US2098928A - Justification of lines of type matter in phototype composing - Google Patents

Description

Nov. 9, 1937. L. WENCZLER 2,098,923

JUSTIFICATION OFLINES OF TYPE MATTER IN PHOTOTYPE COMPOSING Filed May 27, 1935 5 Sheets-Sheet l NOV. 9, '1937. WENCZLER 2,098,928

JUSTIFICATION OF LINES OF TYPE MATTER IN PHOTOTYPE COMPOSING Filed May 2'7, 1935 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 57 Fig. 8 g. 9

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JUSTIFICATION OF LINES OF TYPE MATTER IN PHOTOTYPE COMPOSING Filed May 27, 1935 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Patented Nov. 9, 1937 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE JUSTIFICATION OF LINES OF TYPE MATTER IN PROTOTYPE COMPOSING Application May 27, 1935, ,Serial No. 23,597 In Great Britain May 28, 1934 8 Claims.

My invention relates to type composition by photography and more particularly to the Justincation of lines of type matter.

It is a well known fact that one of the most difficult problems in photo-type composing is the justlfication of the line, i. e., the adjusting of all lines to the same length, which is effected by evenly widening or reducing the spaces between the words in each line, until the words and spaces in the line together reach the required total iength.

In type-setting machines the individual loose matrices of the characters are set up side by side by the aid of a keyboard, the Words being spaced by the insertion of spacing .memhers having variable widths, such as wedges by means of which the initial minimum word spaces can be evenly widened, or springs by the aid of which the initial maximum word spaces can he so evenly reduced.

In hand composing the individuai types are piaced side by side by hand and the line, which is set somewhat shorter, is then justified by hand, by filling up the word intervals with evenly distributed insertions, until the line has the re quires; length.

in the majority of photo-type composing ma chines, justification has to be carried out in two tages, only widths of the letters set up being added up in the first stage which enables the setting up of the line to be terminated before the prescribed length of line has been attained, the remainder of the available length of line being divided according to the number of word spaces, whereby the amount by which the Word spaces originally provided are to be widened order to make the line the prescribed length, can be ascertained, e. g., by the reading off in figures of the line from dividing the line remainder by the number of word spaces. line remainder car. he set and apportioned by the operator somewhere in the machine, or the measurement division can be efiected purely geometrically by means of suitable mechanism which automaticaily adds the apportioned part of the line remainder to each word space. In photo-type composing it is necessary to adopt this expedient because a line or" type matter set up photographically on or on a film diapositive would first have to be broken at every word space. in order to enable the words to be moved apart from each other at all.

For the justification of unjustified photographically composed lines on paper and films it remainder or the quotient resulting- I has been proposed first to divide the line into separate words, to attach the parts of the line to an elastic band, and then to stretch the latter. Another proposal is to reproduce the line through a special lens in such a way that the type matter can be enlarged, but only in the longitudinal direction.

The present invention has for its object toenable lines of non-justified type matter to be justifled during reproduction in such a manner that it is unnecessary to subdivide or otherwise damage the paper or film serving as a. pattern or to resort to methods producing optical distortion.

With this object in view the present invention consists in composing type matter photographicaii-y with the lines justified, or with the ietters of one or more words spaced to ill by photographing non-justified ines of type matter were". by word or letter by letter, the remainder or line deficiency being apportioned to the individual word spaces or ietter spaces and the sensitized. carrier or the carrier for the honjustifled lines of type matter being a displacement corresponding to the app-o1 cloned line remainder or deficiency.

The images of the words or letters he reproduced are located on the sensitized carrier in proper spaced relationship by means of a dividing device by means of which the line remainder, or deficiency can be measured and apportioned, the said. dividing device preferably comprising a diagonal scale and a cooperating index member. The dividing device may be an optical one, comprising diagonal provided on the supporting means for the sensitized carrier and a sighting de .ce co operating therewith and adjustably mounted on a fixed part of the machine: or he diagonal scale may be replaced by an adjustable angular increment or decrement apportioning device and co-operatlng with a stop on the supporting means for the sensitized carrier, or vice versa.

"11% invention also consists in the apparatus hereinafter described for carrying out the method.

'. invention is illustrated by way of example I accompanying drawings in which i 1 shows perspective a reproduction camera with a dark slide and a ground-glass screen assembled in a displaceable frame;

Fig. 2 a sirniiar view as Fig. 1 showing the parts in a different position.

Fig. 3 shows a detail on an enlarged scale.

fig. 4 shows a detail of a modified arrangement also in perspective;

,i'rame against movement.

Fig. 5 shows a further modification in elevation;

Fig. 6 is a top plan view of the arrangement shown in Fig. 5;

Fig. 7 is an elevational view of the arrangement shown in Fig. 5 showing the parts in another position;

Figs. 8 and 9 show another modification, Fig. 8 being a section along line 8-8 in Fig. 9.

Fig. 10 is a top plan view of the modification shown in Fig. 8;

Figs. ii and 12 show details thereof.

In the drawings, 5 is a source of light, and 2 a holding irame of a film negative :3 bearing the nonjustified line, the line having been so composed that it is at a distance x from the edge of the film and the beginning of the line is at a distance o from the lateral edge of the film. (1 and t are slides, by the horizontal displacement of which the film can be shielded entirely or partially from the rays of the light. it is a projection objective and i a double frame, having on one side a ground-glass screen id, and onthe other side a dark slide lb. The him in the dark slide is of course covered at the front by a shutter, which can be slid in and out at will from the outside.

The frame i can occupy only two different positions on its support it, on'which it is arranged in such a way as to be horizontally displaceable. in one of these two positions a locating pin 8 engages a hole in. the frame shown in 2, while in the other position the same pin engages a notch iii, thereby securing the in the first case the ground glass and in the second case the dark slide is in front or the objective.

in the embodiment shown in Figs. 1 and 2 the support l is slidably mounted on guide roll ers lid on a supporting frame it, so as to be horizontally adjustable for line spacing. The supporting frame i2 is in its turn vertically displaceable between rollers 02a.

An angular member 2 is displaceable horizontally over the ground glass into any position on the frame l and can be fixed in such a position by suitable means not shown in the drawings. The vertical portion of this angular member is made in such a way as to provide a guide for slides l3 and. it, which are vertically displaceable along its left-hand and right-hand edges respectively. I

The slides engage round the edges of the vertical portion of the member 2% elastically in a similar manner as the cursor of aslide rule, so that they can easily be displaced, and, after displacement, remain in their adjusted position without being further secured. 0n the left-hand slide it there is a transparent plate it (Fig. 3), of celluloid for instance. A series of radiating lines is engraved on said plate i i in such a way that a horizontal transverse line, for instance the top edge of the celluloid plate, is divided into sections of equal size at the intersections thereof with the radiating lines, these lines being numbered consecutively, the vertical line being marked zero.

The right-hand slide it is provided with a small and very thin celluloid plate it, upon which is engraved only a single long horizontal line and a single shorter vertical line. This small celluloid plate it can be horizontally displaced on its slide it, and is thin enough to enable the plate it to be easily moved over it.

The working procedure is as follows:

The first line negative is placed into t e fram aooaoae 2 (Fig. 1). This frame can be arranged in. the machine only in one position. The .distances :1: and y being the same in each film negative, the objective lens it, when fixed, will always project the image of the line in the plane of the ground glass in such a way that the base line on which the lines are placed, and the beginning of the lines, will al- Ways be the same with respect to the immovable optical axis of the objective and with respect to the intersecting point thereof with the plane of the ground glass.

By means of the support ill and the supporting frame it the ground glass screen la is then adjusted horizontally and vertically respectively, the frame I being in the position shown in Fig. l, in which the first line appears on the ground glass at the correct desired height while the beginning oi the line appears in the correct lateral position, as indicated by the vertical graduated line M marlred on the ground glass screen. An adjustable stop pin ill, provided on the support it is so adjusted as to bear against the supporting frame it. By this means the frame i can be automatically returned to the position in which the beginning of the line of any desired line film 3 occupies the correct lateral position relation to line M.

Thereupon the angular member lid is adjusted on the ground glass in such a way that the distance of the vertical zero-line engraved upon the celluloid plate (Hi from the beginning M of the line of type matter, represents the desired length L of the line. Now the slide it? is displaced in the vertical direction until the horizontal line on the celluloid plate it coincides with the base of the line of type matter.

Thereafter the celluloid plate it is moved in the horizontaldirection until the vertical line on this celluloid plate intersects the extreme righthand point or the last letter as shown in Fig. 3. In this way the end of the type line is marked by the intersecting point of the horizontal and vertical lines. Now the number of word spaces is counted (in the instance shown there are four) and the slide it is pushed over the celluloid plate it in the vertical direction until the radiating line marked i on plate l crosses the intersecting point of the horizontal and vertical lines on'the celluloid plate it. Through this movementthe line remainder is subdivided into four equal'portions. This position of the two plates it and it relative to one another is to be seen in Fig. 3. The frame i is then moved to a position in which the dark slide advances into the axis of the objective, in which position the pin t engages the hole it. The shutter it of the objective, which has been open until now, is closed, and the sliding shutter of the dark slide is pulled out laterally. The ground glass screen la is now opposite the sighting device iii, which can be displaced horizontally in a guide mounted on the immovable frame of the machine. The sighting device it is now adjusted in such a way that the plane traversing the two vertical sighting slits lta of the sighting device it, passes through the point 116 of Fig. 3.

The negative is now masked by the slides t a d 5 in such a way that only the first word is lluminated, which word therefore is exposed when the shutter it is opened.

After the exposure of the first word, the entire frame H is moved to the left until-the sighting plane of the sighting device It passes through the point 223 (Fig. 3). The negative 3 with the exception of th second word is then masked by the slides 4 and I and the second'word is exposed. The same procedure is repeated, the frame H being again displaced untilthe sighting plane Ila passes through the point 122 corresponding to the third word, the point 11! corresponding to the fourth word, and the zero mark corresponding to the last word. By this procedure the words are.spaced the required distance apart thereby justifying the line during reproduction. After the first line has thus been finished, the second type line can be placed in the frame 2. The frame H is drawn back into its initial position, in which the stop pin I! again bears against the support l2. The dark slide is closed, and the frame 1 is again moved to the position shown in Eig. l. The shutter 13 is opened again, while the slides s and 5 are completely pulled out. When thus the second line appears upon the ground glass, the support 12 is adjusted in the vertical direction a distance corresponding to desired line spacing, whereupon the slides l3 and 55 are arranged for setting up the new type line.

the embodiment shown in Fig. e, the dividing device is arranged on the other side oi the apparatus and is provided on the carrier frame ii for the pattern-line negative, which is slidable up to 9. stop adjust the negative 22 to the beginning of the line. Besides the two slides vlded for masking the line, a slide .e provided which is adjustable laterally, and by the aid of which the type line in question can be, so to speak, measured. If the stop is adjusted to give the desired length of line, vertical line on a celluloid plate 28 fa tened to the lef -hand end of the slide member 25; stands just on the zero line of a celluloid plate 2'? on a rule '29. order to ensure this, the rule 2? can be horizontally displaced and fixed m is . position.

In this case the pattern support 25 displaced to apply the apportioned line remainder similar to the displacement of the support if! in 2.

In order to avoid the necessity of removal the pattern frame 25 (corresponding to the frame 2 of Figure 1) after each type line, a single frame can be provided having a spool at each side for the reception of a roll of him, the individual lines being set up in succession with adequate intervals between them. In this case there is no need to take out the frame 2! after each line has been set up, but only to wind the film, for each new line, from one spool to the other by the length of one line. In adjusting every new line it is necessary to strictly maintain the distance y (mg. 1), by the aid of an indicator attached to the frame.

The slide member 28 is adjusted in such a way that its right-hand end just touches the last letter, whereupon it is fixed by means oi a clamp not shown relative to the slide 2|. The celluloid plate 21 is vertically adjusted on the rule 29 so that the radial line corresponding to the number of word spaces passes through the intersecting point of the horizontal and vertical lines on the plate 28', which in this case need not be transparent. The first word is then exposed, and after this operation the pattern support 2! is moved to the left until the intersecting point of the horizontal and vertical lines on the plate 28, travelling along with the support, meets the next radial line. As the last word is being exposed, the intersecting point meets again the vertical zero line on the plate 2'l.' In this case, the justificatlon is effected on the pattern side. The

sensitive film. after each exposed line or type matter, must be vertically adjusted to insure the line spacing.

The apparatus shown in Figs. 5, 6 and 7 enables the invention to be carried out with the minimum use of the human eye. The ground glass 30 and the dark slide 3| are again united in one frame 32. This frame 32 can be moved in a support 33 from the end position shown, in which the ground glass 30 is in front of the lens, into the opposie end position, in which the dark slide 3| is before the lens. The frame 32 is arrested in these extreme positions by stops 34 and 35. The support 33 is horizontally movable in a frame 36, which in turn is vertically displaceable. A plate 31, which projects from the frame 36 at the left-hand side thereof, has a s'ud 38 fixed thereon which serves for rotatably supporting a sector-shaped plate 39. On this plate 39 a rail ill is arranged so that its operative left-hand edge is in line with the centre of the stud 38. That portion of the stud 38 projecting beyond the plate 38 is semi-cylindrical, the lefthand hail": oi the stud having been removed. e seetor s'ha plate 39 can be moved into oo between the limits detera slot ti therein and the clamping screw 4;? pan or; through said slot, by means ei" which pla n he fixed in position.

A. horizontal ii 43 is fixed to the support on this rail an angle piece 4 can be ached to any desired part thereof by means screws 45 and longitudinal slots 46. The spacing of the screws 45 and slots 46 is such o enable the part 44 to be screwed to the rail 43 in any position by means of at least two screws.

vertical portion. of the part 44 is provided with row of equidistant holes 4?, into any one which holes a fixing pin 49 can be inserted to arrest the sliding stop 48 in different positions. A prism-shaped stop is provided on the slid ing stop 48. The first hole in the vertical portion oi part 44 is so located that if the sliding stop 48 were to be arrested when the pin 49 is in said hole, the apex of the prismatic stop mom her 66 would be on a level with the centre of the stud 38.

The mode of procedure is as follows:

The part 44 is first removed. The first line negative .is set up in the pattern window in a manner similar to that shown in Fig. 1. support 33 is then laterally so adjusted that the beginning of the line image touches the left-hand vertical marginal line SI of the column, which is marked on the ground glass. Now the angle piece 44 is screwed to the rail 43 so that the sliding stop 48 is in the zero position, with its stop 50 touching the stud 38. The righthand line of the column is indicated by 52 in Fig. 5. It will be seen that the non-justified line is shorter than the desired length of line L by the distance a. The support 33 is therefore moved to the left until the end of the line touches the right-hand line 52 of the column. The part 44 is thereby moved to the right through the same distance. The number of word intervals, e. g. four, is couned. Then the sliding stop 48 is raised and set with the pin 49 in the fourth hole further up. Now the sector-shaped plate 39 is swung to the left until the rail 40 touches the stop 50. In this position plate 39 is fixed by the aid of the clamp 42. This stage is shown in Fig. 7. The line in the pattern support is now masked, excepting the last word,

and the dark slide Si is moved into the place of the ground glass, whereupon the last word is exposed. The sliding stop 48 is lowered by one hole, and the whole support 35 is moved to the right,.until the point of stop Ell touches the rail Mi again. It will be seen from the preceding description and from Fig. 7 that the support 88, together with the dark slide, has now been moved to the right by one quarter of the remainder a of the line; and the last word but one is exposed. The stop 46 is again lowered by one hole position, the support 33 is displaced to the right until stop 50 bears against the rail 40, and the last word but two is exposed. The procedure in exposing the last word is the same.

The arrangements according to Figures 1, 2 and 5 to 7 have the disadvantage that the frame in which the ground-glass screen and the dark slide are'arranged has to be displaced, according as the ground-glass screen or the dark slide is to be brought into the axis of the objective lens. In the arrangement according to Figure 4 the lamp has to be displaced, since otherwise it disturbs the compositor in his work. Now in Figures 8-11 a further embodiment is shown, in which both these disadvantages are obviated. In this case a ground-glass screen is likewise provided, by the aid of which the compositor can effect the requisite adjustments. This ground-glass screen, however, is permanently fixed outside the optical axis of the lens, and the image of the line to be photographed is transmitted to it by the aid of two mirrors, placed at an angle to'one another, and a lens.

An unjustified column film 53 lies upon a plate 54, which contains a window 55 (Fig. 10). The film 53 is fed forward by means of a filmfeeding mechanism 56. The central plane of the optical system passes through the window 55. The rays of a lamp til illuminate the film 5t and pass through the aperture 55 and through a second aperture (not shown) located thereunder. in the lid or top of a box 58, into the interior of the said box. They throw an image on to a sensitized film 53a in a dark slide 5%, which can be fed forward by means of a feed screw 60 and a feed mechanism M. An image of the line is also transmitted by the aid of a mirror 62, a lens 63 and a mirror M to an observation hole or window 65, behind which the compositor is seated. In this observation window likewise a ground-glass screen is preferably arranged. The compositor can now observe the particular line image adjusted upon this groundglass screen and can effect the requisite subdivisions. He can mask the pattern-line by the aid of rod mechanisms Bi and Eli (Fig. 10)

The frame 543 admits of being shifted perpen- .dicularly to the direction of the line in guiding iii) rails 69 and in the direction of the line by the aid of transverse rails iii. The justifying appliance corresponds essentially to the arrangement illustrated in Figures 5 to 7, only what is provided here is not a slider shifted along a rail provided with equally spaced holes, but a lever ll, equipped with a roller if and corresponding to the sliding stop 8 of Figure 5, this lever being here fixedly mounted upon the pattern frame 6%, and consequently only being displaceable in the direction of the line along with this frame. Upon the casing Ed is furthermore arranged a rail guide M, and likewise a row of equally spaced holes it at right angles to the line direction. Now along the vertical guide Hi there can be displaced a slide ill, provided with aocaeaa a pin 18, which can be inserted, according to its position, in one of the holes I3. In a bore in the slide TI there engages a pin 19, forming a pivot for a body 80, which is provided with a rail guide at, which can slide relatively to the roller 12. is moved as many hole spaces away from the uppermost hole of the row 13 as there are spaces between words in the line. The pivot 19 of the slide 80 is thereby also moved the same distance from the roller i2. If the pattern frame 89, and with it the roller 12, are now displaced in the line direction by the length of the line residue, the body 80, with the rail guide 8!, passes into the inclined position shown in Fig. 11. The individual words are now exposed separately in succession, as described above, the line portions not to be photographed on each occasion being masked, and after the photographing of each word the pattern frame 89, together with the roller i2, is displaced to the left which is accomplished as follows: the slide ll, after the pin it has been pulled out of the corresponding hole 113, is displaced one hole space upwards. The frame 69 has accordingly been displaced through a corresponding fraction of the line residue, so that the second word can now be exposed.

It will thus be seen that not only can short lines be extended but also lines which have been composed too long can be shortened. Further it is obvious that by the same method the characters in a word can be evenly spaced to extend the length of the whole line.

I claim:

1. In photographic type-composing, the method of justifying the non-justified lines of typematter to be photographicallyreproduced, which comprises separately exposing each individual element or part of the pattern line in a reproduction camera while at the same time masking all the other'parts of said line, and advancing between each two successive exposures the carrier of the sensitized layer a distance corresponding to the amount by which the spacing between consecutive type-matter must be varied so' as to obtain the required length of line.

2. In photographic type composing apparatus a device for photographically justifying the nonjustified lines of type-matter, comprising in combination with a holding frame for the negative of the line to be reproduced, a source of light therefor and an objective lens, a member adapted to be shifted relatively to the line and the optical axis both horizontally and vertically so as to adjust the beginning and the base of the line of type-matter relatively to a marking, a means operatively connected with said member for measuring and sub-dividing the line remainder so as to enable said member to be shifted in the direction of the line after the exposure of each part thereof a distance required for the attainment of the prescribed length of line, and means for masking parts of the line.

3. The combination as specified in claim 2, in Which said means for measuring and subdividing the line remainder comprises two transparent plates bearing geometrical lines and markings adapted to cooperate with each other for measuring and subdividing the line remainder, and movable slides carrying said plates.

4. The combination as specified in claim 2, including a support for said member and said measuring and sub-dividing means adapted to be displaced horizontally in the direction of the line of type-matter and a supporting frame for said Now the slide 11, with the pin 18,

dispiaceable vertically relatively to the line e -r otter, a dark slide carried by said sup- ;"n; containing the sensitized plate or film, an jiustable stop for said support for fixing its top relatively to the line of type-matter, and ghting device provided to cooperate with said The combination as specified in claim 2,

ame, and. vertically ting; name for said support, measuring and subdividing sea a rail disposed at an angle rela tively to the direction of the line of type-matter and having graduations, a movable pin adapted to be shifted along said rail, and a rocking member, said pin and said rocking member being arranged to be moved away from each other, on the one hand, along said rail by a number of graduations corresponding to the spaces between the individual portions of type matter on said line of type-matter and, on the other hand, in the direction of the line or type-matter by the length of the line remainder, said rocking member, for the purpose or sub-dividing the line remainder, being positioned obliquely to said rail, the distance between said movable pin and the pivot of said rocking member being diminished in steps by one graduation between each two exposures.

F. The combination as specified in claim 5 in which said member comprises a frame, a translucent glass and a dark. slide for the sensitimed plate or film carried said frame, a hori cont-ally movable support for said frame, and a vertically dispiaceable supporting frame for said support, and in which said measuring and subdlvidin means comprises a rail disposed at angle relatively to the direction of the line of type-matter and having equal graduations, a mcv able pin adapted to be shifted along said rail, and a rocking member, said pin and said rocking arranged to be moved away each other, the one hand, along said rail a number of graduaticns corresponding to the spaces between. the individuai portions of type matter on said line of type-matter and, on the other hand, in the direction of the line of typematter by the length of the line remainder, said rocking member, for the purpose of subdividing the line remainder, being positioned obliquely to said rail, the distance between said movable pin and the pivot of said rocking member being diminished in steps by one graduation between each two exposures, and stops on said support for arresting the same in its end positions.

8. The method as specified in claim 1, including the step of reflecting the negative of the line of type-matter to be photographically reproduced laterally outside of the optical axis'with the aid of mirrors disposed at an angle relatively to each other onto a translucent screen.

LAJOS WENCZLER.

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