USRE33097E - Position detector - Google Patents

Position detector Download PDF

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Publication number
USRE33097E
USRE33097E US07/194,551 US19455188A USRE33097E US RE33097 E USRE33097 E US RE33097E US 19455188 A US19455188 A US 19455188A US RE33097 E USRE33097 E US RE33097E
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view
field
target
elements
iaddend
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US07/194,551
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Christopher I. Moir
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Ultra Electronics Ltd
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HELITUNE Ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C27/00—Rotorcraft; Rotors peculiar thereto
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C27/00—Rotorcraft; Rotors peculiar thereto
    • B64C27/008—Rotors tracking or balancing devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a position detector, for example for detecting the position of a movable object but one example is to detect the vertical position of the tips of rotor blades of a helicopter rotor as they rotate so that any lack of uniformity in the deflection of all the blades in the rotor can be detected and corrected.
  • the invention will be particularly described as applied to that use, it will be appreciated that it can be used for detecting the position of other articles, for example the vertical deflection of the end of a stationary cantilever beam or the deflection of rotor blade tips in a turbine, or components of other rotating machinery.
  • the invention has various aspects, but from one point of view can be considered to embody a position detector comprising means defining an elongate field of view and a target which may carry a reference mark and is capable of being in any of a range of positions along the field of view, and a sensor arranged to scan along the field of view.
  • the target may be fixed to an object for example a rotor blade whose position is to be detected, and the target itself may be elongate parallel with the field of view, which in turn will extend in the general direction of expected deflection.
  • the reference mark can be a line extending transversely to the elongate target and could be a slot in an opaque target so that light can be seen through the slot by the sensor. Again the reference mark could be a highly reflective strip on a non-reflective target surface, but that application would require a source of light or other radiation to which the sensor is sensitive for illuminating the reference mark when the target was in the field of view.
  • the advantage of having a reference mark on the target is that the width of the reference mark and its position along the target can be precisely measured, and that can provide reference information from which the actual deflection of the article carrying the target can be determined.
  • the blade itself could act as the target, preferably the trailing edge of the blade, as this would be lower than the leading edge when the pitch of the blade is adjusted for flight conditions.
  • the means defining the elongate field of view could comprise an elongate lens.
  • the sensor could consist of a multi-element linear sensor with electronic means for scanning the elements in a scanning cycle.
  • a target could be positioned on the tip of each rotor blade, extending in the vertical direction with an elongate slot constituting the reference mark of a known width at a known distance from the end of the target strip, and with the field of view and the sensor extending parallel to the length of the target.
  • the invention is quite simple because for daylight use it is not necessary to irradiate the target, and the sensor can be coupled to solid state logic circuits capable of giving a direct indication of the amount of deflection of a helicopter rotor blade or other article which information can be updated as it changes. Of course other types of logic circuit could be used if desired.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic front elevation of a helicopter using a sensor in accordance with the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a detail to an increased scale of the tip of a helicopter blade as seen in the direction of the arrow II in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a block schematic diagram of the circuit using the sensor of FIG. 1;
  • FIGS. 4, and 5 are characteristics which arise during use of the sensor.
  • the sensor is for providing an indication of the deflection of the individual blades of a rotating helicopter rotor, and also for providing an indication of any circumferential lag or lead of an individual blade.
  • the sensor embodies a charge coupled device (CCD) 11 which comprises a normally vertical line of sensor elements (256 in the example being described) including an integrated circuit embodying a shift register, so that the electrical charge on each element can be transmitted by way of a control 12 (FIG. 3) to a microprocessor 13, as the elements are scanned in a scanning cycle controlled by the shift register.
  • a control 12 FIG. 3
  • a lens 14 In front of the CCD is a lens 14, which is arranged to focus onto the vertical line of sensor elements, light from a narrow vertical strip field of view indicated generally at 15 in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the strip might be about 5 centimeters high at the tip 16 of the helicopter blades, one of which is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the lens inverts the image of the field of view 15 and the elements in the CCD are scanned vertically downwards by the shift register so that the image received is that of a thin vertical slice of background, which will be interrupted regularly by a rotating rotor blade.
  • the tip of each blade carries a depending target strip 17 perhaps 10 centimeters high and 3 centimeters wide having at a known distance ⁇ L ⁇ (perhaps equal to one centimeter) up from the lower edge, a horizontal rectangular hole ⁇ L ⁇ high and nearly as wide as the target strip 17.
  • the signal received by the microprocessor will be as shown in FIG. 4 consisting of a high signal representing peak white for a time ⁇ t ⁇ corresponding to viewing of the clear background below the target, and then a period ⁇ L ⁇ , of low signal represented by the obscuring of light by the bottom of the target, then an equal length period ⁇ L 2 ⁇ of peak white signal as light is received through the hole 18, and finally a low signal black period until the end of the time ⁇ T ⁇ of the scan because of the obscuring of light first by the top part of the target 17 and then by the body of the blade.
  • the time ⁇ t ⁇ before the black signal shown in FIG. 4 will be a measure of the absolute vertical displacement of the lower edge of the target, and hence of the blade in relation to some reference height.
  • the scanning time for the CCD 11 will be shorter than the time it takes for the blade and target to cross the field of view 15, so that several scans are made during the passage of each blade, the lowest reading being taken as the true blade position.
  • the signals from the various blades can be compared so that any variation in the heights of the individual blade tips can be indicated.
  • the circuit of FIG. 3 includes a number of timing counters 19 used for giving signals representing the quantities ⁇ t ⁇ , ⁇ L 1 ⁇ , and ⁇ L 2 ⁇ , as shown in FIG. 4.
  • L 1 and L 2 correspond to the known equal heights of the lowest opaque portion of the target and the hole 18 respectively, and by averaging those values, compensation can be obtained for any errors introduced by any change in the sensing threshold of the logic caused by different levels of lumination.
  • the height corresponding to ⁇ L ⁇ is known, so that ⁇ t ⁇ can be accurately determined in terms of that known height ⁇ L ⁇ . During initial calibration, the blades need not be rotating.
  • a reference pulse is fed into the circuit of FIG. 3 once per revolution of the rotor, and by relating the signals such as shown in FIG. 4 for each of the rotor blades to that reference pulse, any variation of the circumferential position of any blade from the desired equal circumferential spacing can be indicated even if a variation occurs from revolution to revolution.
  • a control circuit 22 monitors the peak video output from the CCD sensor, and one output from this is used to control an iris 21 which is part of lens 14. Thus, the peak output from the CCD sensor is maintained for varying light levels.
  • a second output from the control circuit 22 informs the microprocessor 13 if the light level is too low for satisfactory operation.
  • the microprocessor can then increase the integration time and/or inform the operator that the light level is too low.
  • An output from the microprocessor representing ⁇ t/T ⁇ is converted into an analogue signal in a convertor 24 to drive a meter 25 which is conveniently set so that when the meter indicator is at half full scale deflection the image of the hole 18 is in the centre of the field of view 15.
  • Information from the microprocessor 13 is also sent by way of a serial data interface 26 to a computer which can display the detected information visually.
  • the target 17 can be replaced by one having instead of the hole 18 a highly reflective strip of the same shape facing the camera, and arranged to reflect illumination from a lamp 27 which can in fact be controlled from the microprocessor 13 through a driver 28 to be illuminated only when a blade is due to enter the field of view 15.
  • the signal received is inverted and so will appear as shown in FIG. 5 being "black” for most of the cyclic period ⁇ T ⁇ but being "peak white” for an interval ⁇ L ⁇ corresponding to the reflective strip at the time ⁇ t ⁇ from the start of the scan.

Abstract

A detector for checking the symmetry of a helicopter rotor while it is rotating has a scanner (11) which scans vertically a field of view (15) and the view is interrupted by a vertical strip on the blade tip (16). A slot (18) in the strip gives a characteristic signal as at (L2). The position of the signal (L2) in a scanning cycle gives an indication of the height of the blade tip and also the circumferential spacing between blades.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a position detector, for example for detecting the position of a movable object but one example is to detect the vertical position of the tips of rotor blades of a helicopter rotor as they rotate so that any lack of uniformity in the deflection of all the blades in the rotor can be detected and corrected.
Although the invention will be particularly described as applied to that use, it will be appreciated that it can be used for detecting the position of other articles, for example the vertical deflection of the end of a stationary cantilever beam or the deflection of rotor blade tips in a turbine, or components of other rotating machinery.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention has various aspects, but from one point of view can be considered to embody a position detector comprising means defining an elongate field of view and a target which may carry a reference mark and is capable of being in any of a range of positions along the field of view, and a sensor arranged to scan along the field of view.
The target may be fixed to an object for example a rotor blade whose position is to be detected, and the target itself may be elongate parallel with the field of view, which in turn will extend in the general direction of expected deflection. The reference mark can be a line extending transversely to the elongate target and could be a slot in an opaque target so that light can be seen through the slot by the sensor. Again the reference mark could be a highly reflective strip on a non-reflective target surface, but that application would require a source of light or other radiation to which the sensor is sensitive for illuminating the reference mark when the target was in the field of view.
The advantage of having a reference mark on the target is that the width of the reference mark and its position along the target can be precisely measured, and that can provide reference information from which the actual deflection of the article carrying the target can be determined. Alternatively the blade itself could act as the target, preferably the trailing edge of the blade, as this would be lower than the leading edge when the pitch of the blade is adjusted for flight conditions.
The means defining the elongate field of view could comprise an elongate lens.
The sensor could consist of a multi-element linear sensor with electronic means for scanning the elements in a scanning cycle.
In the application to a helicopter rotor, a target could be positioned on the tip of each rotor blade, extending in the vertical direction with an elongate slot constituting the reference mark of a known width at a known distance from the end of the target strip, and with the field of view and the sensor extending parallel to the length of the target.
The invention is quite simple because for daylight use it is not necessary to irradiate the target, and the sensor can be coupled to solid state logic circuits capable of giving a direct indication of the amount of deflection of a helicopter rotor blade or other article which information can be updated as it changes. Of course other types of logic circuit could be used if desired.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF DRAWINGS
The invention may be carried into practice in various ways, and one embodiment will now be described by way of example, together with a variation, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic front elevation of a helicopter using a sensor in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is a detail to an increased scale of the tip of a helicopter blade as seen in the direction of the arrow II in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a block schematic diagram of the circuit using the sensor of FIG. 1; and
FIGS. 4, and 5 are characteristics which arise during use of the sensor.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The sensor is for providing an indication of the deflection of the individual blades of a rotating helicopter rotor, and also for providing an indication of any circumferential lag or lead of an individual blade.
The sensor embodies a charge coupled device (CCD) 11 which comprises a normally vertical line of sensor elements (256 in the example being described) including an integrated circuit embodying a shift register, so that the electrical charge on each element can be transmitted by way of a control 12 (FIG. 3) to a microprocessor 13, as the elements are scanned in a scanning cycle controlled by the shift register. In front of the CCD is a lens 14, which is arranged to focus onto the vertical line of sensor elements, light from a narrow vertical strip field of view indicated generally at 15 in FIGS. 1 and 2. The strip might be about 5 centimeters high at the tip 16 of the helicopter blades, one of which is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
The lens inverts the image of the field of view 15 and the elements in the CCD are scanned vertically downwards by the shift register so that the image received is that of a thin vertical slice of background, which will be interrupted regularly by a rotating rotor blade.
For calibration purposes, the tip of each blade carries a depending target strip 17 perhaps 10 centimeters high and 3 centimeters wide having at a known distance `L` (perhaps equal to one centimeter) up from the lower edge, a horizontal rectangular hole `L` high and nearly as wide as the target strip 17.
The effect will be that during a scan of the CCD while the field of view 15 is interrupted by a blade and its target 17, the signal received by the microprocessor will be as shown in FIG. 4 consisting of a high signal representing peak white for a time `t` corresponding to viewing of the clear background below the target, and then a period `L`, of low signal represented by the obscuring of light by the bottom of the target, then an equal length period `L2 ` of peak white signal as light is received through the hole 18, and finally a low signal black period until the end of the time `T` of the scan because of the obscuring of light first by the top part of the target 17 and then by the body of the blade.
It will be appreciated that the time `t` before the black signal shown in FIG. 4 will be a measure of the absolute vertical displacement of the lower edge of the target, and hence of the blade in relation to some reference height. The scanning time for the CCD 11 will be shorter than the time it takes for the blade and target to cross the field of view 15, so that several scans are made during the passage of each blade, the lowest reading being taken as the true blade position. The signals from the various blades can be compared so that any variation in the heights of the individual blade tips can be indicated.
The circuit of FIG. 3 includes a number of timing counters 19 used for giving signals representing the quantities `t`, `L1 `, and `L2 `, as shown in FIG. 4. L1 and L2 correspond to the known equal heights of the lowest opaque portion of the target and the hole 18 respectively, and by averaging those values, compensation can be obtained for any errors introduced by any change in the sensing threshold of the logic caused by different levels of lumination. The height corresponding to `L` is known, so that `t` can be accurately determined in terms of that known height `L`. During initial calibration, the blades need not be rotating.
A reference pulse is fed into the circuit of FIG. 3 once per revolution of the rotor, and by relating the signals such as shown in FIG. 4 for each of the rotor blades to that reference pulse, any variation of the circumferential position of any blade from the desired equal circumferential spacing can be indicated even if a variation occurs from revolution to revolution.
A control circuit 22 monitors the peak video output from the CCD sensor, and one output from this is used to control an iris 21 which is part of lens 14. Thus, the peak output from the CCD sensor is maintained for varying light levels.
A second output from the control circuit 22 informs the microprocessor 13 if the light level is too low for satisfactory operation. The microprocessor can then increase the integration time and/or inform the operator that the light level is too low.
An output from the microprocessor representing `t/T` is converted into an analogue signal in a convertor 24 to drive a meter 25 which is conveniently set so that when the meter indicator is at half full scale deflection the image of the hole 18 is in the centre of the field of view 15.
Information from the microprocessor 13 is also sent by way of a serial data interface 26 to a computer which can display the detected information visually.
For use of the system at night, when there is insufficient background illumination, the target 17 can be replaced by one having instead of the hole 18 a highly reflective strip of the same shape facing the camera, and arranged to reflect illumination from a lamp 27 which can in fact be controlled from the microprocessor 13 through a driver 28 to be illuminated only when a blade is due to enter the field of view 15.
The signal received is inverted and so will appear as shown in FIG. 5 being "black" for most of the cyclic period `T` but being "peak white" for an interval `L` corresponding to the reflective strip at the time `t` from the start of the scan.

Claims (9)

    I claim: .[.1. A position detector comprising means defining an elongate field of view, for viewing a target which is arranged to cross the field of view in any of a range of positions along the length of the field of view and having a reference part, a sensor in the form of a line of sensitive elements extending parallel with the field of view and positioned to receive an image of the field of view, and electronic means for repeatedly scanning the elements in scanning cycles and for detecting the particular sensitive element which receives the image of the reference part of the target as the target crosses the field of view..]. .[.2. A detector as claimed in claim 1, in which the target is fixed to a rotor blade, whose position is to be detected..]. .[.3. A detector as claimed in claim 1, in which the target comprises a blade of a helicopter rotor and
  1. the reference part is the edge of the blade..]. 4. .[.A detector as claimed in claim 1, in which the.]. .Iadd.A position detector comprising means defining an elongate field of view, for viewing a target which is arranged to cross the field of view in any of a range of positions along the length of the field of view and which has a reference part, which said .Iaddend.reference part is a slot extending perpendicularly to the length of elongation of the field of view.Iadd., a sensor in the form of a line of sensitive elements extending parallel with the field of view and positioned to receive an image of the field of view, and electronic means for repeatedly scanning the elements in scanning cycles and for detecting the particular sensitive element which receives the image of the reference
  2. part of the target as the target crosses the field of view.Iaddend.. 5. .[.A detector as claimed in claim 4, in which.]. .Iadd.A position detector comprising means defining an elongate field of view, for viewing a target which is arranged to cross the field of view in any of a range of positions along the length of the field of view and which has a reference part, which .Iaddend.said reference part is a reflecting line and further including a source of radiation to which the sensor is sensitive for illuminating the reflecting line when the target is in the field of view.Iadd., a sensor in the form of a line of sensitive elements extending parallel with the field of view and positioned to receive an image of the field of view, and electronic means for repeatedly scanning the elements in scanning cycles and for detecting the particular sensitive element which receives the image of the reference part of the target as the target
  3. crosses the field of view.Iaddend.. 6. .[.A detector as claimed in claim 1, in which the.]. .Iadd.A position detector comprising means defining an elongate field of view, for viewing a target which is arranged to cross the field of view in any of a range of positions along the length of the field of view and having a reference part, in which said .Iaddend.means defining the elongate field of view comprises an elongate lens.Iadd., and said reference part is a slot extending perpendicularly to the length of elongation of the field of view, and further comprising a sensor in the form of a line of sensitive elements extending parallel with the field of view and positioned to receive an image of the field of view, and electronic means for repeatedly scanning the elements in scanning cycles and for detecting the particular sensitive element which receives the image of the reference part of the target as the target crosses the field of view.Iaddend.. .[.7. A detector as claimed in claim 1, further including computer means connected to receive the output from the sensor and including means for computing the position of the reference part in
  4. the field of view..]. 8. .[.A detector as claimed in claim 7 in combination with.]. .Iadd.A position detector comprising means defining an elongate field of view, for viewing a target which is arranged to cross the field of view in any of a range of positions along the length of the field of view and which has a reference part, .Iaddend.a helicopter rotor .Iadd.having blades constituting the target, .Iaddend..[.and having.]. .Iadd.a sensor in the form of a line of sensitive elements extending parallel with the field of view and positioned to receive an image of the field of view, and electronic means for repeatedly scanning the elements in scanning cycles and for detecting the particular sensitive element which receives the image of the reference part of the target as the target crosses the field of view, computer means connected to receive the output from the sensor and including means for computing the position of the reference part in the field of view, and .Iaddend.means for generating a reference signal once per rotor revolution, and in which the computer means includes means for computing the circumferential position of each
  5. rotor blade in relation to the reference signal. 9. A method of testing a helicopter rotor having blades in which a thin, generally vertical elongate field of view is defined, the rotor is rotated so that the blades in turn cross the vertical field of view, a multi-element sensor extending parallel with the field of view is repeatedly scanned in scanning cycles, and the position of the various blades in the field of view are computed
  6. from signals derived during the scanning cycles. 10. A method as claimed in claim 9, in which the scanning cycle is fast in relation to the time
  7. taken for a blade to cross the field of view. .Iadd.11. The method of claim 10 wherein said elements are scanned several times each time the helicopter blade crosses said field of view. .Iaddend. .Iadd.12. The method of claim 11 wherein the computation involves measuring the ratio of the time between the beginning of the scanning of said elements and the instant when the first of the sensor elements upon which the image of a rotor blade is projected is scanned and the time it takes to scan all of the sensor elements involved. .Iaddend. .Iadd.13. The method of claim 9 wherein said ratio is indicated by the position of a pointer moving over a scale. .Iaddend. .Iadd.14. The position detector of claim 8 wherein said computer means includes means for computing the ratio of the time between the beginning of the scanning of said elements and the instant when the first of the sensor elements upon which the image of a rotor blade is projected is scanned and the time it takes to scan all of the sensor
  8. elements involved. .Iaddend. .Iadd.15. The position detector of claim 14 combined with means for displaying said computed ratio, in which the reference part is a slot in an opaque target secured to a rotor blade between the opposite ends of the target so that the projection of said field of view on said sensor elements when the target comes into the said field of view includes a light area outside said target, followed by the opaque area of said target in advance of said slot, the slot area, and an opaque area of said target beyond the slot, each area being projected onto different elements in the line of elements. .Iaddend. .Iadd.16. The position detector of claim 15 wherein said last mentioned means is a meter movement where said ratio is displayed by the position of a movable
  9. pointer on a scale. .Iaddend. .Iadd.17. The position detector of claim 16 wherein there is provided means responsive to the peak output of the sensing elements corresponding to the peak value of a number of measured values of the said ratio for varying the amount of light projected by said light source upon said field of view to keep the said peak output constant. .Iaddend. .Iadd.18. The method of claim 9 or 12 wherein said signals derived from successive scannings of said elements are averaged. .Iaddend.
US07/194,551 1982-11-10 1988-05-16 Position detector Expired - Lifetime USRE33097E (en)

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GB8232096 1982-11-10
GB8232096 1982-11-10

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JP (1) JPS59135305A (en)
KR (1) KR840006854A (en)
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US20040174542A1 (en) * 2003-03-07 2004-09-09 Boxboro Systems Llc Optical measurement device and method
US7403294B2 (en) * 2003-03-07 2008-07-22 Boxboro Systems, Llc Optical measurement device and method
US20060088414A1 (en) * 2004-10-12 2006-04-27 Snecma Device to measure the axial displacement of the tip of the blades of a turbomachine for tests on the ground, and a process for using the device
US20090088922A1 (en) * 2007-09-26 2009-04-02 Gilbert Ronald Mesec Method to detect mechanical faults and dynamic instability in rotor systems of helicopters, tilt rotor aircraft, and whirl towers
US8041520B2 (en) 2007-09-26 2011-10-18 Gilbert Ronald Mesec Method to detect mechanical faults and dynamic instability in rotor systems of helicopters, tilt rotor aircraft, and whirl towers
US10065732B2 (en) 2012-08-21 2018-09-04 Technology For Energy Corporation Systems and methods of tracking rotor blades
CN105701802A (en) * 2014-11-27 2016-06-22 空客直升机 Device for measuring the angular positions of a rotorcraft blade element relative to a rotor hub, an associated rotor, and a corresponding measurement method
CN105701802B (en) * 2014-11-27 2018-08-10 空客直升机 Measure equipment, method and the associated rotor of gyroplane blade element angle position
US9815565B1 (en) * 2015-03-02 2017-11-14 RPX Technologies, Inc. Tracker and vibration analysis system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DK165427B (en) 1992-11-23
JPH0547762B2 (en) 1993-07-19
EP0112031B1 (en) 1987-08-26
EP0112031A1 (en) 1984-06-27
DK514183D0 (en) 1983-11-10
KR840006854A (en) 1984-12-03
DK514183A (en) 1984-05-11
JPS59135305A (en) 1984-08-03
DE3373207D1 (en) 1987-10-01
CA1227330A (en) 1987-09-29
NO834090L (en) 1984-05-11
US4604526A (en) 1986-08-05

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