WO1989009531A1

WO1989009531A1 - Electro-mechanical transduction apparatus

Info

Publication number: WO1989009531A1
Application number: PCT/US1989/001119
Authority: WO
Inventors: John L. Butler
Original assignee: Image Acoustics, Inc.
Priority date: 1988-03-21
Filing date: 1989-03-20
Publication date: 1989-10-05
Also published as: AU3368989A; US4845688A

Abstract

An electro-mechanical spring which provides amplified motion as well as a compliant structure for attachment (12), at the locations of maximum motion, to other mechanical or acoustical loads or elements (H, T). The spring produces motion in a direction orthogonal (15) to the direction (13) of a piezoelectric (14) or magnetostrictive (20) drive member connected along the major axis (A) of a complete shell (10). The electro-mechanical spring provides a means for obtaining a low frequency large displacement piston type transducer.

Description

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL TRANSDUCTION APPARATUS

RELATED APPLICATIONS

Reference is now made to my two earlier filed patent applications including application Serial No. 06/873,961 file June 13, 1986 on a Flextensional Transducer, and application Serial No. 06/941,106 filed December 12, 1986 on a Directional Flextensional Transducer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates in general to an electro-mechanical transduction apparatus. More particularly, the present invention pertains to an electro-mechanical spring apparatus that is based upon flextensional transducer techniques. Even more particularly the present invention relates to an acoustic transduction device which in particular is adapted to provide large displacement at low resonant frequencies.

2. Background Discussion

Underwater acoustic transducers typically utilize piezoelectric or magnetostrictive materials to produce intense acoustic signals. Since these materials are quite stiff, the design of a compact piston transducer which resonates at low frequencies becomes difficult to achieve unless, of course, a large mass is used. This is not always a satisfactory solutio as it increases the energy stored and raises the mechanical Q of the system. Accordingly, systems with lower stiffness, suc as an electro-dynamic or a variable reluctance mechanism are often used as low frequency resonators. These systems, however, are generally not sufficiently rugged, particularly i connection with the environmental conditions imposed upon such transducers.

One solution for the stiffer drive systems, such as systems using piezoelectric ceramic material, has been to use flexural bars or plates driven into a low frequency bending mode by means of piezoelectric material attached firmly to on side or both sides of the plate. Multiple units may be connected together in mechanical series to increase the displacement and obtain a low resonant frequency. A difficul with the bending plate is that the piezoelectric material is directly attached to the bending plate and this construction limits the amount of stress in the vibrating system since the ceramic material is quite weak in tension. Also large stress can effect the electro-mechanical performance.

Reference is also made to the field of flextensional transducers. In a flextensional transducer only the shell (typically a metal) bends and radiates energy. The flextensional transducer patents of H.C. Hayes, U.S. Patent 2,064,911 (December 22, 1936), .J. Toulis, U.S. Patent 3,277,433 (October 4, 1966) and H.C. Merchant, U.S. Patent 3,258,738 (June 28, 1966) show means for obtaining low frequency resonances with the use of magnetostrictive or piezoelectric active material as a driver along the major axi of a shell in the form of an ellipse or oval shape. These devices, however, normally radiate from both sides and baffle are generally needed to control the radiation. Also, the vibrating surface does not vibrate with a uniform velocity an most of the radiating surface moves with a velocity less than the peak value at the center line of the shell.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved electro-mechanical transduction apparatus.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a compliant electro-mechanical spring transduction device in which either piezoelectric or magnetostrictive members provide motion that is magnified by a flexural-extensional (flextensional) induced bending motion for providing large displacements.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a improved electro-mechanical transduction apparatus that provides a low frequency large displacement, and embodied as piston transducer in relatively compact construction.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an improved electro-mechanical spring that is energize by piezoelectric or magnetostrictive material and in which the spring amplifies the motion of the active material and is combinable either in series to obtain greater displacement or in parallel to obtain greater force.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved electro-mechanical transduction apparatus that may be embodied either as a spring, valve or actuator.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION To accomplish the foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention there is now described herein an improved electro-mechanical transduction apparatus primaril embodied herein as an electro-mechanical spring that may be used in a number of different applications such as for a valve actuator or underwater sound transducer. The apparatus of the present invention may be used individually or in tandem to create mechanical motions. Of particular interest in accordance with one embodiment of the invention there is provided a low frequency piston type transducer capable of large magnified displacements when driven by piezoelectric or magnetostrictive means. The concepts of the present invention permit fabrication of a device in compact size. The compactness of the invention is due at least in part to the arrangement of the drive member being disposed in an orthogona manner to the output motion.

In accordance with the invention there is provided an electro-mechanical transduction apparatus that is comprised of a flextensional transducer shell having orthogonally disposed first and second shell axes, and a transduction drive means having opposed ends. Means are provided for connecting the transduction drives at its opposed ends to the flextensional transducer shell in a position disposed along a first shell axis. The first axis is preferably a major axis of the shell and the second axis is a minor axis, thus providing amplification of motion occasioned by the transduction drive means, in particular along the minor axis of the shell. A mas load is connected to the flextensional transducer shell at at least one location along the second shell axis. Means are provided for exciting the transduction drive means to cause th shell to move in the direction of the first axis to in turn provide complimentary shell motion in the direction of the second axis for driving the mass load.

In accordance with further features of the present invention the flextensional transducer shell may be of different shape configurations. The shell may be of oval, elliptical or concave configuration. The transduction drive means may be comprised of a piezoelectric member or a magnetostrictive member. The piezoelectric member may be comprised of a plurality of sequentially arranged piezoelectri elements that may be connected either in series or in parallel. In the preferred embodiment described herein a pair of mass loads are provided comprised of a head load on one sid of the shell and an inertial tail load on the other side of th shell with both of these loads secured to the shell along the second, or preferably minor, axis. The inertial tail load is heavier than the head load. A further embodiment of the present invention involves the use of a second flextensional transducer shell and associated transduction drive means along with means for interconnecting the shells along their respective axes. In still a further embodiment of the invention four or more electro-mechanical spring devices may b employed in a dual piston arrangement. In this instance a housing is provided for receiving the shell, drive means and mass loads. In still a further embodiment of the present invention the transduction drive means may be held at rest under compression by the shell for improved operation. In still a further arrangement the flextensional transducer shell may be comprised of concave plates with the transduction drive means comprised of a piezoelectric ring having the plates secured to opposite sides thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Numerous other objects, features and advantages of the invention should now become apparent upon a reading of the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A schematically illustrates a piezoelectric spring assembly with end mounts;

FIG. IB schematically illustrates a magnetostrictive spring assembly with end mounts;

FIG. 1C is a perspective view of the assembly of FIG. 1A; FIG. ID is a perspective view of an alternate construction of piezoelectric spring assembly;

FIG. 2 illustrates a pair of electro-mechanical transducers used to drive a head mass relative to a more massive inertial tail mass;

FIG. 3 illustrates a further embodiment of the invention in which the shell is oval, driven by a piezoelectric member and adapted to drive a head mass with the tail mass, head mass and shell all enclosed in a water-tight housing;

FIG. 4 illustrates four piezoelectric springs driving two equal head masses or radiating pistons;

FIG. 5 illustrates a further embodiment of the invention. employing both concave and convex shells combined to form a dual compact spring;

FIG. 6 illustrates still a further embodiment of the invention employing circular concave plates for the shell and a piezoelectric ring for driving a circular piston;

FIG. 7A illustrates an alternate embodiment of the invention in the form of a direct radiator; and

FIG. 7B illustrates an alternate embodiment to that of FIG. 7A in a more compact configuration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In accordance with the present invention, there is now described herein a number of different embodiments for practicing the invention. In accordarce with one aspect of th invention there is provided a transducer for obtaining a low frequency, large displacement by means of a piston transducer that can be constructed in a relatively compact size. In accordance with the present invention there is also provided a mechanical spring that may be energized by either piezoelectri or magnetostrictive members. In either instance the spring amplifies the motion of the active material and these electro-mechanical springs may be combined either in series t obtain greater displacement or in parallel to obtain greater force. The electro-mechanical spring concepts illustrated herein may be also used in making an actuator, or valve, but are described primarily herein in association with acoustic transducers.

The invention described herein, in at least one embodiment, is illustrated by a low resonant, high power compact piston transducer employing a modular electro-acousti flextensional spring section. This modular spring section (module) may be connected to other modules to obtain, a very l resonant frequency. Also, an inertial mass is attached to on surface of the shell to reduce the motion and radiation thereat, and a piston is attached at the opposite side of the shell to produce a uniform motion.

The present invention describes a compliant electro-mechanical spring transduction device that may be driven by either piezoelectric or magnetostrictive means to provide motion that is magnified by a flexural-extensional (flextensional) induced bending motion providing large displacements at the central location on the shell which are coupled at this location to a load. The load may be in the form of a mass or may be comprised of additional electro-mechanical springs. In particular, when the shell is combined with front and rear masses the combination yields a lower resonant frequency for a given length than if the same piezoelectric or magnetostrictive material were used without the spring shell assembly. Also, with the present invention rugged, low frequency, high power, piston type transducers ma be fabricated in a very compact form.

One form of the electro-mechanical spring is shown in FIG 1A with a piezoelectric driving system. In FIG. 1A the shell is illustrated at 10 and may be constructed of a rugged metal material. The shell 10 may be considered as having opposite sides 10A and 10B. A major axis is illustrated at A and a minor axis is illustrated at B. The axes A and B are disposed orthogonally to each other as illustrated. FIG. 1A also illustrates the end mounts 12 associated with the shell and disposed along the axis B.

FIG. 1A also illustrates the piezoelectric drive system at 14 which, in this particular embodiment, is comprised of eight bars 16 wired in parallel and operated in the 33 mode for maximum output. Loads not specifically illustrated in FIG. 1A may be bolted, cemented or welded to the end mounts 12 which are located at the positions of maximum displacement of the shell.

In operation the piezoelectric stack expands during a positive cycle of an alternating voltage applied at the leads. This causes the ends of the spring to move outward as shown by the arrows 13 at the shell major axis ends. The outward motion of these shell ends causes the orthogonal surfaces and connected end mounts 12 to move inward (see arrows 15) with a magnified displacement approximately equal to the ratio of the major to minor dimensions of the shell. On the negative cycle the process reverses and the ends mounts 12 move outward as the piezoelectric stack decreases in size.

The shell 10, as illustrated in FIG. 1A, as well as in FIG. 2, may be electrically isolated from the electric voltage at the ends of the piezoelectric stack by means of mechanicall stiff, electrical insulators at the stack ends as illustrated at 18.

FIG. 1A may be considered as an end view of an open ended, somewhat cylindrical structure. For a more detailed embodiment refer now to FIG. 1C that illustrates a slightly different piezoelectric drive system employing somewhat different configuration end amounts to be described in further detail hereinafter. The perspective view of FIG. 1C illustrates four piezoelectric pieces 16. There is illustrated in FIG. 1C an alternate means for mounting mechanical loads along the minor axis B. In this regard, the shell 10 is considered as being comprised of two opposite flat surfaces 12A each having a pair of bolt holes or threaded holes as illustrated at 12B, for connection to other shells or to a piston or inertial mass. I this shell structure has any substantial length then a number of parallel stacks may be needed, spaced apart appropriately along the shell.

FIGS. 1A and 1C illustrate the driving stack 14 as being comprised of a series of piezoelectric elements 16. Alternatively, the driving stack could also be a single piezoelectric bar operated in the 31 mode. Alternatively, it may be in the form of a planar mode piezoelectric disc if the shell is constructed in the shape of two cones generated by rotation about the minor axis B of the shell cross section of FIG. 1A. The Figure of revolution is comprised of a stiffer structure than is illustrated in FIG. lC. In this regard, refer to FIG. ID. This illustrates a less stiff and preferred configuration.

FIG. ID illustrates orthogonally disposed and commonly interconnected shells SI and S2 having at opposite sides of th transducer flat mounting surfaces Ml and M2. Each of these surfaces has associated therewith mounting holes HI and H2.

In FIG. ID the piezoelectric driver is illustrated at D and is comprised of a plurality of piezoelectric pieces P arranged in a cross pattern and interconnected by means of a centrally disposed, non-piezoelectric member C. In FIG. ID the configuration is less stiff than that of FIG. 1C. The piece C, as mentioned, is a stiff centrally disposed non-piezoelectric member. The loads are attached at the two flat surfaces Ml and M2. The bolt holds HI and H2 allow rigid attachment. Alternatively, a strong adhesive weld may also be used at the surfaces Ml and M2.

Reference is now made to FIG. IB for an illustration of a magnetostrictive drive member 20. In this embodiment of the invention the magnetostrictive member may be constructed of laminated nickel or the highly active rare earth magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol D (Tb ₃Dy _Fe₂). In the embodiment of FIG. IB a. second magnetostrictive element may be disposed in. parallel with the one illustrated and with the further use of magnetic couplers to complete the magnetic circuit, if necessary.

In connection with the use of the magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol D, as well as connection with other materials, it is noted that operation is improved when the material is under compression. This may be obtained by means of expanding the spring through compression on the end mounts. By compressing on the end mounts then the shell expands outwardly at its central area. The magnetostrictive material such as the Terfenol D can then be inserted and this is followed by a release of the compression allowing the shell to now return back to its rest position at the same time compressing the Terfenol D. Alternatively, an additional stress bolt or bolt may be used to compress the material. In this connection it noted the piezoelectric material would also benefit from thes compression procedures because this material is stronger in compression than it is in tension.

The electro-mechanical springs may be used in a number o applications such as valves, actuators or underwater sound transducers. They may also be connected together to increase the displacement and when used with masses to also lower the resonant frequency as illustrated in FIG. 2. The electrical leads may be connected in parallel (plus to plus and minus to minus) or series (plus to minus). With further reference to FIG. 2, it is noted that in this particular embodiment of the invention there is illustrated the head mass H and he inerti tail mass T. These are secured to respective end mounts 12 associated with the springs SI and S2. FIG. 2 also illustrat that the springs SI and S2 are interconnected at their mounts to provide coupling therebetween as illustrated at 12 A in FI 2. ith m being the head mass H, M the tail mass T, and K t stiffness of one of the electro-mechanical springs, the resonant frequency is approximately:

f = (l/2τr) K/m (l + m/M)/N where N is the number of electro-mechanical springs which we have assumed, for simplicity, to be massless in this approximation. Since the springs are more compliant than the piezoelectric material, only a small number may be necessary. In a piston type transducer design the head piston moves at a velocity relative to the tail velocity in the ratio of the tai to head mass ratio. The larger the tail mass, the greater the head motion and the lower the resonant frequency.

This spring illustrated in FIGS. 1A and IB may also be configured in the form of an ellipse or oval as illustrated in FIG. 3. The FIG. 3 embodiment is in the form of an underwater acoustic transducer piston including a housing 35 having isolation means at 37 to isolate back radiation by preventing the fluid from flooding the interior. FIG. 3 illustrates the head mass H and the tail mass T having the spring transducer disposed therebetween. In the illustrated embodiment the masses H and T are shaped to receive the shell 30. Alternatively the oval shell may have flat areas on its oppositely disposed surfaces to mate to the head and tail masses. Bolts 38 are illustrated for securing the opposite sides of the shell with the head mass H and the tail mass T. In the embodiment of FIG. 3 the drive system is a piezoelectri driver 34 comprised of eight separated piezoelectric elements 36. In this embodiment of the invention as the piezoelectric stack oscillates, the head mass (and to a lesser extent the tail mass) moves with magnified motion and the head mass H alone produces radiation into the medium. This is illustrated by the arrow 39 if FIG. 3.

In connection with the embodiment of FIG. 3, it is noted that the head mass H functions as a lumped point mass and it moves with uniform motion at a magnitude equal to the maximum motion of the shell which occurs at the area of the bolt 38. The tail mass is similarly connected to the shell along the minor axis B. Thus, the tail mass T is also connected at the ^"point of maximum motion. However, the tail mass T is massive, and it moves less than the shell 30 or the head mass H resulting in additional net motion of the head mass H.

An alternate arrangement with equal weight tail and head masses and configured as a dual piston device is illustrated i FIG. 4. This embodiment of the invention illustrates four springs SI, S2, S3 and S4. Each of these springs is substantially of the construction illustrated previously in FIG. 3 with the shell being of oval configuration and the drivers being of .multi-element piezoelectric drivers. The electro-mechanical springs are arranged in a 2 by 2 array coupled between the tail and head masses identified in FIG. 4 as dual pistons 40 and 42. FIG. 4 also illustrates isolation at 46 and furthermore illustrates the housing at 44. The housing 44 encloses the pistons and springs.

In FIG. 4 the pistons 40 and 42 move with the same velocity. The electro-mechanical springs SI - S4 are dispose in both series and parallel mechanical arrangements. The parallel arrangement provides better insurance against piston flexing and also provides greater force. The oval shells are also shown connected in mechanical series.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5 for an illustration of a further embodiment of the present invention illustrating a convex or oval shell 50 in combination with a concave shell 52. This, forms a more compact spring arrangement including a separator S. When the separator S is made short in length th overall arrangement is, in particular, quite compact. It is noted in this embodiment, as illustrated by the wiring, becau of the opposite, motion of the shell types, the piezoelectric drivers are wired in opposite phase to attain additive mechanical motion.

An axi-symmetric form of the electro-mechanical spring i shown in cross section in FIG. 6. The electro-mechanical spring is illustrated in an underwater piston transducer application. In the embodiment of FIG. 6 the transducer is comprised of a piston mass P and a tail mass T. The spring i illustrated at S. The piston and tail masses may be assumed be circular as is the spring S.

The spring S is comprised of two circular concave plates 60 and 62 attached to the ends of a piezoelectric ring 64 sho in FIG. 6 in a cross section. The ring 64 may be activated i the 31 mode, or as illustrated, in the 33 mode of electro-mechanical operation. As illustrated in FIG. 6 the circular piston P, the inertial tail mass T and the spring S are interconnected by the compressive bolt 66. Under a positive cycle of operation, the ring 64 expands and causes the two concave shell plates 60 and 62, which are firmly fixed to the ring 64, to move outward causing the piston P to move with maximum motion at the center of the curved circular plates. The plates 60 and 62 may alternatively be convex rather than the illustrated concave plates. However, the concave arrangement is preferred because of its compactness. FIG. 6 also illustrates the preferred stress bolt 66 that is used to compress the piezoelectric ring as well as to hold the piston and tail masses together with the spring.

An alternate embodiment to that of FIG. 6 is now illustrated in FIG. 7A. In the embodiment of FIG. 7A convex shells or plates 70 and 72 are employed with rheir being provided only one mass, illustrated in FIG. 7A as the inertial tail mass 76 attached by bolt 79 to one of the circular convex plates, namely plate 72. FIG. 7A illustrates the plates and mass disposed in housing 75. The inertial tail mass 76 has associated with there a mechanical isolator 77. The circular convex plates 70 and 72 are interconnected by a piezoelectric ring 74. A compliant member 78 interconnects the plate 70 wit the housing.

In FIG. 7A the inertial tail mass 76 inhibits the movemen of the center part of the lower plate 72 while the upper plate 70 is free to move and radiate sound into the medium. The radiating surface is illustrated at 71. In this embodiment no piston mass is used and, consequently the preferred uniform piston motion is not obtained. However, the implementation is simpler. The motion of the plate 72 is a result of the sum of the bending motion of the curved plate 70 along with the added motion of the edge of plate 70 moving as a reaction result of the inertial mass inhibiting the motion of the center of the plate 70. As indicated previously, a housing is illustrated with a flexible annular surround 78 to seal the interior and provide radial support without inhibiting the orthogonal moti in the direction of axis B. The configuration illustrated in FIG. 7A is well suited for operation in air as well as in wat

FIG. 7B illustrates a further alternate embodiment of th invention quite similar to that illustrated in FIG. 7A but having the mass 83 disposed between the shell plates 80 and 82. The components are disposed in a housing 85 and the plat are interconnected by a piezoelectric ring 84. A compliant annulus 86 is also provided.

In the embodiment of FIG. 7B it is noted that the overal arrangement is quite compact. The interior inertial tail mas 83 is disposed between the plates 80 and 82 so as to provide this compactness. Also, the plate 80 is essentially a single piece front plate having a radiating surface 81.

In the embodiments of the invention described herein, th shell is preferably made from a high strength material such a aluminum, steel, glass reinforced plastic, or a fiber composite. As illustrated previously, the drive system may b piezoelectric or magnetostrictive, or possibly a combination thereof.

The particular embodiments described herein all relate t the transmission of energy outwardly from the transducer. However, when the transducer is properly biased either the piezoelectric or the magnetostrictive diversions thereof may used equally well as a means for the reception of energy in addition to the projection of energy. In other words the system of the present invention is reciprocal.

Although the foregoing discussion has been based primari on underwater application, this invention is not limited to such applications, and the principals and teachings set forth herein may also be applied to application in solid materials and in gasses. In a case of gasses the choice of particular materials may be different in order to obtain a better match t the impedance of the gas. For example in the case of an audio transducer for air usages, say as a replacement for a loud speaker, the piezoelectric material may be in the form of a piezoelectric plastic or composite form and the shell and piston may also be plastic or a light but stiff composite material.

A further feature of the present invention illustrated from the foregoing drawing is that the electro-mechanical driv system of this invention is adapted to move in a direction tha is preferable orthogonal to the direction of the desired motio thus allowing a reduced transducer length along the direction of the desired motion yielding a more compact design. To provide the desired amplification in accordance with the present invention the transducer is preferably comprised of a closed shell with a major dimension and an orthogonal minor dimension and driven along its major dimension by a piezoelectric or magnetostrictive transduction mechanism which produces amplified motion along the direction of the minor dimension so that one or more loads attached on the shell at the locations of maximum motion can be employed to provided enhanced transducer action particularly at a low resonant frequencies.

Having now described a limited number of embodiments of the present invention, it should now become apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous other embodiments and modifications thereof are contemplated as falling within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus comprising; a flextensional transducer shell having orthogonally disposed first and second shell axes, a transduction drive means having opposed ends, means connecting the transduction drive means at its opposed ends to the flextensional transducer shell and dispos along said first shell axis, a mass load, means connecting the mass load to the flextensional transducer shell at at least one location along said second shell axis, and means for exciting said transduction drive means to cause said shell to move in the direction of said first axis in turn provide complementary shell motion in the direction of said second axis for driving said mass load.

2. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said first axis is a major axis and said second axis is a minor axis.

3. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 2 wherein said shell is of substantially oval shape.

4. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 2 wherein said shell is of substantially elliptical shape.

5. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said transduction drive means comprises a piezoelectric, member.

6. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said transduction drive means comprises a magnetostrictive member.

7. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said transduction drive means comprises a plurality of sequentially arranged piezoelectric elements.

8. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 7 wherein said piezoelectric elements are connected in series.

9. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 7 wherein said piezoelectric elements are connected in parallel.

10. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 1 including a pair of mass loads comprised of a head load on one side of the shell and an inertial tail load o the other side of the shell, both said loads secured to the shell along said second axis.

11. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 10 wherein said inertial tail load is heavier than said head load.

12. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 10 including a second flextensional transducer shell and transduction drive means, and means interconnecting said shells along their respective first axes.

13. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 10 including a housing for receiving said shel drive means and mass loads.

14. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said means connecting the transducti drive means to the shell comprises end insulator means.

15. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 13 wherein one shell is oval and the other she is concave.

16. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said transduction drive means is hel at rest under compression by said shell.

17. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said flextensional transducer shell of concave shape.

18. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 17 wherein said flextensional transducer shell is comprised of concave plates, and said transduction drive means comprises a piezoelectric ring having the plates secure to opposite sides thereof.

19. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said flextensional transducer shell i a closed shell.

20. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said flextensional transducer shell i comprised of a pair of commonly interconnected and orthogonall disposed shell members.

21. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 20 wherein said transduction drive means is of cross-shape having a centrally disposed common, non-piezoelectric piece.

22. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said flextensional transducer shell i comprised of a pair of convex plates and said transduction drive means comprises a piezoelectric ring.

23. An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 22 wherein said mass load is connected to one o said convex plates.

2 _ An electro-mechanical transduction apparatus as set forth in claim 23 wherein said mass load is positioned between said plates.

25. A method constructing an electro-mechanical transduction device comprising the steps of, providing a close transducer shell having orthogonally disposed first and second shell axes, providing a transduction driver, disposing the transduction driver within the closed shell, and compressing the transduction driver in its normal rest position in the shell.

26. A method as set forth in claim 25 wherein said shell is initially expanded under pressure followed by insertion of the transduction driver and subsequent release of the shell to form transduction drive compression.

27. A method as set forth in claim 25 wherein the step o compressing the transduction driver includes providing means for securing the shell against the transduction driver.

28. A piston transducer comprising a shell having oppositely disposed surfaces adapted to move along a first axis, a transduction driver coupled to said shell and adapted to move along a second axis substantially orthogonal to said first axis, a first piston mass coupled to one side of said shell at said first axis, and a second piston mass connected t the opposite side of said shell at said first said axis.

29. A piston transducer as set forth in claim 28 wherein said transduction drive means comprises a piezoelectric ring.

30. A piston transducer as set forth in claim 28 wherein said first piston mass comprises and active piston and second said piston mass comprises an inertial mass, said inertial mas being substantially larger in mass than said piston mass.

31. A piston transducer as set forth in claim 28 wherein said shell is comprised of two separate plates secured to the transduction driver with the transduction driver disposed therebetween.

32. A piston transducer as set forth in claim 31 wherein said plates are concave.

33. A piston transducer as set forth in claim 31 wherein said plates are convex.

34. A piston transducer as set forth in claim 31 including a compression means for securing together said shell and masses while at the same time compressing the transduction driver.

35. A piston transducer as set forth in claim 31 wherein said plates are convex and said transduction driver comprises piezoelectric ring.