US20070116855A1 - Stent mandrel fixture and method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent - Google Patents
Stent mandrel fixture and method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent Download PDFInfo
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- US20070116855A1 US20070116855A1 US11/654,413 US65441307A US2007116855A1 US 20070116855 A1 US20070116855 A1 US 20070116855A1 US 65441307 A US65441307 A US 65441307A US 2007116855 A1 US2007116855 A1 US 2007116855A1
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- stent
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/04—Hollow or tubular parts of organs, e.g. bladders, tracheae, bronchi or bile ducts
- A61F2/06—Blood vessels
- A61F2/07—Stent-grafts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B12/00—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area
- B05B12/16—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area for controlling the spray area
- B05B12/20—Masking elements, i.e. elements defining uncoated areas on an object to be coated
- B05B12/26—Masking elements, i.e. elements defining uncoated areas on an object to be coated for masking cavities
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B13/00—Machines or plants for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces of objects or other work by spraying, not covered by groups B05B1/00 - B05B11/00
- B05B13/02—Means for supporting work; Arrangement or mounting of spray heads; Adaptation or arrangement of means for feeding work
- B05B13/0221—Means for supporting work; Arrangement or mounting of spray heads; Adaptation or arrangement of means for feeding work characterised by the means for moving or conveying the objects or other work, e.g. conveyor belts
- B05B13/0228—Means for supporting work; Arrangement or mounting of spray heads; Adaptation or arrangement of means for feeding work characterised by the means for moving or conveying the objects or other work, e.g. conveyor belts the movement of the objects being rotative
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C3/00—Apparatus in which the work is brought into contact with a bulk quantity of liquid or other fluent material
- B05C3/18—Apparatus in which the work is brought into contact with a bulk quantity of liquid or other fluent material only one side of the work coming into contact with the liquid or other fluent material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
- A61F2/915—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2250/0004—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof adjustable
- A61F2250/0008—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof adjustable for adjusting a position by translation along an axis or two perpendicular axes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/002—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials the substrate being rotated
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/32—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials using means for protecting parts of a surface not to be coated, e.g. using stencils, resists
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to stent mandrel fixtures, and more particularly, but not exclusively, provides a stent mandrel fixture and method for coating an outer surface of a stent.
- Blood vessel occlusions are commonly treated by mechanically enhancing blood flow in the affected vessels, such as by employing a stent.
- Stents act as scaffoldings, functioning to physically hold open and, if desired, to expand the wall of affected vessels.
- stents are capable of being compressed, so that they can be inserted through small lumens via catheters, and then expanded to a larger diameter once they are at the desired location. Examples in the patent literature disclosing stents include U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,665 issued to Palmaz, U.S. Pat. No. 4,800,882 issued to Gianturco, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,062 issued to Wiktor.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional stent 10 formed from a plurality of struts 12 .
- the plurality of struts 12 are radially expandable and interconnected by connecting elements 14 that are disposed between adjacent struts 12 , leaving lateral openings or gaps 16 between adjacent struts 12 .
- the struts 12 and the connecting elements 14 define a tubular stent body having an outer, tissue-contacting surface and an inner surface.
- Stents are used not only for mechanical intervention but also as vehicles for providing biological therapy. Biological therapy can be achieved by medicating the stents. Medicated stents provide for the local administration of a therapeutic substance at the diseased site. Local delivery of a therapeutic substance is a preferred method of treatment because the substance is concentrated at a specific site and thus smaller total levels of medication can be administered in comparison to systemic dosages that often produce adverse or even toxic side effects for the patient.
- One method of medicating a stent involves the use of a polymeric carrier coated onto the surface of the stent.
- a composition including a solvent, a polymer dissolved in the solvent, and a therapeutic substance dispersed in the blend is applied to the stent by immersing the stent in the composition or by spraying the composition onto the stent.
- the solvent is allowed to evaporate, leaving on the stent strut surfaces a coating of the polymer and the therapeutic substance impregnated in the polymer.
- a shortcoming of the above-described method of medicating a stent is that both the inner surface and an outer surface of the stent are coated with the same therapeutic substance. Accordingly, the therapeutic substance will be dispensed locally by being absorbed by the vessel wall from the outer surface of the stent and will be dispensed downstream as blood carries the therapeutic substance from the inner surface. In some circumstances there may be a need of only having the outer surface of the stent coated with the therapeutic substance. Alternatively, there may be a need of coating the outer surface of the stent with a first type of a drug and the inner surface with a second type of a drug.
- the stent's outer surface could be coated with an anti-inflamatory drug or anti-restenosis drug to treat inflammation or hyper-migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, respectively.
- the stent's inner wall could be coating with an anti-coagulant to reduce platelet aggregation, clotting and thrombus formation.
- a stent mandrel fixture comprising a masking element configured to be inserted through a bore of a stent, the masking element having an expanded configuration and a retracted configuration and an expansion causing mechanism capable of expanding the masking element from the retracted configuration to the expanded configuration to cause the masking element to make contact with and mask an inner surface of the stent.
- a fixture to support a stent during the application of a coating composition to the stent comprising a hollow tubular member configured to be inserted into a longitudinal bore of a stent; a rod extending through the tubular member; and a mechanism to cause the tubular member to expand and retract to support the stent during the application of a coating composition to the stent.
- a fixture to support a stent during the application of a coating composition to the stent comprising a mandrel base; a rod extending out from the mandrel base, the rod configured to be moved in and out of the mandrel base; and a support element integrated with the rod, the support element having a first position of being engaged with the stent and a second position of being disengaged from the stent, wherein the movement of the rod in and out of the mandrel base causes the engagement and disengagement of the support element with the stent.
- a lever can be used to drive the rod in and out of the mandrel base.
- methods of coating a stent with a composition comprising: positioning a stent on a fixture of the invention; and applying a coating composition to the stent.
- a method of coating a stent with a composition comprising inserting a tubular member inside a longitudinal bore of a stent, the stent comprising struts separated by gaps; expanding the tubular member such that the tubular member at least partially extends through the gaps; and applying a coating composition to the stent.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional stent
- FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B illustrate a stent mandrel fixture in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3A , FIG. 3B , and FIG. 3C illustrate a stent mandrel fixture in accordance with another embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3D illustrates a stent mandrel fixture in accordance with another embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 4A , FIG. 4B , FIG. 4C , and FIG. 4D illustrate a stent mandrel fixture in accordance with another embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B illustrate cross sections of a stent mandrel fixture according to an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 5C illustrates a cross section of a stent strut after coating on the stent mandrel fixture of FIG. 2 , FIG. 3 , or FIG. 4 ;
- FIG. 6A illustrates a cross section of a stent mandrel fixture according to an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 6B-6D illustrate cross sections of a stent strut after coating on the stent mandrel fixture of FIG. 2 , FIG. 3 , or FIG. 4 ;
- FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method of coating a stent using the stent mandrel fixture of FIG. 2 , FIG. 3 or FIG. 4 .
- FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B illustrate a stent mandrel fixture 20 A in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- the fixture 20 A for supporting the stent 10 includes a bladder or expandable or elastic tube 23 A, a threaded rod 24 , a nut 25 , and a lock member 26 .
- the stent mandrel fixture 20 A can be coupled to engines (not shown) to provide rotational and lateral motion to a mounted stent 10 during a coating process.
- the threaded rod 24 passes through an inner bore of the tube 23 A, lock member 26 , and nut 25 .
- the tube 23 A is fixed at one end to the lock member 26 while the nut is rotationally mounted on the rod 24 .
- the lock member 26 can also be rotationally mounted to the rod 24 (and therefore not fixed to the tube 23 A) thereby enabling the adjustable positioning of the lock member 26 .
- the lock member 26 as shown has an outer diameter greater than the outer diameter of the nut 25 , it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the lock member 26 can have an outer diameter less than, substantially equal to, or greater than the outer diameter of the nut 25 .
- the outer diameter of the lock member 26 must only be at least equal to the outer diameter of the stent 10 so that the stent 10 does not slide past the lock member 26 .
- the nut 25 is an expansion causing mechanism. Rotation of the nut 25 , such that the nut 25 presses against the tube 23 A, causes the tube 23 A to compress in a lateral direction against the lock member 26 while expanding radially outwards from the rod 24 as shown in FIG. 2B and FIG. 5B . Rotation of the nut 25 away from the tube 23 A causes the tube 23 A to return back to its uncompressed or natural state as shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 5A .
- the nut 25 can be electrically driven or otherwise tightened without human intervention in order to automate the process of coating a stent 10 , thereby increasing throughput. Additionally, with the use of the nut 25 , incremental rotation of the nut 25 can allow for the bladder or tube 23 A to be expanded in an incremental fashion.
- the tube 23 A can be made of or coated with a non-stick substance, such as TEFLON.
- the tube 23 A when compressed laterally, has a length equal to at least the length of the stent 10 , thereby enabling masking of the entire length of the inner diameter of the stent 10 .
- the tube 23 A when compressed laterally, has a length shorter than the length of the stent 10 , thereby supporting the stent 10 with minimal contact with the stent 10 .
- the tube 23 A In an unexpanded state (i.e., not compressed laterally), the tube 23 A has an outer diameter smaller than the inner diameter of the stent 10 (as positioned on the tube 23 A).
- the outer diameter of the tube 23 A expands to at least the inner diameter of the stent 10 , thereby acting to hold the stent 10 in place and to mask at least a portion of the inner surface of the stent 10 .
- the masking of the inner surface of the stent 10 prevents the inner surface from being coated with a composition during a coating process. Accordingly, when the tube 23 A is in an expanded state, only the outer surface and sidewalls of the stent 10 are coated with the composition from a spray flow, which is discharged from a nozzle assembly (not shown).
- the tube 23 A can be further radially expanded to enable masking of the sidewalls in addition to the inner surface of the stent 10 .
- a stent 10 is loaded onto the fixture by first removing the nut 25 and then placing the stent 10 over the tube 23 A when tube 23 A is in an uncompressed state, as shown in FIG. 5A .
- the nut 25 is then loaded onto the rod 24 and tightened against the tube 23 A, causing the tube 23 A to compress laterally and expand radially outwards from the rod 24 , as shown in FIG. 5B .
- the tube 23 A can expand radially outwards to substantially mask the inner surface of the stent 10 , as shown in FIG. 5B .
- the tube 23 A can comprise a flexible and/or thin material, such as latex, and expands radially outwards to substantially mask the inner surface of the stent 10 as well as the sidewalls of the stent 10 , as shown in FIG. 6A .
- the tube 23 A is capable of protruding at least partially through the gaps 16 between the stent struts 12 to mask the sidewalls of the stent struts 12 .
- a spray nozzle (not shown) sprays a composition onto the stent 10 .
- the inner diameter of the stent 10 is masked, only the sidewalls and outer surface of the stent 10 are coated with a composition.
- the sidewalls can also be masked and accordingly, only the outer surface of the stent 10 is coated with the composition.
- the nut 25 is loosened, thereby enabling the tube 23 A to return to a non-expanded state and further enabling removal of the stent 10 from the stent mandrel fixture 20 A.
- the stent 10 can then have the inner surface coated via electroplating or spray coating. Without masking the outer surface of the stent 10 , both electroplating and spray coating may yield some composition onto the outer surface and sidewalls of the stent 10 . However, the inner surface would be substantially solely coated with a single composition different from the composition used to coat the outer surface of the stent 10 .
- this embodiment enables the coating of the inner surface and the outer surface of the stent 10 with different compositions.
- the inner surface could be coated with a composition having a bio-beneficial therapeutic substance for delivery downstream of the stent 10 (e.g., an anticoagulant, such as heparin, to reduce platelet aggregation, clotting and thrombus formation) while the outer surface of the stent 10 could be coating with a composition having a therapeutic substance for local delivery to a blood vessel wall (e.g., an anti-inflammatory drug to treat vessel wall inflammation or a drug for the treatment of restenosis).
- a bio-beneficial therapeutic substance for delivery downstream of the stent 10
- an anticoagulant such as heparin
- the components of the coating substance or composition can include a solvent or a solvent system comprising multiple solvents, a polymer or a combination of polymers, a therapeutic substance or a drug or a combination of drugs.
- Representative examples of polymers that can be used to coat a stent or medical device include ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (commonly known by the generic name EVOH or by the trade name EVAL); poly(hydroxyvalerate); poly(L-lactic acid); polycaprolactone; poly(lactide-co-glycolide); poly(glycerol-sebacate); poly(hydroxybutyrate); poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate); polydioxanone; polyorthoester; polyanhydride; poly(glycolic acid); poly(D,L-lactic acid); poly(glycolic acid-co-trimethylene carbonate); polyphosphoester; polyphosphoester urethane; poly(amino acids); cyanoacrylates; poly(trimethylene carbonate);
- PEO/PLA polyalkylene oxalates; polyphosphazenes; biomolecules, such as fibrin, fibrinogen, cellulose, starch, collagen and hyaluronic acid; polyurethanes; silicones; polyesters; polyolefins; polyisobutylene and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers; acrylic polymers and copolymers; vinyl halide polymers and copolymers, such as polyvinyl chloride; polyvinyl ethers, such as polyvinyl methyl ether; polyvinylidene halides, such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene chloride; polyacrylonitrile; polyvinyl ketones; polyvinyl aromatics, such as polystyrene; polyvinyl esters, such as polyvinyl acetate; copolymers of vinyl monomers with each other and olefins, such as ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymers, acryl
- solvent is defined as a liquid substance or composition that is compatible with the polymer and is capable of dissolving the polymer at the concentration desired in the composition.
- solvents include, but are not limited to, dimethylsulfoxide, chloroform, acetone, water (buffered saline), xylene, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, tetrahydrofuran, 1-butanone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, cyclohexanone, ethyl acetate, methylethylketone, propylene glycol monomethylether, isopropanol, isopropanol admixed with water, N-methylpyrrolidinone, toluene, and mixtures and combinations thereof.
- the therapeutic substance or drug can include any substance capable of exerting a therapeutic or prophylactic effect.
- agents include antiproliferative substances such as actinomycin D, or derivatives and analogs thereof (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich 1001 West Saint Paul Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis.; or COSMEGEN available from Merck). Synonyms of actinomycin D include dactinomycin, actinomycin IV, actinomycin I 1 , actinomycin X 1 , and actinomycin C 1 .
- the active agent can also fall under the genus of antineoplastic, antiinflammatory, antiplatelet, anticoagulant, antifibrin, antithrombin, antimitotic, antibiotic, antiallergic and antioxidant substances.
- antineoplastics and/or antimitotics examples include paclitaxel (e.g. TAXOL® by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.), docetaxel (e.g. Taxotere®, from Aventis S.A., Frankfurt, Germany) methotrexate, azathioprine, vincristine, vinblastine, fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride (e.g. Adriamycin® from Pharmacia & Upjohn, Peapack N.J.), and mitomycin (e.g. Mutamycin® from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.).
- paclitaxel e.g. TAXOL® by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.
- docetaxel e.g. Taxotere®, from Aventis S.A., Frankfurt, Germany
- methotrexate methotrexate
- antiplatelets examples include sodium heparin, low molecular weight heparins, heparinoids, hirudin, argatroban, forskolin, vapiprost, prostacyclin and prostacyclin analogues, dextran, D-phe-pro-arg-chloromethylketone (synthetic antithrombin), dipyridamole, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet membrane receptor antagonist antibody, recombinant hirudin, and thrombin inhibitors such as AngiomaxTM (Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.).
- AngiomaxTM Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
- cytostatic or antiproliferative agents examples include angiopeptin, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as captopril (e.g. Capoten® and Capozide® from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.), cilazapril or lisinopril (e.g.
- nifedipine calcium channel blockers
- FGF fibroblast growth factor
- fish oil omega 3-fatty acid
- histamine antagonists lovastatin (an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a cholesterol lowering drug, brand name Mevacor® from Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, N.J.)
- monoclonal antibodies such as those specific for Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) receptors), nitroprusside, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostaglandin inhibitors, suramin, serotonin blockers, steroids, thioprotease inhibitors, triazolopyrimidine (a PDGF antagonist), and nitric oxide.
- An example of an antiallergic agent is permirolast potassium.
- Other therapeutic substances or agents which may be appropriate include alpha-interferon, genetically engineered
- FIG. 3A , FIG. 3B , and FIG. 3C illustrate a stent mandrel fixture 20 B in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
- the stent mandrel fixture 20 B is substantially similar to the stent mandrel fixture 20 A except that the fixture 20 B includes a substantially airtight inflatable cylinder or bladder 23 B, which acts as a masking element to mask an inner surface of the stent 10 during a coating process, coupled to a pump 50 via a tube 52 in place of the tube 23 A.
- FIG. 3C which includes a cross section of the cylinder 23 B, the cylinder 23 B resembles a tire and comprises an outer diameter 54 and an inner diameter 56 , and sidewalls which bound an interior airtight volume 55 .
- the cylinder 23 B includes a bore 57 formed by the inner diameter 56 through which the rod 24 travels.
- the cylinder 23 B can be fixed to the lock member 26 and/or nut 25 , which act to prevent lateral movement of the cylinder 23 B and stent 10 during a coating process.
- the lock member 26 and/or the nut 25 are rotationally mounted on the threaded rod 24 , thereby enabling incremental positioning of the lock member 26 and the nut 25 with the cylinder 23 B there between.
- the cylinder 23 B is fixed to either the lock member 26 and/or the nut 25 and can act to seal the volume 55 if the cylinder 23 B does not include sidewalls.
- the diameter of the bore 57 is substantially equal to the outer diameter of the rod 24 , thereby enabling a friction fit of the cylinder 23 B onto the rod 24 , which prevents unwanted lateral movement of the cylinder 23 B during a coating process. Accordingly, the rod 24 need not be threaded and lock member 26 and nut 25 are not needed.
- the interior volume 55 is in communication with the pump 50 via the tube 52 .
- the pump 50 supplies gas or fluid to the interior volume 55 causing pressure to increase within the interior volume 55 , thereby causing the outer diameter 54 to expand radially outwards from the rod 24 , as shown in FIG. 5B .
- the supplied gas can have a temperature other than room temperature.
- the supplied gas for example, can have a temperature between 35° C. and 80° C., to induce the evaporation of a solvent, preferably non-volatile solvents.
- the supplied gas can be cooler than 25° C. to retard the evaporation of the solvent, preferable retardation of the evaporation of unlike solvents.
- the inner diameter 56 is slightly larger than the diameter of the rod 24 while the outer diameter 54 , in an unexpanded state, is less than the inner diameter of the stent 10 , as positioned on the cylinder 23 B.
- the cylinder 23 B has a length at least equal to the length of the stent 10 , thereby enabling masking the entire length of the inner diameter of the stent 10 .
- the cylinder 23 B is less than the length of the stent 10 , thereby enabling masking of only a portion of the length of the inner diameter of the stent 10 .
- the cylinder 23 B is capable of expanding to at least the inner diameter of the stent 10 when the pump 50 pumps air into the interior area 55 of the cylinder 23 B to increase the pressure within the cylinder 23 B to, for example, 60-80 PSI.
- the cylinder 23 B acts to support the stent 10 and to mask the inner surface of the stent 10 (as shown in FIG. 5B ) during a coating process so that the inner surface of the stent 10 is not coated with the same composition as the outer surface of the stent 10 .
- the sidewalls of the stent 10 can also be masked by the cylinder 23 B as shown in FIG. 6A .
- a stent 10 is loaded onto the fixture 20 B by placing the stent 10 over the cylinder 23 B when the cylinder 23 B in an uncompressed state ( FIG. 5A ).
- the pump 50 then pumps gas into the interior area 55 of the cylinder 23 B causing the outer diameter 54 of the cylinder 23 B to expand radially outwards.
- the cylinder 23 B can expand radially outwards to substantially mask the inner surface of the stent 10 , as shown in FIG. 5B .
- the cylinder 23 B can comprise a flexible and/or thin material, e.g., latex, and expands radially outwards to substantially mask the inner surface of the stent 10 as well as the sidewalls of the stent 10 , as shown in FIG. 6A .
- a flexible and/or thin material e.g., latex
- a spray nozzle (not shown) sprays a composition onto the stent 10 .
- the inner diameter of the stent 10 is masked, only the sidewalls and outer diameter of the stent 10 are coated with a composition.
- the sidewalls can also be masked and accordingly, only the outer surface of the stent 10 is coated with the composition.
- the pump 50 vents gas from within the interior volume 55 , thereby lowering the pressure within the interior area 55 and enabling the tube 23 B to return to a non-expanded state and further enabling removal of the stent 10 from the stent mandrel fixture 20 B.
- the stent 10 can then have the inner surface coated via electroplating or spray coating.
- FIG. 3D illustrates a stent mandrel fixture 20 C in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
- the fixture 20 C like the fixture 20 B, is pneumatic-based.
- a cylinder 23 C for being placed through a bore of the stent 10 , circumscribes a rod 24 C.
- the cylinder 23 C is an expandable tube having an inner volume constrained by the rod 24 C.
- the rod 24 C includes an inner bore and outlets 53 in fluid communication with the bore that feed gas, from the pump 50 , into the interior volume of the cylinder 23 C, thereby causing the cylinder 23 C to expand radially outwards.
- the bore is in communication with a tube 59 A, which is in communication with a coupling 58 .
- the coupling 58 is in communication with the pump 50 via a tube 59 B. Accordingly, gas from the pump 50 can travel through the tube 59 B to and through the coupling 58 to and through the tube 59 A to the rod 24 C and through the outlets 53 into the interior volume of the cylinder 23 C.
- the coupling 58 enables the rod 24 C and cylinder 23 C to rotate during a coating process without having to rotate the pump 50 .
- the pump 50 pumps air into the cylinder 23 C thereby causing the cylinder 23 C to expand to the inner diameter of the stent 10 (when the stent 10 is in an unexpanded state) thereby masking the inner diameter.
- the cylinder 23 C can expand past the inner diameter of the stent 10 to at least partially mask the sidewalls of the stent 10 .
- the pump 50 can vent gas from the interior region of the cylinder 23 C, enabling it to return to its natural uncompressed state.
- the fixtures 20 B and 20 C can also include a pressure monitor disposed within the cylinder 23 B or 23 C.
- the pressure monitor can be coupled to feedback lines that provide the pump 50 with a measurement of pressure within the cylinder 23 B or 23 C so that the pump 50 can adjust the amount of gas pumped into the cylinder 23 B or 23 C.
- FIG. 4A , FIG. 4B , FIG. 4C , and FIG. 4D illustrate a stent mandrel fixture 20 D in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
- the fixture 20 D comprises a mandrel base 60 for receiving a rod 62 ; a tube or cylinder 23 D that circumscribes the rod 62 and acts as a masking element to mask an inner surface of the stent 10 during a coating process; and a toggle switch 66 that is coupled to the rod 62 , which acts as an expansion causing mechanism.
- the mandrel base 60 is about 2 inches long with a diameter of about 3 ⁇ 8 of an inch and can be made of stainless steel.
- the rod 62 has a disk 63 on the distal end.
- the rod 62 is coupled to the toggle switch 66 through a bore of the mandrel base 60 such that actuation of the switch 66 pulls the rod 62 further into the mandrel base 60 , thereby pulling the disk 63 towards the mandrel base 60 .
- the disk 63 laterally compresses the cylinder 23 D against the mandrel base 60 , thereby causing it to expand radially outwards.
- the rod 62 is about 2.15 inches long with a diameter of about 0.28 inches and is made of stainless steel.
- the disk 63 of the rod 62 can also be made of stainless steel and have a diameter of about 0.55 inches with a width of 0.3 inches.
- the cylinder 23 D can be made of or coated with a non-stick material, such as TEFLON or low durometer PEBAX.
- the cylinder 23 D circumscribes and is supported by the rod 62 .
- the cylinder 23 D is therefore constrained on both ends by the mandrel base 60 and the disk 63 . Accordingly, when the cylinder 23 D is compressed laterally between the mandrel base 60 and the disk 63 , as is shown in FIG. 4B and FIG. 5B , the cylinder 23 D is forced to expand outwards radially.
- the cylinder 23 D in its uncompressed and unexpanded state, as shown in FIG. 4A and FIG. 5A , has an outer diameter of about 0.055 inches and an inner diameter of about 0.030 inches with a length of about 1.65 inches.
- the toggle switch 66 changes the cylinder 23 D between a compressed, expanded state and an uncompressed, non-expanded state.
- a stent 10 is loaded by placing it over cylinder 23 D when the toggle switch 66 is placed in an open state as shown in FIG. 4A .
- the toggle switch 66 is then toggled to a closed or compressed state via an automated control or with human intervention as shown in FIG. 4B .
- the toggling of the toggle switch 66 pulls the rod 62 inwards towards the proximal end of the mandrel base 60 , thereby pulling the disk 63 laterally inwards and compressing the cylinder 23 D laterally, which causes the cylinder 23 D to expand in a radial direction (i.e., the diameter of the cylinder 23 D will increase) to mask the inner surface of the stent 10 .
- the stent 10 can then be coated with a composition and dried while on the cylinder 23 D. After application of the composition, the toggle switch 66 is moved to an open position, thereby decompressing the cylinder 23 D so that the stent 10 can be released. As in all embodiments, the stent 10 can then be further dried in an oven until the solvent of the composition is evaporated.
- FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate cross sections of a stent mandrel fixture according to an embodiment of the invention.
- the stent mandrel fixture of FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B can include the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2A & 2B ; FIG. 3A-3D ; or FIG. 4A-4D .
- the stent mandrel fixture includes a masking element 23 , such as the tube 23 A or 23 B, the masking element 23 C, or the cylinder 23 D having a bore within.
- the rod 24 , 24 C or rod 62 travels through the bore, thereby preventing the masking element 23 from expanding radially inwards when laterally compressed. When the masking element 23 is compressed laterally and expanded radially, as shown in FIG.
- the masking element 23 masks the inner surfaces 12 C of the struts 12 . Accordingly, during a coating process, only the exterior surface 12 A and sidewalls 12 B of the struts are coated with a composition leading to a coating 70 ( FIG. 5C ) on the exterior surface 12 A and sidewalls 12 B.
- a second coating (not shown) can be applied to the interior surfaces 12 C via spraying, electroplating, or other conventional coating methods.
- FIG. 6A illustrates a cross section of a stent mandrel fixture according to another embodiment of the invention.
- the stent mandrel fixture of FIG. 6A can include the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2A & 2B ; FIG. 3A-3D ; or FIG. 4A-4D .
- the masking element 23 is capable of partially or completely masking the sidewalls 12 B in addition to the inner surfaces 12 C. Accordingly, only the exterior surfaces 12 A will be coated with a composition, forming a coating 72 ( FIG. 6B ), which can, for example, include a substantially pure drug composition.
- the masking element 23 can then be unexpanded to mask only the inner surfaces 12 C as shown in FIG.
- coating 74 FIG. 6C
- the masking element 23 can be fully unexpanded, as shown in FIG. 5A , and then a coating applied, thereby encapsulating the coating 72 and all sides of the struts 12 with a coating 76 ( FIG. 6D ), which can include, for example, a substantially pure polymer.
- a coating 76 FIG. 6D
- 6C and 6D include less coating on the stent 10 as only the exterior surfaces 12 A are coated with a drug; encapsulation of the struts 12 prevents delamination or peeling at the edges of the struts 12 ; the encapsulating coating 74 or 76 can control drug release and have biocompatible properties; and drugs can be placed on the struts 12 where needed (e.g., a restenosis drug can placed solely on the exterior surfaces 12 A, where it is needed), thereby preventing excessive use of the drug.
- a restenosis drug can placed solely on the exterior surfaces 12 A, where it is needed
- FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method 700 of coating a stent using the stent mandrel fixture 20 A ( FIG. 2A - FIG. 2B ); 20 B ( FIG. 3A - FIG. 3D ); or 20 D ( FIG. 4A - FIG. 4D ).
- a stent 10 is loaded ( 710 ) over a masking element such as the tube 23 A, or the cylinder 23 B, 23 C, or 23 D (or other expandable masking element).
- the masking element is then expanded ( 720 ) until the masking element has an outer diameter at least equal to the inner diameter of the stent 10 , thereby masking the inner surface of the stent 10 .
- the expansion ( 720 ) can be invoked by an expansion causing mechanism such as the nut 25 , the pump 50 , or the toggle switch 66 .
- the masking element can be further expanded to completely or partially cover the sidewalls in addition to the inner surface of the stent 10 .
- the stent 10 is then coated ( 730 ) with a first composition. Due to the masking of at least the inner surface of the stent 10 , only the outer surface and possibly the sidewalls (depending on how far the masking element is expanded) are coated ( 730 ) with the first composition.
- the masking element is then returned ( 740 ) to an unexpanded state and the stent 10 is removed ( 750 ) from the mandrel 24 .
- the stent 10 is then baked ( 760 ) to remove solvent and so that the composition dries and hardens on the stent 10 .
- the inner surface of the stent 10 is then coated ( 770 ), if desired, with a second composition having a therapeutic substance different from a therapeutic substance in the first composition.
- the coating ( 770 ) can be done via spraying or electroplating the composition.
- the method 700 then ends.
- the masking element in place of the removing ( 750 ) through the coating ( 770 ), can be unexpanded to less than the inner diameter of the stent 10 or up to the diameter of the stent 10 and then the stent 10 can be coated with a second composition (e.g., polymer) to encapsulate most or all of the surfaces of the stent 10 .
- the stent 10 can then be removed from the masking element and baked to evaporate any solvent and to harden the coatings.
Abstract
A stent mandrel fixture for supporting a stent during the application of a coating substance is provided. A method supporting a stent during the application of a coating substance is also provided.
Description
- This is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 10/676,545, which was filed on Sep. 30, 2003, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
- This invention relates generally to stent mandrel fixtures, and more particularly, but not exclusively, provides a stent mandrel fixture and method for coating an outer surface of a stent.
- Blood vessel occlusions are commonly treated by mechanically enhancing blood flow in the affected vessels, such as by employing a stent. Stents act as scaffoldings, functioning to physically hold open and, if desired, to expand the wall of affected vessels. Typically stents are capable of being compressed, so that they can be inserted through small lumens via catheters, and then expanded to a larger diameter once they are at the desired location. Examples in the patent literature disclosing stents include U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,665 issued to Palmaz, U.S. Pat. No. 4,800,882 issued to Gianturco, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,062 issued to Wiktor.
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FIG. 1 illustrates aconventional stent 10 formed from a plurality ofstruts 12. The plurality ofstruts 12 are radially expandable and interconnected by connectingelements 14 that are disposed betweenadjacent struts 12, leaving lateral openings orgaps 16 betweenadjacent struts 12. Thestruts 12 and theconnecting elements 14 define a tubular stent body having an outer, tissue-contacting surface and an inner surface. - Stents are used not only for mechanical intervention but also as vehicles for providing biological therapy. Biological therapy can be achieved by medicating the stents. Medicated stents provide for the local administration of a therapeutic substance at the diseased site. Local delivery of a therapeutic substance is a preferred method of treatment because the substance is concentrated at a specific site and thus smaller total levels of medication can be administered in comparison to systemic dosages that often produce adverse or even toxic side effects for the patient.
- One method of medicating a stent involves the use of a polymeric carrier coated onto the surface of the stent. A composition including a solvent, a polymer dissolved in the solvent, and a therapeutic substance dispersed in the blend is applied to the stent by immersing the stent in the composition or by spraying the composition onto the stent. The solvent is allowed to evaporate, leaving on the stent strut surfaces a coating of the polymer and the therapeutic substance impregnated in the polymer.
- A shortcoming of the above-described method of medicating a stent is that both the inner surface and an outer surface of the stent are coated with the same therapeutic substance. Accordingly, the therapeutic substance will be dispensed locally by being absorbed by the vessel wall from the outer surface of the stent and will be dispensed downstream as blood carries the therapeutic substance from the inner surface. In some circumstances there may be a need of only having the outer surface of the stent coated with the therapeutic substance. Alternatively, there may be a need of coating the outer surface of the stent with a first type of a drug and the inner surface with a second type of a drug. For example, the stent's outer surface could be coated with an anti-inflamatory drug or anti-restenosis drug to treat inflammation or hyper-migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, respectively. The stent's inner wall could be coating with an anti-coagulant to reduce platelet aggregation, clotting and thrombus formation.
- Accordingly, a new stent mandrel fixture and method are needed to overcome this shortcoming.
- In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a stent mandrel fixture is provided, comprising a masking element configured to be inserted through a bore of a stent, the masking element having an expanded configuration and a retracted configuration and an expansion causing mechanism capable of expanding the masking element from the retracted configuration to the expanded configuration to cause the masking element to make contact with and mask an inner surface of the stent.
- In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a fixture to support a stent during the application of a coating composition to the stent is provided, comprising a hollow tubular member configured to be inserted into a longitudinal bore of a stent; a rod extending through the tubular member; and a mechanism to cause the tubular member to expand and retract to support the stent during the application of a coating composition to the stent.
- In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a fixture to support a stent during the application of a coating composition to the stent is provided, comprising a mandrel base; a rod extending out from the mandrel base, the rod configured to be moved in and out of the mandrel base; and a support element integrated with the rod, the support element having a first position of being engaged with the stent and a second position of being disengaged from the stent, wherein the movement of the rod in and out of the mandrel base causes the engagement and disengagement of the support element with the stent. A lever can be used to drive the rod in and out of the mandrel base.
- In accordance with other embodiments of the invention, methods of coating a stent with a composition are provided, comprising: positioning a stent on a fixture of the invention; and applying a coating composition to the stent.
- In accordance with yet another embodiment, a method of coating a stent with a composition is provided, comprising inserting a tubular member inside a longitudinal bore of a stent, the stent comprising struts separated by gaps; expanding the tubular member such that the tubular member at least partially extends through the gaps; and applying a coating composition to the stent.
- Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the following figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views unless otherwise specified.
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FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional stent; -
FIG. 2A andFIG. 2B illustrate a stent mandrel fixture in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 3A ,FIG. 3B , andFIG. 3C illustrate a stent mandrel fixture in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 3D illustrates a stent mandrel fixture in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 4A ,FIG. 4B ,FIG. 4C , andFIG. 4D illustrate a stent mandrel fixture in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 5A andFIG. 5B illustrate cross sections of a stent mandrel fixture according to an embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 5C illustrates a cross section of a stent strut after coating on the stent mandrel fixture ofFIG. 2 ,FIG. 3 , orFIG. 4 ; -
FIG. 6A illustrates a cross section of a stent mandrel fixture according to an embodiment of the invention; -
FIG. 6B-6D illustrate cross sections of a stent strut after coating on the stent mandrel fixture ofFIG. 2 ,FIG. 3 , orFIG. 4 ; and -
FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method of coating a stent using the stent mandrel fixture ofFIG. 2 ,FIG. 3 orFIG. 4 . - The following description is provided to enable any person having ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles, features and teachings disclosed herein.
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FIG. 2A andFIG. 2B illustrate astent mandrel fixture 20A in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Thefixture 20A for supporting thestent 10 includes a bladder or expandable orelastic tube 23A, a threadedrod 24, anut 25, and alock member 26. Thestent mandrel fixture 20A can be coupled to engines (not shown) to provide rotational and lateral motion to a mountedstent 10 during a coating process. - The threaded
rod 24 passes through an inner bore of thetube 23A,lock member 26, andnut 25. Thetube 23A is fixed at one end to thelock member 26 while the nut is rotationally mounted on therod 24. In an alternative embodiment, thelock member 26 can also be rotationally mounted to the rod 24 (and therefore not fixed to thetube 23A) thereby enabling the adjustable positioning of thelock member 26. While thelock member 26 as shown has an outer diameter greater than the outer diameter of thenut 25, it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that thelock member 26 can have an outer diameter less than, substantially equal to, or greater than the outer diameter of thenut 25. The outer diameter of thelock member 26 must only be at least equal to the outer diameter of thestent 10 so that thestent 10 does not slide past thelock member 26. - The
nut 25 is an expansion causing mechanism. Rotation of thenut 25, such that thenut 25 presses against thetube 23A, causes thetube 23A to compress in a lateral direction against thelock member 26 while expanding radially outwards from therod 24 as shown inFIG. 2B andFIG. 5B . Rotation of thenut 25 away from thetube 23A causes thetube 23A to return back to its uncompressed or natural state as shown inFIG. 2A andFIG. 5A . - It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the
nut 25 can be electrically driven or otherwise tightened without human intervention in order to automate the process of coating astent 10, thereby increasing throughput. Additionally, with the use of thenut 25, incremental rotation of thenut 25 can allow for the bladder ortube 23A to be expanded in an incremental fashion. - The
tube 23A can be made of or coated with a non-stick substance, such as TEFLON. In one embodiment, thetube 23A, when compressed laterally, has a length equal to at least the length of thestent 10, thereby enabling masking of the entire length of the inner diameter of thestent 10. In another embodiment, thetube 23A, when compressed laterally, has a length shorter than the length of thestent 10, thereby supporting thestent 10 with minimal contact with thestent 10. In an unexpanded state (i.e., not compressed laterally), thetube 23A has an outer diameter smaller than the inner diameter of the stent 10 (as positioned on thetube 23A). When thetube 23A expands (i.e., is compressed laterally), the outer diameter of thetube 23A expands to at least the inner diameter of thestent 10, thereby acting to hold thestent 10 in place and to mask at least a portion of the inner surface of thestent 10. The masking of the inner surface of thestent 10 prevents the inner surface from being coated with a composition during a coating process. Accordingly, when thetube 23A is in an expanded state, only the outer surface and sidewalls of thestent 10 are coated with the composition from a spray flow, which is discharged from a nozzle assembly (not shown). In other embodiments of the invention to be discussed further below in conjunction withFIG. 6A to 6D, thetube 23A can be further radially expanded to enable masking of the sidewalls in addition to the inner surface of thestent 10. - During operation of the
stent mandrel fixture 20A, astent 10 is loaded onto the fixture by first removing thenut 25 and then placing thestent 10 over thetube 23A whentube 23A is in an uncompressed state, as shown inFIG. 5A . Thenut 25 is then loaded onto therod 24 and tightened against thetube 23A, causing thetube 23A to compress laterally and expand radially outwards from therod 24, as shown inFIG. 5B . In one embodiment of the invention, thetube 23A can expand radially outwards to substantially mask the inner surface of thestent 10, as shown inFIG. 5B . In another embodiment of the invention, thetube 23A can comprise a flexible and/or thin material, such as latex, and expands radially outwards to substantially mask the inner surface of thestent 10 as well as the sidewalls of thestent 10, as shown inFIG. 6A . In other words, thetube 23A is capable of protruding at least partially through thegaps 16 between the stent struts 12 to mask the sidewalls of the stent struts 12. - After the
tube 23A is expanded radially outwards, a spray nozzle (not shown) sprays a composition onto thestent 10. As the inner diameter of thestent 10 is masked, only the sidewalls and outer surface of thestent 10 are coated with a composition. In another embodiment of the invention, the sidewalls can also be masked and accordingly, only the outer surface of thestent 10 is coated with the composition. - After the coating of the
stent 10, thenut 25 is loosened, thereby enabling thetube 23A to return to a non-expanded state and further enabling removal of thestent 10 from thestent mandrel fixture 20A. Thestent 10 can then have the inner surface coated via electroplating or spray coating. Without masking the outer surface of thestent 10, both electroplating and spray coating may yield some composition onto the outer surface and sidewalls of thestent 10. However, the inner surface would be substantially solely coated with a single composition different from the composition used to coat the outer surface of thestent 10. Accordingly, it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that this embodiment enables the coating of the inner surface and the outer surface of thestent 10 with different compositions. For example, the inner surface could be coated with a composition having a bio-beneficial therapeutic substance for delivery downstream of the stent 10 (e.g., an anticoagulant, such as heparin, to reduce platelet aggregation, clotting and thrombus formation) while the outer surface of thestent 10 could be coating with a composition having a therapeutic substance for local delivery to a blood vessel wall (e.g., an anti-inflammatory drug to treat vessel wall inflammation or a drug for the treatment of restenosis). - The components of the coating substance or composition can include a solvent or a solvent system comprising multiple solvents, a polymer or a combination of polymers, a therapeutic substance or a drug or a combination of drugs. Representative examples of polymers that can be used to coat a stent or medical device include ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (commonly known by the generic name EVOH or by the trade name EVAL); poly(hydroxyvalerate); poly(L-lactic acid); polycaprolactone; poly(lactide-co-glycolide); poly(glycerol-sebacate); poly(hydroxybutyrate); poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate); polydioxanone; polyorthoester; polyanhydride; poly(glycolic acid); poly(D,L-lactic acid); poly(glycolic acid-co-trimethylene carbonate); polyphosphoester; polyphosphoester urethane; poly(amino acids); cyanoacrylates; poly(trimethylene carbonate); poly(iminocarbonate); copoly(ether esters) (e.g. PEO/PLA); polyalkylene oxalates; polyphosphazenes; biomolecules, such as fibrin, fibrinogen, cellulose, starch, collagen and hyaluronic acid; polyurethanes; silicones; polyesters; polyolefins; polyisobutylene and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers; acrylic polymers and copolymers; vinyl halide polymers and copolymers, such as polyvinyl chloride; polyvinyl ethers, such as polyvinyl methyl ether; polyvinylidene halides, such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene chloride; polyacrylonitrile; polyvinyl ketones; polyvinyl aromatics, such as polystyrene; polyvinyl esters, such as polyvinyl acetate; copolymers of vinyl monomers with each other and olefins, such as ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymers, acrylonitrilestyrene copolymers, ABS resins, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers; polyamides, such as Nylon 66 and polycaprolactam; alkyd resins; polycarbonates; polyoxymethylenes; polyimides; polyethers; epoxy resins; polyurethanes; rayon; rayon-triacetate; cellulose; cellulose acetate; cellulose butyrate; cellulose acetate butyrate; cellophane; cellulose nitrate; cellulose propionate; cellulose ethers; and carboxymethyl cellulose.
- “Solvent” is defined as a liquid substance or composition that is compatible with the polymer and is capable of dissolving the polymer at the concentration desired in the composition. Examples of solvents include, but are not limited to, dimethylsulfoxide, chloroform, acetone, water (buffered saline), xylene, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, tetrahydrofuran, 1-butanone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, cyclohexanone, ethyl acetate, methylethylketone, propylene glycol monomethylether, isopropanol, isopropanol admixed with water, N-methylpyrrolidinone, toluene, and mixtures and combinations thereof.
- The therapeutic substance or drug can include any substance capable of exerting a therapeutic or prophylactic effect. Examples of agents include antiproliferative substances such as actinomycin D, or derivatives and analogs thereof (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich 1001 West Saint Paul Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis.; or COSMEGEN available from Merck). Synonyms of actinomycin D include dactinomycin, actinomycin IV, actinomycin I1, actinomycin X1, and actinomycin C1. The active agent can also fall under the genus of antineoplastic, antiinflammatory, antiplatelet, anticoagulant, antifibrin, antithrombin, antimitotic, antibiotic, antiallergic and antioxidant substances. Examples of such antineoplastics and/or antimitotics include paclitaxel (e.g. TAXOL® by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.), docetaxel (e.g. Taxotere®, from Aventis S.A., Frankfurt, Germany) methotrexate, azathioprine, vincristine, vinblastine, fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride (e.g. Adriamycin® from Pharmacia & Upjohn, Peapack N.J.), and mitomycin (e.g. Mutamycin® from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.). Examples of such antiplatelets, anticoagulants, antifibrin, and antithrombins include sodium heparin, low molecular weight heparins, heparinoids, hirudin, argatroban, forskolin, vapiprost, prostacyclin and prostacyclin analogues, dextran, D-phe-pro-arg-chloromethylketone (synthetic antithrombin), dipyridamole, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet membrane receptor antagonist antibody, recombinant hirudin, and thrombin inhibitors such as Angiomax™ (Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.). Examples of such cytostatic or antiproliferative agents include angiopeptin, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as captopril (e.g. Capoten® and Capozide® from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.), cilazapril or lisinopril (e.g. Prinivil® and Prinzide® from Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, N.J.); calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine), colchicine, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) antagonists, fish oil (omega 3-fatty acid), histamine antagonists, lovastatin (an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a cholesterol lowering drug, brand name Mevacor® from Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, N.J.), monoclonal antibodies (such as those specific for Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) receptors), nitroprusside, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostaglandin inhibitors, suramin, serotonin blockers, steroids, thioprotease inhibitors, triazolopyrimidine (a PDGF antagonist), and nitric oxide. An example of an antiallergic agent is permirolast potassium. Other therapeutic substances or agents which may be appropriate include alpha-interferon, genetically engineered epithelial cells, dexamethasone, and rapamycin.
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FIG. 3A ,FIG. 3B , andFIG. 3C illustrate astent mandrel fixture 20B in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. Thestent mandrel fixture 20B is substantially similar to thestent mandrel fixture 20A except that thefixture 20B includes a substantially airtight inflatable cylinder orbladder 23B, which acts as a masking element to mask an inner surface of thestent 10 during a coating process, coupled to apump 50 via atube 52 in place of thetube 23A. As shown inFIG. 3C , which includes a cross section of thecylinder 23B, thecylinder 23B resembles a tire and comprises anouter diameter 54 and aninner diameter 56, and sidewalls which bound an interiorairtight volume 55. Thecylinder 23B includes abore 57 formed by theinner diameter 56 through which therod 24 travels. - The
cylinder 23B can be fixed to thelock member 26 and/ornut 25, which act to prevent lateral movement of thecylinder 23B andstent 10 during a coating process. In addition, thelock member 26 and/or thenut 25 are rotationally mounted on the threadedrod 24, thereby enabling incremental positioning of thelock member 26 and thenut 25 with thecylinder 23B there between. In an alternative embodiment, thecylinder 23B is fixed to either thelock member 26 and/or thenut 25 and can act to seal thevolume 55 if thecylinder 23B does not include sidewalls. In another embodiment of the invention, the diameter of thebore 57 is substantially equal to the outer diameter of therod 24, thereby enabling a friction fit of thecylinder 23B onto therod 24, which prevents unwanted lateral movement of thecylinder 23B during a coating process. Accordingly, therod 24 need not be threaded and lockmember 26 andnut 25 are not needed. - The
interior volume 55 is in communication with thepump 50 via thetube 52. Thepump 50 supplies gas or fluid to theinterior volume 55 causing pressure to increase within theinterior volume 55, thereby causing theouter diameter 54 to expand radially outwards from therod 24, as shown inFIG. 5B . The supplied gas can have a temperature other than room temperature. The supplied gas, for example, can have a temperature between 35° C. and 80° C., to induce the evaporation of a solvent, preferably non-volatile solvents. Alternatively, the supplied gas can be cooler than 25° C. to retard the evaporation of the solvent, preferable retardation of the evaporation of unlike solvents. - In an embodiment of the invention, the
inner diameter 56 is slightly larger than the diameter of therod 24 while theouter diameter 54, in an unexpanded state, is less than the inner diameter of thestent 10, as positioned on thecylinder 23B. In one embodiment, thecylinder 23B has a length at least equal to the length of thestent 10, thereby enabling masking the entire length of the inner diameter of thestent 10. In another embodiment of the invention, thecylinder 23B is less than the length of thestent 10, thereby enabling masking of only a portion of the length of the inner diameter of thestent 10. Thecylinder 23B is capable of expanding to at least the inner diameter of thestent 10 when thepump 50 pumps air into theinterior area 55 of thecylinder 23B to increase the pressure within thecylinder 23B to, for example, 60-80 PSI. When thecylinder 23B is in an expanded state, thecylinder 23B acts to support thestent 10 and to mask the inner surface of the stent 10 (as shown inFIG. 5B ) during a coating process so that the inner surface of thestent 10 is not coated with the same composition as the outer surface of thestent 10. In another embodiment of the invention, the sidewalls of thestent 10 can also be masked by thecylinder 23B as shown inFIG. 6A . - During operation of the
stent mandrel fixture 20B, astent 10 is loaded onto thefixture 20B by placing thestent 10 over thecylinder 23B when thecylinder 23B in an uncompressed state (FIG. 5A ). Thepump 50 then pumps gas into theinterior area 55 of thecylinder 23B causing theouter diameter 54 of thecylinder 23B to expand radially outwards. In one embodiment of the invention, thecylinder 23B can expand radially outwards to substantially mask the inner surface of thestent 10, as shown inFIG. 5B . In another embodiment of the invention, thecylinder 23B can comprise a flexible and/or thin material, e.g., latex, and expands radially outwards to substantially mask the inner surface of thestent 10 as well as the sidewalls of thestent 10, as shown inFIG. 6A . - After the
cylinder 23B is expanded radially outwards, a spray nozzle (not shown) sprays a composition onto thestent 10. As the inner diameter of thestent 10 is masked, only the sidewalls and outer diameter of thestent 10 are coated with a composition. In another embodiment of the invention, the sidewalls can also be masked and accordingly, only the outer surface of thestent 10 is coated with the composition. - After the coating of the
stent 10, thepump 50 vents gas from within theinterior volume 55, thereby lowering the pressure within theinterior area 55 and enabling thetube 23B to return to a non-expanded state and further enabling removal of thestent 10 from thestent mandrel fixture 20B. Thestent 10 can then have the inner surface coated via electroplating or spray coating. -
FIG. 3D illustrates astent mandrel fixture 20C in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. Thefixture 20C, like thefixture 20B, is pneumatic-based. Acylinder 23C, for being placed through a bore of thestent 10, circumscribes arod 24C. Thecylinder 23C is an expandable tube having an inner volume constrained by therod 24C. Therod 24C includes an inner bore andoutlets 53 in fluid communication with the bore that feed gas, from thepump 50, into the interior volume of thecylinder 23C, thereby causing thecylinder 23C to expand radially outwards. The bore is in communication with atube 59A, which is in communication with acoupling 58. Thecoupling 58 is in communication with thepump 50 via a tube 59B. Accordingly, gas from thepump 50 can travel through the tube 59B to and through thecoupling 58 to and through thetube 59A to therod 24C and through theoutlets 53 into the interior volume of thecylinder 23C. Thecoupling 58 enables therod 24C andcylinder 23C to rotate during a coating process without having to rotate thepump 50. - During a coating process, the
pump 50 pumps air into thecylinder 23C thereby causing thecylinder 23C to expand to the inner diameter of the stent 10 (when thestent 10 is in an unexpanded state) thereby masking the inner diameter. In another embodiment of the invention, thecylinder 23C can expand past the inner diameter of thestent 10 to at least partially mask the sidewalls of thestent 10. After a coating process is complete, thepump 50 can vent gas from the interior region of thecylinder 23C, enabling it to return to its natural uncompressed state. - In an embodiment of the invention, the
fixtures cylinder pump 50 with a measurement of pressure within thecylinder pump 50 can adjust the amount of gas pumped into thecylinder -
FIG. 4A ,FIG. 4B ,FIG. 4C , andFIG. 4D illustrate astent mandrel fixture 20D in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. Thefixture 20D comprises amandrel base 60 for receiving arod 62; a tube orcylinder 23D that circumscribes therod 62 and acts as a masking element to mask an inner surface of thestent 10 during a coating process; and atoggle switch 66 that is coupled to therod 62, which acts as an expansion causing mechanism. In one embodiment of the invention, themandrel base 60 is about 2 inches long with a diameter of about ⅜ of an inch and can be made of stainless steel. - The
rod 62 has adisk 63 on the distal end. Therod 62 is coupled to thetoggle switch 66 through a bore of themandrel base 60 such that actuation of theswitch 66 pulls therod 62 further into themandrel base 60, thereby pulling thedisk 63 towards themandrel base 60. Thedisk 63 laterally compresses thecylinder 23D against themandrel base 60, thereby causing it to expand radially outwards. In one embodiment of the invention, therod 62 is about 2.15 inches long with a diameter of about 0.28 inches and is made of stainless steel. Thedisk 63 of therod 62 can also be made of stainless steel and have a diameter of about 0.55 inches with a width of 0.3 inches. - The
cylinder 23D can be made of or coated with a non-stick material, such as TEFLON or low durometer PEBAX. Thecylinder 23D circumscribes and is supported by therod 62. Thecylinder 23D is therefore constrained on both ends by themandrel base 60 and thedisk 63. Accordingly, when thecylinder 23D is compressed laterally between themandrel base 60 and thedisk 63, as is shown inFIG. 4B andFIG. 5B , thecylinder 23D is forced to expand outwards radially. In an embodiment of the invention, thecylinder 23D, in its uncompressed and unexpanded state, as shown inFIG. 4A andFIG. 5A , has an outer diameter of about 0.055 inches and an inner diameter of about 0.030 inches with a length of about 1.65 inches. - The
toggle switch 66 changes thecylinder 23D between a compressed, expanded state and an uncompressed, non-expanded state. During operation of thestent mandrel fixture 20D, astent 10 is loaded by placing it overcylinder 23D when thetoggle switch 66 is placed in an open state as shown inFIG. 4A . Thetoggle switch 66 is then toggled to a closed or compressed state via an automated control or with human intervention as shown inFIG. 4B . The toggling of thetoggle switch 66 pulls therod 62 inwards towards the proximal end of themandrel base 60, thereby pulling thedisk 63 laterally inwards and compressing thecylinder 23D laterally, which causes thecylinder 23D to expand in a radial direction (i.e., the diameter of thecylinder 23D will increase) to mask the inner surface of thestent 10. Thestent 10 can then be coated with a composition and dried while on thecylinder 23D. After application of the composition, thetoggle switch 66 is moved to an open position, thereby decompressing thecylinder 23D so that thestent 10 can be released. As in all embodiments, thestent 10 can then be further dried in an oven until the solvent of the composition is evaporated. -
FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate cross sections of a stent mandrel fixture according to an embodiment of the invention. The stent mandrel fixture ofFIG. 5A andFIG. 5B can include the embodiments shown inFIGS. 2A & 2B ;FIG. 3A-3D ; orFIG. 4A-4D . The stent mandrel fixture includes a maskingelement 23, such as thetube element 23C, or thecylinder 23D having a bore within. Therod rod 62 travels through the bore, thereby preventing the maskingelement 23 from expanding radially inwards when laterally compressed. When the maskingelement 23 is compressed laterally and expanded radially, as shown inFIG. 5B , the maskingelement 23 masks theinner surfaces 12C of thestruts 12. Accordingly, during a coating process, only theexterior surface 12A and sidewalls 12B of the struts are coated with a composition leading to a coating 70 (FIG. 5C ) on theexterior surface 12A and sidewalls 12B. A second coating (not shown) can be applied to theinterior surfaces 12C via spraying, electroplating, or other conventional coating methods. -
FIG. 6A illustrates a cross section of a stent mandrel fixture according to another embodiment of the invention. The stent mandrel fixture ofFIG. 6A can include the embodiments shown inFIGS. 2A & 2B ;FIG. 3A-3D ; orFIG. 4A-4D . However, the maskingelement 23 is capable of partially or completely masking the sidewalls 12B in addition to theinner surfaces 12C. Accordingly, only theexterior surfaces 12A will be coated with a composition, forming a coating 72 (FIG. 6B ), which can, for example, include a substantially pure drug composition. The maskingelement 23 can then be unexpanded to mask only theinner surfaces 12C as shown inFIG. 5B and a second coating applied, thereby forming coating 74 (FIG. 6C ), which can include, for example, a substantially pure polymer. In an alternative embodiment, after applying thecoating 72, the maskingelement 23 can be fully unexpanded, as shown inFIG. 5A , and then a coating applied, thereby encapsulating thecoating 72 and all sides of thestruts 12 with a coating 76 (FIG. 6D ), which can include, for example, a substantially pure polymer. Advantages of the coatings applied as inFIGS. 6C and 6D include less coating on thestent 10 as only theexterior surfaces 12A are coated with a drug; encapsulation of thestruts 12 prevents delamination or peeling at the edges of thestruts 12; the encapsulatingcoating struts 12 where needed (e.g., a restenosis drug can placed solely on the exterior surfaces 12A, where it is needed), thereby preventing excessive use of the drug. -
FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of amethod 700 of coating a stent using thestent mandrel fixture 20A (FIG. 2A -FIG. 2B ); 20B (FIG. 3A -FIG. 3D ); or 20D (FIG. 4A -FIG. 4D ). First, astent 10 is loaded (710) over a masking element such as thetube 23A, or thecylinder stent 10, thereby masking the inner surface of thestent 10. The expansion (720) can be invoked by an expansion causing mechanism such as thenut 25, thepump 50, or thetoggle switch 66. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the masking element can be further expanded to completely or partially cover the sidewalls in addition to the inner surface of thestent 10. Thestent 10 is then coated (730) with a first composition. Due to the masking of at least the inner surface of thestent 10, only the outer surface and possibly the sidewalls (depending on how far the masking element is expanded) are coated (730) with the first composition. The masking element is then returned (740) to an unexpanded state and thestent 10 is removed (750) from themandrel 24. Thestent 10 is then baked (760) to remove solvent and so that the composition dries and hardens on thestent 10. The inner surface of thestent 10 is then coated (770), if desired, with a second composition having a therapeutic substance different from a therapeutic substance in the first composition. The coating (770) can be done via spraying or electroplating the composition. Themethod 700 then ends. - In another embodiment of the invention, in place of the removing (750) through the coating (770), the masking element can be unexpanded to less than the inner diameter of the
stent 10 or up to the diameter of thestent 10 and then thestent 10 can be coated with a second composition (e.g., polymer) to encapsulate most or all of the surfaces of thestent 10. Thestent 10 can then be removed from the masking element and baked to evaporate any solvent and to harden the coatings. - While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications can be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects. Therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method of coating a stent with a composition, comprising:
positioning a stent on a support, the support including:
a masking element configured to be inserted through a bore of a stent, the masking element having an expanded configuration and a retracted configuration, and
an expansion causing mechanism capable of expanding the masking element from the retracted configuration to the expanded configuration to cause the masking element to make contact with and mask an inner surface of the stent; and
applying a coating composition to the stent.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the expansion causing mechanism expands the masking element by supplying a gas or fluid into the masking element, and wherein the temperature of the gas or fluid is other than room temperature.
3. A method of coating a stent with a composition, comprising:
positioning a stent on a support, the support including:
a hollow tubular member configured to be inserted into a longitudinal bore of a stent,
a rod extending through the tubular member, and
a mechanism to cause the tubular member to expand and retract to support the stent during the application of a coating composition to the stent; and
applying a coating composition to the stent.
4. A method of coating a stent with a composition, comprising:
positioning a stent on a support, the support including:
a mandrel base,
a rod extending out from the mandrel base, the rod configured to be moved in and out of the mandrel base, and
a support element integrated with the rod, the support element having a first position of being engaged with the stent and a second position of being disengaged from the stent, wherein the movement of the rod in and out of the mandrel base causes the engagement and disengagement of the support element with the stent; and
applying a coating composition to the stent.
5. A method of coating a stent with a composition, comprising:
inserting a tubular member inside a longitudinal bore of a stent, the stent comprising struts separated by gaps;
expanding the tubular member such that the tubular member at least partially extends through the gaps; and
applying a coating composition to the stent.
Priority Applications (2)
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US11/654,413 US8197879B2 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2007-01-16 | Method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent |
US12/721,471 US8061298B2 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2010-03-10 | Stent mandrel fixture and method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent |
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/676,545 US7198675B2 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2003-09-30 | Stent mandrel fixture and method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent |
US11/654,413 US8197879B2 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2007-01-16 | Method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent |
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US10/676,545 Division US7198675B2 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2003-09-30 | Stent mandrel fixture and method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent |
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US12/721,471 Continuation US8061298B2 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2010-03-10 | Stent mandrel fixture and method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent |
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US11/654,269 Expired - Fee Related US7604700B2 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2007-01-16 | Stent mandrel fixture and method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent |
US11/654,413 Expired - Fee Related US8197879B2 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2007-01-16 | Method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent |
US12/721,471 Expired - Fee Related US8061298B2 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2010-03-10 | Stent mandrel fixture and method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent |
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US11/654,269 Expired - Fee Related US7604700B2 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2007-01-16 | Stent mandrel fixture and method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent |
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US12/721,471 Expired - Fee Related US8061298B2 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2010-03-10 | Stent mandrel fixture and method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent |
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US (4) | US7198675B2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005034805A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US8197879B2 (en) | 2012-06-12 |
US7198675B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 |
WO2005034805A1 (en) | 2005-04-21 |
US20070131165A1 (en) | 2007-06-14 |
US8061298B2 (en) | 2011-11-22 |
US20100162950A1 (en) | 2010-07-01 |
US20050069630A1 (en) | 2005-03-31 |
US7604700B2 (en) | 2009-10-20 |
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