WO1994017136A1 - Composition, susceptible de donner des fibres ou des films, a base de formiate de cellulose - Google Patents
Composition, susceptible de donner des fibres ou des films, a base de formiate de cellulose Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1994017136A1 WO1994017136A1 PCT/CH1994/000017 CH9400017W WO9417136A1 WO 1994017136 A1 WO1994017136 A1 WO 1994017136A1 CH 9400017 W CH9400017 W CH 9400017W WO 9417136 A1 WO9417136 A1 WO 9417136A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- cellulose
- fiber
- formate
- equal
- composition
- Prior art date
Links
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formic acid Chemical group OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- -1 acyclic amides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- ZMGMDXCADSRNCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,6-dihydroxy-1,3-diazepan-2-one Chemical class OC1CNC(=O)NCC1O ZMGMDXCADSRNCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 150000003951 lactams Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 86
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000001112 coagulating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001508 alkali metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000008045 alkali metal halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001615 alkaline earth metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005360 alkyl sulfoxide group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 66
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 39
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 29
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 13
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 9
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 125000003158 alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000011148 calcium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000022244 formylation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006170 formylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylformamide Chemical compound CNC=O ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N epsilon-caprolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCN1 JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- LCEDQNDDFOCWGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N morpholine-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CN1CCOCC1 LCEDQNDDFOCWGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XUWHAWMETYGRKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N piperidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCCN1 XUWHAWMETYGRKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- CYSGHNMQYZDMIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinon Chemical compound CN1CCN(C)C1=O CYSGHNMQYZDMIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GGYVTHJIUNGKFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylpiperidin-2-one Chemical compound CN1CCCCC1=O GGYVTHJIUNGKFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical group CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JYGLAHSAISAEAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diphenadione Chemical compound O=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C1C(=O)C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 JYGLAHSAISAEAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000875 Dissolving pulp Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZWXPDGCFMMFNRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylcaprolactam Chemical compound CN1CCCCCC1=O ZWXPDGCFMMFNRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFTLOKWAGJYHHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylmorpholine N-oxide Chemical compound CN1(=O)CCOCC1 LFTLOKWAGJYHHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010061592 cardiac fibrillation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- GUVUOGQBMYCBQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dmpu Chemical compound CN1CCCN(C)C1=O GUVUOGQBMYCBQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013213 extrapolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002600 fibrillogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- XKBGEWXEAPTVCK-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyltrioctylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCC[N+](C)(CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC XKBGEWXEAPTVCK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005207 tetraalkylammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- YMBCJWGVCUEGHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC YMBCJWGVCUEGHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ISXOBTBCNRIIQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrothiophene 1-oxide Chemical compound O=S1CCCC1 ISXOBTBCNRIIQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- IPILPUZVTYHGIL-UHFFFAOYSA-M tributyl(methyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCC[N+](C)(CCCC)CCCC IPILPUZVTYHGIL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002166 wet spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
- C08J3/09—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids
- C08J3/091—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids characterised by the chemical constitution of the organic liquid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C9/00—Reinforcements or ply arrangement of pneumatic tyres
- B60C9/0042—Reinforcements made of synthetic materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
- C08J3/09—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/08—Cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/10—Esters of organic acids, i.e. acylates
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F2/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Manufacture thereof
- D01F2/24—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Manufacture thereof from cellulose derivatives
- D01F2/28—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Manufacture thereof from cellulose derivatives from organic cellulose esters or ethers, e.g. cellulose acetate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2301/00—Characterised by the use of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08J2301/08—Cellulose derivatives
- C08J2301/10—Esters of organic acids
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
- Y10T428/2964—Artificial fiber or filament
- Y10T428/2965—Cellulosic
Definitions
- the invention relates to the compositions for obtaining fibers or cellulosic films as well as the methods for obtaining these fibers and films, and the cellulosic fibers themselves.
- Application O-A-85/05115 describes the production of cellulose formate fibers from anisotropic solutions of cellulose formate in formic acid and phosphoric acid, these fibers being able to be regenerated.
- the process for obtaining these fibers is not polluting, and the regenerated cellulose fibers thus obtained are characterized by very high mechanical properties, in particular the initial modulus and the toughness have important values.
- the fibers thus obtained have a very ordered structure which reflects the anisotropic nature of the starting solutions and which makes them unsuitable for textile use.
- the invention aims to remedy the aforementioned drawbacks or to limit these drawbacks, by proposing a composition capable of giving fibers or films, a process for obtaining fibers or films of regenerated cellulose, and a fiber of regenerated cellulose.
- composition according to the invention capable of giving fibers or films, based on cellulose formate, is characterized by the following points:
- composition is a solution
- the concentration of cellulose formate in the composition is at least equal to 8% by weight
- the composition comprises as solvent one or more compounds chosen from the group consisting of alkyl sulfoxides, lactams, acyclic amides, cyclic urea derivatives.
- These compounds may be substituted, or unsubstituted, the substitution, if it exists, preferably being carried out on a nitrogen atom and the substituent group preferably being methyl.
- the process according to the invention for obtaining a regenerated cellulose fiber or film comprises the following points:
- composition defined above is transformed into a liquid extrudate having the form of a fiber or a film, at a temperature such that the solution is isotropic if it is at rest;
- the fiber consists of filaments which each have, in cross section, a practically continuous morphology from the periphery to the core;
- the composition may comprise one or more compounds chosen from the group consisting of alkali metal halides, alkaline earth metal halides, tetraalkylammonium halides, in particular calcium chloride and / or lithium chloride.
- the invention also relates to the fibers and films obtained with the process according to the invention, as well as the assemblies comprising at least one fiber and / or a film according to the invention.
- the fibers, films and assemblies according to the invention can be used in particular in packaging, in the textile industry, or as reinforcements, for example to reinforce articles of rubber or plastics, in particular belts, hoses, tire casings, the invention also relates to these articles.
- the inherent viscosity IV of the cellulosic material is determined according to Swiss standard SNV 195 598 from 1970, but at different concentrations which vary between 0.5 and 0.05 g / dl.
- the inherent viscosity is defined by the equation:
- C represents the concentration of dry cellulosic material
- t represents the flow time of the dilute polymer solution
- t represents the flow time of the pure solvent, in a viscosimeter type Ubbelohde
- Ln represents the natural logarithm , the measurements being carried out at 20 ° C.
- the intrinsic viscosity [ ⁇ ] is given by extrapolation at zero concentration of the inherent viscosity IV.
- the weight average molecular mass M is given by the Mark-Houwink relation:
- the degree of polymerization (DP) is defined by the formula:
- the DP of the starting cellulose is noted DP in the examples and tables which follow.
- the spinning composition is coagulated in water in a dispersing apparatus. After filtration, washing with water and then with acetone, a powder is obtained which is air-dried at 50 ° C for at least 30 minutes.
- the DS thus determined therefore gives directly the percentage of alcohol functions of the cellulose which have been transformed into formate groups.
- the DS of the cellulose in formate groups (degree of formylation), in the composition, is noted DS f in the examples and tables which follow.
- the cellulose derivative is isolated and the cellulose of this derivative is then regenerated by treating this derivative at reflux with normal sodium hydroxide.
- the cellulose obtained is washed with water, dried and the DP is measured as described previously in ⁇ 1.1.
- a drop of the solution to be studied is placed between crossed linear polarizer and analyzer of a polarization optical microscope, then observed at rest, that is to say in the absence of dynamic stress, at the spinning temperature of this solution.
- condition is meant the treatment of fibers according to Federal German standard DIN 53802-20 / 65 of July 1979.
- the titer of the fibers is determined according to the Federal German standard DIN 53830 of June 1965, the fibers being conditioned beforehand. The measurement is carried out on at least three samples, each corresponding to a length of 50 m, by weighing this length of fiber. The title is given in tex (mass in grams of 1000 meters of fiber).
- the mechanical properties of the fibers are measured using a Z ICK GmbH & Co (RFA) tensile machine of type 1435 or type 1445, corresponding to German standards.
- RFA Z ICK GmbH & Co
- the fibers obtained after spinning (spun) receive a preliminary protective twist for the measurement and they are pulled over an initial length of 400 mm. All the results are obtained with an average of 10 measurements.
- the tenacity (T) and the initial modulus (M.) are indicated in cN by tex (centinewton by tex).
- the elongation at break (A ⁇ ) is indicated as a percentage.
- the initial modulus (M.) is defined as the slope of the linear part of the force - elongation curve, which occurs just after the standard pretension of 0.5 cN / tex.
- T, M. and iL are measured on conditioned fibers.
- the cellulose DP is measured as indicated in ⁇ 1.1.
- the DS of the regenerated fibers is determined as follows:
- the examination is carried out with a polarization optical microscope on intact elementary filaments, then having undergone abrasion. These filaments are observed which are disposed between crossed polarizer and linear analyzer, the axis of the filaments being parallel to the flat surfaces of the polarizer and the analyzer.
- the cellulose formate is prepared for example in accordance with the aforementioned application WO-A-85/05115 from cellulose, formic acid and orthophosphoric acid.
- cellulose formate To make cellulose formate, the following procedure is used as an example.
- Cellulose powder (the humidity of which is in equilibrium with the ambient humidity of the air) is introduced into a double-jacket mixer, comprising Z-shaped arms.
- a mixture of orthophosphoric acid and formic acid is then added.
- the three components are for example in the proportions: cellulose 16%, orthophosphoric acid (crystalline at 99%) 46%, formic acid 38% (% by weight).
- the whole is mixed for 1 hour, the temperature of the mixture being maintained between 10 and 15 ° C. In these circumstances, for example, the DP experiences an average decrease of 30%.
- the variation in the relative proportion of formic acid makes it possible to vary the degree of substitution.
- the cellulose formate solution thus obtained is extruded out of the mixer comprising arms in Z by an extrusion screw in the form of liquid rods of approximately 0.5 mm in diameter which are immersed in water at room temperature .
- an extrusion screw in the form of liquid rods of approximately 0.5 mm in diameter which are immersed in water at room temperature .
- rods of cellulose formate which are dried with hot air having a temperature of approximately 120 "C. It goes without saying that this method is only mentioned by way of example, making thin films, for example by extruding the solution onto the cylinders of a calender, is entirely possible.
- the cellulose formate compositions in accordance with the invention are obtained by dissolving these rods of dry cellulose formate in the solvents studied.
- the following procedure is used as an example.
- the rods are impregnated in the solvent at room temperature for a variable period of time which can range from 1 hour to several hours.
- the presolution is then introduced into a double-jacket mixer comprising Z-shaped arms.
- the whole is kneaded for approximately 15 h, the temperature of the solution being maintained at 20 - 25 ° C. Any additives (mineral or organic salts) can be added during mixing.
- - 12 - a vacuum of approximately 8 mbar is applied to degas the solution.
- the solution is then extruded using an extrusion screw in a tank provided with a piston.
- the vacuum of approximately 8 mbar is maintained during the extrusion step.
- a faster variant consists in keeping the solution in the mixer at 75 ° C for 2 h and then in the degassing step for 1 h at 20 ° C.
- the solution which is at room temperature, is extruded from the storage tank by a piston in an extraction pump, which in turn pushes the solution successively through a fine cartridge filter and the spinning block into the pump. spinning.
- the solution is extruded through a die, preceded by a filter, the die having 30, 50 or 250 orifices each having 65 or 50 micrometers in diameter.
- the extrudate leaving the die therefore consists of 30, 50 or 250 elementary liquid veins.
- the liquid stream which gushes from each orifice acquires a die exit speed denoted V_ in Tables 1 and 3 which follow.
- V_ die exit speed
- the die is located a few mm above the coagulation bath.
- each vein which leaves the die is drawn in a non-coagulating layer of fluid, which is for example a layer of air.
- the cellulose derivative fiber is formed.
- the coagulation bath is for example water-based in a temperature range (T) which can vary depending on the type of fiber sought.
- T temperature range
- the fiber thus formed passes through a succession of water-based washing baths to be finally taken up on a drive device with a call speed noted Va in Tables 1 and 3.
- the temperature (T,) of the washing baths is generally higher than that of the coagulation bath, but not necessarily.
- the fiber passes over a second drive device with a calling speed denoted V in Tables 1 and 3.
- V a calling speed
- the ratio ( v a / v p ) between the last calling speed and the die exit speed defines the total spinning factor, noted FEF in tables 1 and 3.
- Va.2 and Va, l have different values, one can have between the two drive devices , either a stretching of the fiber (if Va2_> Va-l), or a relaxation of the fiber (if V _ ⁇ V a .).
- the use of two drive devices is not limiting, the method according to the invention can use a single drive device, or more than two drive devices.
- the spinning conditions are identical to the previous conditions, with the difference that the die is in contact with the coagulation bath, that is to say that there is no non-coagulating layer of fluid.
- the wetted cellulose formate fiber passes for a few seconds into a regeneration bath generally at room temperature, in line with the spinning step, consisting for example of an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, generally from 2 to 5% by weight, but which may vary as required, to regenerate the cellulose.
- a regeneration bath generally at room temperature, in line with the spinning step, consisting for example of an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, generally from 2 to 5% by weight, but which may vary as required, to regenerate the cellulose.
- the regenerated fiber is then washed with water, then dried on heating rollers before being wound.
- a total of 29 fiber preparation tests are carried out by following steps 1 to 4 above.
- the conditions of these tests are given in Tables 1 and 3, and the characteristics of the fibers obtained (yarns each containing 30, 50 or 250 elementary filaments) are given in Tables 2 and 4. All these tests are in accordance to the invention.
- Tables 1 and 2 relate to the 25 tests carried out using the dry jet wet technique, and Tables 3 and 4 relate to the 4 tests carried out using the wet technique.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- TBAB tetrabutylammonium bromide
- EG ethylene glycol
- DP f DP of the cellulose in the form of formate, in the composition
- DS f DS of cellulose in formate groups (or degree of formylation), in the composition (in%);
- T- Spinning temperature (in ° C) : Die exit speed (in m / min);
- V 9.1 First call speed (in m / min);
- V Second call speed (in m / min);
- FEF Total spinning factor
- T Washing temperature (in ° C);
- T Tenacity (in cN / tex);
- a p Elongation at break (in%)
- the die includes 250 holes of diameter 65 ⁇ m for tests 1 to 11 on the one hand, 13 to 23 on the other hand, 250 holes of diameter 50 ⁇ m for test 12, 50 holes of diameter 65 ⁇ m for the test 24, and 30 holes of 65 ⁇ m diameter for test 25;
- the non-coagulating air layer has a thickness of between 5 and 6 mm;
- the coagulation bath consists of water containing approximately 12% of the solvent and additive assembly, in the same relative proportions as for the spinning compositions, except for test 10 where the water contains 10% of NMP and 8.6% of CaCl 2, and for the test 14 where the water contains 24% of NMP and less than 0.5% of CaCl2;
- the regeneration is carried out using an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution containing 5% NaOH for tests 1 to 23, 2% NaOH for tests 24 and
- the fibers are dried, after regeneration and washing, at a temperature ranging from 105 to 120 ° C;
- the fibers thus obtained are yarns consisting of 250 filaments for tests 1 to 23, 50 filaments for test 24, and 30 filaments for test 25;
- the die includes 250 holes of diameter 50 ⁇ m for test 1, 50 holes of diameter 65 ⁇ m for test 2, and 50 holes of diameter 50 ⁇ m for tests 3 and 4;
- the coagulation bath consists of water containing approximately 12% of solvan (s), in the same relative proportions as for the spinning compositions if it is a mixture of solvents
- the fibers are dried, after regeneration and washing, at a temperature of 120 ° C for test 1, 105 ° C for test 2, and 90 ° C for tests 3 and 4;
- the fibers thus obtained are therefore yarns consisting of 250 filaments for test 1, 50 filaments for tests 2 to 4.
- the fibers obtained (Tables 2 and 4) have a degree of substitution in formate groups which is less than 2%, and a degree of polymerization which is substantially equivalent to the degree of polymerization determined for the spinning compositions ( DP f ), this signifying that the process does not cause a notable reduction in the DP of the cellulose.
- Table 2 characteristics of the fibers obtained under the conditions of table 1
- Table 4 characteristics of the fibers obtained under the conditions of table 3
- the spinning composition produced constitutes a solution in all cases.
- the additives are dissolved in this solution, sometimes forming complexes with the solvent.
- the fibers obtained in accordance with the invention have a very different morphology from the layered morphology obtained with anisotropic spinning compositions, as described for example in the above-mentioned application O-A-85/05115.
- the elementary filaments of the fibers in accordance with the invention have, in cross section, a practically continuous morphology from the periphery to the core.
- these terms is meant the fact that these elementary filaments do not comprise a succession of numerous layers nested one inside the other, surrounding the axis of these filaments. During friction between them, the fibers according to the invention therefore have a much better resistance to fibrillation than the fibers described in application O-A-85/05115 mentioned above.
- the mechanical properties (toughness, initial modulus, elongation at break) and the titer can be varied within wide limits, by varying the degree of polymerization of the cellulose and the concentration of cellulose formate in the spinning composition. It is thus possible, for example, to obtain a technical fiber, that is to say a fiber having a high tenacity and an initial modulus, whose values of tenacity and of initial modulus are at least as good as those of rayon.
- the water and / or alcohol (s) content is less than 10% of the weight of the solvent (s); - the DS of cellulose in formate groups (DS f ) is greater than 30%.
- composition according to the invention is intended for the manufacture of a technical fiber, it preferably has at least one of the following characteristics:
- the DP of the cellulose, in the cellulose formate is at least equal to 500;
- the composition contains one or more compounds chosen from the group consisting of alkali metal halides, alkaline earth metal halides, tetraalkylammonium halides;
- the concentration of cellulose formate is at least equal to 18%.
- composition according to the invention has at least one of the following characteristics, in the case where it is intended for the manufacture of a technical fiber:
- composition contains calcium chloride and / or lithium chloride
- the concentration of cellulose formate is at least 20%
- the DP of the cellulose in the cellulose formate is at least equal to 600.
- the process according to the invention is preferably used to obtain fibers (spinning process) and it is preferably carried out with a layer of non-coagulating fluid (dry jet wet) which is advantageously an air layer.
- the regenerated cellulose fiber according to the invention has at least one of the following characteristics:
- the regenerated cellulose fiber according to the invention has at least one of the following characteristics when it is a technical fiber:
- the DP is at least equal to 500;
- the toughness is at least equal to 40 cN / tex
- the initial modulus is at least equal to 1000 cN / tex.
- this technical fiber has at least one of the following characteristics:
- the DP is at least equal to 600;
- the toughness is at least equal to 50 cN / tex
- the initial modulus is at least equal to 1500 cN / tex.
- solvents other than those mentioned in the examples can be used, in particular N-methylformamide, N-formylmorpholine, ⁇ -caprolactam, ⁇ -valerolactam, N-methylcaprolactam, N -methylvalerolactam, the • y-pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinone, tetramethylenesulfoxide, and which can be used as additives tetraalkylammonium halides, other than those mentioned in the examples, in particular tetraethylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tributylmethylammonium chloride, tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride.
- compositions according to the invention may contain additives other than those previously described.
- cellulose formate covers cases where the alcohol groups of the cellulose are substituted by groups other than the formate groups, in addition to these, for example ester groups, in particular acetate groups, the degree of substitution of cellulose for these other groups preferably being less than 10%.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BR9403823A BR9403823A (pt) | 1993-01-27 | 1994-01-26 | Composição para produzir fibras ou películas à base de formiato de celulose processo para obter fibra ou película de celulose regenerada fibra de celulose regenerada fibra película conjunto e artigo |
DE69419382T DE69419382T2 (de) | 1993-01-27 | 1994-01-26 | Zusammensetzung aus zelluloseformiat, die faser oder filme bilden kann |
AU58563/94A AU5856394A (en) | 1993-01-27 | 1994-01-26 | Cellulose formate-based composition for preparing fibres or films |
JP51653594A JP3821838B2 (ja) | 1993-01-27 | 1994-01-26 | ギ酸セルローズをベースとし,繊維またはフィルムを生成し得る組成物 |
EP94904557A EP0650508B1 (fr) | 1993-01-27 | 1994-01-26 | Composition, susceptible de donner des fibres ou des films, a base de formiate de cellulose |
CA002125878A CA2125878C (fr) | 1993-01-27 | 1994-01-26 | Composition, susceptible de donner des fibres ou des films, a base de formiate de cellulose |
US08/302,753 US5593487A (en) | 1993-01-27 | 1994-01-26 | Composition having a base of cellulose formate capable of producing fibers of films |
KR1019940703326A KR950700960A (ko) | 1993-01-27 | 1994-09-26 | 섬유 또는 필름 제조용 셀룰로즈 포르메이트계 조성물(Cellulose formate-based composition for preparing fibers or films) |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR93/01121 | 1993-01-27 | ||
FR9301121A FR2700772A1 (fr) | 1993-01-27 | 1993-01-27 | Composition, susceptible de donner des fibres ou des films, à base de formiate de cellulose. |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1994017136A1 true WO1994017136A1 (fr) | 1994-08-04 |
Family
ID=9443643
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/CH1994/000017 WO1994017136A1 (fr) | 1993-01-27 | 1994-01-26 | Composition, susceptible de donner des fibres ou des films, a base de formiate de cellulose |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (4) | US5593487A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0650508B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3821838B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR950700960A (fr) |
CN (2) | CN1064980C (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE181943T1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU5856394A (fr) |
BR (1) | BR9403823A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2125878C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69419382T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2700772A1 (fr) |
RU (1) | RU94042397A (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1994017136A1 (fr) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1995020629A1 (fr) * | 1994-01-26 | 1995-08-03 | Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A. | Composition contenant du formiate de cellulose et pouvant former un gel elastique et thermoreversible |
WO1996030222A1 (fr) * | 1995-03-31 | 1996-10-03 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Fil et corde en cellulose pour des applications industrielles |
FR2736356A1 (fr) * | 1995-07-03 | 1997-01-10 | Medev Bv | Procede d'obtention d'une solution de formiate de cellulose par impregnation puis malaxage de plaques de cellulose |
NL1001692C2 (nl) * | 1995-11-20 | 1997-05-21 | Akzo Nobel Nv | Werkwijze voor de bereiding van geregenereerde cellulose filamenten. |
FR2759094A1 (fr) * | 1997-02-06 | 1998-08-07 | Michelin Rech Tech | Fibres cellulosiques d'origine cristal-liquide ayant un allongement a la rupture important ; procedes pour les obtenir |
US6214464B1 (en) | 1994-01-26 | 2001-04-10 | Michelin Recherche & Technique | Composition containing a cellulose formate capable of forming an elastic cellulose gel, process for making the composition and article made by the process |
Families Citing this family (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB9412500D0 (en) * | 1994-06-22 | 1994-08-10 | Courtaulds Fibres Holdings Ltd | Fibre manufacture |
UA44901C2 (uk) * | 1994-08-19 | 2002-03-15 | Акцо Нобел Н.В. | Оптично анізотропний розчин, спосіб його одержання, спосіб виготовлення целюлозних екструдатів, целюлозне волокно, гумовий виріб та шина транспортного засобу |
TW313576B (fr) * | 1994-08-19 | 1997-08-21 | Akzo Nobel Nv | |
FR2737735A1 (fr) | 1995-08-10 | 1997-02-14 | Michelin Rech Tech | Fibres cellulosiques a allongement rupture ameliore |
US6210801B1 (en) | 1996-08-23 | 2001-04-03 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Lyocell fibers, and compositions for making same |
US6306334B1 (en) | 1996-08-23 | 2001-10-23 | The Weyerhaeuser Company | Process for melt blowing continuous lyocell fibers |
US6471727B2 (en) | 1996-08-23 | 2002-10-29 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Lyocell fibers, and compositions for making the same |
US6331354B1 (en) | 1996-08-23 | 2001-12-18 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Alkaline pulp having low average degree of polymerization values and method of producing the same |
WO2000026334A1 (fr) * | 1998-10-30 | 2000-05-11 | Metrex Research Corporation | Compositions de nettoyage et de decontamination simultanes et procedes correspondants |
US6773648B2 (en) | 1998-11-03 | 2004-08-10 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Meltblown process with mechanical attenuation |
JP5050307B2 (ja) * | 2001-09-27 | 2012-10-17 | コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 | セルロースエステルフィルムの製造方法 |
CA2438445C (fr) * | 2002-12-26 | 2006-11-28 | Hyosung Corporation | Fibre lyocell multifilament pour cables a pneus et methode de production connexe |
US9068063B2 (en) | 2010-06-29 | 2015-06-30 | Eastman Chemical Company | Cellulose ester/elastomer compositions |
US9273195B2 (en) | 2010-06-29 | 2016-03-01 | Eastman Chemical Company | Tires comprising cellulose ester/elastomer compositions |
US20130150493A1 (en) | 2011-12-07 | 2013-06-13 | Eastman Chemical Company | Process for dispersing cellulose esters into elastomeric compositions |
US10077343B2 (en) | 2016-01-21 | 2018-09-18 | Eastman Chemical Company | Process to produce elastomeric compositions comprising cellulose ester additives |
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1993
- 1993-01-27 FR FR9301121A patent/FR2700772A1/fr active Pending
-
1994
- 1994-01-26 CN CN941900215A patent/CN1064980C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-01-26 JP JP51653594A patent/JP3821838B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-01-26 RU RU94042397/04A patent/RU94042397A/ru unknown
- 1994-01-26 AU AU58563/94A patent/AU5856394A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-01-26 EP EP94904557A patent/EP0650508B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-01-26 DE DE69419382T patent/DE69419382T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-01-26 BR BR9403823A patent/BR9403823A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-01-26 WO PCT/CH1994/000017 patent/WO1994017136A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1994-01-26 US US08/302,753 patent/US5593487A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-01-26 AT AT94904557T patent/ATE181943T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-01-26 CA CA002125878A patent/CA2125878C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-09-26 KR KR1019940703326A patent/KR950700960A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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1995
- 1995-06-06 US US08/466,590 patent/US5571468A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-06-06 US US08/466,573 patent/US5587238A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-06-06 US US08/466,572 patent/US5585181A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1999
- 1999-05-18 CN CN99107418A patent/CN1089818C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6214464B1 (en) | 1994-01-26 | 2001-04-10 | Michelin Recherche & Technique | Composition containing a cellulose formate capable of forming an elastic cellulose gel, process for making the composition and article made by the process |
WO1995020629A1 (fr) * | 1994-01-26 | 1995-08-03 | Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A. | Composition contenant du formiate de cellulose et pouvant former un gel elastique et thermoreversible |
US5880278A (en) * | 1994-01-26 | 1999-03-09 | Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A. | Composition containing cellulose formate, capable of forming an elastic, thermoreversible gel |
US5856004A (en) * | 1995-03-31 | 1999-01-05 | Akzo Nobel Nv | Cellulose yarn and cord for industrial application |
WO1996030222A1 (fr) * | 1995-03-31 | 1996-10-03 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Fil et corde en cellulose pour des applications industrielles |
WO1997002292A1 (fr) * | 1995-07-03 | 1997-01-23 | Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A. | Procede d'obtention d'une solution de formiate de cellulose par impregnation puis malaxage de plaques de cellulose |
US6022614A (en) * | 1995-07-03 | 2000-02-08 | Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A. | Method for preparing a cellulose formate solution by impregnating and kneading cellulose slabs |
FR2736356A1 (fr) * | 1995-07-03 | 1997-01-10 | Medev Bv | Procede d'obtention d'une solution de formiate de cellulose par impregnation puis malaxage de plaques de cellulose |
CN1084336C (zh) * | 1995-07-03 | 2002-05-08 | 米凯林技术研究公司 | 通过浸渍然后捏合纤维素板制备甲酸纤维素溶液的方法 |
WO1997019207A1 (fr) * | 1995-11-20 | 1997-05-29 | Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A. | Procede de preparation de filaments de cellulose regeneres |
NL1001692C2 (nl) * | 1995-11-20 | 1997-05-21 | Akzo Nobel Nv | Werkwijze voor de bereiding van geregenereerde cellulose filamenten. |
FR2759094A1 (fr) * | 1997-02-06 | 1998-08-07 | Michelin Rech Tech | Fibres cellulosiques d'origine cristal-liquide ayant un allongement a la rupture important ; procedes pour les obtenir |
WO1998035078A1 (fr) * | 1997-02-06 | 1998-08-13 | Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A. | Fibres cellulosiques d'origine cristal-liquide ayant un allongement a la rupture important et procedes pour les obtenir |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0650508A1 (fr) | 1995-05-03 |
CN1089818C (zh) | 2002-08-28 |
ATE181943T1 (de) | 1999-07-15 |
CA2125878A1 (fr) | 1994-08-04 |
JPH07505673A (ja) | 1995-06-22 |
AU5856394A (en) | 1994-08-15 |
CN1101486A (zh) | 1995-04-12 |
BR9403823A (pt) | 1999-06-01 |
DE69419382D1 (de) | 1999-08-12 |
CN1064980C (zh) | 2001-04-25 |
KR950700960A (ko) | 1995-02-20 |
US5585181A (en) | 1996-12-17 |
DE69419382T2 (de) | 1999-11-04 |
RU94042397A (ru) | 1996-07-20 |
US5587238A (en) | 1996-12-24 |
CN1243892A (zh) | 2000-02-09 |
CA2125878C (fr) | 2006-03-21 |
EP0650508B1 (fr) | 1999-07-07 |
JP3821838B2 (ja) | 2006-09-13 |
FR2700772A1 (fr) | 1994-07-29 |
US5571468A (en) | 1996-11-05 |
US5593487A (en) | 1997-01-14 |
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