WO1992010543A1 - Hydrosilation reaction - Google Patents

Abstract

Numerous patents teach the use of various complexes of cobalt, rhodium, nickel, palladium, or platinum as catalysts for accelerating the thermally-activated addition reaction (hydrosilation) between a compound containing silicon-bonded hydrogen and a compound containing aliphatic unsaturation. Although platinum complexes and many others are useful as catalysts in processes for accelerating the thermally-activated addition reaction between the compounds containing silicon-bonded hydrogen and compounds containing aliphatic unsaturation, processes for promoting the ultraviolet or visible radiation-activated addition reaction between these compounds are much less common. This invention provides a process for the addition reaction of compounds containing silicon-bonded hydrogen to compounds containing aliphatic unsaturation and compositions suitable for said process. The process is activated by actinic radiation and is conducted in the presence of a platinum complex having one cyclopentadienyl group that is eta-bonded to the platinum atom and three aliphatic groups that are sigma-bonded to the platinum atom and a free-radical photoinitiator that is capable of absorbing actinic radiation such that the hydrosilation reaction is initiated upon exposure to actinic radiation. The invention also provides compositions for use in the aforementioned process.

Description

HYDROSILATION REACTION

Background of the Invention

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a hydrosilation process involving the reaction of a compound containing silicon-bonded hydrogen with a compound containing aliphatic unsaturation in the presence of ultraviolet or visible radiation, and to compositions that are useful in that process. The invention further relates to polysiloxane compositions, prepared by that process, which compositions are useful for preparing dental impressions, adhesives, release liners, and caulking materials. 2. Discussion of the Art

Numerous patents teach the use of various complexes of cobalt, rhodium, nickel, palladium, or platinum as catalysts for accelerating the

thermally-activated addition reaction (hydrosilation) between a compound containing silicon-bonded hydrogen and a compound containing aliphatic unsaturation. For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,288,345 (Ashby et al)

discloses as a catalyst for hydrosilation reactions a platinum-siloxane complex. U.S. Patent No. 3,470,225 (Knorre et al) discloses production of organic silicon compounds by addition of a compound containing

silicon-bonded hydrogen to organic compounds containing at least one non-aromatic double or triple

carbon-to-carbon bond using a platinum compound of the empirical formula PtX₂ (RCOCR'COR")₂ wherein X is

halogen, R is alkyl, R' is hydrogen or alkyl, and R" is alkyl or alkoxy. The catalysts disclosed in the

foregoing patents are characterized by their high catalytic activity. Other platinum complexes for accelerating the aforementioned thermally-activated addition reaction include: a platinacyclobutane complex having the formula (PtCl₂-C₃ H₆ ) . (U.S. Patent No.

3,159,662, Ashby); a complex of a platinous salt and an olefin (U.S. Patent No. 3,178,464, Pierpoint); a

platinum-containing complex prepared by reacting

chloroplatinic acid with an alcohol, ether, aldehyde, or mixtures thereof (U.S. Patent No. 3,220,972, Lamoreaux); a platinum compound selected from trimethylplatinum iodide and hexamethyldiplatinum (U.S. Patent No.

3,313,773, Lamoreaux); a hydrocarbyl or halohydrocarbyl nitrile-platinum (II) halide complex (U.S. Patent No. 3,410,886, Joy); a hexamethyl-dipyridine-diplatinum iodide (U.S. Patent No. 3,567,755, Seyfried et al); a platinum curing catalyst obtained from the reaction of chloroplatinic acid and a ketone having up to 15 carbon atoms (U.S. Patent No. 3,814,731, Nitzsche et al); a platinum compound having the general formula (R')PtX₂ where R' is a cyclic hydrocarbon radical or substituted cyclic hydrocarbon radical having two aliphatic

carbon-carbon double bonds, and X is a halogen or alkyl radical (U.S. Patent No. 4,276,252, Kreis et al);

platinum alkyne complexes (U.S. Patent No. 4,603,215, Chandra et al.); platinum alkenylcyclohexene complexes (U.S. Patent No. 4,699,813, Cavezzan); and a colloidal hydrosilation catalyst provided by the reaction between a silicon hydride or a siloxane hydride and a platinum (0) or platinum (II) complex (U.S. Patent No. 4,705,765, Lewis). Although these platinum complexes and many others are useful as catalysts in processes for

accelerating the thermally-activated addition reaction between the compounds containing silicon-bonded hydrogen and compounds containing aliphatic unsaturation,

processes for promoting the ultraviolet or visible radiation-activated addition reaction between these compounds are much less common. Platinum complexes that

SHEET can be used to initiate ultraviolet radiation-activated hydrosilation reactions have been disclosed, e.g., platinum azo complexes (U.S. Patent No. 4,670,531, Eckberg); (η⁴-cyclooctadiene)diarylplatinum complexes (U.S. Patent No. 4,530,879, Drahnak); and

(η⁵-cyclopentadienyl) trialkylplatinum complexes (U.S. Patent No. 4,510,094, Drahnak). Other compositions that are curable by ultraviolet radiation include those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,640,939 and 4,712,092 and in European Patent Application No. 0238033.

However, these patents do not indicate that the platinum complexes disclosed therein would be useful for

initiating a visible radiation-activated hydrosilation reaction. U.S. Patent No. 4,916,169 describes

hydrosilation reactions activated by visible radiation.

Summary of the Invention

In one aspect, this invention provides an improved process for the actinic radiation-activated addition reaction of a compound containing

silicon-bonded hydrogen with a compound containing aliphatic unsaturation, said addition being referred to as hydrosilation, the improvement comprising using, as a platinum hydrosilation catalyst, an

(η⁵-cyclopentadienyl)tri(σ-aliphatic)platinum complex, and, as a reaction accelerator, a free-radical

photoinitiator capable of absorbing actinic radiation, i.e., light having a wavelength ranging from about 200 nm to about 800 nm. The process can also employ, as a sensitizer, a compound that absorbs actinic radiation, and that is capable of transferring energy to the aforementioned platinum complex or platinum

complex/free-radical photoinitiator combination, such that the hydrosilation reaction is initiated upon exposure to actinic radiation. The process is

applicable both to the synthesis of low molecular weight compounds and to the curing of high molecular weight compounds, i.e., polymers, containing unsaturated groups, e.g., -C=C-. For example, the process comprises exposing to actinic radiation, i.e., radiation having a wavelength of about 200 nm to about 800 nm, a

composition capable of undergoing hydrosilation

comprising.

(c) a platinum complex catalyst having one

cyclopentadienyl group that is eta-bonded to the platinum atom and three aliphatic groups that are sigma-bonded to the platinum atom, and

(d) a free-radical photoinitiator capable of

absorbing actinic radiation between 200 and 800 nm, such as:

or

The composition can also contain a sensitizer capable of absorbing actinic radiation having a wavelength of about 200 nm to about 800 nm, such as:

The invention further involves novel compositions, capable of undergoing hydrosilation, containing both the aforementioned platinum complex and the aforementioned free-radical photoinitiator. The compositions can also contain the aforementioned sensitizer.

Important applications of the process and compositions of the invention include adhesives, coatings, and light curable materials for dental

applications, e.g., impressions.

The main advantage of using the free-radical photoinitiator in the actinic radiation-activated addition reaction of compounds containing silicon-bonded hydrogen with compounds containing aliphatic

unsaturation is the unexpectedly high acceleration of the reaction, e.g., up to about a 40% reduction in curing time. Detailed Description

As used in this application, the term "compound", unless indicated otherwise, is a chemical substance which has a particular molecular identity or is made of a mixture of such substances, e.g., polymeric substances. The term "hydrosilation" means the addition of organosilicon compounds containing silicon-bonded hydrogen to a compound containing an aliphatic multiple bond, and in the hydrosilation process described in this application, it refers to those processes in which platinum-containing catalysts are used to effect the addition of an organosilicon compound having a

silicon-bonded hydrogen atom to an aliphatically unsaturated compound having either olefinic or

acetylenic unsaturation.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the platinum complex is an (η⁵-cyclopentadienyl)tri(σ- aliphatic)platinum complex having the formula:

wherein

Cp represents a cyclopentadienyl group that is

eta-bonded to the platinum atom, the cyclopentadienyl group being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere in a hydrosilation reaction, and each of R¹, R², and R³ represents an aliphatic

group having from one to eighteen carbon atoms, said R¹, R² , and R³ groups being

sigma-bonded to the platinum atom.

The groups represented by R¹, R², and R³ can be unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl groups, or unsubstituted or substituted acyl groups, said

substituents, if any, not interfering in a hydrosilation reaction. The groups can be straight-chain,

branched-chain, and, if sufficiently large, cyclic.

(η⁵-Cyclopentadienyl)trimethylplatinum can be prepared by the addition of a solution of

cyclopentadienylsodium in tetrahydrofuran to an

equimolar amount of iodotrimethylplatinum dissolved in benzene, and isolation of the product complex from the reaction mixture according to the procedure of S. D.

Robinson and B. L. Shaw, J. Chem. Soc, 1965, 1529.

other (η⁵-cyclopentadienyl)trialiphaticplatinum

complexes can be prepared by using corresponding amounts of substituted cyclopentadienylsodium in place of cyclopentadienylsodium and various trialiphatic platinum halides in place of iodotrimethylplatinum.

Representative examples of suitable (η⁵-cyclopentadienyl)trialiphaticplatinum complexes useful in the practice of this invention include the following, in which (Cp) represents the

(η⁵-cyclopentadienyl) group: (Cp)trimethylplatinum

(Cp)ethyldimethylplatinum

(Cp)triethylplatinum

(Cp)triallylplatinum

(Cp)tripentylplatinum

(Cp)trihexylplatinum

(methyl-Cp)trimethylplatinum

(trimethylsilyl-Cp)trimethylplatinum

(phenyldimethylsilyl-Cp)trimethylplatinum

(Cp)acetyldimethylplatinum

Other suitable (η⁵-cyclopentadienyl)trialiphaticplatinum complexes suitable for this invention are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,510,094, incorporated herein by reference.

Photoinitiators suitable for this invention are those compounds capable of generating free radicals upon absorption of actinic radiation between 200 and 800 nm and are preferably selected from the following classes of compounds: (1) monoketals of α-diketones or α-ketoaldehydes, and (2) acyloins and their

corresponding ethers.

Monoketals of α-diketones and α-ketoaldehydes have the general formula:

wherein R⁴ preferably represents an aryl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere with the hydrosilation reaction, and R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ each independently represents a member selected from the group consisting of an aryl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere with the hydrosilation reaction, an aliphatic group having from one to eighteen carbon atoms, and hydrogen. Representative examples of these compounds are the commercially available

derivatives "Irgacure" 651 (Ciba Geigy), for which R⁴ and R⁵ each represents the phenyl group, and R⁶ and R⁷ each represents the methyl group, "Irgacure" 184 (Ciba Geigy), for which R⁴ represents the phenyl group, R⁷ represents hydrogen, and R⁵ and R⁶ together represent the group -(-CH₂-)-₅, and "DEAP" (Union Carbide Corp.), for which R⁴ represents the phenyl group, R⁵ represents hydrogen, and R⁶ and R⁷ each represents the ethyl group.

Acyloins and their correspbnding ethers have the general formula:

wherein R⁸ preferably represents an unsubstituted aryl group or an aryl group substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere with the hydrosilation reaction, and R⁹, R¹⁰, and R¹¹ each independently represents a member selected from the group consisting of an aryl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere with the hydrosilation reaction, an aliphatic group having from one to eighteen carbon atoms, and hydrogen.

Representative examples of these compounds are the commercially available derivatives "Darocure" 1173 (EM Industries, Inc.), for which R⁸ represents the phenyl group, R⁹ and R¹⁰ each represents the methyl group, and R^{1 1} represents hydrogen, "Darocure" 1116 (EM Industries, Inc.), for which R⁸ represents the 4-isopropylphenyl group, R⁹ and R¹⁰ each represents the methyl group, and R¹¹ represents hydrogen, and "Vicure" 30 (Stauffer

Chemical Co.), for which R⁸ and R⁹ each represents the phenyl group, R¹⁰ represents hydrogen, and R¹¹

represents the methyl group.

Sensitizers suitable for this invention are those compounds capable of absorbing actinic radiation within the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e., about 200 nm to about 800 nm, and capable of transferring energy to the platinum complex. They must not inhibit the

hydrosilation reaction. Sensitizers are preferably selected from two classes of compounds: 1) polycyclic aromatic compounds, and 2) aromatic compounds containing a ketone chromophore. The sensitizer compounds can be substituted with any substitutent that does not

interfere with the light absorbing and energy

transferring capabilities of the sensitizer compound or the hydrosilation catalyst. Examples of typical

substituents include alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, aralkyl, alkaryl, halogen, etc. Representative examples of polycyclic aromatic sensitizers suitable for the invention include anthracene, 9-vinylanthracene,

9 ,10-dimethylanthracene, 9,10-dichloroanthracene,

9,10-dibromoanthracene, 9,10-diethylanthracene,

9,10-diethoxyanthracene,

2-ethyl-9,10-dimethylanthracene, naphthacene, pentacene, benz[a]anthracene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, azulene, and the like.

Some of the foregoing examples are illustrated below:

anthracene

9,10-dimethylanthracene

9,10-dichloroanthracene

benz[a]anthracene

Representative examples of aromatic ketone sensitizers suitable for this invention include

2-chlorothioxanthone, 2-isopropylthioxanthone,

thioxanthone, anthraquinone, benzophenone,

1-chloroanthraquinone, bianthrone, and the like. Some of the foregoing examples are illustrated below:

thicxanthone 2-chlorothioxanthone 1-chloroanthraquinone Turning now to the reactants to be used in the radiation-activated addition reaction, compounds

containing aliphatic unsaturation which are useful in the present invention have olefinic or acetylenic unsaturation. These compounds are well-known in the art of hydrosilation and are disclosed in such patents as U.S. Patent No. 3,159,662 (Ashby), U.S. Patent No.

3,220,972 (Lamoreaux), and U.S. Patent No. 3,410,886 (Joy), which disclosures of said compounds are

incorporated herein. In instances where these

unsaturated compounds contain elements other than carbon and hydrogen, it is preferred that these elements be either oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, a halogen, or a combination thereof. The aliphatically unsaturated compound can contain one or more carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds. Representative examples of the

aliphatically unsaturated hydrocarbons which can be employed include mono-olefins, for example, ethylene, propylene, and 2-pentene; diolefins, for example, divinylbenzene, butadiene, and 1,5-hexadiene;

cycloolefins, for example, cyclohexene and cycloheptene; and monoalkynes, for example, acetylene, propyne, and l-buten-3-yne. The aliphatically unsaturated compounds can have up to 20 to 30 carbon atoms, or more.

Oxygen-containing aliphatically unsaturated compounds can also be used, especially where the

unsaturation is ethylenic, such as methyl vinyl ether, divinyl ether, phenyl vinyl ether, monoallyl ether of ethylene glycol, allyl aldehyde, methyl vinyl ketone, phenyl vinyl ketone, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, allyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, allyl methacrylate, vinylacetic acid, vinyl acetate, and linolenic acid. Heterocyclic compounds containing aliphatic unsaturation in the ring, such as

dihydrofuran, and dihydropyran, are also suitable for the present invention. Halogenated derivatives of the previously mentioned aliphatically unsaturated compounds can be employed, including acyl chlorides as well as compounds containing a halogen substituent on a carbon atom other than a carbonyl carbon atom. Such halogen-containing compounds include, for example, vinyl chloride, and the vinyl chlorophenyl esters.

Unsaturated compounds containing nitrogen substituents such as acrylonitrile, N-vinylpyrrolidone alkyl cyanide, nitroethylene, etc., are also useful in the practice of the present invention.

Other unsaturated compounds useful in the practice of the present invention include polymers containing aliphatic unsaturation, such as the polyester resins prepared from polybasic saturated or unsaturated acids with polyhydric unsaturated alcohols, and the polyester resins prepared by reacting unsaturated polybasic acids with saturated polyhydric alcohols.

A particularly useful type of unsaturated compound which can be employed in the practice of the present invention is that containing silicon, such as those compounds commonly referred to as organosilicon monomers or polymers. These unsaturated organosilicon compounds have at least one aliphatically unsaturated organic radical attached to silicon per molecule. The aliphatically unsaturated organosilicon compounds include silanes, polysilanes, siloxanes, silazanes, as well as monomeric or polymeric materials containing silicon atoms joined together by methylene or

polymethylene groups or by phenylene groups.

Preferred among the aliphatically unsaturated organosilicon compounds useful in the present invention are the monomeric silanes having the empirical formula

the cyclopolysiloxanes having the empirical formula (R¹²R¹³SiO)_d III and the polyorganosiloxanes having the empirical formula

wherein

R¹² represents a monovalent aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbyl group,

R¹³ represents a monovalent saturated hydrocarbyl group,

X represents a hydrolyzable group,

b represents an integer from 1 to 4, inclusive, c represents zero or an integer from 1 to 3,

inclusive, the

sum of b and c being 1 to 4,

d represents an integer from 3 to 18, inclusive, e represents a number having a value of 0.0001 to 1, inclusive, and

f represents zero or a number such that the sum of e and f is equal to 1 to 2, inclusive.

Monovalent aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbyl groups represented by R¹² include alkenyl, for example, vinyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, 3-butenyl, and 5-hexenyl. Groups represented by R¹³ include, for example, alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, and- pentyl; cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl; aryl groups such as phenyl and tolyl; aralkyl groups, such as benzyl and phenylethyl; and halogenated hydrocarbyl groups, such as haloalkyl, e.g., chloromethyl, trichloromethyl, and 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, and haloaryl, e.g.,

chlorophenyl. Hydrolyzable groups represented by X include, for example, halogen groups such as chloro, bromo, and iodo; alkoxy groups such as methoxy, ethoxy, and phenoxy; and acyloxy groups such as acetoxy,

propionoxy, and benzoyloxy. A hydrolyzable group is one which undergoes a displacement reaction with water.

In one particularly preferred embodiment of the process of the invention, the compound containing aliphatic unsaturation is an aliphatically unsaturated polyorganosiloxane represented by the general formula:

wherein

each R¹⁴ can be the same or different and

represents a non-halogenated or halogenated ethylenically- unsaturated group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, such as vinyl, propenyl, and chlorovinyl, a non-halogenated or

halogenated alkyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, hexyl, octyl, dodecyl, octadecyl,

trichloromethyl, and 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, a non-halogenated or halogenated cycloalkyl group having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms, such as cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl, or phenyl, at least 70% of all R¹⁴ groups being methyl groups, but no more than 10% of all R¹⁴ groups being vinyl or other alkenyl, e.g., having 3 to 18 carbon atoms, and at least one of the R¹⁴ groups being vinyl or other alkenyl, e.g., having 3 to 18 carbon atoms;

h represents a number having a value from 1 to

about 3,000; and

g represents 0, 1, 2, or 3.

The reactant containing the silicon-hydrogen linkage can be a polymeric compound or a compound that is not polymeric. These compounds are well-known in the art and are disclosed in the patents which describe the aliphatically unsaturated reactant, i.e., Ashby, U.S. Patent No. 3,159,662; Lamoreaux, U.S. Patent No.

3,220,972; and Joy, U.S. Patent No. 3,410,886. The reactant containing the silicon-hydrogen linkage should contain at least one silicon-bonded hydrogen atom per molecule, with no more than three hydrogen atoms

attached to any one silicon atom.

Some classes of compounds having a

silicon-bonded hydrogen atom which can be used in the invention are organosilanes having the empirical

formula:

(H)_jSi(R¹⁵)_k(X)_(4-j-k) VI organocyclopolysiloxanes having the empirical formula:

(HR¹⁵SiO)_d VII and organohydrosiloxane polymers or copolymers having the empirical formula:

(R¹⁵)_fSi(H)_eO_(4-e-f)/2 VIII wherein

R¹⁵ represents an organic group, preferably

selected from the group consisting of monovalent hydrocarbyl groups, and halogenated monovalent hydrocarbyl g-roups,

j represents the integer 1, 2, or 3,

k represents zero or an integer of 1 to 3,

inclusive, the sum of j and k being equal to 1 to 4, and

X, d, e and f are as defined above for formulas II, III, and IV.

Among the groups represented by R15 include, for example, alkyl groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, octyl, and octadecyl;

cycloalkyl groups having 5 to 7 ring carbon atoms, e.g., cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl; aryl groups having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, tolyl, xylyl; and combinations of alkyl and aryl groups, e.g., aralkyl groups, such as, benzyl and phenylethyl, and

halo-substituted groups thereof, e.g., chloromethyl, chlorophenyl, and dibromophenyl. Preferably, the R¹⁵ group is methyl or both methyl and phenyl. The R¹⁵ group can also be an unsaturated aliphatic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as alkenyl or cycloalkenyl, e.g., vinyl, allyl and cyclohexenyl. When the R¹⁵ group is a group with aliphatic unsaturation, the silicon compound containing silicon-hydrogen linkages can be reacted with itself to form a polymer.

Among the inorganic compounds which contain silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms and which are useful as reactants in the process of the present invention are included, for example, trichlorosilane, dibromosilane, pentachlorodisilane, pentachlorodisiloxane, and

heptachlorotrisilane.

A preferred compound having silicon-bonded hydrogen useful in this invention is a

polyorganohydrosiloxane having the general formula:

wherein

each R¹⁶ can be the same or different and

represents hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group, at least one but not more than one-half of all the R¹⁶ groups in the siloxane being hydrogen, m represents 0, 1, 2, or 3, and

n represents a number having an average value from 1 to about 3,000. The hydrosilation composition useful in the synthesis of low molecular weight compounds by the process of the invention can be prepared by mixing about 0.1 to about 10.0 equivalent weights of the compound having silicon-bonded hydrogen with one equivalent weight of the compound having aliphatic unsaturation and then adding an amount of platinum complex catalyst sufficient to catalyze the reaction and an amount of a free-radical photoinitiator sufficient to accelerate the reaction. Optionally, an amount of a sensitizer

sufficient to sensitize the platinum

complex/free-radical photoinitiator combination upon exposure to actinic radiation having a wavelength from about 200 nm to about 800 nm can alsσ be added. The amount of the catalyst can range from about 5 to about 1,000 parts by weight, preferably from about 50 to about 500 parts by weight, per 1,000,000 parts by weight of the total composition. The amount of free-radical photoinitiator can range from about 50 to about 50,000 parts by weight, preferably from about 100 to about 5,000 parts by weight, per 1,000,000 parts by weight of the total composition. The amount of sensitizer can range from about 50 to about 50,000 parts by weight, preferably from about 100 to about 5,000 parts by weight, per 1,000,000 parts by weight of the total composition.

Known techniques can be used to conduct the hydrosilation reaction. In carrying out a hydrosilation reaction in the practice of this invention, the

reactants and catalyst can be introduced into a vessel equipped for stirring, where the mixture is stirred until it is homogenous. If either of the reactants is a solid or is extremely viscous, a solvent can be

introduced into the vessel to facilitate uniform mixing of the reactants. Suitable solvents include aromatic hydrocarbons, such as xylene and toluene; aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as hexane and mineral spirits; and halogenated hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzene and trichloroethane. It is desirable that the solvent be transmissive to actinic radiation. From about 0.1 to about 10 parts of solvent per part by weight of the combined reactants may be used. The resulting reaction product will generally be sufficiently pure for its intended use. However, it may be desirable to remove the solvent if one has been employed.

The hydrosilation compositions useful in the preparation of higher molecular weight cured siloxane polymers, by the process of this invention, can be prepared by mixing an aliphatically unsaturated

polysiloxane and the compound having silicon-bonded hydrogen in such a proportion so as to provide about 0.1 to about 10.0 silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms per

unsaturated group, and then adding from about 5 to about 1,000 parts by weight, preferably from about 50 to about 500 parts by weight of platinum complex catalyst and from about 50 to about 50,000 parts by weight,

preferably from about 100 to about 5,000 parts by weight of a free-radical photoinitiator. Optionally, from about 50 to about 50,000 parts by weight, preferably from about 100 to about 5,000 parts by weight of

sensitizer, per 1,000,000 parts by weight of the total composition, can be added. The reaction mixture can be mixed, as by stirring, blending, or tumbling, until it is homogenous.

The thoroughly mixed composition can then be applied to a substrate by any suitable means, such as by spraying, dipping, knife coating, curtain coating, roll coating, or the like, and the coating cured by using conventional techniques for providing actinic radiation. It is preferred that curing be conducted by exposing the coated substrate to radiation having a wavelength of about 200 nm to about 800 nm. Depending on the

particular silicone formulation, catalyst, free-radical photoinitiator, optional sensitizer, and intensity of the actinic radiation, curing can be accomplished in a period from less than one second to less than 30 minutes. Any radiation source emitting radiation above about 200 nm can be used. Examples of suitable

radiation sources include tungsten halogen lamps, xenon arc lamps, mercury arc lamps, incandescent lamps, and fluorescent lamps. Particularly preferred sources of actinic radiation are tungsten halogen, xenon arc, and mercury arc lamps.

Various additives conventionally included in hydrosilation compositions can be included in the curable compositions, depending on the intended purpose of the composition. Fillers and/or pigments, such as chopped fibers, crushed polymers, talc, clay, titanium dioxide, and fumed silica can be added. Soluble dyes, oxidation inhibitors, and/or any material that does not interfere with the catalytic activity of the platinum complex and does not absorb actinic radiation at the absorption wavelength of the free-radical

photoinitiator, or of the optional sensitizer, can be added to the composition.

The shelf life of the curable compositions containing the catalyst and sensitizer can be extended by the addition of a conventional catalyst inhibitor. The amount of catalyst inhibitor can vary from about 1 to about 10 times, or more, the amount of platinum complex, depending on the activity- of the particular complex or complex-accelerator used and the shelf life desired for the composition. Greater amounts of

inhibitor should be used with the more active complexes, with lesser amounts being used for the less active complexes. Hydrosilation inhibitors are well known in the art and include such compounds as acetylenic

alcohols, certain polyolefinic siloxanes, pyridine, acrylonitrile, organic phosphines and phosphites, unsaturated amides, and alkyl maleates. The hydrosilation compositions of this invention can be applied to the surface of any solid substrate for a variety of purposes. Examples of such substrates include paper, cardboard, wood, cork, plastic, such as polyester, nylon, polycarbonate, etc., woven and nonwoven fabric, such as cotton, polyester, nylon, etc., metal, glass, and ceramic.

It is often advantageous to prime the surface of non-porous substrates to which the hydrosilation composition is to be applied to improve the adhesion of the composition to the substrate. Many primers and priming techniques (e.g., corona treatment) are

described in the art and should be chosen on the basis of the substrate to be used. For example, the

epoxy-functional siloxanes as taught in U.S. Patent No. 4,243,718 (Murai et al) are useful for priming the surface of plastic films such as polyester and

polyvinylchloride.

Compositions of this invention can be applied and cured in relatively thick sections, such as an impression material for dental applications or a fast-setting caulking material.

Advantages of this invention are further illustrated by the following examples, where the parts referred to are parts by weight. The particular materials and amounts recited as well as other

conditions and details given should not be construed to unduly limit this invention.

Compositions of this inventions were evaluated for cure speed in the following manner.

Molds made from a 1.5 mm thick "Teflon" sheet with a 6 mm diameter hole through the sheet were clamped to clean glass slides so that the central axis of the hole in the mold was normal to the glass slide. The hole was filled with a sample of the composition being evaluated. A "Visilux" 2 dental curing light (available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company) with a light output in the visible region of the spectrum between 400 and 500 nm was clamped to a ring stand and positioned such that the cylindrical tip of the light source was 5.0 mm above the top of the "Teflon" mold. The center of the 6 mm diameter sample was directly beneath the light tip. The sample was irradiated with the "Visilux" 2 light until a tack-free, cohesive silicone polymer was obtained as determined with a metal probe. Compositions were evaluated for cure speed under ultraviolet radiation by placing small samples of each formulation in shallow 2 inch diameter aluminum pans and irradiating the samples at a distance of 25 cm under a bank of six Sylvania 15 Watt "Black Light" bulbs or at a distance of 5 mm from a Caulk/Hanovia "Black Light", each with a maximum intensity output at 365 nm. All samples were tested in duplicate or triplicate.

Example 1

A stock composition was prepared by mixing in a glass container 85 parts by weight of vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane polymer having the formula:

and 15 parts by weight of a compound containing

silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms having the formula:

To 10.0 g portions of this stock composition were added the photohydrosilation catalyst CpPt(CH₃ )₃ at a

concentration of 960 ppm platinum and a photoinitiator selected from "Irgacure" 651, "Irgacure" 184, "Darocure" 1173, and "Daracure" 1116 at a concentration of 1,000 ppm. Compositions were irradiated as previously

described, and the times until gelation of these

compositions are set forth in Table I.

Table I

Gel time (sec)

Photoinitiator Ultraviolet

("Black Visible

Light") ( "Visilux"2) --- 123 162

"Irgacure" 651 118 107

"Irgacure" 184 113 116

"Darocure" 1173 111 136

"Darocure" 1116 101 108

The results in Table I indicate that several photoinitiators are capable of increasing the speed of a hydrosilation reaction.

Example 2

To each of four 2 g portions of the stock composition of Example 1 in glass vials were added 960 ppm platinum in the form of CpPt(CH₃)₃ and from 0 to 4,000 ppm of the photoinitiator "Darocure" 1173.

Compositions were irradiated as previously described, and gelation times of each composition are set forth in Table II. Table II

Amount of Gel time ( sec) photoiniti .ator Ultraviolet Visible

(ppm) (Caulk/Hanovia) ("Visilux"2) -- 240 143

1333 137 130

2666 137 124

4000 143 118

The data in Table II show that the rate of cure

increases with increasing amounts of "Darocure" 1173 photoinitiator under a source of visible light up to a level of at least 4,000 ppm and under a source of ultraviolet light to a level of approximately 1,333 ppm.

Example 3

To each of four compositions prepared as described in Example 2 were added 960 ppm platinum in the form of CpPt(CH₃)₃ and 1,000 ppm of the

photosensitizer 2-chlorothioxanthone. Samples were irradiated as previously described, and the time until gelation of these compositions is set forth in Table III.

Table III

Amount of Amount of Gel time (sec) photosensitizer photoinitiator Ultraviolet Visible (ppm) (ppm) (Caulk/Hanovia) ("Visilux"

2)

240 143

1 , 000 162 40 1 , 000 1 , 333 164 38 1 , 000 2 , 666 155 35 1 , 000 4 , 000 134 25

The data in Table III show that the addition of 2-chlorothioxanthone results in a significant

enhancement of cure speed relative to that of the unsensitized compositions. Further enhancement can be achieved upon addition of "Darocure" 1173 photoinitiator up to a level of at least 4,000 ppm under a source of either ultraviolet or visible light.

Example 4

A stock composition was prepared by mixing in a glass container 97.5 parts by weight of a

vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane having the

formula:

and 2.5 parts by weight of a compound containing

silicon-bonded hydrogen having the formula:

To 10.0 g aliquots of this composition were added

CpPt(CH₃)₃ to the extent of from 50 to 500 ppm Pt and varying amounts of a photoinitiator selected from

"Irgacure" 651, "Irgacure" 184, "Darocure" 1173, and "Darocure" 1116. Samples were irradiated as previously described, and the time until gelation of these

compositions is set forth in Table IV.

Table IV

Amount of Gel time (sec)

PhotoAmount catalyst Ultraviolet

initiator (ppm) (ppm) C 'Black Visible

Light") ("Visilux"2)

50 130 130

- - 200 70 75

- - 500 60 60

"Irgacure"

651 500 50 250 > 300

500 500 50 40

100 200 65 69

100 500 52 57

"Irgacure"

184 500 500 55 49

100 500 53 59

"Darocure"

1173 500 500 53 46

100 500 52 60

"Darocure"

1116 500 500 50 48

100 500 52 56 The data in Table IV show that the greatest increase in cure speed is observed when the catalyst and

photoinitiator are present in approximately equal amounts.

Example 5

This example illustrates the release

characteristics of coatings prepared with the

compositions of this invention. To a 30.0 g aliquot of the stock composition of Example 2 were added 9.4 mg of CpPt(CH₃)₃ (200 ppm Pt), 15 mg of 2-chlorothioxanthone (500 ppm), and 15 mg of "Irgacure" 651 photoinitiator (500 ppm). The composition was coated on super

calendered Kraft paper at a coating weight of 1 to 2 g/m² and cured by irradiation under an atmosphere of nitrogen in a PPG processor that advanced the sample at a rate of 50 cm/sec under two medium pressure mercury lamps emitting 120 watts of radiation per centimeter of lamp length and subsequent heating in a circulating air oven at 100°C for 2 minutes. Similarly coated samples that were not exposeά to radiation did not cure when heated at 100°C.

The release value of the cured silicone coating was determined by the following procedure: A heptane-isopropyl alcohol solution of pressure-sensitive adhesive comprising isooctyl acrylate (95.5% by

weight)-acrylic acid (4.5% by weight) copolymer, as described in Example 5 of U.S. Patent No. Re. 24,906, incorporated herein by reference, was applied to the cured silicone coating and dried for 5 minutes at 70°C in a circulating air oven to give a dry coating weight of 32 g/m². A biaxially oriented film of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (38 micrometers thick) was pressed against the surface of the coating to produce a laminate consisting of a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape and a silicone-coated substrate. The laminate was cut into 2.5 x 25 cm strips. An average value of 15 g per 2.5 cm of width was measured to be the force required to pull the PET film with adhesive attached thereto (i.e., a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape) away from the

silicone-coated substrate at an angle of 180° and a pulling speed of 230 cm/min.

The readhesion value of the pressure-sensitive tapes was determined by the following procedure: The pressure-sensitive tapes, as removed from the silicone coated surface, were applied to the surface of a clean glass plate. An average value of 1,400 g per 2.5 cm of width was measured to be the force required to pull the tape from the glass surface at an angle of 180° and a pulling speed of 230 cm/min. A control readhesion value was obtained for the pressure-sensitive tape by applying the tape, which had not been placed in contact with a silicone-coated surface, to a clean glass plate and measuring the force required to remove the tape from the plate. The control readhesion value was 1,500 g per 2.5 cm of width.

Example 6

This example illustrates the preparation of a silicone-based pressure-sensitive adhesive tape from a composition of this invention. A mixture of the

following three ingredients was prepared:

(1) 13.6 g of a dimethylvinylsiloxy endblocked

polydimethylsiloxane containing an average of 25.1 dimethylsiloxane units per molecule;

(2) 25.6 g of a dimethylhydrogensiloxy endblocked polydimethylsiloxane containing an average of 28.7 dimethylsiloxane units per molecule; and

(3) 100.0 g of a 60 percent by weight solution in xylene of a resinous organosiloxane copolymer comprising CH₃SiO_1/2, SiO_5/2H and SiO_{4 /2} units in a ratio of 41.6 : 10.5: 47.6. The copolymer exhibited a number average molecular

ET weight, determined by gel permeation

chromatography, of about 2,600 and a dispersity index of 2.6.

The mixture was stripped of volatile material by heating at 65°C under less than 0.5 mm of Hg pressure on a rotary evaporator. To the resulting viscous mixture were added 0.80 g of

1,3,5,7-tetravinyltetramethylcyclotetra- siloxane, 2.0 g of toluene, 78 mg of CpPt(CH₃)₃ (500 ppm Pt), 100 mg of 2-chlorothioxanthone (1,000 ppm), and 100 mg of "Irgacure" 651 photoinitiator (1,000 ppm). The composition was knife coated at a thickness of 0.05 mm on a 0.05 mm thick polyethylene terephthalate film, and the coating was cured by irradiation under an atmosphere of nitrogen in a PPG processor that advanced the sample at a rate of 50 cm/sec under two medium pressure mercury lamps emitting 120 watts of radiation per centimeter of lamp length and subsequent heating in a circulating air oven at 100°C for two minutes.

Adhesion was determined essentially according to the procedure described in ASTM D-330 (1983). Strips of the tape 2.54 cm wide and approximately 25 cm long were adhered to a glass surface using a 2.04 kg rolled weight. An average value of 1,600 g per 2.5 cm of width was measured to be the force required to pull the adhesive tape away from the glass surface at an angle of 180° and a pulling speed of 230 cm/min.

Shear strength was determined essentially according to the procedure described in ASTM D-3654 (1982). Specimens 1.27 cm wide and approximately 8 cm long were adhered to a bright annealed steel surface with an overlap area of 1.27 cm by 1.27 cm. The samples were suspended vertically and maintained at a

temperature of 70°C for one hour. A 1 kg weight was suspended from the free end of each specimen, and an average of 200 minutes was measured as the elapsed time before the adhesive bond failed while being maintained at a temperature of 70°C. The test was repeated at room temperature, and an average holding time exceeding

10,000 minutes was measured.

The tack of the adhesive tape was measured qualitatively by touching the cured adhesive with a finger. Tack was judged to be moderate. Example 7

This example illustrates the preparation of a conformal coating for electronic components using a composition of this invention. A composition consisting of the following ingredients in the amounts indicated was prepared:

Ingredient Amount (parts by weight)

Vinyl siloxane polymer¹ 54.2

Crosslinking Agent

(PMC 54, available from

Minnesota Mining and

Manufacturing Company) 30 . 8

Catalyst (CpPt(CH₃)₃) 0 . 031

Sensitizer (2-chlorothioxanthone) 0 . 050

Photoinitiator ("Irgacure" 651) 0 . 050

Fumed silica

("Quso", available from

Degussa Corporation) 15 . 0

The ingredients were introduced into a 250 ml beaker and mixed thoroughly. The mixture was

transferred to a 50 cc syringe and degassed under reduced pressure for approximately 30 minutes to yield a bubble-free mixture.

The composition was applied to an integrated circuit board measuring 2 inches by 2 inches in sufficient quantity to provide a coating approximately 1 mm in thickness. The coating was irradiated with a "Visilux" 2 light source for approximately 4 minutes to provide a tough, elastomeric, transparent coating that adhered well to the circuit board.

Example 8

This example illustrates preparation of a dental impression by means of a visible-light curable wash material and a chemically curable tray material.

A polyvinylsiloxane formulation curable by visible light was prepared by mixing the following ingredients in the amounts indicated:

Amount

Indegredient (g) (wt %)

Vinyl-terminated polysiloxane

polymer of Example 1 8.5 76.81 Crosslinking agent of Example 1 1.5 13.56

Catalyst (CpPt(CH₃)₃) 0.015 0.14

Sensitizer (2-chlorothioxanthone) 0.01 0.09

Photoinitiator ("Darocure" 1173) 0.04 0.36

Fumed Silica ("Aerosol" R-972,

available from Degussa) 1.0 9.04

1.065 100.00

The first four ingredients were premixed; then fumed silica was added. The resultant mixture was painted on the entire surface of a single tooth of a typodont. The coated surface was then irradiated by means of a

"Visilux" 2 light over the entire surface for

approximately two minutes or until the resin was

completely tack-free. Immediately following the

irradiation step, a two-part chemically curable

impression material (Express Medium Viscosity Wash,

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minnesota) was applied by syringe directly over the several teeth both adjacent to and including those previously irradiated with light. The material was allowed to set for about five minutes. The bulk material was easily removed from the typodont by firmly holding the typodont in one hand and the impression in the other. Upon removal of the silicone impression, it was observed that the light-cured material was firmly and completely bonded to the chemically-cured material. The stone model that was prepared from the impression showed improved detail where the light cured material was placed.

Various modifications and alterations of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention, and it should be understood that this

invention is not to be unduly limited to the illustrated embodiments set forth herein.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A hydrosilation process which comprises reacting a composition comprising a compound having aliphatic unsaturation and a compound containing at least one silicon-bonded hydrogen atom and not having more than three hydrogen atoms attached to any one silicon atom, in the presence of both a

(η⁵-cyclopentadienyl) tri- (σ-aliphatic)platinum complex and a free-radical photoinitiator that is capable of absorbing actinic radiation such that the hydrosilation reaction is initiated upon exposure to actinic

radiation.

2. The process of Claim 1, wherein said reaction is carried out by means of exposing said composition to actinic radiation having a wavelength of 200 nm to 800 nm.

3. The process of Claim 1, wherein said free-radical photoinitiator is a monoketal of an α-diketone or an α-ketoaldahyde.

4. The process of Claim 3, wherein said photoinitiator has the general formula:

wherein R⁴ represents an unsubstituted aryl group or an aryl group substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere with the hydrosilation reaction, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ each independently represents a member selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted aryl groups and aryl groups substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere with the hydrosilation reaction. aliphatic groups having from one to eighteen carbon atoms, and hydrogen.

5. The process of Claim 1, wherein said free-radical photoinitiator is an acyloin or an ether thereof.

6. The process of Claim 5, wherein said photoinitiator has the general formula:

wherein R represents an unsubstituted aryl group or an aryl group substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere with the hydrosilation reaction, and R⁹, R¹⁰, and R¹¹ each independently represents a member selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted aryl groups or an aryl group substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere with the hydrosilation reaction, an aliphatic group having from one to eighteen carbon atoms, and hydrogen.

7. The process of Claim 1, wherein said composition further includes a sensitizer.

8. The process of Claim 7, wherein said sensitizer is a polycyclic aromatic compound.

9. The process of Claim 8, wherein said polycyclic aromatic compound has from three to five rings, inclusive.

10. The process of Claim 9, wherein said polycyclic aromatic compound is selected from the group consisting of 9,10-dimethylanthracene and

9,10-dichloroanthracene.

11. The process of Claim 7, wherein said sensitizer is an aromatic compound containing a ketone chromophore.

12. The process of Claim 11, wherein said aromatic compound is a thioxanthone.

13. The process of Claim 12, wherein said thioxanthone is selected from the group consisting of

2-chlorothioxanthone and 2-isopropylthioxanthone.

14. The process of Claim 1, wherein the platinum complex has the formula:

wherein

Cp represents a cyclopentadienyl group that is eta-bonded to the platinum atom, the cyclopentadienyl group being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere in a hydrosilation reaction, and each of R¹, R², and R³ represents an aliphatic

group having from one to eighteen carbon atoms, said R¹, R², and R³ groups being

sigma-bonded to the platinum atom.

15. The process of Claim 14, wherein the platinum complex is selected from the group consisting of:

(η⁵-cyclopentadienyl)trimethylplatinum,

(η⁵-methylcyclopentadienyl)trimethylplatinum,

(η⁵-trimethylsilylcyclopentadienyl)trimethylplatinum, and

(η⁵-dimethylphenylsilylcyclopentadienyl)trimethylplatinum.

16. The process of Claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.1 to about 10.0 equivalent weights of the compound having silicon-bonded hydrogen per equivalent weight of the compound having aliphatic unsaturation, and, per 1,000,000 parts by weight of the total composition, from about 5 to about 1000 parts by weight of the platinum catalyst, and from about 50 to about 50,000 parts by weight of the

free-radical photoinitiator.

17. The process of Claim 7, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.1 to about 10.0 equivalent weights of the compound having silicon-bonded hydrogen per equivalent weight of the compound having aliphatic unsaturation, and, per 1,000,000 parts by weight of the total composition, from about 5 to about 1000 parts by weight of the platinum catalyst, and from about 50 to about 50,000 parts by weight of the

free-radical photoinitiator, and from about 50 to about 50,000 parts by weight of said sensitizer.

18. The process of Claim 1, wherein the compound containing aliphatic unsaturation is a

polyorganosiloxane having the general formula:

where

each R¹⁴ can be the same or different and

represents a non-halogenated or halogenated ethylenically- unsaturated group, a non-halogenated or halogenated alkyl group or cycloalkyl group, or a phenyl group, at least 70% of all R¹⁴ groups being methyl groups, but no more than 10% of all R¹⁴ groups being vinyl or other alkenyl, and at least two of the R¹⁴ groups being vinyl or other alkenyl, h represents a number having a value from 1 to about 3000, and

g represents 0, 1, 2, or 3.

19 , The process of Claim 1, wherein the compound containing silicon-bonded hydrogen is a polyorganohydrosiloxane having the general formula:

wherein

each R^{1 6} can be the same or different and

represents an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a phenyl group, or hydrogen, at least two but no more than one-half of all the R^{1 6} groups in the siloxane being hydrogen,

m represents 0, 1, 2 or 3, and

n represents a number having an average value from one to about 3000.

20. The process of Claim 1, wherein the compound having aliphatic unsaturation is one having olefinic unsaturation.

21. A radiation-curable composition comprising:

(a) a silicon compound containing at least one hydrogen atom attached to silicon per molecule, there being not more than three hydrogen atoms attached to any one silicon atom,

(b) a compound containing aliphatic unsaturation,

(c) a (η⁵-cyclopentadienyl)tri(σ- aliphatic)platinum complex, and

(d) a free-radical photoinitiator that is capable of absorbing actinic radiation.

22. The composition of Claim 21, wherein said free-radical photoinitiator is a monoketal of an

α-diketone or an α-ketoaldahyde.

23. The composition of Claim 22, wherein said photoinitiator has the general formula:

wherein R⁴ represents an unsubstituted aryl group or an aryl group substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere with the hydrosilation reaction, R⁵, R⁶ , and R⁷ each independently represents a member selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted aryl groups and aryl groups substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere with the hydrosilation reaction, aliphatic groups having from one to eighteen carbon atoms, and hydrogen.

244 The composition of Claim 21, wherein said free-radical photoinitiator is an acyloin or an ether thereof.

25. The composition of Claim 24, wherein said photoinitiator has the general formula:

wherein R⁸ represents an unsubstituted aryl group or an aryl group substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere with the hydrosilation reaction, and R⁹, R¹⁰, and B^{1 1} each independently represents a member selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted aryl groups and aryl groups substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere with the hydrosilation reaction, an aliphatic group having from one to eighteen carbon atoms, and hydrogen.

26. The composition of Claim 21, further including a sensitizer.

27. The composition of Claim 26, wherein said sensitizer is a polycyclic aromatic compound.

28. The composition of Claim 27, wherein said polycyclic aromatic compound has from three to five rings, inclusive.

29. The composition of Claim 28, wherein said polycyclic aromatic compound is selected from the group consisting of 9,10-dimethylanthracene and

9,10-dichloroanthracene.

30. The composition of Claim 26, wherein said sensitizer is an aromatic compound containing a ketone chromophore.

31. The composition of Claim 30, wherein said aromatic compound is a thioxanthone.

32. The composition of Claim 31, wherein said thioxanthone is selected from the group consisting of 2-chlorothioxanthone and 2-isopropylthioxanthone.

33. The composition of Claim 21, wherein the platinum complex has the formula:

wherein

Cp represents a cyclopentadienyl group that is eta-bonded to the platinum atom, the cyclopentadienyl group being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere in a hydrosilation reaction, and each of R¹ , R², and R³ represents an aliphatic

group having from one to eighteen carbon atoms, said R¹, R², and R³ groups being

sigma-bonded to the platinum atom.

34. The composition of Claim 33, wherein the platinum complex is selected from the group consisting of:

(η⁵-cyclopentadienyl)trimethylplatinum,

(η⁵-methylcyclopentadienyl)trimethylplatinum, (η⁵-trimethylsilylcyclopentadienyl)trimethylplatinum, and

(η⁵-dimethylphenylsilylcyclopentadienyl)trimethylplatinum

35. The composition of Claim 21, said

composition comprising from about 0.1 to about 10.0 equivalent weights of the compound having silicon-bonded hydrogen per equivalent weight of the compound having aliphatic unsaturation, and per 1,000,000 parts by weight of the total composition, from about 5 to about 1000 parts by weight of the platinum complex and from about 50 to about 50,000 parts by weight of the

free-radical photoinitiator.

36. The composition of Claim 26, said

composition comprising from about 0.1 to about 10.0 equivalent weights of the compound having silicon-bonded hydrogen per equivalent weight of the compound having aliphatic unsaturation, and per 1,000,000 parts by weight of the total composition, from about 5 to about 1,000 parts by weight of the platinum complex and from about 50 to about 50,000 parts by weight of the

free-radical photoinitiator, and from about 50 to about 50,000 parts by weight of said sensitizer.

37. A dental impression prepared by exposing the composition of Claim 21 to actinic radiation.

38. A substrate bearing on at least one major surface a layer prepared by applying the composition of Claim 21 to said surface and then exposing said

composition to actinic radiation.

39. A pressure-sensitive adhesive tape comprising a backing bearing on one major surface thereof a layer of normally tacky and pressure-sensitive adhesive, and bearing on the other major surface thereof a release surface prepared by applying on said other major surface the composition of Claim 21 and then exposing said composition to actinic radiation.

40. An adhesive tape comprising a backing bearing on at least one major surface thereof a silicone adhesive prepared by applying on said at least one major surface the composition of Claim 21 and then exposing said composition to actinic radiation.

41. The tape of Claim 40, wherein said silicone adhesive is a pressure-sensitive adhesive.

42. A gasket prepared by exposing the

composition of Claim 21 to actinic radiation.

43. An adhesive prepared by exposing the composition of Claim 21 to actinic radiation.

44. A conformal coating prepared by exposing the composition of Claim 21 to actinic radiation.

45. Radiation-curable composition comprising (a) a polyorganohydrosiloxane having the general formula:

wherein

each R¹⁶ can be the same or different and

represents

an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a phenyl group, or hydrogen, at least two but no more than one-half of all the R¹⁶ groups in the siloxane being hydrogen,

m represents 0, 1, 2 or 3, and

n represents a number having an average value

from one to about 3000 ,

(b) a polyorganosiloxane having the general formula:

wherein

each R¹⁴ can be the same or different and

represents a non-halogenated or halogenated ethylenically unsaturated group, a non-halogenated or halogenated alkyl group or cycloalkyl group, or the phenyl group, at least 70% of all R¹⁴ group being methyl groups, but no more than 10% of all R¹⁴ groups being vinyl or other alkenyl, and at least two of the R¹⁴ groups being vinyl or other

alkenyl,

represents a number having a value from 1 to about 3000, and

represents 0, 1, 2, or 3,

(c) a platinum complex represented by the

formula:

wherein

Cp represents a cyclopentadienyl group that is eta-bonded to the platinum atom, the cyclopentadienyl group being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups that do not interfere in a hydrosilation reaction, and each of R¹, R², and R³ represents an aliphatic group having from one to eighteen carbon atoms, said R¹, R², and R³ groups being sigma-bonded to the platinum atom,

(d) a free-radical photoinitiator that is capable of absorbing actinic radiation.