anticipated that new members of this class of drugs will also inhibit Aβ production. Furthermore, since increased dietary cholesterol increases Aβ in the brain, drugs which act through other mechanisms to reduce cholesterol will also inhibit Aβ production.
  • Representative CoA reductase inhibitors include the statins, including lovastatin, simvastatin, compactin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, cerivastatin, and pravastin. These are typically administered orally.
  • Compounds which inhibit cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes, including 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase, squalene synthase, and 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, can also be used.
  • Representative compositions which decrease uptake of dietary cholesterol include the bile acid binding resins (cholestryramine and colestipol) and the fibrates (clofibrate). Probucol, nicotinic acid, garlic and garlic derivatives, and psyllium are also used to lower blood cholesterol levels. Probucol and the fibrates increase the metabolism of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins. The cholesterol-lowering mechanism of nicotinic acid is not understood.
  • Although the preferential route of administration of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors would be oral, the drugs could also by administered by intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular routes. In some cases, direct administration into the cerebrospinal fluid may be efficacious.
    • III. EXAMPLES
  • Prior to the studies described in the following examples, the relationship between cholesterol and Aβ levels in the brain was unknown. In one study, rabbits which were fed a high cholesterol diet showed increased immunocytochemical staining of brain neurons with an antibody to Aβ. However, this antibody was not specific for Aβ, and could cross-react with other metabolites of the amyloid precursor protein (Sparks, D. L. (1996) Neurobiology of Aging. 17, 291-299). The studies in the following examples demonstrate that: rats fed a high cholesterol diet show increased levels of the Alzheimer's disease Aβ protein in the brain; cholesterol increases the amount of Aβ in human neurons in culture; HMG CoA reductase inhibitors reduce cholesterol production; and several different HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, including lovastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin and compactin, significantly inhibit the level of Aβ production in human neuronal cultures.
    • Example 1 Cholesterol Increases the Level of Aβ in Human Neuronial Cultures
  • Busciglio et al., (1993) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 90, 2092-2096, described the production of Aβ by human cortical neurons in culture . To determine whether cholesterol can affect the production of Aβ, primary human brain cultures were established from the cortex of 16-20 week fetal abortuses, and the neurons incubated in the absence or presence of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) or high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles isolated from human plasma. These lipoprotein particles are the physiological vehicles for the transport of cholesterol to cells. The effects of the different lipoprotein particles on the levels of Aβ in the human cortical cultures was determined. The human cortical cultures were maintained in serum-free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) with N2 supplements (a serum-free supplement that supports neuronal viability). The medium was then changed to the same medium (controls) or medium supplemented with VLDL, LDL, or HDL particles. After incubation for 48-72 hours, Aβ was measured by immunoprecipitation of the culture medium with a polyclonal antibody to Aβ (B12), followed by Western blotting with a monoclonal antibody to Aβ (6E10). The Western blots were developed either by the enhanced chemiluminescence method or by addition of an 125I-labeled secondary antibody and phosphorimager scanning. The bands corresponding to the 40 and 42 amino acid form of Aβ were analyzed quantitatively using a computer software program. Control human cortical cultures produced basal levels of Aβ. Exposure of the human cortical cultures to VLDL, LDL or HDL particles increased the levels of both the 40 and 42 amino forms of Aβ. These results suggest that the major classes of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins all act to increase production of Aβ in human neurons.
  • It was then determined whether lipoprotein particles containing apolipoproteins E or A1 were able to increase Aβ production. To address this question, synthetic lipoprotein particles containing these proteins were created. Particles containing either apolipoprotein E or A1 increased the level of Aβ in the human cortical cultures.
  • These results indicate that a variety of different cholesterol carrying lipoprotein particles can increase the production of Aβ in primary human neuronal cultures.
    • Example 2 Dietary Cholesterol Increases Aβ Levels in the Brain
  • After establishing that cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein particles increase Aβ in cultures of human neurons, it was determined whether dietary cholesterol increases the level of Aβ in the brain in vivo. Increased dietary intake of cholesterol is known to increase circulating levels of lipoprotein particles, which in turn increases the delivery of cholesterol to cells. These experiments were performed on 20 month old rats. The rats were fed a low cholesterol diet (0.1% cholesterol) or a high cholesterol diet (5% cholesterol). After 10 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the cortex was removed for measurement of Aβ levels. Aβ was assayed by immunoprecipitating cortical homogenates with the Aβ antibody B12, followed by Western blotting with the commercially available Aβ monoclonal antibody 4G8.
  • Resolution of the Aβ isolated from rat cerebral cortex by electrophoretic separation on gels showed that Aβ levels were significantly increased by about 50% in the group of rats fed the high cholesterol diet relative to the group of rats fed the low cholesterol diet. These findings indicate that dietary cholesterol increases the amount of Aβ in the brain. It is noteworthy that the approximately 50% increase in Aβ in the brain induced by a high cholesterol diet is similar to the increase in Aβ which occurs in Down's syndrome, which is known to predispose to the development of Alzheimer's disease.
    • Example 3 HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors Inhibit the Production of Aβ by Human Neurons
  • The HMG CoA reductase inhibitors have been used in humans to decrease plasma levels of cholesterol in patients at risk for heart disease. The discovery that cholesterol increases the amount of Aβ in the brain led to this investigation to determine whether the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors may be therapeutically efficacious for Alzheimer's disease by inhibiting the production of Aβ. Human cortical neuronal cultures were established from 18 weeks gestation normal fetal cortical tissue as described above and maintained in a culture medium comprised of DMEM containing N2 supplements. After one week, the culture medium was changed to DMEM+N2 supplements (control), or DMEM+N2 supplements+either 100 μM lovastatin, 100 μM simvastatin, 100 μM compactin, 100 μM fluvastatin, or 1 mM pravastatin. after incubation for 48 hours, the cultured cells were harvested and the levels of Aβ were assayed, as described above.
  • Aβ was isolated from the culture medium from human cortical neuronal cultures and resolved by electrophoresis in gels. These results demonstrate that human neurons treated with either lovastatin, simvastatin, compactin, fluvastatin or pravastatin have significantly decreased levels of Aβ relative to controls. These results indicate that HMG CoA reductase inhibitors decrease the production of Aβ by human neurons.
  • The finding that HMG CoA reductase inhibitors inhibit Aβ production by human cortical cells supports the use of this class of drugs for reducing the levels of Aβ in individuals with Alzheimer's disease or at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
  • Modifications and variations of the methods and compositions for prediction of the liklihood of developing AD, and for preventing and/or treating AD, will be obvious to those skilled in the art. These modifications and variations are intended to come within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (9)

1-29. (canceled)
30. A method for determining if a cholesterol lowering drug composition decreases Aβ production comprising administering a composition which decreases blood cholesterol levels to cells or an animal which can produce Aβ and measuring the production of the Aβ relative to a control not administered the composition.
31. The method of claim 30 wherein the composition comprises an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor.
32. The method of claim 31 wherein the inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of lovastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, cerivastatin, and compactin.
33. The method of claim 30 wherein the composition comprises a compound which inhibits uptake of dietary cholesterol.
34. The method of claim 30 wherein the composition blocks or decreases endogenous cholesterol production.
35. The method of claim 30 wherein the composition comprises an inhibitor of the cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes selected from the group consisting of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase, squalene synthase, and 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase.
36. The method of claim 30 wherein the composition is selected from the group consisting of a fibrate, a bile acid binding resin, probucol, nicotinic acid, garlic or garlic derivative, and psyllium.
37. The method of claim 30 further comprising determining the effective dosage range of the composition.
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