RETINAL EYE DISEASE DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
FIELD OF INVENTION
The invention relates to a method and apparatus for assessin the thickness, topography and nerve fiber orientation of th retinal nerve fiber layer by measuring the polarization effect of the nerve fiber layer of the retina on a impinging light beam whil eliminating the obscuring polarizing effects of the anterio segment of the eye.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
The retinal nerve fiber layer is the innermost layer of th human retina, defining the front of the retina consisting of th ganglion cell axons which transmit the visual signal generated b the photoreceptors. The ganglion cell axons (nerve fibers) converge to the optic papilla where the optic nerve is formed, which transmits the bundled visual information from the eye to th brain. Glaucoma and other eye diseases damage these nerve fibers, resulting in loss of vision, or blindness. In order to detec glaucoma early and prevent further loss of vision, it is importan to assess the condition of the retinal nerve fiber layer as soo and as accurately as possible.
One widely used method of making this assessment employs fundus camera with red-free illumination to photograph the retina nerve fiber layer. Blue light (red-free) enhances the visibilit of the transparent nerve fibers, and retinal locations with a nerv fiber layer defect appear darker than normal. However, n quantitative results are obtainable with this method.
More recently, several methods have been developed tha attempt to quantify the three-dimensional size and shape of th optic papilla, which can be considered a bulk representation of th retinal nerve fibers. By analyzing the topography of the opti papilla and the surrounding retina, an indirect measure of th condition of the retinal nerve fiber layer can be obtained.
One of the current methods is stereoscopic fundus photograph wherein two photographs of the fundus are obtained from differen angles, and the depth or topography information is extracted b triangulation (see, for example U.S. Patent No. 4,715,703).
Another diagnostic method consists of projecting a stripe o grid pattern onto the fundus, which is observed at a specifi angle. An algorithm is used to calculate the topography from th apparent deformation of the projected stripes on the illuminate fundus (see, for example, U.S. Patent No. 4,423,931). More recen methods utilize the technique of confocal scanning lase ophthalmoscopy in which a laser beam is scanned across the ey fundus in two dimensions in order to obtain real-time video image on a TV monitor. By focusing the scanning laser beam on differen layers of the retina and confocally detecting the light reflecte from the fundus, optical section images of the retina can b obtained. These section images are analyzed to obtain th topography of the fundus.
All of these techniques depend on the intensity of ligh reflected from the retinal surface as the sole probing tool fo determining fundus topography. They are based on the assumptio that the point of brightest reflection is at the internal limitin membrane, the interface between the vitreous and the retina. Th point of maximum reflection is, therefore, assumed to represent th anterior surface of the nerve fiber layer. In reality, the ligh detected from the fundus is a mixture of light reflected from th internal limiting membrane and light scattered from deeper layer within the retina. Therefore, the maximum of the total intensit distribution of all light detected from the retina does no coincide with the most anterior surface of the retina, and a fals presentation is obtained.
A very significant limitation inherent in these conventiona methods is the inability to measure the thickness of the retina nerve fiber layer in addition to the topography. Topographic map provide an approximate model from which thickness can be derived, but represent indirect and suggestive evidence only. The nerv fiber layer represents on the order of one-tenth of the tota thickness of the retina, and changes in its thickness provide th best indicator of progressing disease. A method of directl
measuring the actual thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer would represent a clearly valuable addition to the diagnostic tools available to the medical diagnostician.
It has been known [see for example, Journal of the Optical Society of America A 2, 72-75 (1985)] that the human retina has certain polarization properties. The instant inventors, in a paper delivered in 1991, [Technical Digest on Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System, 1991 (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1991), Vol.l, pp. 154-157], showed that the retinal nerve fiber layer was responsible for the polarizing effect of the retina.
The retinal nerve fiber layer consists of parallel axons which are form birefringent and change the state of polarization of light double-passing it. The thicker the nerve fiber layer, the greater the alteration of the state of polarization of incident light and thus of the reflected beam. This phenomenon creates an opportunity to measure the thickness of the nerve fiber layer by gaging the shift in polarization from incident beam to the reflected beam of a polarized light probe.
The use of polarization shifting as the basis for generating data to map retinal nerve fiber layer thickness has not realized its true potential. A major reason for this is the fact that the cornea and the crystalline lens of the eye also have birefringent qualities, in addition to the fundus. The probe must pass through these layers twice. Therefore the total polarization shift is the sum of the shift caused by double-passing both the nerve fiber layer and the anterior segment of the eye. Without compensating for the polarization effects of the anterior segment, the measurement of the retinal polarization effect for thickness mapping would be of limited value as a diagnostic tool.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:
The object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for measuring polarization properties of the retina while compensating for the polarization effects of the anterior segment of the eye to produce statistically and clinically meaningful results. The polarization state of light returning from the fundus is detected and compared to the initial state before alteration at the fundus. The degree of alteration substantially directly
correlates with the thickness of the birefringent nerve fiber layer.
Furthermore, by neutralizing the polarization effects of the anterior segment of the eye and by the use of polarization- sensitive detection means, the light that has been reflected specularly from the internal limiting membrane at the anterior surface of the nerve fiber layer can be distinguished from the light originating from deeper retinal layers. The conventional tomographic methods described in the BACKGROUND are sharpened considerably when polarization-state-altered light, representing light not reflected right at the surface of the fundus but at deeper retinal layers, is filtered out before the maximum amplitude calculations are executed.
In addition to measuring thickness and topography, the system can be used to produce a nerve fiber orientation map. The nerve fibers are arranged in a generally radial pattern, with the optic papilla at the center. Local regions of the nerve fiber array are substantially parallel and exhibit birefringence with the optic axis of the array parallel to the fibers. If the polarization axis of the incident light is rotated, the return beam will show minimum polarization change when the optic axis of the nerve fiber layer, running parallel to the nerve fibers, is parallel to the polarization axis of the incident beam. Because resolution in the order of magnitude of the invention had not been possible in the past, the diagnostic value of this information is of unknown, but it is believed that it will prove useful, especially in-conjunction with other tests. A fiber orientation map makes it possible for the first time to trace specific nerve fibers from the optic papilla to their origin. This, for example, allows for the association of blind spots scattered throughout the visual field with specific nerve fibers close to the optic papilla.
To achieve these objectives, a polarized light probe is used in conjunction with a corneal polarization compensator to diagnose the ocular fundus while neutralizing the polarization effects of the anterior segment of the eye. The corneal polarization compensator comprises of a variable retarder through which monochromatic polarized laser light is passed and focused through the cornea onto either the posterior or anterior surface of the lens of the eye. The reflected light double-passes the anterior
segment of the eye, traveling back through the variable retarder and is confocally detected. The light is photoelectrically converted, and the signal is processed to control the retardation of the variable retarder in a closed feedback mode. The optical path in the compensation scheme is such that when the variable retarder is adjusted to the point where it neutralizes the polarization distortion of the cornea and lens, the signal at the photodetector is at its maximum and the variable retarder is fixed at this setting.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic section taken through line 1-1 of Figure la;
Figure la is a diagrammatic view of the eye identifying parts of the anterior segment;
Figure 2 illustrates diagrammatically the main parts of a principle embodiment of the corneal polarization compensator using an ellipsometer;
Figure 3 illustrates diagrammatically one manner in which the nerve fiber layer thickness is mapped with the use of a sequential array of polarizers of different states of polarization;
Figure 4 illustrates a topographical mapping system;
Figure 5 illustrates the appearance of the retinal nerve layer under illumination with linearly polarized light and detection with a crossed polarizer, corneal birefringence being eliminated;
Figure 6 is identical to Figure 5, but illustrating measurement taking place with the orientation of the polarization axis of the illuminating beam and detection filter being rotated about 45 degrees; and,
Figure 7 is a diagrammatic illustration of a photodetector incorporating a focusing lens and a pinhole diaphragm for use in confocal detection techniques.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Figures la and 1 illustrate the eye 11, in which the cornea 10 serves as the foremost, transparent portion of the eye, behind which is the iris 12 and the lens 14. The interior of the eye 11
is filled with vitreous and at the back of the eye is the retina composed of the layers illustrated in Figure 1, including th internal limiting membrane 16, the nerve fiber layer 18, th receptor system 20, the retinal pigment epithelium 22, and th choroid 23. All eye structure forward of the membrane 16 i considered the anterior segment of the eye for purposes of thi disclosure and claim definitions.
The invention concerns itself primarily with the cornea, th lens, and the nerve fiber layer 18. It is this nerve fiber layer' topographic and thickness measurements which are crucial to th diagnosis of certain diseases, among them being glaucoma. Th orientation of the fibers is also useful to a general understandin of a particular eye, and in interpreting the thickness an tomograph data.
As indicated above, the nerve fiber layer 18 has birefringen properties. A polarized light ray incident on the surface of birefringent medium, with its optic axis parallel to the surfac of the medium, will split into two rays of different polarizatio states, propagating in the same direction but with differen velocities. The difference in travelling velocity causes a shif in phase between the two exiting rays. This is calle "retardation", and results in altering the polarization of th light. The thicker the birefringent medium, the greater is th retardation of transmitted light. A so-called "quarter wave retarder incorporates a birefringent medium that retards one of th rays 90 degrees relative to the other, converts linear polarizatio to circular polarization, and vice-versa.
The nerve fiber layer 18 has the property of birefringence The cornea and the lens also have birefringent properties, althoug the birefringence of the lens is small compared to the cornea There are no other known birefringent layers in the eye.
Turning now to Figure 2, a complete system for diagnosing th thickness of the nerve fiber layer is diagrammatically shown. Al of the structure in Figure 2 except for the ellipsometer 24 i.s fo the purpose of compensating for the polarization shifting cause by the cornea and lens. (In this disclosure, polarizatio "shifting" or "alteration" refer to all types of polarizatio changes, including rotation of the polarization axis of polarize light, the change of linear to elliptical or circularly polarize
light or vice-versa, change in the polarization level, and any combination of these) . The term "corneal polarization compensator" is used for describing the device for compensating for the polarization effect of the anterior segment of the eye.
The ellipsometer 24 is an instrument which accurately identifies the polarization state of a light beam. In this application, it makes possible the assessment or the nature and degree of polarization state shifting of light which double-passes the nerve fiber layer. This shift correlates to the thickness of the nerve fiber layer once the corneal polarization compensation has been effected. The thinner this layer is, the more advanced is the eye disease, as a general rule.
The corneal polarization compensator 25 utilizes a laser diode 26 which provides a beam of light that is focused by a lens 27 onto the pinhole 28 and expands as a cone until it impinges upon the polarizing beamsplitter 30. This beamsplitter has two purposes, the first of which is to polarize the incident compensation beam 32, which it does as is indicated by the legend indicated at 32a, illustrating the linear transverse polarization that the beam has at this point. The beam subsequently passes through a collimating lens 34 and a quarter wave retarder 36, which converts the beam 32 from linear polarization illustrated in the legend 32a to the clockwise circular polarization indicated in the legend 32b.
At this point, the incident compensation beam 32 passes through a reticulated or rectangular diffraction grating 38, which has the effect of splitting the light into a plurality of beams, so that a plurality of focus points as indicated at 32(e) are used by the compensator rather than a single spot. The beam is reflected on the beamsplitter 40, converged by the converging lens 42, and passed through the variable retarder 44, which in the preferred embodiment is a liquid crystal retarder. This retarder changes the polarization of the incident beams from circular polarization to elliptical as illustrated at 32c, still being clockwise in sense.
At this point, the plurality of converging sub-beams of the whole beam 32 from the variable retarder 44 converge, passing through the cornea 10 and lens 14, becoming circularly polarized as indicated at 32d and reflecting as return compensation beam 45 from the posterior surface of the eye lens 14, as illustrated. This reflected or return compensation beam is polarization -
shifted by the double-passage through the cornea and lens not onl to circular polarization as indicated at 32d, but is shifted t reverse the direction of the circular polarization as a result o the reflection, as indicated at 45a. (For purposes of the claims the incident and return beams are each treated singularly, but eac includes all of the composite beams split out by the diffractio grating and then re-converged) .
The return compensation beam 45 has the polarization state illustrated in the legends 45a-45d, above and to the right of th configuration. Immediately upon reflecting from the lens surface the right-hand circular polarization is changed to left-han circular polarization 45a, and shifts to elliptical polarizatio as indicated at 45b upon passage through the cornea 10 and lens 14 The return compensation beam 45 passes through the variabl retarder 44 where its polarization is restored to circula polarization as indicated in 45c, and travels back through th elements that the impinging beam went through, passing through polarization shift at 45d until the beam arrives at the polarizin beamsplitter 30.
It will be remembered that when the beam initially passed u through this beamsplitter, it was transversely polarized a indicated at 32a. It is a property of a polarizing beamsplitter t transmit light that is polarized perpendicularly to its reflectin surface, and to reflect light that is polarized parallel to it reflecting surface. As the return compensation beam is no completely linearly polarized, parallel to the reflecting surfac of the beamsplitter 30, the return compensation beam 45 i reflected to the right, towards the photodetector 46. The retur compensation beam is focused by the lens 34 onto the pinhole 47 i front of the photodetector 46. The pinholes 47 and 28 are locate in optically conjugate planes to the focal points formed at th posterior surface of the lens. This confocal arrangement assure that stray light reflected from other areas than the focal point is blocked by the pinhole 47 and cannot reach the photodetector 46
In other words, when all light of the return beam 45 impingin downward upon the polarizing beamsplitter 30 is linearly polarize orthogonally to the direction of the upwardly travelling beam 32 all of the light reflected from the surface of the lens 14 woul
travel through to the photodetector 46. Thus, with no polarization shift at all caused by the anterior segment of the eye, incident and return compensation beams 32 and 45 would have the polarization states shown at 32a and 45d, respectively. The variable retarder is adjusted to maximize the intensity of light in the polarized state shown at 45d as closely as possible.
The photodetector 46 outputs a voltage signal corresponding to light intensity that feeds back into the circuit 49. Because the cornea and lens shift the polarization, the variable retarder is varied by the circuit 49 until the electric signal coming from the photodetector 46 is maximized. Figure 2 illustrates states of polarization of incident and return beams after the compensator has already been adjusted to compensate for anterior segment polarization shift. After the variable retarder 44 has been adjusted for the optimal compensation of corneal and lenticular polarization distortion, the ellipsometer 24 is free to pass its incident diagnostic beam 48 through the beamsplitter, having its beam polarization-compensated by the variable retarder (compensator) 44, and receive a return beam 50 that actually reflects not the polarization distortion caused by the cornea and lens, but only that of the nerve fiber layer in question. This polarization information is then captured and can be analyzed according to ellipsometry techniques that are known in the prior art or as set forth in this disclosure.
This process has been disclosed having the incident and return compensation and diagnostic beams double-passing the variable retarder 44. However, only one of the compensation beams and one of the diagnostic beams would have to pass through the variable retarder, either the incident or return beam. The simplest geometry producing the most accurate results involves double-passing both beams as shown.
The corneal polarization compensator 44 is used in all of the techniques that are discussed in this disclosure. It has already been stated that the ellipsometer can be used basically by itself, as shown in Figure 2, along with scanning and analysis equipment, not shown in Figure 2, to provide a useable map of the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer. A computer frame 51 shown in Figures 3 & 4 illustrates the appearance of a typical nerve fiber layer thickness or topographic map.
One way of measuring and mapping the thickness of the nerve fiber layer is shown in Fig. 3, with a system that uses a custom ellipsometer made for this use. It produces an incident diagnostic beam 48 generated by the laser 52, subsequently linearly polarized by linear polarizer 54, converted to circular polarization by quarter-wave retarder 56 and scanned across the ocular fundus by the scanning unit 58. At each point of the scan, the return diagnostic beam 50 is then again scanned by an oscillating mirror 60 sequentially across a plurality of polarizers 62 forming an array. Six polarizers are shown in the array of Figure 3, and as the return beam reaches the detector 64 in sequence from each of the polarizers the beam intensity is photoelectrically converted by the detector 64 into a signal that is digitized by an ADC (Analog-to-Digital converter) 65 and stored in the memory of the computer 66. From the data stored in the computer, the four elements of the Stokes vector of the incident diagnostic beam 48 are compared to the calculated Stokes vector of the return diagnostic beam, and the change in polarization at the current measuring location is displayed on the CRT display 63. Subsequently, the incident diagnostic beam is guided by the scanning unit 58 to the next measuring site.
The scanned polarizer system of Figure 3 is diagrammatic, and the polarizers could be either reflective or transparent and would ordinarily have a mirror system converging the respectively produced beams onto the detector. For every point scanned on the ocular fundus, all of the polarizers 62 would be scanned by the oscillating mirror 60.
It would be clear to a person skilled in the art that the principle described can also be performed by changing the time sequence of the polarization data measurement process. For example, instead of scanning a single point at 58 while mirror 60 undergoes a complete scanning cycle, the incident diagnostic beam 48 could first be scanned by the scanning unit 58 over the whole examination area, while the return diagnostic beam 50 is fixed on one of the polarizers, then on to the next. Either way, the data points are aggregated and displayed as an intensity- or color-coded map, for example. Also, illumination of the examination area with a scanning laser could be modified by illuminating the fundus with a static (non-scanning) light source and replacing the detector 64
with a camera.
Thus far, gaging of the thickness of the nerve fiber layer, and the creation of a thickness map display has been discussed. Using a similar technique, a topographic map can be made which is substantially more accurate and detailed than those made with conventional techniques.
Figure 4 illustrates a system similar to the Figure 3 setup, which will produce a topographic map of the anterior surface of the retinal nerve fiber layer. The scanning unit 58 is replaced by a three-dimensional scanning unit 59, and the detector 64 is replaced by a confocal detection unit 67. It is similar to the typical confocal system that is now used, except that the optical data that is received back from the nerve fiber layer is sorted by discarding (filtering out) any data, (any light rays) that are returning from the eye having altered polarization. Because the corneal polarization compensator neutralizes polarization shifting caused by the anterior segment of the eye, and the polarization state of the incident light beam is known, any return light which does not match the incident beam in its state of polarization is known to have been reflected from a surface deeper than the nerve fiber layer surface 16. Conventional confocal topographical mapping is enhanced by discarding this light information, which represents false data. Mechanically this is done by scanning across the entire surface of the nerve fiber layer in progressively deeper focal planes, and generating an intensity map, and repeating for consecutively deeper layers. The analyzer 68 includes a filter polarized parallel to the incident beam, attenuating light of other polarization states, and the computer stores an intensity map for each plane. These maps are software-overlaid, and the brightest return plane for each point across the fundus is considered to be the depth of the front of the nerve layer at that point. This can actually be done with a single scan by using two confocal detectors focused just to the far and near sides of the anterior surface, respectively, ad interpolating from the relative intensities at each point.
The potential information that can be gleaned from the interior of the eye utilizing corneal compensation is considerable. For example, topographic maps of deeper layers of the eye than the surface of the nerve fiber layer can be made by rejecting the light
in the polarization state of the initial beam, rather than vice- versa.
Returning from tomography to thickness mapping again, the same setup shown in Figure 4 used for topographic map-making can be used to produce an enhanced nerve fiber thickness map. A polarization rotator 70 is interposed in the light path of the incident or return diagnostic beam, or both. A second detector 69 measures the absolute intensity of the return diagnostic beam independent from its polarization state. Referring to Figures 5 & 6, the retinal nerve fiber layer 14 comprises an array of radially arranged nerve fibers 72 which converge to form the optic papilla 74. The fibers are about half the diameter of the wavelength of visible light in width. Because the array exhibits local parallelism and wavelength- order-of-magnitude spacing, it exhibits directional birefringence.
It is illuminated with linearly polarized light, and the reflected light from the fundus is passed through an analyzer with an orthogonally polarized filter 68 to a photodetector or collector. The states of polarization of the incident beam and the filter are diagrammed at 76 and 78. A "cross" pattern of brightness, indicated at 80, will appear at the detector. There will be darkness along the polarization axes of both the incident light beam and the analyzer filter. The bright arms correspond to areas of the nerve fiber layer having fiber orientation rotated 45 degrees to either side of the polarization axis of the incident beam and the analyzer filter. The bright portions of the cross provide an accurate indication of the thickness of the herve fiber layer at these points, as substantial change in polarization caused by substantial nerve fiber layer thickness will shift the polarization of the light adequately to pass through the analyzer polarization filter.
In order to obtain a best measurements, the polarization axes of the incident beam and analyzer filter are synchronously rotated through 90 degrees, which constitutes a complete rotation cycle, with a brightness reading taken about every 2 degrees, for every point on the fundus that will appear on the map. The polarization axis can be held at one orientation (actually rotating through 2 degrees) while the entire fundus is scanned and then "incremented" 2 degrees for the next scan until all test orientations of the polarization axis have been sampled for the entire field. Or, in
reverse, completing a full polarization axis rotation cycle at each point on the fundus before moving on.
The brightest return beam is thus picked up for every point in the field. These brightest points are cumulated and formed into an intensity map corresponding point-to-point to the relative thickness of the fundus.
The second photodetector 69 is used to measure the total amount of reflected intensity of the return diagnostic beam at the corresponding points on the fundus. By normalizing the intensity values obtained with the first photodetector 67 with the corresponding intensity values obtained with detector 69, absolute changes in the state of polarization of the return diagnostic beam are calculated. This permits variations in return beam intensity caused by factors other than polarization shifting to be factored out of the final data.
A substantially identical technique with different computer handling of data produces a nerve fiber orientation map. The orientation of maximum return beam intensity at each point represents alignment of the beam and filter polarization axes with the optic axis of the nerve fiber layer.
In summary, using the illustrated systems and described methods, three basic types of measurements are possible, producing three different maps. These are, (1) nerve fiber layer surface topography, (2) nerve fiber layer thickness, and (3) nerve fiber orientation.
The first measurement produces improved results over existing techniques, whereas the second and third techniques, thickness and fiber orientation mapping, represent new tools in eye disease diagnosis and, in many cases, provide clinically significant and useful data for the first time.
Two detector systems are shown, the ellipsometer of Figure 2 and the 6-polarizer array of Figure 3 (actually just another way to make an ellipsometer) . Either could be used in any of the described techniques, and many other configurations can be arranged.
Any of the setups can be modified for confocal detection or not, confocal detection only being necessary in tomographic mapping. Modulation of one or both of the incident and return
modulation beams, by rotation of the polarization axis produces more accurate and highly resolved thickness maps, and is necessary in fiber orientation mapping, but is less useful in tomography as light altered at all in its polarization state is discarded.
The feasibility of all of the disclosed diagnostic techniques and equipment depends on the polarization characteristics of the ocular fundus, and further depend on the compensating capability of the corneal polarization compensator to produce the most useable results. These polarization-based diagnostic techniques contribute substantially to repertory of tools and techniques used to accurately diagnose diseases of the eye, and especially for the early diagnosis of glaucoma.
The first technique results in topographic images which are greatly enhanced in resolution and accuracy compared to topographic maps produced by currently used methods. The second and third procedures, nerve fiber layer thickness mapping and fiber orientation map production, go beyond improvements to existing techniques and represent new tools in eye disease diagnosis. The results of these tests provide information previously unavailable to the medical profession. For the first time, detailed, high- resolution, accurate displays of the nerve fiber layer thickness, the wellspring of glaucoma diagnosis source data, and a map tracing the actual physical connection between specific nerves and blind spots in the field of vision characteristic of optic nerve deterioration, are available to the diagnostician.
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN THE DESCRIPTION AND CLAIMS
The following definitions and statements set forth the meaning of the defined words and phrases as used in this specification and in the appended claims:
ABSOLUTE INTENSITY refers to the sum of the intensities of all of the component parts of a light beam, including polarized and unpolarized segments.
ANALYZER, or POLARIZATION ANALYZER: a device whose output is a function of the polarization state of analyzed light in some way. It may be a bare polarization filter. An ANALYZER may or may not produce results which are directly readable by the operator.
ANTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE EYE refers to all parts of the eye forward of the OCULAR FUNDUS, in this instance those parts which pass light incoming through the cornea. It includes the vitreous, lens, aqueous, and cornea and any membranes.
BIREFRINGENCE is a POLARIZATION PROPERTY of certain materials which retards the propagation velocity of only part of a transmitted beam, causing it to have a phase lag with the rest of the beam, shifting the polarization phase; birefringence is not the only possible polarization property.
FUNDUS = ocular fundus.
KNOWN STATE OF POLARIZATION refers to a POLARIZATION STATE that is controlled such that interaction with equipment such as polarization filters produces meaningful and sometimes measurable results. The phrase does not mean that the operators necessarily know what the polarization state is at a given time.
MODULATION of the polarization state of light is the alteration of the polarization state over time analogous to frequency or amplitude modulation; the retardation can be modulated, which if executed through a complete 360° cycle causes the polarization to cycle through linear, elliptical, circular, elliptical, linear, reverse-direction elliptical, circular, elliptical and back to linear. Or, the polarization axis can be modulated by being rotated about the optical axis. Any alterable polarized condition in which the alteration is detectable could be modulated.
OCULAR FUNDUS: generically the layers of the eye posterior to the internal limiting membrane covering the anterior surface of the nerve fiber layer (primarily the retina and the sclera) ; the anterior surface of the internal limiting membrane separates the ANTERIOR SEGMENT and the FUNDUS, as the terms are used in this disclosure.
POLARIZATION AXIS. Light behaves as a transverse wave in which the waves vibrate perpendicularly to the direction of propagation. The polarization axis of light is oriented in the direction of vibration, orthogonal to the propagation direction.
POLARIZATION EFFECTS on light refers to alterations made to the polarization state of incident light by objects and media as a result of their POLARIZATION PROPERTIES;
POLARIZATION PROPERTIES refers to the characteristics of specific materials and structure relating to the POLARIZATION EFFECTS they have, or do not have, on the POLARIZATION STATE of incident light, such as polarizing unpolarized light, rotating the POLARIZATION AXIS, affecting the degree or type of polarization, or not affecting polarization at all.
REVERSAL OF SENSE OR DIRECTION of polarized light: light reverses, left-hand/right-hand, the polarization sense when it is reflected from a specular surface.
IT IS HEREBY CLAIMED: