WO1992022804A1 - A method for providing general calibration for near infrared instruments for measurement of blood glucose - Google Patents
A method for providing general calibration for near infrared instruments for measurement of blood glucose Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1992022804A1 WO1992022804A1 PCT/US1992/005134 US9205134W WO9222804A1 WO 1992022804 A1 WO1992022804 A1 WO 1992022804A1 US 9205134 W US9205134 W US 9205134W WO 9222804 A1 WO9222804 A1 WO 9222804A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- measurement
- calibration
- infrared
- range
- blood
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 title claims description 66
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 title claims description 66
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 title claims description 39
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 title claims description 39
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000209149 Zea Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007643 Phytolacca americana Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000004164 analytical calibration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004159 blood analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004064 dysfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002483 medication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000611 regression analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N21/359—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light using near infrared light
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/14532—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1495—Calibrating or testing of in-vivo probes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/27—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands using photo-electric detection ; circuits for computing concentration
- G01N21/274—Calibration, base line adjustment, drift correction
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/314—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry with comparison of measurements at specific and non-specific wavelengths
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
- G01N2201/12—Circuits of general importance; Signal processing
- G01N2201/129—Using chemometrical methods
Definitions
- This invention relates to instruments and methods for the non-invasive quantitative measurement of blood analytes. More specifically, this invention relates to a method for providing general calibration for near- infrared instruments for measurement of blood analytes.
- Information concerning the chemical composition of blood is widely used to assess the health characteristics of both people and animals. For example, analysis of the glucose content of blood provides an indication of the current status of metabolism. Blood analysis, by the detection of above or below normal levels of various substances, also provides a direct indication of the presence of certain types of diseases and dysfunctions.
- a current type of blood glucose analytical instrumentation is available for the specific purpose of determining blood glucose levels in people with diabetes.
- This technology uses a small blood sample from a finger poke which is placed on a chemically treated carrier and is inserted into a portable battery operated instrument. The instrument analyzes the blood sample and provides a blood glucose level reading in a short period of time.
- a different class of blood glucose analytical instruments is the near-infrared quantitative analysis instrument which noninvasively measures blood glucose, such as the type described in copending application Serial No. 07/565,302.
- the noninvasive blood glucose measurement instrument analyzes near-infrared energy following interactance with venous or arterial blood, or transmission through a blood-containing body part. These instruments give accurate blood glucose level readings and readily lend themselves to at-home testing by diabetics.
- a limitation of the near-infrared blood glucose measurement instruments has been that each instrument may be required to be custom calibrated for each individual user.
- the need for individual custom calibration results from the different combination of water level, fat level and protein level in various individuals which causes variations in energy absorption. Since the amount of glucose in the body is less than one thousandth of these other constituents. variations of these constituents which exist among different people has made a general or universal calibration appear unlikely.
- the current approach for custom calibrating near- infrared blood glucose measurement instruments is to use an in-vitro technique that requires removing blood from the subject and having an automatic instrument measure the glucose level of that blood.
- Such in-vitro measurements are typically made with either the commercially available Biostator or the experimental Kowarski Continuous Monitor.
- Each of the above instruments requires a catheter to be inserted into the subject and blood withdrawn over a one to two hour period.
- a low-cost method and means for providing custom calibration for near- infrared instruments for measurement of blood glucose which comprises obtaining a plurality of blood samples from an individual at a predetermined time interval and for a predetermined period of time. Blood glucose measurements for each blood sample are obtained and are entered into the near-infrared instrument. I- ⁇ oninvasive near-infrared optical absorption measurements are concomitantly taken through a body part of the individual at a second predetermined time interval and are recorded in the analysis instrument. Calibration regression analysis is then performed utilizing means for linearly interpolating the blood sample glucose measurements with the near-infrared optical measurements to custom calibrate the near-infrared instrument for the individual.
- a method of calibration for calibrating a near- infrared instrument for the measurement of a blood analyte to accommodate almost any individual user.
- the calibration method according to the present invention comprises obtaining a near-infrared optical measurement from an individual and comparing the optical measurement with a plurality of spectral data clusters. Each spectral data cluster has associated therewith a set of calibration constants for calibrating the analysis instrument for the individual.
- the individual's optical measurement data is compared to the plurality of spectral data clusters to determine which cluster the data most closely identifies with.
- the calibration constants associated with that cluster are then used to calibrate the near-infrared analysis instrument for that individual.
- This calibration method is a significant advancement in near-infrared analysis instrument calibration because accurate calibration can be accomplished for any given individual without having to go through the custom calibration techniques of the prior art.
- a multiple calibration method is used to provide additional accuracy in blood analyte measurements.
- the multiple calibration method involves applying a near- infrared optical measurement to a first calibration which calibrates the optical measurement over substantially the entire range of possible blood analyte concentrations and produces a first calibrated value. Further, the first calibration determines whether the first calibrated value falls into a first higher range or a first lower range of possible blood analyte concentrations. A higher range calibration is selected for the first higher range and which calibrates the first calibrated value over the 'higher range. A lower range calibration is also selected for the first lower range and calibrates the first calibrated signal over the lower range. Based on which range the first calibrated value falls within, an appropriate second calibration is applied to provide a highly accurate measurement of blood analyte concentration.
- Figure 1 is a flow diagram illustrating the method for calibrating a near-infrared analysis instrument for the measurement of blood glucose levels according to one embodiment of the present invention
- Figures 2A-C are graphs illustrating spectra clusters according to the present invention
- Figure 3 is a front schematic view of a noninvasive near-infrared analysis instrument which can be generally calibrated according to the method of the present invention
- Figure 4 is a flow diagram illustrating the method for calibrating a near-infrared analysis instrument for the measurement of blood glucose levels according to a second aspect of the present invention.
- Figures 5 and 6 are block diagrams illustrating the method for calibrating a near-infrared analysis instrument.
- the present invention is directed toward a method for generally calibrating a noninvasive near-infrared blood glucose measurement instrument.
- a near-infrared blood glucose instrument is 'illustrated in copending application Serial No. 07/565,302, incorporated herein by reference.
- the analysis instrument In conventional near-infrared analysis, the analysis instrument must be custom calibrated for each individual user. Individual custom calibration is a time consuming procedure often requiring invasive blood samples and resulting in a burden on health care facilities. Custom calibration for the individual user was generally thought to be required because different combinations of water level, fat level and protein level in various individuals cause variations in energy absorption.
- Figure 1 illustrates a calibration method according to the present invention which alleviates the need to provide custom calibration for each individual user by utilizing a technique which automatically calibrates the analysis instrument for virtually any individual user.
- the general calibration method allows virtually any individual to obtain almost immediate, accurate blood analyte concentration measurements, without prior custom calibration.
- the general calibration method according to the present invention is based upon a discovery that the shapes of the near-infrared spectral data distribution for all individuals, between about approximately 600 and approximately 1,000 nanometers, can be subdivided and categorized into a plurality of different "clusters" or "shapes.”
- the concept of clusters is to subdivide a set of samples that have different characteristics into sets having similar characteristics. Cluster theory allows separating samples into distinct separate groups (i.e. clusters), thereby allowing each group to be identified by the type of constituent obtained. In blood glucose analysis, the spectral data distribution is subdivided into approximately six different clusters.
- a set of calibration constants associated with each cluster is calculated and stored in the near- infrared analysis instrument.
- General calibration for any individual user is accomplished by obtaining a near-infrared optical measurement spectrum, through a body part, and by comparing the optical measurement spectrum to each of the prestored spectral clusters.
- the general calibration method of the present invention utilizes means for identifying and assigning a particular cluster from among the six clusters that most closely matches the individual near-infrared optical measurements.
- any near-infrared spectra from any individual user can be assigned or matched to a specific cluster.
- the calibration constants associated with the cluster identified as being most closely corresponding to the measured individual spectrum are then used to calibrate the analysis instrument. Accurate blood glucose level measurements are thereby obtained without having to custom calibrate the analysis for the individual user.
- Grouping the individual samples into clusters can be accomplished in any suitable manner. In one approach, all sample spectral curves are visually observed, and representative curves that have certain significant differences from each other are identified and grouped into clusters.
- Figures 2A-C show curves which illustrate these clusters. As shown therein, the vertical axis is Log 1/T (optical density value), and the horizontal axis is wavelength which varies between 600 nanometers to 1000 nanometers. The vertical lines represent the specific optical filters that are installed in the analysis instrument to produce a desired wavelength.
- the optical measurement data is statistically compared with the cluster data.
- Noninvasive glucose meter 1 is designed to measure blood glucose levels through the distal portion of the test subject's finger.
- the analytical instrument contains at least one near-infrared energy source for introducing near-infrared energy into a test subject's finger. Near-infrared point sources 5 and 6 are shown for illustrative purposes in Figure 3.
- the analytical instrument also utilizes detector 8 for detecting near- infrared energy emerging from the test subject's body part.
- Detector 8 is electrically connected to signal processing means 10 which, according to its programming, processes the signal produced by the detector 8 into a signal indicative of the quantity of glucose present in the blood of the test subject.
- Amplifier 9 amplifies the signal produced by the detector 8 before it is received into the processing means 10.
- Input/output connector 25 is electrically connected to the processing means 10 and allows the analytical instrument to be connected to a "host" instrument such as a computer. Input/output connector 25 enables the spectral clusters to be entered into the analysis instrument and stored in storage means 20, such as an electrically erasable programable read only memory (EEPROM).
- EEPROM electrically erasable programable read only memory
- the general calibration method of the present invention is based upon the discovery that almost all individuals, independent of race, ethnic origin, medications, nail polish, and other parameters which distinguish one individual's near-infrared absorption measurements from another individual's measurements, can be categorized into approximately six different near-infrared spectral clusters. By comparing the test subject's individual near-infrared spectrum distribution to the spectral distribution curve of each different cluster, and using the calibration constants associated with the most closely matching cluster, accurate, general calibration can be accomplished for almost any individual.
- Figure 4 illustrates a multiple calibration method according to another aspect of the present invention. The multiple calibration method effectively compensates for inaccuracies caused by large variations in measured constituent values.
- the moisture level of corn at the time of harvest, can be as high as 48%.
- the moisture level could be as low as 8%—a six to one variation of the constituent desired to be measured.
- the technique used in the agricultural application is to subdivide the calibration into two different ranges:
- Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the multiple calibration concept applied to blood glucose analysis.
- the present invention utilizes an initial calibration measurement which is provided to perform a calibration over the entire range of near-infrared data.
- the purpose of the initial calibration measurement is to decide which of the two alternate calibrations will be used—either the high range calibration or the lower range calibration.
- the initial calibration range is between 40 and 500 mg/dl. It is assumed that the initial calibration by the initial calibration measurement has a two sigma value (standard error of estimate) of 100 mg/dl.
- the high range extends up from 100 mg/dl below the midpoint of 270.
- the low range extends downward from 100 mg/dl above the midpoint of 270.
- a person places her finger in the near-infrared blood glucose analysis instrument to obtain a near-infrared optical absorption measurement.
- the optical measurement is calibrated over substantially the entire range of possible blood analyte concentrations.
- This initial calibration will provide a first calibrated value, which is not displayed, that allows the instrument to select either the higher range or the lower range calibration. If it picks the high range calibration, the value obtained therefrom will be displayed. However, if it selects the low range calibration, and the result is less than approximately 150 mg/dl, then the instrument uses a more precise calibration for the range between approximately 40 and approximately 150 mg/dl.
- Figure 6 illustrates a similar example where the range is restricted to between 40 and 400 mg/dl. Since a microprocessor utilized in the instrument is able to perform these types of calculations in milliseconds, the user never knows that these alternate calibrations are being selected. The actual glucose measurement value in displayed is a fraction of a second.
- the multiple calibration method according to the present invention can be used to increase the accuracy of an individually custom calibrated near-infrared analysis instrument or an instrument utilizing the general calibration method as disclosed above.
- the multiple calibration method provides greater calibration accuracy used by itself or in combination with another calibration technique.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP5501106A JPH06508440A (en) | 1991-06-18 | 1992-06-17 | How to perform general calibration of near-infrared blood glucose measurement devices |
EP19920914580 EP0590077A4 (en) | 1991-06-18 | 1992-06-17 | A method for providing general calibration for near infrared instruments for measurement of blood glucose. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/717,198 US5204532A (en) | 1989-01-19 | 1991-06-18 | Method for providing general calibration for near infrared instruments for measurement of blood glucose |
US717,198 | 1991-06-18 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1992022804A1 true WO1992022804A1 (en) | 1992-12-23 |
Family
ID=24881098
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1992/005134 WO1992022804A1 (en) | 1991-06-18 | 1992-06-17 | A method for providing general calibration for near infrared instruments for measurement of blood glucose |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US5204532A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0590077A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH06508440A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2251292A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2111868A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX9202953A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1992022804A1 (en) |
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US6280381B1 (en) | 1999-07-22 | 2001-08-28 | Instrumentation Metrics, Inc. | Intelligent system for noninvasive blood analyte prediction |
WO2002023971A2 (en) * | 2000-09-18 | 2002-03-28 | Instrumentation Metrics, Inc. | A multi-tier method of classifying sample spectra for non-invasive blood analyte prediction |
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US9523606B2 (en) | 2014-07-23 | 2016-12-20 | Airbus Operations Limited | Method and apparatus for testing materials |
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US5377674A (en) * | 1992-05-08 | 1995-01-03 | Kuestner; J. Todd | Method for non-invasive and in-vitro hemoglobin concentration measurement |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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MX9202953A (en) | 1993-02-01 |
EP0590077A4 (en) | 1994-10-26 |
AU2251292A (en) | 1993-01-12 |
CA2111868A1 (en) | 1992-12-23 |
JPH06508440A (en) | 1994-09-22 |
US5576544A (en) | 1996-11-19 |
EP0590077A1 (en) | 1994-04-06 |
US5204532A (en) | 1993-04-20 |
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