US20070009694A1 - Projectile barrier and method - Google Patents
Projectile barrier and method Download PDFInfo
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- US20070009694A1 US20070009694A1 US11/067,525 US6752505A US2007009694A1 US 20070009694 A1 US20070009694 A1 US 20070009694A1 US 6752505 A US6752505 A US 6752505A US 2007009694 A1 US2007009694 A1 US 2007009694A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
- B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
- B60K15/03177—Fuel tanks made of non-metallic material, e.g. plastics, or of a combination of non-metallic and metallic material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
- B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
- B60K2015/03032—Manufacturing of fuel tanks
- B60K2015/03046—Manufacturing of fuel tanks made from more than one layer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
- B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
- B60K2015/03328—Arrangements or special measures related to fuel tanks or fuel handling
- B60K2015/03407—Arrangements or special measures related to fuel tanks or fuel handling to protect tanks against projectiles
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0607—Coatings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
- F17C2203/0614—Single wall
- F17C2203/0621—Single wall with three layers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
- F17C2203/0614—Single wall
- F17C2203/0624—Single wall with four or more layers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0636—Metals
- F17C2203/0639—Steels
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
- F17C2221/03—Mixtures
- F17C2221/032—Hydrocarbons
- F17C2221/035—Propane butane, e.g. LPG, GPL
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
- F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
- F17C2223/033—Small pressure, e.g. for liquefied gas
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
- F17C2260/01—Improving mechanical properties or manufacturing
- F17C2260/011—Improving strength
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
- F17C2260/04—Reducing risks and environmental impact
- F17C2260/042—Reducing risk of explosion
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
- F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
- F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
- F17C2270/0171—Trucks
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S220/00—Receptacles
- Y10S220/90—Rupture proof
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/912—Puncture healing layer
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
- Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
- Y10T428/2495—Thickness [relative or absolute]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
Definitions
- This invention which is illustrated and described herein in a military setting wherein it offers special utility (though it is not per se dedicated to military use), relates to a layered jacket barrier structure which may be applied as an outside surface coating to an exposed container, such as the tanker container body in a large hydrocarbon fuel-supply truck, and a vehicle's exposed hydrocarbon fuel tank, to effect quick self-sealing against leakage from a container puncture wound, such as a penetrating bullet wound.
- this coating structure as being a barrier structure that disables a container-penetrating projectile, such as a bullet, from producing an uncontrolled liquid leak from the container. It also relates to methodology which is associated with this barrier coating structure.
- Such a coating can effectively substantially nullify a combat tactic which involves (a) creating a penetrating bullet wound in such a tank/container, (b) thereby producing flammable fuel leakage typically enhanced by the usual positive residual pressure in that tank, (c) and then, using and firing an incendiary projectile, igniting the leaked fuel to attack the associated vehicle by fire.
- the layered coating proposed by the present invention which is also referred to herein as a projectile disabling barrier structure, employs two foundation materials, one of which, by itself, is employed as a singularity to form one type of the two different layer types, or structures, employed according to the invention, and the other of which is combined, as an entrained substance, in and with the first-mentioned foundation material to form the second layer type.
- the second layer type which combines the two materials just generally mentioned, performs with behavior that effectively characterizes a de facto third “type” of material—in effect, a composite material.
- the exposed surface of such a tank is appropriately coated/jacketed with a sandwiched, plural-layer, self-healing/self-sealing barrier structure which implements several important, cooperative mechanisms for mending a bullet-puncture fuel leak.
- One of these mechanisms features significant elasticity furnished by elastic stretch and recovery of a very high-elastic-stretch-capable (about 400% elongation before breakage) elastomer.
- the elastomer employed to implement this mechanism is also a modest “reaction-time” substance which responds, in the setting now being described, to fuel contact with modest hydrocarbon fuel-imbibing and swelling actions.
- modest will be characterized herein shortly.
- Another mechanism employs a layer-embedded pellet, or bead-like, fuel-imbiber material (also called a “reaction” substance) which responds aggressively and quickly to contact with the usual hydrocarbon fuel to undergo a rapid absorption (imbibing) of any leaking fuel, accompanied by a rapid, three-dimensional, physical, synergistic, swollen-volume enlargement (about 300%) because of such absorption.
- a layer-embedded pellet, or bead-like, fuel-imbiber material also called a “reaction” substance
- Still a further mechanism involves the use per se of the mentioned bead-like material, which further responds to contact with hydrocarbon fuel in a manner which results in a congealing reaction occurring between absorbed fuel and the imbibing bead material.
- This congealing reaction can be likened to coagulation, with respect to which there results a tacky, thickened mass of material that tends to coalesce so as to form a very tenacious barrier continuum which contributes significantly to the blockage of outward flow and leakage of fuel from a tank.
- a unique, multi-layer jacket which includes, fundamentally, the above-mentioned, several, different, individual and composite materials which work in cooperation with one another in accordance with the invention.
- these other mechanisms and features are (a) that initial tension is built into the outer layer of a plural-layer structure fabricated in accordance with the invention, and (b), that the different layers preferably, though not necessarily, and as initially created, increase in thickness progressing outwardly through the layer structure from the surface of a protected fuel (or other) tank.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified, small scale, side new of a military vehicle having an exposed fuel tank, the outer surface of which has been treated with a preferred embodiment of the layered barrier coating of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 provides an enlarged, fragmentary, detail view of a portion of the outside of the fuel tank shown in the vehicle of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 2 illustrates a situation where a bullet has punctured this tank. Portions of the structure shown in this figure have been broken away for illustrative purposes.
- FIG. 3 illustrates, fragmentarily, and on a larger scale than that which is employed in FIG. 2 , a cross-sectional view taken generally along the line 3 - 3 in FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 4 is a still further enlarged cross-sectional view of the region in FIG. 3 which is bracketed by curved arrows 4 - 4 .
- certain cross-sectional shading has been omitted for the sake of visual clarity.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate two different modifications of the layer barrier coating pictured in FIGS. 2-4 , inclusive.
- FIG. 1 shown generally at 10 in FIG. 1 is a military vehicle which possesses a laterally disposed, exposed steel fuel tank, or container, 12 .
- This tank is covered, at least on its laterally exposed outside surface expanse, by a plural-layer barrier sandwich coating structure 14 which has been constructed in accordance with the present invention.
- Tank 12 contains liquid hydrocarbon fuel (not specifically shown) which is typically under a certain small amount of pressure (say about 4-5-psi) which is above normal atmospheric pressure.
- This elevated pressure which of course exacerbates fuel leakage in the event of a tank puncture, exists for several well-known reasons, one of which, as an illustration, involves normal fuel vapor pressure.
- container as employed herein is not confined to meaning only a vehicle's fuel tank. It may also apply, as examples, to a conduit, to a fuel-supply tanker, to holding tanks, to rail tanker cars, and to other kinds of liquid containers.
- Coating 14 in its preferred embodiment, and which is best pictured in FIGS. 2-4 , inclusive, includes three unified layers, or layer structures, 14 a , 14 b , 14 c.
- Layer 14 a which is also referred to herein (a) as a first-type barrier layer structure, (b) as a bonding layer, and (c) as a leakage-responsive substructure, has a preferable thickness (see t 1 in FIG. 3 ) of about 1 ⁇ 8-inches.
- This layer is directly joined (bonded) to the outside surface of tank 12 , and is formed of a suitable high-elasticity, high-tensile-strength, high-tear-resistance elastomer.
- a very suitable material for layer 14 a is a two-component polyurethane elastomer product called TUFF STUFF® FR(with the letters FR standing for fire-resistant), made by Rhino Linings USA, Inc.—a company based in San Diego, Calif. This material is applied, as will later herein be described, by spraying it onto the outside surface of tank 12 . It exhibits an elasticity which permits an elastic elongation before “breakage” of about 400%, has a tensile strength of about 1700-1900-psi, and possesses a tear resistance of about 140-150-pli.
- this “modest” reaction time period extends to up to about 20-minutes relative to a puncture wound.
- Layer 14 b which is also referred to herein (a) as a second-type barrier layer structure, (b) as an expansion layer, and (c) as a leakage responsive substructure, has a preferable thickness (see t 2 in FIG. 3 ) lying within the range of about 1 ⁇ 8- to about 3/16-inches.
- This layer is formed as a special composite structure which includes an elastomeric expanse portion 14 b 1 (see FIG. 4 ) formed of the same material used in layer 14 a , in which expanse is entrained what is called herein a reaction substance which takes the form of a distribution of small liquid-imbiber beads 14 b 2 (see FIG. 4 ).
- beads also referred herein as elemental components, have a strong affinity for rapidly fully absorbing (imbibing) various liquids, such as hydrocarbon fuel, and they swell significantly in volume as a consequence. Rapid full imbibing typically occurs in under about a half-minute.
- a very suitable imbiber-bead material is the product known as IMB230300 made by Imbibitive Technologies America, Inc. in Midland, Mich.
- IMB230300 made by Imbibitive Technologies America, Inc. in Midland, Mich.
- These beads preferably are blended in any appropriate manner into the entraining elastomer material to constitute about 20% by weight in the combined material.
- This combined material for layer 14 b is then applied to layer 14 a by spraying to achieve the desired thickness mentioned above. While the weight percentage of entrained beads is preferably at the 20% level, a suitable range lies between about 15% and about 25%.
- Composite layer 14 b is characterized by possessing an elasticity which permits an elastic elongation (before breakage) of about 67%, a tensile strength of about 483-psi, and a tear resistance of about 115-pli.
- Layer 14 c which is also referred to herein as a compression layer, has a thickness (see t 3 in FIG. 3 ) of about 1 ⁇ 4-to about 3 ⁇ 8-inches. It is made of the same material used in layer 14 a , and is also spray-formed to the desired thickness on the outside of layer 14 b . After application and “curing” of this layer, a certain level of tension exists in this layer. This tension, coupled with the mentioned relatively large thickness, significantly contributes to the ability of layer 14 c to produce enhanced sealing compression of underlying layer material in the region of a puncture wound.
- the three layers which make up coating 14 are preferably differentiated in thickness, progressing outwardly from tank 12 with increasing thicknesses.
- the surface of the fuel tank be appropriately prepared so that inner layer 14 a will bond and adhere suitably to the tank.
- the tank may be prepared with an appropriate primer, to a thickness of about 3- to about 5-mils, with this primer coating initially presenting a light shine, and entering a curing period of about 45- to about 60-minutes. After the curing period, this primer coating will be dry, but will possess a slight tack surface.
- Inner layer 14 a is first applied simply by appropriate, alternate groups of such successive spray passes utilizing the mentioned elastomeric material.
- a first round (group) of substantially parallel, linear spray passes may be suitably overlapping lateral left-to-right and right-to-left, followed by a series of laterally overlapping up-to-down and down-to-up vertical passes, and so forth, until the desired inner layer thickness is achieved.
- Composite layer 14 b is then applied by suitably blending the same elastomeric material which has been used in layer 14 a with imbiber beads which become entrained in the elastomeric material by the preferred weight contribution mentioned above.
- layer application is accomplished by successive, alternate groups of horizontal and vertical overlapping spray passes until the desired thickness attained.
- outer layer 14 c is applied via substantially the same horizontal and vertical overlapping spray activities until the desired outer layer thickness develops.
- FIG. 2-4 inclusive, illustrate that a bullet has penetrated the three layers in coating 14 , and has punctured tank 12 to produce a penetration, or puncture, wound 16 in the wall of the tank.
- layers 14 a , 14 b , 14 c “re-close” upon themselves elastomerically to initiate a fluid seal directly over the tank puncture wound. This is clearly illustrated in FIG. 3 , and it comes about especially because of the high intrinsic elasticity in layers 14 a and 14 c , and in the elastomeric expanse portion 14 b 1 in layer 14 b.
- both of the foundation materials which are employed variously in layers 14 a , 14 b , 14 c respond with fuel-imbibing and volumetric-swelling reactions in relation to contact with fuel leaking from tank 12 .
- the composite structure in layer 14 b exhibits a significantly greater volumetric swelling rate than that exhibited by the elastomer material alone in layers 14 a , 14 c .
- This cooperative and collaborative swelling, combined with the enhanced compression-producing tension which is present especially in compression layer 14 c creates significant sealing pressure within coating 14 in the important region immediately outside of and around puncture wound 16 . This condition is illustrated quite clearly in FIG. 4 .
- leakage fuel and the material in beads 14 b 2 react chemically and cooperatively to congeal and form a tacky and sticky coagulant mass, pictured at 20 in dark, central, cross-hatch lines in FIG. 4 .
- This coagulant mass effectively provides a positive blockage (in the form of a sealing continuum across the path of the puncture wound) to any continued fuel leakage.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrates each an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
- Material layers in these two figures are labeled either E for elastomer, or C for combination (composite).
- the E layers are like layers 14 a , 14 c in FIGS. 2-4 , inclusive.
- Layers C are like layer 14 b . These E and C layers are not illustrated in exact thickness-scale relative to one another.
- the invention thus proposes a unique plural-layer coating (in preferred and various alternative forms) for rapidly sealing, against liquid leakage, a puncture wound in the wall of a liquid container.
- the coating of the invention responds effectively with both rapid and longer-term sealing actions involving (a) an elastomeric puncture-path, pressure-closure response, (b) a leakage-liquid-imbibing and swelling response, aided by elastomeric response (such as tension in the compression coating layer), to apply sealing pressure which is effective to close a puncture wound, and (c) a coagulation response to create a leakage-blocking coagulant mass which forms a blockage continuum across the path of a puncture wound.
Abstract
Description
- This patent application claims respective priorities to three currently pending U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, the entireties of whose disclosure contents are hereby incorporated herein by reference. These prior-filed applications include: (a) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/621,263, filed Oct. 20, 2004, for “Projectile Barrier and Method”; (b) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/623,723, filed Oct. 28, 2004, for “Projectile Barrier and Method Including Substance Coagulation”; and (c) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/629,259, filed Nov. 19, 2004, for “Differentiated-Thickness Layer-Sandwich Projectile Barrier and Method”.
- This invention, which is illustrated and described herein in a military setting wherein it offers special utility (though it is not per se dedicated to military use), relates to a layered jacket barrier structure which may be applied as an outside surface coating to an exposed container, such as the tanker container body in a large hydrocarbon fuel-supply truck, and a vehicle's exposed hydrocarbon fuel tank, to effect quick self-sealing against leakage from a container puncture wound, such as a penetrating bullet wound. We refer to this coating structure as being a barrier structure that disables a container-penetrating projectile, such as a bullet, from producing an uncontrolled liquid leak from the container. It also relates to methodology which is associated with this barrier coating structure.
- For illustration purposes only, a preferred embodiment of the coating of the invention is specifically disclosed and illustrated herein in relation to the fuel tank in a smaller-than-tanker military vehicle.
- Such a coating can effectively substantially nullify a combat tactic which involves (a) creating a penetrating bullet wound in such a tank/container, (b) thereby producing flammable fuel leakage typically enhanced by the usual positive residual pressure in that tank, (c) and then, using and firing an incendiary projectile, igniting the leaked fuel to attack the associated vehicle by fire.
- The layered coating proposed by the present invention, which is also referred to herein as a projectile disabling barrier structure, employs two foundation materials, one of which, by itself, is employed as a singularity to form one type of the two different layer types, or structures, employed according to the invention, and the other of which is combined, as an entrained substance, in and with the first-mentioned foundation material to form the second layer type. The second layer type, which combines the two materials just generally mentioned, performs with behavior that effectively characterizes a de facto third “type” of material—in effect, a composite material.
- Several different layered coating structures are illustrated and described herein, with the preferred coating structure being formed, as will shortly be described, as one including three cooperative layers.
- According to practice of the invention, and in the mentioned, illustrative setting involving an exposed fuel tank in a military vehicle, the exposed surface of such a tank is appropriately coated/jacketed with a sandwiched, plural-layer, self-healing/self-sealing barrier structure which implements several important, cooperative mechanisms for mending a bullet-puncture fuel leak.
- One of these mechanisms features significant elasticity furnished by elastic stretch and recovery of a very high-elastic-stretch-capable (about 400% elongation before breakage) elastomer. The elastomer employed to implement this mechanism is also a modest “reaction-time” substance which responds, in the setting now being described, to fuel contact with modest hydrocarbon fuel-imbibing and swelling actions. The term “modest” will be characterized herein shortly.
- Another mechanism employs a layer-embedded pellet, or bead-like, fuel-imbiber material (also called a “reaction” substance) which responds aggressively and quickly to contact with the usual hydrocarbon fuel to undergo a rapid absorption (imbibing) of any leaking fuel, accompanied by a rapid, three-dimensional, physical, synergistic, swollen-volume enlargement (about 300%) because of such absorption. The term “synergistic” is used herein because of the fact that the swollen bead volume which develops as just mentioned appears to be greater than the sum of the individual volumes of the interacting fuel and the reaction-substance bead-like material.
- Still a further mechanism involves the use per se of the mentioned bead-like material, which further responds to contact with hydrocarbon fuel in a manner which results in a congealing reaction occurring between absorbed fuel and the imbibing bead material. This congealing reaction can be likened to coagulation, with respect to which there results a tacky, thickened mass of material that tends to coalesce so as to form a very tenacious barrier continuum which contributes significantly to the blockage of outward flow and leakage of fuel from a tank.
- Yet another mechanism at work in the sealing operation of the invention comes about because of tension which exists in an outer elastomeric material layer that forms part of the invention. This tension leads to enhanced compression of leakage-contact-swollen layer material in the vicinity of a container puncture wound.
- The consequences of the above-mentioned mechanism actions and behaviors are that a leakage passage which results from a bullet (projectile) strike which penetrates the proposed layer-like barrier structure (a) is rapidly substantially fully closed almost immediately by the mentioned elastomer mechanism, (b) is additionally compression-sealed quickly by fuel-imbibing-produced material swelling and expansion resulting from material contact with leakage fuel, and (c) is further closed off by the coagulation/congealing action just mentioned.
- These and other important mechanisms and features, soon to be more fully described, are provided by a unique, multi-layer jacket which includes, fundamentally, the above-mentioned, several, different, individual and composite materials which work in cooperation with one another in accordance with the invention. Among these other mechanisms and features are (a) that initial tension is built into the outer layer of a plural-layer structure fabricated in accordance with the invention, and (b), that the different layers preferably, though not necessarily, and as initially created, increase in thickness progressing outwardly through the layer structure from the surface of a protected fuel (or other) tank.
- All of the features and operating mechanisms of the invention will be more fully understood and appreciated as the description which now follows is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
-
FIG. 1 is a simplified, small scale, side new of a military vehicle having an exposed fuel tank, the outer surface of which has been treated with a preferred embodiment of the layered barrier coating of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 provides an enlarged, fragmentary, detail view of a portion of the outside of the fuel tank shown in the vehicle ofFIG. 1 . In particular, it illustrates a situation where a bullet has punctured this tank. Portions of the structure shown in this figure have been broken away for illustrative purposes. -
FIG. 3 illustrates, fragmentarily, and on a larger scale than that which is employed inFIG. 2 , a cross-sectional view taken generally along the line 3-3 inFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 4 is a still further enlarged cross-sectional view of the region inFIG. 3 which is bracketed by curved arrows 4-4. InFIG. 4 , certain cross-sectional shading has been omitted for the sake of visual clarity. -
FIGS. 5 and 6 , illustrate two different modifications of the layer barrier coating pictured inFIGS. 2-4 , inclusive. - Turning attention now to the drawings, and referring first of all to
FIGS. 1-4 , inclusive, shown generally at 10 inFIG. 1 is a military vehicle which possesses a laterally disposed, exposed steel fuel tank, or container, 12. This tank is covered, at least on its laterally exposed outside surface expanse, by a plural-layer barriersandwich coating structure 14 which has been constructed in accordance with the present invention.Tank 12 contains liquid hydrocarbon fuel (not specifically shown) which is typically under a certain small amount of pressure (say about 4-5-psi) which is above normal atmospheric pressure. This elevated pressure, which of course exacerbates fuel leakage in the event of a tank puncture, exists for several well-known reasons, one of which, as an illustration, involves normal fuel vapor pressure. - It should be understood that the word “container” as employed herein is not confined to meaning only a vehicle's fuel tank. It may also apply, as examples, to a conduit, to a fuel-supply tanker, to holding tanks, to rail tanker cars, and to other kinds of liquid containers.
-
Coating 14, in its preferred embodiment, and which is best pictured inFIGS. 2-4 , inclusive, includes three unified layers, or layer structures, 14 a, 14 b, 14 c. -
Layer 14 a, which is also referred to herein (a) as a first-type barrier layer structure, (b) as a bonding layer, and (c) as a leakage-responsive substructure, has a preferable thickness (see t1 inFIG. 3 ) of about ⅛-inches. This layer is directly joined (bonded) to the outside surface oftank 12, and is formed of a suitable high-elasticity, high-tensile-strength, high-tear-resistance elastomer. A very suitable material forlayer 14 a is a two-component polyurethane elastomer product called TUFF STUFF® FR(with the letters FR standing for fire-resistant), made by Rhino Linings USA, Inc.—a company based in San Diego, Calif. This material is applied, as will later herein be described, by spraying it onto the outside surface oftank 12. It exhibits an elasticity which permits an elastic elongation before “breakage” of about 400%, has a tensile strength of about 1700-1900-psi, and possesses a tear resistance of about 140-150-pli. The material forming this layer reacts modestly, and over a relatively long time period, to contact with hydrocarbon fuel, imbibing such fuel, and swelling in the process. In the preferred embodiment of the invention which is now being described, this “modest” reaction time period extends to up to about 20-minutes relative to a puncture wound. - Layer 14 b, which is also referred to herein (a) as a second-type barrier layer structure, (b) as an expansion layer, and (c) as a leakage responsive substructure, has a preferable thickness (see t2 in
FIG. 3 ) lying within the range of about ⅛- to about 3/16-inches. This layer is formed as a special composite structure which includes an elastomeric expanse portion 14 b 1 (seeFIG. 4 ) formed of the same material used inlayer 14 a, in which expanse is entrained what is called herein a reaction substance which takes the form of a distribution of small liquid-imbiber beads 14 b 2(seeFIG. 4 ). These beads, also referred herein as elemental components, have a strong affinity for rapidly fully absorbing (imbibing) various liquids, such as hydrocarbon fuel, and they swell significantly in volume as a consequence. Rapid full imbibing typically occurs in under about a half-minute. A very suitable imbiber-bead material is the product known as IMB230300 made by Imbibitive Technologies America, Inc. in Midland, Mich. These beads preferably are blended in any appropriate manner into the entraining elastomer material to constitute about 20% by weight in the combined material. This combined material for layer 14 b is then applied tolayer 14 a by spraying to achieve the desired thickness mentioned above. While the weight percentage of entrained beads is preferably at the 20% level, a suitable range lies between about 15% and about 25%. - Composite layer 14 b is characterized by possessing an elasticity which permits an elastic elongation (before breakage) of about 67%, a tensile strength of about 483-psi, and a tear resistance of about 115-pli.
- Layer 14 c, which is also referred to herein as a compression layer, has a thickness (see t3 in
FIG. 3 ) of about ¼-to about ⅜-inches. It is made of the same material used inlayer 14 a, and is also spray-formed to the desired thickness on the outside of layer 14 b. After application and “curing” of this layer, a certain level of tension exists in this layer. This tension, coupled with the mentioned relatively large thickness, significantly contributes to the ability of layer 14 c to produce enhanced sealing compression of underlying layer material in the region of a puncture wound. - Thus, and as one will note, the three layers which make up coating 14 are preferably differentiated in thickness, progressing outwardly from
tank 12 with increasing thicknesses. - While the exact manner of preparing and applying the various layers that make up coating 14 will vary from application to application, as for example depending upon the nature of the container material to which the coating is to be applied, those skilled in the art will understand, from the description which is now to follow of one manner of preparing
coating 14, how variations may be implemented to suit such other applications. The application process now to be described relates to applyingcoating 14 to the outside surface of the steel fuel tank in military vehicle 10. - With respect to use of the two foundation materials that make up
layers 14 a, 14 b and 14 c—namely the mentioned elastomeric material and the mentioned imbiber bead material—it is important that the surface of the fuel tank be appropriately prepared so thatinner layer 14 a will bond and adhere suitably to the tank. The tank may be prepared with an appropriate primer, to a thickness of about 3- to about 5-mils, with this primer coating initially presenting a light shine, and entering a curing period of about 45- to about 60-minutes. After the curing period, this primer coating will be dry, but will possess a slight tack surface. - With respect now to creating the various layers of
coating 14, taking the materials which have been described above herein as being preferred materials to employ, we have found that it is best to apply these materials (in a manner which will now be described) through orthogonally associated alternate groups of successive, overlapping, substantially parallel, linear spraying passes, all performed at an applied-material temperature of about 65- to about 80-degrees Fahrenheit, and in an ambient air temperature of about 70-degrees Fahrenheit, with a relative humidity of about 50-percent or less. We have determined that the very best ambient temperature and relative humidity conditions are those wherein these is an absolute value difference between them is about ten (10) or greater. -
Inner layer 14 a is first applied simply by appropriate, alternate groups of such successive spray passes utilizing the mentioned elastomeric material. A first round (group) of substantially parallel, linear spray passes may be suitably overlapping lateral left-to-right and right-to-left, followed by a series of laterally overlapping up-to-down and down-to-up vertical passes, and so forth, until the desired inner layer thickness is achieved. - Composite layer 14 b is then applied by suitably blending the same elastomeric material which has been used in
layer 14 a with imbiber beads which become entrained in the elastomeric material by the preferred weight contribution mentioned above. Here, also, layer application is accomplished by successive, alternate groups of horizontal and vertical overlapping spray passes until the desired thickness attained. - Finally, outer layer 14 c is applied via substantially the same horizontal and vertical overlapping spray activities until the desired outer layer thickness develops.
- It will be clear to those skilled in the art that variations of layer thicknesses and/or container surface preparations may be selected for different specific applications.
-
FIG. 2-4 , inclusive, illustrate that a bullet has penetrated the three layers incoating 14, and has puncturedtank 12 to produce a penetration, or puncture, wound 16 in the wall of the tank. - Almost instantly after the bullet strike, and the resulting penetration, layers 14 a, 14 b, 14 c, “re-close” upon themselves elastomerically to initiate a fluid seal directly over the tank puncture wound. This is clearly illustrated in
FIG. 3 , and it comes about especially because of the high intrinsic elasticity inlayers 14 a and 14 c, and in the elastomeric expanse portion 14 b 1 in layer 14 b. - Fuel begins to leak through
wound 16, as indicated byarrow 18 inFIG. 3 , and in the process of leaking comes into contact with the materials present inlayers 14 a 14 b, 14 c. It turns out, as mentioned earlier, that both of the foundation materials which are employed variously inlayers 14 a, 14 b, 14 c respond with fuel-imbibing and volumetric-swelling reactions in relation to contact with fuel leaking fromtank 12. The composite structure in layer 14 b exhibits a significantly greater volumetric swelling rate than that exhibited by the elastomer material alone inlayers 14 a, 14 c. This cooperative and collaborative swelling, combined with the enhanced compression-producing tension which is present especially in compression layer 14 c, creates significant sealing pressure withincoating 14 in the important region immediately outside of and around puncture wound 16. This condition is illustrated quite clearly inFIG. 4 . - Additionally, and very importantly, leakage fuel and the material in beads 14 b 2 react chemically and cooperatively to congeal and form a tacky and sticky coagulant mass, pictured at 20 in dark, central, cross-hatch lines in
FIG. 4 . This coagulant mass effectively provides a positive blockage (in the form of a sealing continuum across the path of the puncture wound) to any continued fuel leakage. - The rapid response associated with the behavior of beads 14 b 2 causes major fuel leakage to become inconsequential within under about one to five minutes. Substantially all leakage is normally stopped after the elapse of about 20-minutes, owing to the more modest, time-extended response nature of the elastomer material in
coating 14. During this longer time period, elastomer in layer 14 b effectively brings a large lateral number of the imbiber beads into the invention's sealing action. - Turning attention now to
FIGS. 5 and 6 in the drawings, these two figures illustrates each an alternative embodiment of the present invention. Material layers in these two figures are labeled either E for elastomer, or C for combination (composite). The E layers are likelayers 14 a, 14 c inFIGS. 2-4 , inclusive. Layers C are like layer 14 b. These E and C layers are not illustrated in exact thickness-scale relative to one another. - The invention thus proposes a unique plural-layer coating (in preferred and various alternative forms) for rapidly sealing, against liquid leakage, a puncture wound in the wall of a liquid container. Following the occurrence of such a wound, the coating of the invention responds effectively with both rapid and longer-term sealing actions involving (a) an elastomeric puncture-path, pressure-closure response, (b) a leakage-liquid-imbibing and swelling response, aided by elastomeric response (such as tension in the compression coating layer), to apply sealing pressure which is effective to close a puncture wound, and (c) a coagulation response to create a leakage-blocking coagulant mass which forms a blockage continuum across the path of a puncture wound.
- While a preferred embodiment and methodologic practice of the invention have been described and illustrated herein, and several modifications described, it is appreciated that other variations and modifications may be made without departing from the sprit of the invention.
Claims (13)
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US11/508,539 US7229673B1 (en) | 2004-10-20 | 2006-08-22 | Projectile barrier method for sealing liquid container |
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US7229673B1 (en) | 2007-06-12 |
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