US3867660A - Double chamber arc tube for high intensity discharge lamp - Google Patents

Double chamber arc tube for high intensity discharge lamp Download PDF

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US3867660A
US3867660A US387934A US38793473A US3867660A US 3867660 A US3867660 A US 3867660A US 387934 A US387934 A US 387934A US 38793473 A US38793473 A US 38793473A US 3867660 A US3867660 A US 3867660A
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arc tube
lamp
chamber
arc
tube
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US387934A
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Timothy Fohl
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GTE Sylvania Inc
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GTE Sylvania Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/30—Vessels; Containers
    • H01J61/33—Special shape of cross-section, e.g. for producing cool spot
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/04—Electrodes; Screens; Shields
    • H01J61/10—Shields, screens, or guides for influencing the discharge

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  • HID high-intensity discharge lamps
  • lamps which include the groups of lamps commonly known as high pressure mercury and metal halide lamps. These lamp types are characterized as discharge devices which are wall stabilized and whose light producing envelopes have a bulb wall loading in excess of 3 watts per square centimeter.
  • High-intensity discharge lamps have become commercially useful in the past 20 or 30 years because they are efficient producersof visible light, considerably more efficient than, say, incandescent lamps.
  • HID lamps generally have an operating pressure of about I to atmospheres and an arc tube operating temperature of atleast about 400C. Thus the arc discharge in such lamps is affected by convection currents within the arc tube.
  • HID lamps generally have a uniform diameter arc tube, that is,,an arc tube with constant cross section.
  • the arc tube has a double chamber section in order to control the flow of convective currents within the arc tube.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to eliminate, or, at least, substantially reduce, the shear between the upward flow and the downward flow in an arc tube by providing a double chamber between the electrodes. Upward flow occurs in one of the chambers and downward flo'w occurs in the other, thereby eliminating radial mixing between the upward flow and the downward flow, which results in a substantial increase in lamp efficiency.
  • FIG. I is an elevational view of a concentric type of double chamber arc tube in accordance with this invention and FIG. 1a is a cross-sectional view thereof.
  • FIGS. 2 and 2a show an arc tube having a control baffle.
  • FIGS. 3 and 3a show an arc tube having an offset baffle.
  • FIGS. 4 and 4a show a side tube type of arc tube.
  • one type of concentric double chamber arc tube in accordance with this invention comprises a sealed generally tubular envelope 1, made of quartz or other high temperature glass, having press seals 2 and electrodes 3 at each end.
  • envelope 1 Centrally disposed within envelope 1 is a smaller diameter quartz tube 4 open at both ends and fastened to envelope 1 at its ends which are somewhat elliptically shaped.
  • the length of tube 4 is less than the distance between the electrodes but long enough to provide the desired control of convection currents within the arc tube. as will be explained.
  • the arc discharge between electrodes 3 occurs within tube 4 and the upward convective flow of gaseous and vaporized materials takes place within tube 4.
  • the downward flow takes place between tube 4 and envelope 1.
  • the walls of tube 4 prevent mixing of the upward flow and the downward flow.
  • the space between tube 4 and envelope 1 must be large enough to prevent downward flow within tube 4; however, if said space is too large, then a desired minimum cold spot temperature cannot be obtained in envelope 1.
  • the desired minimum cold spot temperature is one that will insure complete vaporization of the mercury
  • the desired minimum cold spot temperature is one that will also ensure adequate, although not necessarily complete, vaporization of the metal halides within the arc tube.
  • envelope 1 had a diameter (inside) of 22 mm and an arc length (distance between electrodes 3) of 90 mm, while tube 4 had a diameter (inside) of 14 mm; the wall thickness of envelope 1 and tube 4 were about 1 /2 mm. In operation this are tube worked satisfactorily; there was substantially no mixing 0f the upward and downward flow and the cold spot temperature of'envelope 1 was satisfactory.
  • the flow pattern can be made visible by introducing fine carbon particles into the arc tube and by observing their motion during lamp operation, the carbon particles being heated to incandescence by the arc. If desired, convective velocities can be readily measured by filming the motion of the particles.
  • the ratio of the diameter of tube 4 to envelope, 1 was 7 to l I. At a ratio less than about 5 to II, that is, a tube 4 diameter less than about 10 mm, envelope 1 could not be maintained at a sufficiently high cold spot temperature for satisfactory lamp operation. And at a ratio greater than about 8 to l 1, that is, a tube 4 diameter greater than about 16 mm, the outer chamber was too small and downward flow occurred within tube 4.
  • the control baffle double chamber arc tube shown in FIG. 2 comprises an envelope 5, similar to that of the previous example, having press seals 6 and electrodes 7 at each end.
  • the double chamber is provided by a quartz partition of baffle 8 along the axis of envelope 5 and extending from one wall of envelope 5 along the diameter thereof to the opposite wall.
  • Baffle 8 is fastened to envelope 5 at its edges.
  • the arc'discharge may occur in either chamber,
  • control of the convective currents depends on the length of baffle 8 relative to the arc length. In one example, satisfactory operation was obtained where the length of baffle 8 was-39mm and the arc length was about 92 mm. If the length of baffle 8 is too short, say, about 23 mmor one-fourth of the arc length, mixing of the upward and downward convective flows occurs. If baffle 8 is too long, say, about threefourths of the arc length, then it is 'too close to electrodes 7 and can be melted by the heat thereat.
  • the offset baffle double chamber arc tube shown in FIG. 3 is similar to that shown in FIG. 2 except that baffle 12 is offset from the axis of envelope 9 and is preferably curved instead of being flat.
  • the are tube also contains the usual press seals 10 and electrodes 11.
  • the determining factor in convection control is the ratio of the width w of the smaller chamber (the downward flow chamber) to the inside diameter of envelope 9. At ratios less than about I to 1 1, downward flow undesirably occurs in the larger chamber (the upward flow chamber). Satisfactory operation was obtained in an arc tube having a ratio of 3 to 11. And, of course, at a ratio of 1 to 2, the arc tube becomes similar to that shown in FIG. 2.
  • the side tube type of double chamber arc tube shown in FIG. 4 comprises an envelope 13 having vacuum seals 14 and electrodes 15 at its ends.
  • the double chamber is provided by a separate tube 16 spaced from envelope 13 but joined thereto at its ends as shown in the drawing. Convection control is determined by the ratio of the diameter of tube 16 to that of envelope 13.
  • said ratio should be greater than about 1 to 5. This embodiment presents more difficulty in maintaining adequate cold spot temperature than the previous examples.
  • the double chamber arc tube is disposed within a suitable light transmitting outer jacket having the usual base for connecting the lamp to a suitable source of electrical power.
  • a suitable lamp is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,407,327 which shows, however, the usual prior art type of cylindrical, single chamber arc tube.
  • the arc tube fill for high intensity are discharge lamps in accordance with this invention includes mercury and an inert starting gas, as is generally used in high pressure mercury vapor lamps.
  • High intensity metal halide arc dischargelamps include, in addition, one or more metal halides.
  • a high intensity arc discharge lamp comprising an elongated, double chamber arc tube, said are tube containing an electric-discharge-supporting fill and having electrodes at its ends, the shape of the arc tube being such that during normal operation of the lamp in a position having a vertical component, upward convection flow of the gaseous and vaporized arc tube fill occurs within one chamber of the arc tube and downward convection flow occurs within the other chamber, the arc discharge being confined in said one chamber and being excluded from said other chamber.
  • a high intensity are discharge lamp comprising an elongated, double chamber arc tube containing an electric-discharge-supporting fill and having electrodes at its ends, the shape of the arc tube being such that during normal operation of the lamp in a position having a vertical component, upward convection flow of the gaseous and vaporized arc tube fill occurs within one chamber of the arc tube while downward convection flow occurs within the other chamber and the arc tube is at a minimum predetermined cold spot temperature, the arc discharge being confined in said one chamber and being excluded from said other chamber.

Abstract

The arc tube of a high intensity arc discharge lamp has a double chamber section in order to increase lamp efficiency by improving the convective flow pattern within the arc tube during normal lamp operation.

Description

United States Patent [191 Fohl 1 1 DOUBLE CHAMBER ARC TUBE FOR HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP [75] Inventor: Timothy Fohl, Carlisle, Mass.
[73] Assignee: GTE Sylvania Incorporated,
Danvers, Mass.
221 Filed: Aug. 13, 1973 1211 Appl. No.2 387,934
[52] US. Cl 313/12, 313/17, 313/20,
313/36, 313/204 [51] Int. Cl. .l H0lj 1/02 [58] Field of Search 313/12, 17, 20, 25, 26,
[ 1 Feb. 18, 1975 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,804,349 5/1931 Langmuir 313/20 Primary Examiner-John Kominski Assistant ExaminerLawrence J. Dahl Attorney, Agent, or Firm' lames Theodosopoulos 57 ABSTRACT The arc tube of a high intensity are discharge lamp has a double chamber section in order to increase lamp efficiency by improving the convective flow pattern within the arc tube during normal lamp operation.
9 Claims, 8 Drawing Figures DOUBLE CHAMBER ARC TUBE FOR HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field Of The Invention This invention relates to high-intensity discharge lamps (HID) which include the groups of lamps commonly known as high pressure mercury and metal halide lamps. These lamp types are characterized as discharge devices which are wall stabilized and whose light producing envelopes have a bulb wall loading in excess of 3 watts per square centimeter.
2. Description OF The Prior Art High-intensity discharge lamps have become commercially useful in the past 20 or 30 years because they are efficient producersof visible light, considerably more efficient than, say, incandescent lamps. HID lamps generally have an operating pressure of about I to atmospheres and an arc tube operating temperature of atleast about 400C. Thus the arc discharge in such lamps is affected by convection currents within the arc tube. HID lamps generally have a uniform diameter arc tube, that is,,an arc tube with constant cross section.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION I have discovered that a substantial unexpected increase in efficiency (lumens/watt) of HID lamps can be obtained by a change in the shape of the arc tube from the single chamber uniform diameter tube that is commonly used. In my invention the arc tube has a double chamber section in order to control the flow of convective currents within the arc tube.
In lamps of the type with which this invention is concerned, there are opposingconvective flows of the gaseous and vaporized material within the arc tube during normal lamp operation. When the arc tube is operated with its axis vertical, or at angles other than horizontal, the upward convective flow is essentially along the axis of the arc tube, which is also theaxis of the core of the arc discharge. The downward convective flow is near the walls of the arc tube. When the upward and downward flows are in close proximity, the shear between them causes radial convective flows.
The purpose of the present invention is to eliminate, or, at least, substantially reduce, the shear between the upward flow and the downward flow in an arc tube by providing a double chamber between the electrodes. Upward flow occurs in one of the chambers and downward flo'w occurs in the other, thereby eliminating radial mixing between the upward flow and the downward flow, which results in a substantial increase in lamp efficiency.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. I is an elevational view of a concentric type of double chamber arc tube in accordance with this invention and FIG. 1a is a cross-sectional view thereof.
FIGS. 2 and 2a show an arc tube having a control baffle.
FIGS. 3 and 3a show an arc tube having an offset baffle.
FIGS. 4 and 4a show a side tube type of arc tube.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS As shown in FIG. 1, one type of concentric double chamber arc tube in accordance with this invention comprises a sealed generally tubular envelope 1, made of quartz or other high temperature glass, having press seals 2 and electrodes 3 at each end. Centrally disposed within envelope 1 is a smaller diameter quartz tube 4 open at both ends and fastened to envelope 1 at its ends which are somewhat elliptically shaped. The length of tube 4 is less than the distance between the electrodes but long enough to provide the desired control of convection currents within the arc tube. as will be explained.
In operation, with the arc tube is a vertical position or in a position other than horizontal, the arc discharge between electrodes 3 occurs within tube 4 and the upward convective flow of gaseous and vaporized materials takes place within tube 4. The downward flow takes place between tube 4 and envelope 1. The walls of tube 4 prevent mixing of the upward flow and the downward flow.
The space between tube 4 and envelope 1 must be large enough to prevent downward flow within tube 4; however, if said space is too large, then a desired minimum cold spot temperature cannot be obtained in envelope 1. In the case of a mercury vapor lamp, the desired minimum cold spot temperature is one that will insure complete vaporization of the mercury, and in the case of a metal halide lamp, the desired minimum cold spot temperature is one that will also ensure adequate, although not necessarily complete, vaporization of the metal halides within the arc tube.
In one example envelope 1 had a diameter (inside) of 22 mm and an arc length (distance between electrodes 3) of 90 mm, while tube 4 had a diameter (inside) of 14 mm; the wall thickness of envelope 1 and tube 4 were about 1 /2 mm. In operation this are tube worked satisfactorily; there was substantially no mixing 0f the upward and downward flow and the cold spot temperature of'envelope 1 was satisfactory.
The flow pattern can be made visible by introducing fine carbon particles into the arc tube and by observing their motion during lamp operation, the carbon particles being heated to incandescence by the arc. If desired, convective velocities can be readily measured by filming the motion of the particles.
In this example, the ratio of the diameter of tube 4 to envelope, 1 was 7 to l I. At a ratio less than about 5 to II, that is, a tube 4 diameter less than about 10 mm, envelope 1 could not be maintained at a sufficiently high cold spot temperature for satisfactory lamp operation. And at a ratio greater than about 8 to l 1, that is, a tube 4 diameter greater than about 16 mm, the outer chamber was too small and downward flow occurred within tube 4.
The control baffle double chamber arc tube shown in FIG. 2 comprises an envelope 5, similar to that of the previous example, having press seals 6 and electrodes 7 at each end. However, the double chamber is provided by a quartz partition of baffle 8 along the axis of envelope 5 and extending from one wall of envelope 5 along the diameter thereof to the opposite wall. Baffle 8 is fastened to envelope 5 at its edges. In this embodiment, the arc'discharge may occur in either chamber,
7 depending on the position of the arc tube during lamp operation. Here, control of the convective currents depends on the length of baffle 8 relative to the arc length. In one example, satisfactory operation was obtained where the length of baffle 8 was-39mm and the arc length was about 92 mm. If the length of baffle 8 is too short, say, about 23 mmor one-fourth of the arc length, mixing of the upward and downward convective flows occurs. If baffle 8 is too long, say, about threefourths of the arc length, then it is 'too close to electrodes 7 and can be melted by the heat thereat.
The offset baffle double chamber arc tube shown in FIG. 3 is similar to that shown in FIG. 2 except that baffle 12 is offset from the axis of envelope 9 and is preferably curved instead of being flat. The are tube also contains the usual press seals 10 and electrodes 11. In this type of double chamber arc tube, the determining factor in convection control is the ratio of the width w of the smaller chamber (the downward flow chamber) to the inside diameter of envelope 9. At ratios less than about I to 1 1, downward flow undesirably occurs in the larger chamber (the upward flow chamber). Satisfactory operation was obtained in an arc tube having a ratio of 3 to 11. And, of course, at a ratio of 1 to 2, the arc tube becomes similar to that shown in FIG. 2.
The side tube type of double chamber arc tube shown in FIG. 4 comprises an envelope 13 having vacuum seals 14 and electrodes 15 at its ends. The double chamber is provided by a separate tube 16 spaced from envelope 13 but joined thereto at its ends as shown in the drawing. Convection control is determined by the ratio of the diameter of tube 16 to that of envelope 13.
In order to prevent downward convection flow in envelope 13, said ratio should be greater than about 1 to 5. This embodiment presents more difficulty in maintaining adequate cold spot temperature than the previous examples.
In a finished lamp, the double chamber arc tube is disposed within a suitable light transmitting outer jacket having the usual base for connecting the lamp to a suitable source of electrical power. An example of such a lamp is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,407,327 which shows, however, the usual prior art type of cylindrical, single chamber arc tube.
The arc tube fill for high intensity are discharge lamps in accordance with this invention includes mercury and an inert starting gas, as is generally used in high pressure mercury vapor lamps. High intensity metal halide arc dischargelamps include, in addition, one or more metal halides.
I claim:
1. A high intensity arc discharge lamp comprising an elongated, double chamber arc tube, said are tube containing an electric-discharge-supporting fill and having electrodes at its ends, the shape of the arc tube being such that during normal operation of the lamp in a position having a vertical component, upward convection flow of the gaseous and vaporized arc tube fill occurs within one chamber of the arc tube and downward convection flow occurs within the other chamber, the arc discharge being confined in said one chamber and being excluded from said other chamber.
2. The lamp of claim 1 wherein said fill includes mercury and an inert starting gas.
3. The lamp of claim I wherein said fill includes mercury, metal halide and an inert starting gas.
4. The lamp of claim 1 wherein the double chamber of the arc tube is provided by a longitudinal baffle disposed therein.
5. The lamp of claim 1 wherein the double chamber of the arc tube is provided by an interior tube disposed therein, the length of said interior tube being less than the arc length of the arc tube.
6. The lamp of claim 1 wherein the double chamber is provided by a side tube spaced from but parallel to the arc tube and joined thereto at its ends.
7. A high intensity are discharge lamp comprising an elongated, double chamber arc tube containing an electric-discharge-supporting fill and having electrodes at its ends, the shape of the arc tube being such that during normal operation of the lamp in a position having a vertical component, upward convection flow of the gaseous and vaporized arc tube fill occurs within one chamber of the arc tube while downward convection flow occurs within the other chamber and the arc tube is at a minimum predetermined cold spot temperature, the arc discharge being confined in said one chamber and being excluded from said other chamber.
8. The lamp of claim 7 wherein said fill includes mercury and said minimum cold spot temperature is sufficient to vaporize all the mercury.
9. The lamp of claim 8 wherein said fill also includes metal halide and said minimum cold spot is sufficient to vaporize an effective amount of metal halide.

Claims (9)

1. A high intensity arc discharge lamp comprising an elongated, double chamber arc tube, said arc tube containing an electricdischarge-supporting fill and having electrodes at its ends, the shape of the arc tube being such that during normal operation of the lamp in a position having a vertical component, upward convection flow of the gaseous and vaporized arc tube fill occurs within one chamber of the arc tube and downward convection flow occurs within the other chamber, the arc discharge being confined in said one chamber and being excluded from said other chamber.
2. The lamp of claim 1 wherein said fill includes mercury and an inert starting gas.
3. The lamp of claim 1 wherein said fill includes mercury, metal halide and an inert starting gas.
4. The lamp of claim 1 wherein the double chamber of the arc tube is provided by a longitudinal baffle disposed therein.
5. The lamp of claim 1 wherein the double chamber of the arc tube is provided by an interior tube disposed therein, the length of said interior tube being less than the arc length of the arc tube.
6. The lamp of claim 1 wherein the double chamber is provided by a side tube spaced from but parallel to the arc tube and joined thereto at its ends.
7. A high intensity arc discharge lamp comprising an elongated, double chamber arc tube containing an electric-discharge-supporting fill and having electrodes at its ends, the shape of the arc tube being such that during normal operation of the lamp in a position having a vertical component, upward convection flow of the gaseous and vaporized arc tube fill occurs within one chamber of the arc tube while downward convection flow occurs within the other chamber and the arc tube is at a minimum predetermined cold spot temperature, the arc discharge being confined in said one chamber and being excluded from said other chamber.
8. The lamp of claim 7 wherein said fill includes mercury and said minimum cold spot temperature is sufficient to vaporize all the mercury.
9. The lamp of claim 8 wherein said fill also includes metal halide and said minimum cold spot is sufficient to vaporize an effective amount of metal halide.
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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2588119A1 (en) * 1985-09-27 1987-04-03 Philips Eclairage Small-size discharge lamp used as source of ultraviolet radiation
US4710676A (en) * 1985-08-15 1987-12-01 Gte Products Corporation Multi-level fuser lamp
US4720660A (en) * 1985-01-28 1988-01-19 Thorn Emi Plc Projector lamp
EP0571813A1 (en) * 1992-05-11 1993-12-01 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. High pressure discharge lamp
US6495800B2 (en) 1999-08-23 2002-12-17 Carson T. Richert Continuous-conduction wafer bump reflow system
US20040035944A1 (en) * 2001-10-24 2004-02-26 Eveleigh Robert B. Thermostatic control valve with fluid mixing
US7288894B2 (en) 2004-09-20 2007-10-30 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Electric lamp
US20080054812A1 (en) * 2006-08-29 2008-03-06 Osram Sylvania Inc. Arc discharge vessel having arc centering structure and lamp containing same

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1804349A (en) * 1928-07-10 1931-05-05 Gen Electric Incandescent lamp

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1804349A (en) * 1928-07-10 1931-05-05 Gen Electric Incandescent lamp

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4720660A (en) * 1985-01-28 1988-01-19 Thorn Emi Plc Projector lamp
US4710676A (en) * 1985-08-15 1987-12-01 Gte Products Corporation Multi-level fuser lamp
FR2588119A1 (en) * 1985-09-27 1987-04-03 Philips Eclairage Small-size discharge lamp used as source of ultraviolet radiation
EP0571813A1 (en) * 1992-05-11 1993-12-01 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. High pressure discharge lamp
US5466988A (en) * 1992-05-11 1995-11-14 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. High pressure discharge lamp having improved convection regulating means
US6495800B2 (en) 1999-08-23 2002-12-17 Carson T. Richert Continuous-conduction wafer bump reflow system
US7094993B2 (en) 1999-08-23 2006-08-22 Radiant Technology Corp. Apparatus and method for heating and cooling an article
US7170036B2 (en) 1999-08-23 2007-01-30 Radiant Technology Corporation Apparatus and method for heating and cooling an article
US20040035944A1 (en) * 2001-10-24 2004-02-26 Eveleigh Robert B. Thermostatic control valve with fluid mixing
US7288894B2 (en) 2004-09-20 2007-10-30 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Electric lamp
US20080054812A1 (en) * 2006-08-29 2008-03-06 Osram Sylvania Inc. Arc discharge vessel having arc centering structure and lamp containing same
US7619350B2 (en) * 2006-08-29 2009-11-17 Osram Sylvania Inc. Arc discharge vessel having arc centering structure and lamp containing same

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