WO1992017769A1 - Controlled-release solid phase assay device including encapsulated reagents for detecting chemical substances - Google Patents
Controlled-release solid phase assay device including encapsulated reagents for detecting chemical substances Download PDFInfo
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- WO1992017769A1 WO1992017769A1 PCT/US1992/002393 US9202393W WO9217769A1 WO 1992017769 A1 WO1992017769 A1 WO 1992017769A1 US 9202393 W US9202393 W US 9202393W WO 9217769 A1 WO9217769 A1 WO 9217769A1
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- encapsulated
- target chemical
- solid substrate
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- reporter substance
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/94—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving narcotics or drugs or pharmaceuticals, neurotransmitters or associated receptors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
- G01N33/585—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with a particulate label, e.g. coloured latex
Definitions
- This invention relates to a solid phase method, and device for practicing this method for the detection of endogenous and exogenous chemical substances in body fluids.
- Gas-liquid-chromatography coupled with flame ionization or thermionic detection systems is perhaps the most widely used instrumentation method for drug abuse testing.
- the sensitivity and selectivity of GLC make it the standard to which new methods of analysis or screening are frequently compared.
- Thin layer chromatography is also often applied to drug abuse testing. Separation of constituents of body fluids on a thin layer of silica gel or aluminum oxide using an optimized solvent mixture carrier can be achieved with the aid of a suitable sample preparation procedure. The separated constituents can be visualized with an appropriate staining reagent and quantified by reflectance densitometry.
- Immunological assays such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) have also been used for drug abuse testing. These latter techniques combine the use of antibodies that are highly specific to individual drugs with either radiometric or spectrophotometric measurements for quantitation.
- Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC MS) is perhaps the most sophisticated analytical technique available at this time for drug abuse testing, but, is also the most costly and complex of the testing methods mentioned thus far.
- GC/MS offers nearly complete characterization of the constituents in body fluids. Drug identification and detection is based not only on the chromatographic retention indices of constituent drugs, but also on their unique mass fragmentation pattern.
- CNS stimulants e.g.. cocaine and amphetamines
- depressants e.g. barbiturates
- psychopharmacological drugs e.g.. cannabis
- narcotics e.g.. opiate alkaloids
- Some abused drugs are metabolized extensively by the liver.
- the metabolism of cocaine proceeds by hydrolysis to yield benzoylecgonine, the principal metabolite appearing in the urine.
- benzoylecgonine the principal metabolite appearing in the urine.
- the excretion of amphetamines is also influenced by urinary pH.
- Between 30 and 40% of amphetamine itself is excreted unchanged in the urine within 48 hours.
- unchanged amphetamine may be detected in urine for up to seven days. Metabolites of amphetamine, including p-hydroxyamphetamine and conjugated benzylmethylketone, also appear in urine in relatively small amounts.
- morphine is the most widely used narcotic analgesic. Only a minor fraction (ie ⁇ , 7%) of the original morphine dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug.
- Such colorimetric techniques are referred to as solid solution chemistry and differ considerably from conventional solution colorimetric methods which use dilute solutions of color-producing reactants. Interaction of the reactant with a functional group of the drug or metabolite in solution yields a color reaction identifiable by visual observation or spectroscopic absorbance. If, however, a molecule of drug or metabolite interacts with a reservoir or solid matrix of color-producing reactant at infinite concentration, that drug or metabolite may exhibit very different properties with regard to reactivity and specificity as compared to those obtained using conventional dilute solution chemistry. For example, Friedenberg et al. (Clin. Tox..).
- This invention provides a cost-effective, yet sensitive solid state method and screening device used in this method, to detect both endogenous and exogenous chemical substances in body fluids. More particularly, this invention provides solid phase assays for the detection of endogenous and exogenous chemical substances in body fluids, and means for conducting such assays, in which at least one reagent is present in the solid phase in encapsulated form. Encapsulation of one or more reagents provides greater stability for reagents which tend to decompose, thereby providing a longer shelf-life for the assay means when in the form of a kit.
- the encapsulation of certain reagents also permits delayed release of a reagent or reagents into the reaction sphere, thus permitting sequential or timed release of one or more reagents required in one or several assay steps.
- the assay means of this invention can comprise a solid phase substrate, such as a chemical test paper, strip or spot, a glass or plastic tube, stick or bead, or the like, to which has been adhered at least one encapsulated target chemical immobilizing reagent, or a potentiating reagent or a visibly detectable marker.
- Such assay means can be used to assay chemical substances, including most commonly abused stimulants and narcotics in body fluids, such as urine, saliva, serum, perspiration and the like.
- the present invention comprises a drug-screening test paper for the detection of abused drugs, such as, but not limited to, amphetamines, aporphines, catecholamines and various morphine alkaloids (e.g.. morphine and codeine) in urine and other body fluids.
- abused drugs such as, but not limited to, amphetamines, aporphines, catecholamines and various morphine alkaloids (e.g.. morphine and codeine) in urine and other body fluids.
- the device of the present invention employs a metal complex in conjunction with controlled, delayed release of a potentiating agent to produce a colorimetric reaction with drug-positive urine.
- Hyperflow kinetic encapsulation of one or more of the reagents adhered to a device prepared in accordance with this invention provides a delayed release mechanism for introducing any of the encapsulated reagents, such as a potentiating agent, at the appropriate time during the colorimetric chromatographic reaction.
- This invention may be utilized to monitor any chemical substance in body fluids or in any other aqueous fluid. Endogenous substances such as hormones, lipoprotein-associated cholesterols (e.g., testosterone, estradiol, and others).
- HDL- and LDL-cholesterol may be monitored utilizing the concept of the present invention.
- the present invention may also be utilized to monitor levels of prescribed or administered drugs.
- the present invention provides solid phase assays, and means for conducting such assays, in which at least one reagent is present in encapsulated form.
- the encapsulation of one or more reagents provides greater stability of reagents which tend to decompose, thereby, providing a longer shelf-life for the assay means when in the form of a kit.
- the encapsulation of certain reagents also provides a means to delay the release of certain reagents, allowing a sequential addition of the encapsulated reagent into the reaction sphere.
- the assay means comprises a solid phase substrate, such as a chemical test paper, strip or spot, a glass or plastic tube, stick or bead, or the like and one or more reagents selected from the group consisting of a target chemical immobilizing reagent, a potentiating reagent and a detectable marker, at least one of these reagents being encapsulated in a water swellable, pH- or heat-dependent or maleable polymer.
- the detectable marker is, preferably, visually detectable. However, markers may also be selected from the group which are detectable by other means such as fluorescent markers, radioactive markers, chemiluminescent markers when the appropriate apparatus for detecting such markers is available to the assay user.
- Encapsulated materials can be released by mechanical rupture, thermal release or permeation. Choice of a combination of encapsulating materials can provide even further control of the release of the encapsulated materials.
- the encapsulating material can be selected, for instance, from a wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers, as well as natural gums, waxes and resins.
- Aqueous materials may be encapsulated in a variety of materials. For instance, in one embodiment, aqueous solutions may be encapsulated in a wax or polyvinyl alcohol shell and released by mechanical rupture.
- chemical reactants may be encapsulated in a water swellable polymer such as gelatin or polyacrylate.
- Fatty acids may also be utilized as an encapsulating material.
- These useful encapsulating materials are pH dependent and will release the encapsulated contents by dissolution at pH below 7.0.
- Encapsulating materials such as saran are also useful when an application of heat is appropriate for the release of the encapsulated reactant.
- Other encapsulating materials useful in the present invention are known to those of skill in the art and their choice and use will be apparent to one of skill in the art.
- the device of this invention comprises, in its broadest aspect, (1) a known solid substrate, (2) at least one known "reporter substance forming'' reagent (i.e.. one that interacts with an analyte to give a colored substance or some other indication of the analyte 's presence) for detecting the presence of an analyte.
- the reporter reagent is adhered to the solid substrate and is often one of the encapsulated reagents. In all cases, encapsulation protects the reagent(s) from atmospheric attack, e ⁇ , provides storage stability. Therefore, it is evident that the assay device of this invention may be applied to the assay of any chemical wherein the stability of the reaction reagents will be increased by encapsulation.
- the solid phase assay of this invention also provides encapsulation of reagents which, although stable to atmospheric conditions, are to be released in a delayed manner into the reaction sphere.
- this invention contemplates the use of microcapsules of different capsule thickness.
- microcapsules of more than one reagent are made using the same capsule-forming substance for each, but a different wall thickness for each, or using different capsule-forming substances, having different dissolution rates, for each, then several reagents can be released sequentially.
- one reagent can, for example, react first with one analyte and a second reagent can then react with another analyte, or one reagent can react first with an analyte and a second reagent can then react with the reaction product of the first reagent and the analyte.
- Microcapsules can be made utilizing a variety of encapsulating materials. Microcapsules may also contain more than one encapsulated reagent within the same microcapsule.
- the present invention comprises:
- the assay of the present invention may also comprise an agent or agents for potentiating or enhancing the indicator or reporter substance signal.
- the signal is a visual signal and the signal is a color produced or generated by the substance (s) resulting from the reporter substance forming reagent's reaction with the analyte.
- one or more of the reagents are encapsulated.
- the reporter substance is not encapsulated and the potentiating substance is encapsulated so that the reporter substance reacts with the analyte and the potentiating substance is then released to potentiate the indicia obtained from the reagent-analyte reaction.
- both the reporting substance and the potentiating substance may be adhered to the substrate.
- Example 1 the substrate is filter paper, the reporter molecule is exemplified by potassium ferricyanide and the potentiating agent is encapsulated ninhydrin, with the ninhydrin being later released to potentiate the color of the hexacyanoferrate-drug complex formed by the earlier potassium ferricyanate-drug (analyte) reaction.
- Example 2 illustrates the use of two encapsulated potentiating agents, ninhydrin and trichloroacetic acid.
- the substrate is filter paper
- the reporter agent is potassium ferricyanide
- the potentiating agent is the primary- (trichloroacetic acid) and secondary (ninhydrin) encapsulated potentiating agents, whereby the primary agent is released at a greater rate than the secondary reagent to allow for denaturation of endogenous proteins followed by color potentiation of hexacyanoferrate-drug complex.
- Example 3 an ELISA assay, the substrate is the filter paper, the reporter molecule is an enzyme substrate, and the potentiating agent is the antigen-enzyme hapten.
- the target chemical may interact with or be bound to a binding reagent on the solid substrate and then react with analyte detecting or visualizing reagent.
- the target chemical may be separated from interfering body fluid constituents or metabolites by a chromatographic or other separation step(s) on the solid substrate prior to reaction with the detection reagent or prior to contact with the solid substrate.
- color reactions with chromatographic separations on an inert absorbent substrate capitalize on the interaction of color-producing reactant with drug or metabolite, but with the additional migration or segregation of drugs and metabolites within the contacted area or areas of test substance on the chemical test paper.
- a highly potent color-producing reactant e.g., ninhydrin
- reactant caused identifiable indicia of the reaction product such as colored rings or bands to be formed as the molecules, metabolites and endogenous material migrate at different rates away from the application site of the test urine.
- this approach allowed one to differentiate the drug or metabolite derivative of interest from similarly structured derivatives or endogenous material derivatives.
- the solid substrates suitable for use in the device of the present invention are cellulose, nylon, and propylene.
- any endogenous or exogenous chemical substance may be detected in body fluids by the method of the present invention.
- endogenous chemicals such as microbacteria, estrogen and androgen
- steroid hormones such as estradiol and testosterone
- RIA radioimmunoassay
- the levels of exogenous chemicals such as antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents and the like must often be monitored. Administration of the levels of many such drugs is often based on an average half-life rather than the known excretion or metabolism of the drugs. Utilization of the present invention allows an efficient, stable and cost effective method to monitor the levels of therapeutic drugs. It is also desirable to monitor for the presence of exogenous substances such as central nervous system stimulants (e.g.. cocaine and amphetamines), depressants (e.g.. barbiturates), psychopharmacological drugs (e.g.. cannabis) and narcotics (e.g.. opiate alkaloids) in body fluids.
- central nervous system stimulants e.g.. cocaine and amphetamines
- depressants e.g.. barbiturates
- psychopharmacological drugs e.g.. cannabis
- narcotics e.g.. opiate alkaloids
- any target chemical substance in any fluid medium may be assayed utilizing the assay of the present invention. While especially useful for the detection of chemicals in body fluids, the assay of the present invention may be utilized to detect chemical substances in any fluid medium. The assay of the present invention may be utilized to detect environmental pollutants, pesticides and the like.
- indicating reagent will be dependent on the type of chemical substance to be targeted.
- a color indicating reagent is utilized.
- Many color indicating reagents are organic color indicating reagents, the specificity of which depends on the participation and availability of a specific functional group in the chemical reaction. Detection of the group gives information only about the presence of that specific chemical functionality, but not its origin. Thus, the detected functional group may originate from the compound of interest, e ⁇ , an abused drug or metabolite thereof, or from an interfering compound containing the same functional group. Thus, there is a loss of reliability as to the actual reactant detected, with consequent loss of sensitivity to the amounts of reactant actually present.
- the present invention provides a solution to this problem by incorporating color indicating metallic complexes whose specificity for the drug or metabolite of interest relies on the participation of more than one functional group, their relative orientation in space, and the size, nature and oxidation state of the central metal atom.
- the metallic complex can chelate to more than one molecule of the drug or metabolite of interest, thereby enhancing the intensity of the colored products fixed in the surface of the paper.
- Metal complexes for instance, Kg[Fe(CN) 6 ], K 3 [Co(CN) 6 ], Na 2 [Fe(CN) 5 NO], Na[Fe(EDTA)] and Na 2 [Cu(EDTA)], can be potentiated by agents such as ninhydrin, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, 2, 4- Dinitrophenylhydrazine and phthalic dicarboxaldehyde, respectively.
- analyte indicators useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, colbalt(II) thiocyanate, Dragendorff s reagent (OBiN0 3 , KI and acetic acid), lead acetate, mercuric chloride, carbazone, and iodoplatinate.
- the present invention provides the use of a potentiating agent.
- a potentiating agent in addition to increasing sensitivity by solid solution chemistry, greatly enhances the detection or visualization of reaction product such as colored rings or bands on the substrate.
- the provision of the potentiating agent at the proper stage of the reaction provides reliability, specificity and sensitivity. Unless introduced in sequence, the use of the potentiating agent is nonselective since it can react with all reactive components, including those unrelated to the drug or metabolite of interest.
- microencapsulation of the potentiating agent or other indicator or color-producing reactants provides their sequential introduction into the reaction theater.
- the nascent drug-positive urine spot is propagated by the absorbing medium and visualized (detected) via sensitized release of a potentiating reagent or color-producing reactant at the appropriate time during the course of the colorimetric reaction.
- the delayed release mechanism is produced by the microencapsulation of the potentiating agent or color-producing reactant in a water swellable, pH-dependent or malleable polymer matrix.
- the microencapsulated formulation is adhered onto the surface of the solid phase support or chemical test paper.
- the controlled release mechanism provided by encapsulation of some or all of the reactants and incorporation in chemical test papers provides the sensitive and reliable device and method for detecting chemicals, metabolites or substances such as abused drugs and/or their metabolites in body fluids.
- the present invention may also be utilized for numerous other applications in diagnostic and medical screening procedures.
- the present invention may also be utilized to provide chemical test papers impregnated with encapsulated reagents for selective release of specific immuno-reagents and enzymes, both of which are time-dependent reactions involving more than one reagent. Equally important, microencapsulation is useful in preserving the potency of the agent(s), thereby prolonging the shelf-life of the diagnostic or medical test kit or chemical test paper.
- the potentiating agent or color-producing reactant is encapsulated in polymer microcapsules of approximately 100 micrometer in diameter.
- Encapsulation procedures useful in practicing the present invention are known to those skilled in the art of hyperflow kinetic encapsulation. Briefly, in the manufacture of one embodiment of small capsule spheres (microspheres) useful in practicing the present invention, a slurry or emulsion containing the potentiating agent or color-producing reactant and a suitable polymer are pumped to the center of a rotating disk. An even distribution of the feed material, along with control of the rotational velocity of the disk, provides control over the size distribution of the microspheres. Optimum dynamical conditions allow disengagement of individual microspheres at the periphery of the disk.
- the disk is positioned at a distance above the collection surface to allow sufficient time for the microspheres to dry, cool and solidify before impact.
- other encapsulating procedures known to those in the art may be used to provide the microspheres for the controlled, sustained or sequential release mechanism of reactant or reactants essential to the colorimetric reaction.
- the encapsulating procedure taught and disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,389,194 is taught and disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,389,194
- a centrifugal extrusion device is used to manufacture the microcapsules.
- the device consists of an encapsulation head with two or more nozzles and concentric feed tubes which enter the head through a seal arrangement.
- the device is attached to a rotating shaft such that the direction of rotation is around its vertical axis.
- Shell and fill materials are pumped separately through a feed tube into the head and to the nozzles which consist of concentric orifices.
- shell material flows through the outer orifice of the nozzle and fill material flows through the inner orifice of the nozzle, thereby creating a rod of filler material surrounded by a sheath of shell material.
- This extruded rod of material eventually breaks into individual capsules which are collected by appropriate means.
- Microcapsules or microspheres of varying diameter or capsule-wall thickness may be prepared using polymers such as, but not limited to, cellulose acetate trimellitate
- the mechanical parameters useful in varying the manufacture of microcapsules or microspheres, and which such parameters consequently vary the release characteristics of the encapsulated reactant are the feed rates of the fill and matrix materials, the rotational speed of the disc or extrusion head, and the diameter of the disc or extrusion orifices.
- microsphere is controlled by varying the initial ratio of reagent to wall or matrix material. A decrease in this ratio causes a decrease in the release rate of the reagent. (Benita, et al, J. Microencapsulation. 2(3), 207-222 (1985)). However, the diffusion rate of the reagent is dependent upon its solubility and molecular size. Therefore, two different reagents microencapsulated by the same method and having approximately the same reagent to wall or matrix ratio may have considerably different release rates if the solubility or molecular size of either reagent is also different.
- Microcapsules or microspheres may be adhered to any solid substrate by air drying, as described in the preferred form of the present invention, or by the use of polymer binders such as cold-water soluble polyvinylalcohols (PVA), water soluble cellulose derivatives (e.g., methylcellulose) and starch derivatives.
- PVA cold-water soluble polyvinylalcohols
- water soluble cellulose derivatives e.g., methylcellulose
- starch derivatives e.g., methylcellulose
- the present invention describes a method and device for detecting the presence of morphine alkaloids, aporphine, catechol, amphetamine or metabolites thereof in urine or other body fluids.
- a solid substrate such as, for instance, filter paper was treated with a pH-adjusted solution of a transition metal complex such as, for instance, potassium ferricyanide.
- a microencapsulated potentiating agent such as, for instance, ninhydrin
- a microencapsulated potentiating agent such as, for instance, ninhydrin
- a drop approximately 100 uL
- another appropriate body fluid e.g., saliva
- timed-dipping may also be used.
- Drug or metabolite constituents resembling morphine alkaloids, aporphine, catechol or amphetamine species migrated at different rates away from the application site of the absorbent substrate and immediately interacted with hexacyanoferrate ion to yield highly specific hexacyanoferrate-drug complexes.
- the controlled, delayed release of potentiating agent is activated when the polymer matrix of each individual microsphere comes in contact with the specimen.
- the polymers used for microencapsulation are capable of swelling and releasing active ingredients by diffusion.
- the release of the potentiating agent from the microcapsule is delayed for the period of time needed for the swelling of the microcapsule shell and the diffusion of agent through the shell. This delay period provides that sufficient time is allowed for migration of the drug, complex formation of hexacyanoferrate-drug, and immobilization of specific hexacyanoferrate-drug complexes (i.e..
- the potentiating agent may be any agent that: 1) removes from the reaction theater any constituent endogenous to the sample specimen that may interfere with the exact determination of the target analyte; 2) manifests, through the action of chemical derivatization, complexation or enzymatic catalysis, the presence of a target analyte that is immobilized or fixed on a chemical substrate; or 3) intensifies a colorimetric reaction that has occurred on a chemical substrate.
- the potentiating agent is selected from the group consisting of ninhydrin, trichloroacetic acid, dansyl chloride, fluorescamine, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, phthalic dicarboxaldehyde, and enzyme (e.g.. alkaline phosphatase).
- EXAMPLE 1 Chemical test papers were prepared by saturating 6 x 46 cm strips of WhatmanTM No. 3 filter paper with a 5% (w/v) solution of potassium ferricyanide (K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]) prepared in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 9.3. After allowing the test papers to air dry, microencapsulated potentiating agent, ninhydrin, was dispersed in a carrier and spray-coated onto the strips. Microspheres were applied to filter paper by dispersing them in a volatile carrier such as hexane in approximately 1% (w/v) concentration and immediately spray coating the mixture using a spray gun. Microspheres were kept dispersed during the coating process by constant agitation of the mixture in the solvent reservoir.
- K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] potassium ferricyanide
- the outer surface of the matrix softens and subsequently increases adhesion of the microspheres to the paper. Leakage of the encapsulated material was prevented by spray coating this mixture in a period of time that was less than the dissolution time of the matrix and by volatilizing the carrier solvent immediately after adhesion.
- ninhydrin potentiating agent
- Urine specimens were applied by means of a small bore pipette to previously treated test papers by permitting 100 microliters of the specimen to spread from the center point on the paper in a manner that is analogous to the capillary action of developing paper chromatograms.
- drug or metabolite constituents resembling morphine alkaloids, aporphine, catechol or amphetamine species migrated at different rates away from the application site of the absorbent substrate and immediately interacted with hexacyanoferrate ion to yield highly specific hexacyanoferrate-drug complexes which became immobilized within the fibers of the absorbent paper substrate.
- the controlled, delayed release of potentiating agent was activated when the polymer matrix of each individual microsphere came in contact with the specimen.
- the polymers used are capable of swelling and releasing active ingredients by diffusion. This allowed for induction of the potentiating agent after immobilizing specific hexacyanoferrate-drug complexes (i.e.. hexacyanoferrate-alkaloid, -aporphine, -amphetamine, and -catechol complexes). After a period of time the color reaction of immobilized drug complexes became intensified by the induction of potentiating agent to give a blue color for drug positive specimen and no color change for drug-free urine specimens.
- FIGURE 2 RESPONSE TO TEST PAPERS TO DRUG-SPIKED URINE (USING TWO DIFFERENT MICROENCAPSULATED POTENTIATING AGENTS)
- Example 2 Test papers described in Example 1 were further developed by spray-coating a primary and secondary microencapsulated potentiating agent onto the absorbent chemical substrate. Microspheres of ninhydrin and trichloroacetic acid were prepared using the method and apparatus of the previous example. However, ninhydrin was encapsulated in a polymer matrix consisting of the methacrylate copolymer Eudragit RS-100, which is less permeable than the RL-100 polymer matrix of trichloroacetic acid.
- the present embodiment therefore, consisted of an absorbent substrate saturated with 5% (w/v) solution of potassium ferricyanide (K 3 [Fe(CN) protest]) prepared in 0.1 M, pH 9.3 phosphate buffer onto which is spray-coated microspheres of ninhydrin (RS-100) and microspheres of trichloroacetic acid (RL-100).
- Urine specimens were applied to the surface of the test papers as described in the previous example. Urine constituents resembling morphine alkaloids, aporphines, amphetamine or catechol species migrated at different rates from the application site of the specimen and formed hexacyanoferrate-drug complexes which were again immobilized within the fibers of the paper substrate. Controlled, delayed release of both potentiating agents (i.e., ninhydrin and trichloroacetic acid) was activated when the polymer matrix of each individual microsphere came in contact with the specimen.
- potentiating agents i.e., ninhydrin and trichloroacetic acid
- This example illustrates the use of the invention as an enzyme-linked immunoassay technique to determine drugs of abuse with a high degree of specificity.
- the present example consists of the following components: a) a solid substrate as in Examples 1 and 2, except that the said substrate is saturated with an enzyme substrate
- hapten comprising of antigen (e.g.. morphine, benzoylecgonine, tetrahydrocannabinol, barbiturate, amphetamine) conjugated (covalently linked) with enzyme (e.g.. alkaline phosphatase); and d) an antigen specific mono- or polycional antibody.
- antigen e.g.. morphine, benzoylecgonine, tetrahydrocannabinol, barbiturate, amphetamine
- enzyme e.g.. alkaline phosphatase
- an antigen specific mono- or polycional antibody e.g.. alkaline phosphatase
- Microspheres or microcapsules containing hapten bound to antigen specific antibody are manufactured in accordance with the method of hyperflow kinetic encapsulation or any other encapsulation method known to those in the art.
- the hapten-antibody coupling pair may be prepared by incubating the two components prior to microencapsulation. Subsequent to manufacture of protected, immobilized and immunochemically active hapten- antibody coupling pair, the microencapsulated product was applied to the surface of the solid phase substrate which was previously saturated with enzyme substrate as described in previous examples. In the method of the present invention, a narrow strip (6 x 0.5 cm) of the coated paper substrate is contacted with a urine specimen containing an antigen of one of the drugs of abuse.
- the hapten-antibody coupling pair is sensitized upon contact of the polymer matrix of each microsphere with the specimen.
- the immunochemical and enzymatic activity of the hapten-antibody coupling pair is delayed for a period of time determined by the characteristics of the polymer matrix selected for the encapsulating microsphere. This delay allows sufficient time for the antigen to migrate and become separated from endogenous constituents. As the microspheres become fully activated (fully swelled), constituents interact with the hapten-antibody coupling pair in the pores and confines of each individual microsphere. Within this space, the antigen, in the case of drug-positive specimen, competes with hapten for antigen-specific antibody.
- EXAMPLE 4 This example illustrates the use of the invention as a multi-enzyme-catalyzed assay for serum triglycerides.
- the technique capitalizes on the sequential or delayed release of multiple enzymes contained in microspheres or microcapsules of varying polymer-matrix compositions to produce a dye on a solid substrate that can be detected and quantitated visually for various concentrations of serum triglycerides.
- the release of multiple enzymes and reagents is achieved by exploiting different porosities and ratios of reagent or enzyme to polymer matrix material of the polyacrylate- polymethacrylate copolymers type as described elsewhere.
- the present example consists of the following components: a) a solid substrate as in previous examples, except that the said substrate is saturated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), surfactant (e.g.. sodium dodecylsulfate) and a leuco dye (e.g.. 2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-bis
- ATP adenosine triphosphate
- surfactant e.g.. sodium dodecylsulfate
- a leuco dye e.g. 2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-bis
- microspheres or microcapsules of individual enzymes, lipase (4-dimethylaminophenyl)imidazole); b) controlled, delayed release mechanisms imparted by water swellable microspheres or microcapsules; c) lipase enzyme; d) glycerol kinase enzyme; e) L- ⁇ -glycerophosphate oxidase enzyme; and f) peroxidase enzyme.
- LP glycerol phosphatase
- GPO L- ⁇ -glycerophosphate oxidase
- PO peroxidase
- the porosity of the enzyme-polymer matrix and ratio of enzyme to polymer matrix composition is chosen such that the rate of release of each enzyme follows the order: LP > GP > GPO > PO.
- the rate of release of enzyme from its corresponding polymer matrix is formulated such that induction of each enzyme into the reaction theater occurs sequentially.
- the protected and enzymatically active enzymes are applied to the surface of the solid phase substrate which has been previously saturated with ATP, surfactant and leuco dye as described in previous examples.
- a narrow strip of coated paper substrate is contacted with a serum specimen containing endogenous lipoproteins.
- the release of each enzyme is sensitized upon contact of the corresponding microsphere- or microcapsule polymer matrix with the serum specimen.
- the serum specimen migrates through the absorbent substrate to allow for separation of lipoproteins into their triglyceride and protein constitutive components.
- LP is released from the corresponding microspheres or microcapsules at a rate greater than GP, GPO and PO, the separated triglycerides are hydrolyzed catalytically by LP in the presence of water (from serum) to glycerol and fatty acids.
- induction of GP into the reaction theater occurs at a rate greater than GPO and PO.
- glycerol formed from the previous step is phosphorylated catalytically by GP to L- ⁇ -glycerophosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
- ADP adenosine diphosphate
- induction of GPO occurs at a rate that is greater than PO.
- the L- ⁇ -glycerophosphate that is formed from the previous step is oxidized catalytically in the presence of air by GPO to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and hydrogen peroxide.
- PO is released from the corresponding microspheres or microcapsules. A distinctive color is produced, with intensity proportional to the concentration of triglycerides originally present in serum specimen, when the leuco dye that is saturated in the absorbent substrate is oxidized catalytically by PO to form a dye that can be detected by visual observation.
Abstract
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US1992/002393 WO1992017769A1 (en) | 1991-03-28 | 1992-03-24 | Controlled-release solid phase assay device including encapsulated reagents for detecting chemical substances |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0577734A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU1679992A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2107113A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1992017769A1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0619492A1 (en) * | 1993-04-06 | 1994-10-12 | Roche Diagnostics GmbH | Determination of an analyte in a liquid sample |
US5599660A (en) * | 1993-01-19 | 1997-02-04 | Pharmacia Biotech Inc. | Method and preparation for sequential delivery of wax-embedded, inactivated biological and chemical reagents |
WO2003020924A2 (en) * | 2001-09-05 | 2003-03-13 | Whatman Plc | Stable storage of proteins |
US20140260559A1 (en) * | 2011-08-12 | 2014-09-18 | Molecular Vision Limited | Flow Control in A Microfluidic Device |
JP2017518483A (en) * | 2014-04-10 | 2017-07-06 | イェール ユニバーシティーYale University | Methods and compositions for detecting abnormally folded proteins |
US11953505B2 (en) | 2021-06-29 | 2024-04-09 | Yale University | Methods and compositions for detecting misfolded proteins |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2014186874A1 (en) * | 2013-05-23 | 2014-11-27 | Yyz Pharmatech, Inc. | Methods and compositions for enzyme linked immuno and hybridization mass spectrometric assay |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4844866A (en) * | 1984-11-13 | 1989-07-04 | Matrix Technologies, Inc. | Carrier for detecting drug abuse compounds |
US4939098A (en) * | 1985-05-31 | 1990-07-03 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Immunoassay and measurement kit used therefor |
US5075078A (en) * | 1989-10-05 | 1991-12-24 | Abbott Laboratories | Self-performing immunochromatographic device |
-
1992
- 1992-03-24 EP EP19920909950 patent/EP0577734A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1992-03-24 CA CA 2107113 patent/CA2107113A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-03-24 WO PCT/US1992/002393 patent/WO1992017769A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-03-24 AU AU16799/92A patent/AU1679992A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4844866A (en) * | 1984-11-13 | 1989-07-04 | Matrix Technologies, Inc. | Carrier for detecting drug abuse compounds |
US4939098A (en) * | 1985-05-31 | 1990-07-03 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Immunoassay and measurement kit used therefor |
US5075078A (en) * | 1989-10-05 | 1991-12-24 | Abbott Laboratories | Self-performing immunochromatographic device |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5599660A (en) * | 1993-01-19 | 1997-02-04 | Pharmacia Biotech Inc. | Method and preparation for sequential delivery of wax-embedded, inactivated biological and chemical reagents |
EP0619492A1 (en) * | 1993-04-06 | 1994-10-12 | Roche Diagnostics GmbH | Determination of an analyte in a liquid sample |
US5397711A (en) * | 1993-04-06 | 1995-03-14 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Determination of an analyte in a sample liquid |
WO2003020924A2 (en) * | 2001-09-05 | 2003-03-13 | Whatman Plc | Stable storage of proteins |
WO2003020924A3 (en) * | 2001-09-05 | 2003-07-24 | Whatman Plc | Stable storage of proteins |
US20140260559A1 (en) * | 2011-08-12 | 2014-09-18 | Molecular Vision Limited | Flow Control in A Microfluidic Device |
US9726588B2 (en) * | 2011-08-12 | 2017-08-08 | Molecular Vision Limited | Flow control in a microfluidic device |
JP2017518483A (en) * | 2014-04-10 | 2017-07-06 | イェール ユニバーシティーYale University | Methods and compositions for detecting abnormally folded proteins |
US11079392B2 (en) | 2014-04-10 | 2021-08-03 | Yale University | Methods and compositions for detecting misfolded proteins |
US11953505B2 (en) | 2021-06-29 | 2024-04-09 | Yale University | Methods and compositions for detecting misfolded proteins |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2107113A1 (en) | 1992-09-29 |
EP0577734A1 (en) | 1994-01-12 |
AU1679992A (en) | 1992-11-02 |
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