US3593854A - Blood treating and filtering apparatus - Google Patents
Blood treating and filtering apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- US3593854A US3593854A US882663A US3593854DA US3593854A US 3593854 A US3593854 A US 3593854A US 882663 A US882663 A US 882663A US 3593854D A US3593854D A US 3593854DA US 3593854 A US3593854 A US 3593854A
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Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D35/00—Filtering devices having features not specifically covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D33/00, or for applications not specifically covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D33/00; Auxiliary devices for filtration; Filter housing constructions
- B01D35/14—Safety devices specially adapted for filtration; Devices for indicating clogging
- B01D35/153—Anti-leakage or anti-return valves
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
- A61M5/165—Filtering accessories, e.g. blood filters, filters for infusion liquids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3621—Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3627—Degassing devices; Buffer reservoirs; Drip chambers; Blood filters
- A61M1/3633—Blood component filters, e.g. leukocyte filters
Definitions
- Farley- ABSTRACT Stored human blood is treated preliminary to blood transfusions by passing it through a mat of glass wool or other fibrous material which removes from the blood the storage-generated platelet leukocyte aggregates present therein. It is filtered during open heart surgery by passing it through the same material for removal of aggregates and leukocytes and separation of entrained air.
- PATENTEB JULZO 1911 SHEU 1 BF 2 QE EL Z 3352c o o. 3 on ow on 3 o ow on Ov On On INVENTOR. ROY LAVER SWANK ATTY.
- blood bank blood This is prepared by withdrawing blood from donors, adding heparin or other preservative, and then storing the blood under carefully controlled conditions until its use is required.
- Another object is the provision of a continuous, high capacity, blood filter which contemporaneously filters and deaerates the blood.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of the herein described blood treating apparatus, as used in transfusing blood;
- FIGS. 2 and 3 are plan views of support elements employed in the apparatus of FIG. 1;
- FIGS. 4 and S are graphs illustrating the effect of fiber diameter and filter density on the performance of filters contained in the apparatus.
- FIGS.'6, 7 and 8 are sectional, exploded and schematic views illustrating respectively, the construction and application of a modified form of the apparatus, as used in heart surgery.
- the present invention provides an efficient method and apparatus for accomplishing the removal of such components.
- FIGS. l3 illustrate apparatus for use particularly in transfusions.
- the apparatus comprises a tube 10 which may be made of rigid material such as glass, but which preferably is made of a nonpyrogenic, sterilizable, resilient material such as polyethylene plastic.
- a tube 10 which may be made of rigid material such as glass, but which preferably is made of a nonpyrogenic, sterilizable, resilient material such as polyethylene plastic.
- Such material makes of the tube a hand pump so that the flow of blood through the apparatus maybe increased by slowly compressing the tube sidewalls in the manner shown in dotted outline in FIG. I.
- tube 10 normally is arranged vertically and has at its upper end an inlet port and at its lower end an outlet-port.
- the inlet port of the tube preferably is fitted with a hollow, penetrating spur 12 adapted to pierce the cap 14 of a bottle 16 of blood bank blood.
- Spur 12 preferably extends inwardly within tube 10 and accordingly acts as a metering device by which drop flow of blood may be monitored.
- the open lower end of tube 10 is fitted with a cap 18 having an integral valve chamber 20 and a stub exhaust conduit 22.
- a ball valve assembly 24 is seated within the valve chamber better to control the flow of blood during pumping of tube 10. The ball. valve assembly may be omitted, however, where the head of blood in container 16 is sufficient to prevent reverse flow.
- a rubber tube or other conduit 26 is attached to stub conduit 22. It conveys the blood to the patient, usually through an interposed flow valve.
- Tube 10 thus provides a housing for filter elements which selectively remove the undesirable altered components of the stored blood.
- an upper support 28 is illustrated in detail in FIG. 2 while lower supports 30, 32 which may be substantially identical, are illustrated in FIG. 3. All three supports may be made from substantially rigid plastic.
- Support 28 mounts a blood clot filter screen 34 of stainless steel or other suitable material. It has a screen size dimensioned to screen out any clots which may be present in the blood.
- Support 28 also guides the blood to the central area of the tube To this end it comprises a ring 36 which is glued or otherwise affixed to the inner walls of tube 10 and an inwardly pro jecting, annular flange 38.
- the latter has inwardly extending projections 40, particularly evident in FIG. 2.
- Supports 30, 32 serve the function of supporting the filter material.
- Each comprises a ring 42 mounting a characteristic pattern of crosspieces 44.
- Ring 42 like ring 36, is glued or otherwise fastened to the inner wall of the tube.
- the three support rings thus provide three chambers 46, 48, 50 of progressively smaller volume. These chambers contain the filter material determining the desired performance of the filter.
- Chambers 46, 48 contain the filter material 52 responsible for removing the blood aggregates and the altered leukocytes and platelets.
- the filter material must adhere these storage-altered components selectively; must permit free passage of the other blood components; must have a large area of absorbing surface; must not be nonpyrogenic; must not pack; must not collapse nor plug; and must not be affected adversely by repeated subjection to heat and chemical sterilization.
- the filter material is used as filaments or fibers which may be formed into a resilient mat compressible as required to produce passageways or channels of optimum size.
- the diameter or cross-sectional area of the individual particles of the material is of primary importance in determining its suitability.
- the material should comprise fibers or filaments having lengths of not less than microns and diameters of less than 60 microns, preferably less than 30 microns.
- Such fibers are sufficiently large so that they will not pass through the filter and into the bloodstream of the patient. They are sufficiently small in diameter so that the storagealtered aggregates can completely surround them with overlapping portions which stick to each other, anchoring the aggregates to the fibers.
- Material suitable for the present invention purpose thus are fibrous or filamentous polyester resins (Dacron and kodel), filter polyamide resin (Nylon), filamentous polyacrylic resin (Orlon), glass wool, steel wool, cotton, and cellulose (paper).
- fibrous or filamentous materials meeting the above noted requirements may also be used.
- the upstream portion of the filter material should be rather loosely packed to allow penetration of the large aggregates and their distribution through the entire .filter, thus increasing its capacity. Downstream, there should be provided a quantity of the filter material which is relatively closely packed. This provides the large surface area necessary to selectively absorb the storage altered components of smaller size.
- Chamber 46 and to a certain extent the interior of domeshaped clot filter 34, receive the more loosely packed filter material.
- the central opening and inwardly directed projections 40 of support 28 allow the filter material to fluff up above the support, without freely escaping from the chamber below.
- Chamber 48 receives the more tightly packed filter material. In general, it may be packed to advantage from two to four times more densely than the filter material contained in chamber 46, i.e. to a density of from 0.1 to 0.4 grams per cubic centimeter.
- Chamber 50 receives a sponge filter 54 having for its function preventing fragments of the filer material contained in the superimposed chambers from reaching conduit 26, and hence the blood stream of the patient.
- the sponge filter preferably has a pore size of 60 to 100 pores per square inch. It preferably comprises porous polyurethane or other porous plastic. In the alternative, it may comprise a stainless steel screen or sponge.
- the apparatus of FIG. 1 was filled with filter materials of varying identity and cross-sectional dimensions. Blood bank blood outdated by several weeks was gravitated through the apparatus at room temperature.
- the treated blood then was tested for the presence of residual storage-altered components, i.e. adhesive platelets, and leukocytes and aggregates of the same by passing it through the pressure test apparatus described in the patent of Roy L. Swank, U.S. Pat. No. A 3,266,299, and measuring the developed filtration pressure.
- the results follow in Table l (defiberized paper) It will be observed from the table and graph that the efficiency of the treatment is afiected markedly by the diameter of the packing fibers. To be effective, the fibers should have diameters of less than 60 microns, preferably less than 30 microns. As the diameter decreases, the efficiency of the altered blood component removal increases dramatically.
- blood contained in the container 16 passes through hollow spur 12 which meters it dropwise into resiliently collapsible tube 10. There it passes first through clot filter 34, which screens out the clots, and onto flange 38 of support 28, which directs it centrally of the tube.
- the upper resiliently deformable portion of the tube 10 may be slowly compressed and allowed to re-expand. This pumps the blood through the filter and makes possible rapid transfusion in emergency situations.
- FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 illustrate apparatus useful for filtering blood during open heart surgery, kidney dialysis procedures, etc.
- the general arrangement of the various units employed in the system is illustrated particularly in FIG. 8.
- a conduit may be tied to the superior or inferior vena cava 112 using known techniques.
- a branch conduit 114 having a suction tip 115 made of stainless steel or other inert material is placed in the chest cavity for removal of accumulated blood.
- Conduit 110 and 114 merge to form main conduit 116 which transfers the blood to a reservoir 1 18 of suitable capacity.
- the blood then passes through a first pump 120, an oxygenator 122 and a second pump 124.
- the latter discharges it into the herein described blood treating and filtering apparatus 126.
- this apparatus may be located variously in the system to meet the needs of various situations. Typical alternate locations are illustrated in dotted outline.
- conduit 116 The oxygenated, treated, and filtered blood then continues through conduit 116, the discharge end of which is tied into the femoral or other artery 128.
- the unit comprises an upstream end piece 130, a downstream end piece 132 and a tubular body 134.
- End pieces 130, 132 may be made from stainless steel or plastic, while body 134 may be made from transparent plastic or glass.
- the upstream end piece is provided with a central inlet port 136 with outwardly projecting nipple 138 for attachment of one segment of conduit 116.
- the downstream end piece 132 is provided with a discharge port 140 communicating with a nipple 142 designed to receive another length of conduit 1 16.
- upstream and downstream end pieces 130, 132, and body 134 provide a central chamber 144 arranged for horizontal flow of the blood.
- the chamber is sealed by providing in the inner face of the end piece 130 an annular groove 146 seen clearly in FIG. 7.
- a similar groove, not visible in the same figure, is present in end piece 132. Seal rings I48, 150 are seated in the grooves.
- a blood treating and filtering assembly comprising a mat 154 of filter material, a perforated, upstream filter-material retainer 156, a screen 158, and a downstream filter-material retainer 160.
- Retainers 156, 160 serve to locate filter element 154 centrally in the path of flow of the blood. They may be fabricated from suitable durable inert material such as stainless steel or plastic.
- Screen 158 serves to screen out pieces of filter material 154 which otherwise might be entrained in the blood. It may be made of fine mesh stainless steel, Nylon or other suitable material.
- the baffle means prevent channeling of the blood through the central-part of filter 154 and insure that the blood diffuses through the entire filter area, thus insuring efficient filtration.
- the baffle means comprises a central, unperforated section 156a of perforated retainer 156. This is located directly opposite inlet port 136.
- the subassembly including elements 154, 156, 158 and 160 are maintained spaced apart from end pieces 130, 132. This provides an infeed recess 144a and an outfeed recess 1 14b.
- a preferred arrangement comprises forming infeed end plate 130 with a peripheral boss 162 and outfeed end plate 132 with a similar peripheral boss 164. These serve as spacers by providing shoulders against which the margins of retaining plates 156, 160 bear in the final assembly of the apparatus.
- Recess 144a cooperating with baffle area 156a of retaining plate 156, serves the valuable function of causing distribution of the blood over the entire filter area.
- Recess l44b at the downstream end of the unit serves the valuable function of providing an air trap which permits removal of entrained air from the blood. Such air, when it reaches the downstream end of the unit, will bubble upwardly to the top of recess 14417. There it passes through a port 166 located at the to of end piece 132. A nipple 168 is received in the port and mounts a valve 170 which may be used to exhaust the air as desirable or necessary.
- the filter element removes the altered leukocytes and platelets, the leukocyte-platelet aggregates, the fat emboli, the epithelium, the pieces of muscle and suture material, and other debris from the blood. This all is accomplished efficiently, continuously and at a high rate sufiicient to accommodate the needs of open heart surgery techniques.
- Apparatus for treat, preliminary to medical application, human blood containing platelet-leukocyte aggregates comprising:
- a first meat of finely subdivided blood-contact material comprising a solid fibrous material the fibers of which are nondegrading to the blood and characterized by the ability selectively to adhere the aggregates
- a second mat of finely subdivided blood-contact material comprising a solid fibrous material the fibers of which are nondegrading to the blood and characterized by the ability selectively to adhere the aggregates, the second mat having a density greater than the first mat for selectively removing aggregates of smaller size, 4. ownstream from the second mat fiber filter member for filtering from the blood fragments of mat fiber filter material,
- the apparatus of claim 1 including a. a first perforate support member between the blood clot filter member and the first mat, supporting the blood clot filter member and compressing the first mat, and
- the blood clot filter member comprises a dome-shaped screen support at its open end on the first support member, the latter having a central opening through which the first mat projects into the spacing defined by the screen.
- the apparatus of claim 4 including inwardly extending projections on the first support member engaging the first mat to prevent free escape of the latter into the space defined by the screen.
- valve means adjacent the outlet port operable to prevent lback flow of blood from the outlet port into the vessel.
- the mat fiber has a diameter not substantially great than about 30 microns, the density of the second mat is about 0 .2 grams per cc. and the density of the first mat is about %--%the density of the second mat.
- a high volume, continuous blood filter comprising:
- upstream perforated, filter-material-retaining means locating the filter material in the path of the blood flow
- air-exhaust port means communicating with the top of the recess for exhausting collected air therefrom.
- spacing means comprises a peripheral boss on the downstream end piece projecting inward therefrom for abutment by the downstream retaining means.
- the blood filter of claim 9 including means spacing apart the upstream retaining means and end piece and forming therebetween a recess at the upstream end of the chamber.
- the spacing means comprises a peripheral boss on the upstream end piece projecting inward therefrom for abutment by the upstream retaining means.
- the blood filter of claim 9 including baffle means opposite the inlet port for diffusing the blood laterally over the entire area of the blood filter material.
- the blood filter of claim 13 wherein thebaffle means comprises an imperforate central portion of the upstream retaining means.
Abstract
Description
Claims (16)
- 2. downstream from the blood clot filter member a first meat of finely subdivided blood-contact material comprising a solid fibrous material the fibers of which are nondegrading to the blood and characterized by the ability selectively to adhere the aggregates,
- 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the vessel has resiliently deformable sidewalls on the upstream side of the filter assembly adapted to be compressed and re-expanded for pumping blood through the apparatus.
- 3. The apparatus of claim 1 including a. a first perforate support member between the blood clot filter member and the first mat, supporting the blood clot filter member and compressing the first mat, and b. a second perforate support member between the first and second mats supporting the first mat and compressing the second mat.
- 3. downstream from the first mat a second mat of finely subdivided blood-contact material comprising a solid fibrous material the fibers of which are nondegrading to the blood and characterized by the ability selectively to adhere the aggregates, the second mat having a density greater than the first mat for selectively removing aggregates of smaller size,
- 4. downstream from the second mat fiber filter member for filtering from the blood fragments of mat fiber filter material, c. means for introducing stored blood into a inlet port and for passing it through the filter assembly, d. and means for withdrawing the treated blood from the outlet port.
- 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the blood clot filter member comprises a dome-shaped screen support at its open end on the first support member, the latter having a central opening through which the first mat projects into the spacing defined by the screen.
- 5. The apparatus of claim 4 including inwardly extending projections on the first support member engaging the first mat to prevent free escape of the latter into the space defined by the screen.
- 6. The apparatus of claim 1 including valve means adjacent the outlet port operable to prevent back flow of blood from the outlet port into the vessel.
- 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the second mat of fibrous material has a density of about 0.1 to 0.4 grams per cc.
- 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the mat fiber has a diameter not substantially great than about 30 microns, the density of the second mat is about 0.2 grams per cc. and the density of the first mat is about 1/4 - 1/2 the density of the second mat.
- 9. A high volume, continuous blood filter comprising: a. upstream and downstream end pieces, b. a tubular body secured between the end pieces to form a chamber, c. an inlet port at the center of the upstream end piece, d. an outlet port below the top of the downstream end piece, e. the inlet and outlet ports thereby enabling substantially horizontal blood flow through the chamber, f. a quantity of blood-filter material between thE end pieces, g. upstream perforated, filter-material-retaining means locating the filter material in the path of the blood flow, h. means spacing apart the downstream retaining means and end piece and forming therebetween a recess at the downstream end of the chamber for separating and collecting air entrained in the blood, and i. air-exhaust port means communicating with the top of the recess for exhausting collected air therefrom.
- 10. The blood filter of claim 9 wherein spacing means comprises a peripheral boss on the downstream end piece projecting inward therefrom for abutment by the downstream retaining means.
- 11. The blood filter of claim 9 including means spacing apart the upstream retaining means and end piece and forming therebetween a recess at the upstream end of the chamber.
- 12. The blood filter of claim 11 wherein the spacing means comprises a peripheral boss on the upstream end piece projecting inward therefrom for abutment by the upstream retaining means.
- 13. The blood filter of claim 9 including baffle means opposite the inlet port for diffusing the blood laterally over the entire area of the blood filter material.
- 14. The blood filter of claim 13 wherein the baffle means comprises an imperforate central portion of the upstream retaining means.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US88266369A | 1969-12-05 | 1969-12-05 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3593854A true US3593854A (en) | 1971-07-20 |
Family
ID=34116959
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US882663A Expired - Lifetime US3593854A (en) | 1969-12-05 | 1969-12-05 | Blood treating and filtering apparatus |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3593854A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1928052A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2048130A5 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1242493A (en) |
Cited By (97)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3770129A (en) * | 1972-05-15 | 1973-11-06 | Harvey W Res Corp | Manually flexible blood filter |
FR2189081A1 (en) * | 1972-06-16 | 1974-01-25 | Pall Corp | |
USB302271I5 (en) * | 1972-10-30 | 1975-01-28 | ||
US3873682A (en) * | 1971-02-23 | 1975-03-25 | Mochida Pharm Co Ltd | Filter for urine samples to be used in pregnancy tests and method of using same |
JPS519594U (en) * | 1974-06-08 | 1976-01-23 | ||
US3935111A (en) * | 1973-04-06 | 1976-01-27 | Bentley Laboratories, Inc. | Device for removing blood microemboli |
US3963614A (en) * | 1970-11-09 | 1976-06-15 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Apparatus for removing unnecessary components from samples |
US3972818A (en) * | 1974-08-22 | 1976-08-03 | General Atomic Company | Blood filter using glassy carbon fibers |
US3986506A (en) * | 1974-09-03 | 1976-10-19 | Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc. | Apparatus for separation of cryoprecipitate from blood plasma and method |
US4053420A (en) * | 1975-04-14 | 1977-10-11 | Dr. Eduard Fresenius Chemisch-Pharmazeutische Industrie Kg. | Blood filter |
US4056476A (en) * | 1975-02-27 | 1977-11-01 | Johnson & Johnson | Blood filter media |
US4073732A (en) * | 1974-04-19 | 1978-02-14 | Johnson & Johnson | Media for filtering blood |
US4073723A (en) * | 1976-11-15 | 1978-02-14 | Swank Roy L | Anti-coagulating and filtering blood |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB1242493A (en) | 1971-08-11 |
DE1928052A1 (en) | 1970-12-10 |
FR2048130A5 (en) | 1971-03-19 |
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