WO1995024089A2 - A termination network and a control circuit - Google Patents

A termination network and a control circuit Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1995024089A2
WO1995024089A2 PCT/SE1995/000146 SE9500146W WO9524089A2 WO 1995024089 A2 WO1995024089 A2 WO 1995024089A2 SE 9500146 W SE9500146 W SE 9500146W WO 9524089 A2 WO9524089 A2 WO 9524089A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
impedance
control circuit
termination network
network
termination
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE1995/000146
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO1995024089A3 (en
Inventor
Mats Hedberg
Original Assignee
Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson filed Critical Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
Priority to KR1019960704659A priority Critical patent/KR100257850B1/en
Priority to BR9506874A priority patent/BR9506874A/en
Priority to AU18649/95A priority patent/AU686763B2/en
Priority to MX9603267A priority patent/MX9603267A/en
Priority to JP7522850A priority patent/JPH09509806A/en
Priority to DE69531236T priority patent/DE69531236T2/en
Priority to EP95910836A priority patent/EP0746934B1/en
Publication of WO1995024089A2 publication Critical patent/WO1995024089A2/en
Publication of WO1995024089A3 publication Critical patent/WO1995024089A3/en
Priority to NO963476A priority patent/NO963476L/en
Priority to FI963296A priority patent/FI963296A/en

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H11/00—Networks using active elements
    • H03H11/02—Multiple-port networks
    • H03H11/28—Impedance matching networks

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a termination network for electrical impedance matching at the receiving end of a transmission line.
  • Receiving of high frequency electrical signals carried over a transmission line requires a termination network at the receiving end of the transmission line.
  • a termination network can be integrated with a receiver, for receiving said electrical signals, in an integrated circuit.
  • Passive components such as resistors, are typically used in the termination network.
  • the received frequency at which the integrated circuit can be guaranteed to operate reliably is limited by manufacturing-process variations and thermal variations. This limited frequency capability is the result of impedance mismatch between the transmission line and the termination network, because the variations in manufacturing process and temperature affect the termination-network impedance.
  • transistors e g Field Effect Transistors (FET:s)
  • FET Field Effect Transistors
  • the object of the invention is to solve the aforementioned problem of implementing a termination network in an integrated circuit, such that the frequency at which the integrated circuit can be guaranteed to operate reliably is increased for a given integrated-circuit technology.
  • the control circuit comprises a reference transistor which is integrated on the same integrated circuit as the transistors in the termination network.
  • the control circuit comprises means for sensing and controlling the impedance of the reference transistor.
  • a control circuit hence controls the impedance of at least one transistor which is included in a termination network.
  • the control circuit compensates for variations in the properties of said transistor, in order to uphold a constant impedance of said transistor. These variations are caused by e g thermal variations, and by variations in the manufacturing process ( tolerances) .
  • the control circuit comprises a reference transistor which is located on the same integrated circuit as the transistor in the termination network. Both transistors are hence processed together during manufacturing. The transistors are located in such proximity, that they operate in the same thermal environ ⁇ ment.
  • the properties of the reference transistor reflect the properties of the transistor in the termination network, since both transistors are processed together during manufacturing, and operate in the same thermal environment.
  • the transistors are typically of the same type, thereby having essentially identical properties.
  • the control circuit has a feedback arrangement which controls the reference transistor in such a way, that the impedance of the reference transistor is kept constant.
  • the control signal thereby required to control the reference transistor is also used for controlling the transistor in the termination network. Both transistors hence share the same control signal, and having essentially identical properties, the transistor in the termina ⁇ tion network will also exhibit a constant impedance, i e an impedance which is not affected by variations in temperature and by variations in the manufacturing process.
  • the impedance of the termination network can hence be made to always accurately match the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, which in turn permits higher operating frequencies.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic of a first embodiment of the invention, comprising a termination network and a control circuit
  • Fig. 2 shows a second embodiment of the invention which is slightly modified from the first embodiment
  • Fig. 3 shows a termination network comprising more than one transistor.
  • a first embodiment of the invention is shown in fig. 1.
  • the input of a current generator 1 is connected to a supply voltage 2, and the output of the current generator is connected to the drain terminal of an NMOS transistor 3, and to the positive input of an operational amplifier 4.
  • the source terminal of the transistor 3 is connected to ground 5.
  • the positive terminal of a voltage generator 6 is connected to the negative input of the operational amplifier.
  • the negative terminal of the voltage generator is connected to ground.
  • the output of the operational amplifier is connected to the gate of the transistor 3, and to the gate of an NMOS transistor 7 of the same type as transistor 3.
  • the output terminal of a transmission line 8 is connected to the drain terminal of the transistor 7, and to the input of a buffer 9.
  • the ground terminal of the transmission line is connected to ground, although not necessarily as shown.
  • the source terminal of the transistor 7 is connected to ground.
  • a trans ⁇ mitter not shown, sends signals through the transmission line 8. These signals are being received by the buffer 9.
  • a termination network 10 terminates the transmission line.
  • the termination network comprises, for the sake of simplicity, the single transistor 7.
  • a control circuit 11 keeps the impedance of this transistor 7 constant, irrespective of variations in the manufacturing process or variations in temperature. This constant impedance is set to match the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. The impedance is set by properly choosing the voltage of voltage generator 6 and the current of current generator 1, which will be further explained.
  • the operational amplifier operates in a negative feedback mode.
  • the voltage U DS across the reference transistor 3 is hence virtually the same as the voltage of the voltage generator.
  • the current I D through the reference transistor 3 is virtually the same as the current sourced by the current generator 1.
  • the impedance of the reference transistor 3 is therefore dictated by the voltage/current ratio (U D ⁇ /I D ).
  • a constant voltage/current ratio can be achieved by accurate voltage and current generators, which are known per se.
  • transistor 3 The impedance of transistor 3 will be reflected in transistor 7, as both transistors 3,7 have identical properties and both transistors 3,7 are controlled by the same control voltage U GS , from the output of the operational amplifier.
  • the impedance of the transistor 7 is hence constant (within a relevant operating range) and equal to the aforementioned voltage/current ratio.
  • a second embodiment of the invention which is shown in fig. 2, eases a stringent requirement of accurate generation of voltage and current.
  • the circuitry differs in that the current generator 1 is replaced by a resistor 13, and the voltage generator 6 is replaced by a resistor network consisting of a resistor 12 connected to the supply voltage and to the negative input of the operational amplifier, and a resistor 14 connected to ground and to the same negative input of the operational amplifier.
  • the two resistors 12,13 have, for the sake of simplicity, the same nominal impedance. They are integrated on the same in ⁇ tegrated circuit, typically on the same integrated circuit which accommodates the termination network. The impedance of these resistors 12,13 will hence be virtually identical, although not necessarily constant.
  • the electrical balance attained through the feedback arrangement results in virtually identical voltages on both inputs of the operational amplifier.
  • the currents l ! ,I 2 through the resistors 12,13 are therefore virtually equal.
  • the impedance of the reference transistor 3 will be virtually equal to the impedance of the resistor 14.
  • the impedance of transistor 7 is hence also equal to the impedance of resistor 14.
  • the impedance of transistor 7 is independent of variations in the supply voltage, and depends only on the impedance of the resistor 14.
  • the resistor 14 may be located outside the integrated circuit, in which case its impedance is independent of the properties of the integrated circuit.
  • the resistor 14 can be integrated on the integrated circuit, provided the impedance of said resistor 14 can be adjusted (trimmed), e g by laser.
  • the advantage may not be apparent at first, as a resistor based termination network can then also be trimmed, but considering that the termination network may accommodate several resistors, of which each one would have to be trimmed, it is clear that trimming of a single resistor is advantageous.
  • a termination network for terminating balanced signals is shown in fig. 3.
  • the termination network comprises four transistors. Both N-channel and P-channel transistors can be used without departing from the scope and the spirit of the invention. It is also within the scope and the spirit of the invention that the reference transistor and the transistors in the termination network are of different types, and that the current I x is proportional to the current l 2 . The necessary alterations that would have to be carried out on the circuitry are obvious to a person skilled in the art. It is also obvious to a person skilled in the art, that more than one termination network pertaining to different signal receivers can be controlled by the same control circuit.
  • the ground reference can be set to any level, and the termination network needs not be grounded as shown.

Abstract

A termination network in an integrated circuit and a control circuit for controlling the impedance of the termination network is described. The termination network comprises transistors for matching the impedance of the termination network with the characteristic impedance of a transmission line, which is connected to the termination network. The control circuit comprises a reference transistor which is integrated on the same integrated circuit as the termination network. The control circuit senses the impedance of the reference transistor and controls the reference transistor and the transistors in the termination network in such a way that the impedance is not affected by variations in temperature and in the manufacturing process of the integrated circuit.

Description

A Termination Network and a Control Circuit
Technical Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a termination network for electrical impedance matching at the receiving end of a transmission line.
Description of Prior Art
Receiving of high frequency electrical signals carried over a transmission line requires a termination network at the receiving end of the transmission line. Such a termination network can be integrated with a receiver, for receiving said electrical signals, in an integrated circuit. Passive components, such as resistors, are typically used in the termination network. For a given feasible integrated-circuit technology, the received frequency at which the integrated circuit can be guaranteed to operate reliably is limited by manufacturing-process variations and thermal variations. This limited frequency capability is the result of impedance mismatch between the transmission line and the termination network, because the variations in manufacturing process and temperature affect the termination-network impedance.
With a termination network having an input impedance that accurately matches the characteristic impedance of the transmiss¬ ion line, regardless of temperature variations and process variations, the maximum frequency at which the integrated circuit can be guaranteed to operate would increase.
The problem in the art is hence to implement a termination network in an integrated circuit, such that the frequency at which the integrated circuit can be guaranteed to operate reliably is increased for a given integrated-circuit technology. US 4,837,459 describes a voltage generator which is insensitive to process variations and thermal variations.
It is also known in the art that transistors, e g Field Effect Transistors (FET:s), can be used as resistors in a termination network. By controlling these transistors, the impedance of a termination network can be programmed to match various charac¬ teristic impedances of connected transmission lines. Description of the Invention
The object of the invention is to solve the aforementioned problem of implementing a termination network in an integrated circuit, such that the frequency at which the integrated circuit can be guaranteed to operate reliably is increased for a given integrated-circuit technology.
This object has been accomplished by provision of a termination network comprising one or more transistors, and a control circuit for controlling the impedance of these transistors. The control circuit comprises a reference transistor which is integrated on the same integrated circuit as the transistors in the termination network. The control circuit comprises means for sensing and controlling the impedance of the reference transistor.
According to the invention, a control circuit hence controls the impedance of at least one transistor which is included in a termination network. The control circuit compensates for variations in the properties of said transistor, in order to uphold a constant impedance of said transistor. These variations are caused by e g thermal variations, and by variations in the manufacturing process ( tolerances) .
The control circuit comprises a reference transistor which is located on the same integrated circuit as the transistor in the termination network. Both transistors are hence processed together during manufacturing. The transistors are located in such proximity, that they operate in the same thermal environ¬ ment. The properties of the reference transistor reflect the properties of the transistor in the termination network, since both transistors are processed together during manufacturing, and operate in the same thermal environment. The transistors are typically of the same type, thereby having essentially identical properties.
The control circuit has a feedback arrangement which controls the reference transistor in such a way, that the impedance of the reference transistor is kept constant. The control signal thereby required to control the reference transistor is also used for controlling the transistor in the termination network. Both transistors hence share the same control signal, and having essentially identical properties, the transistor in the termina¬ tion network will also exhibit a constant impedance, i e an impedance which is not affected by variations in temperature and by variations in the manufacturing process.
The impedance of the termination network can hence be made to always accurately match the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, which in turn permits higher operating frequencies.
By exercising the invention, the development of new process technologies needs not be stressed as hard. Other advantages of the invention include usage of cheaper process technologies. The advantages of the invention will become clearer from the description of the various embodiments of the invention.
Brief Description of Drawings
The invention will now be described in closer detail, with reference to the attached drawings, in which
Fig. 1 shows a schematic of a first embodiment of the invention, comprising a termination network and a control circuit,
Fig. 2 shows a second embodiment of the invention which is slightly modified from the first embodiment,
Fig. 3 shows a termination network comprising more than one transistor.
Detailed Description of Embodiments of the Invention
A first embodiment of the invention is shown in fig. 1. The input of a current generator 1 is connected to a supply voltage 2, and the output of the current generator is connected to the drain terminal of an NMOS transistor 3, and to the positive input of an operational amplifier 4. The source terminal of the transistor 3is connected to ground 5. The positive terminal of a voltage generator 6 is connected to the negative input of the operational amplifier. The negative terminal of the voltage generator is connected to ground. The output of the operational amplifier is connected to the gate of the transistor 3, and to the gate of an NMOS transistor 7 of the same type as transistor 3. The output terminal of a transmission line 8 is connected to the drain terminal of the transistor 7, and to the input of a buffer 9. The ground terminal of the transmission line is connected to ground, although not necessarily as shown. The source terminal of the transistor 7 is connected to ground.
The function of the circuitry will now be explained. A trans¬ mitter, not shown, sends signals through the transmission line 8. These signals are being received by the buffer 9. A termination network 10 terminates the transmission line. The termination network comprises, for the sake of simplicity, the single transistor 7. A control circuit 11 keeps the impedance of this transistor 7 constant, irrespective of variations in the manufacturing process or variations in temperature. This constant impedance is set to match the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. The impedance is set by properly choosing the voltage of voltage generator 6 and the current of current generator 1, which will be further explained.
The operational amplifier operates in a negative feedback mode. The voltage UDS across the reference transistor 3 is hence virtually the same as the voltage of the voltage generator. Furthermore, the current ID through the reference transistor 3 is virtually the same as the current sourced by the current generator 1. The impedance of the reference transistor 3 is therefore dictated by the voltage/current ratio (UDΞ/ID).
It is essential that this ratio is kept constant, while otherwise the impedance of the reference transistor will not be constant. A constant voltage/current ratio can be achieved by accurate voltage and current generators, which are known per se.
The impedance of transistor 3 will be reflected in transistor 7, as both transistors 3,7 have identical properties and both transistors 3,7 are controlled by the same control voltage UGS, from the output of the operational amplifier.
The impedance of the transistor 7 is hence constant (within a relevant operating range) and equal to the aforementioned voltage/current ratio.
A second embodiment of the invention, which is shown in fig. 2, eases a stringent requirement of accurate generation of voltage and current.
The circuitry differs in that the current generator 1 is replaced by a resistor 13, and the voltage generator 6 is replaced by a resistor network consisting of a resistor 12 connected to the supply voltage and to the negative input of the operational amplifier, and a resistor 14 connected to ground and to the same negative input of the operational amplifier.
The two resistors 12,13 have, for the sake of simplicity, the same nominal impedance. They are integrated on the same in¬ tegrated circuit, typically on the same integrated circuit which accommodates the termination network. The impedance of these resistors 12,13 will hence be virtually identical, although not necessarily constant.
As in the previous embodiment, the electrical balance attained through the feedback arrangement results in virtually identical voltages on both inputs of the operational amplifier. The currents l!,I2 through the resistors 12,13 are therefore virtually equal.
Since the currents Ij,^ through the resistors 12,13 are virtually equal, the current IR through the resistor 14 will be virtually equal to the current ID through the transistor 3.
Since also the voltage UR across the resistor 14 is virtually equal to the voltage UDS across the transistor 3, the impedance of the reference transistor 3 will be virtually equal to the impedance of the resistor 14. The impedance of transistor 7 is hence also equal to the impedance of resistor 14. The impedance of transistor 7 is independent of variations in the supply voltage, and depends only on the impedance of the resistor 14.
The resistor 14 may be located outside the integrated circuit, in which case its impedance is independent of the properties of the integrated circuit.
In an integrated-circuit technology less sensitive to thermal variations, the resistor 14 can be integrated on the integrated circuit, provided the impedance of said resistor 14 can be adjusted (trimmed), e g by laser.
The advantage may not be apparent at first, as a resistor based termination network can then also be trimmed, but considering that the termination network may accommodate several resistors, of which each one would have to be trimmed, it is clear that trimming of a single resistor is advantageous.
A termination network for terminating balanced signals is shown in fig. 3. The termination network comprises four transistors. Both N-channel and P-channel transistors can be used without departing from the scope and the spirit of the invention. It is also within the scope and the spirit of the invention that the reference transistor and the transistors in the termination network are of different types, and that the current Ix is proportional to the current l2. The necessary alterations that would have to be carried out on the circuitry are obvious to a person skilled in the art. It is also obvious to a person skilled in the art, that more than one termination network pertaining to different signal receivers can be controlled by the same control circuit. The ground reference can be set to any level, and the termination network needs not be grounded as shown.

Claims

Claims of the Invention What is claimed is:
1. A termination-network (10) and a control circuit (11) for controlling the termination network, which termination network is integrated on an integrated circuit and comprises one or more transistors (7 ) for electrical impedance matching at the receiving end of a transmission line (8 ), characterized in that the control circuit (11) comprises a reference transistor (3) which is integrated on the same integrated circuit as the transistors (7) in the termination network (10), the control circuit (11) comprises means ( 1,4, 6;4, 12, 13, 14 ) for sensing and controlling the impedance of said reference trans¬ istor (3).
2. A termination-network and a control circuit according to claim 1, characterized in that the control circuit comprises accurate voltage and current generators for controlling the impedance of the reference transistor (3).
3. A termination-network and a control circuit according to claim 1, characterized in that the control circuit comprises a reference resistor ( 14 ) , and in that the impedance of said reference resistor (14) is used for controlling the impedance of said reference transistor (3).
4. A termination-network and a control circuit according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that said reference resistor (14) is located on said integrated circuit, and in that said resistor is adjustable.
5. A termination-network and a control circuit according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that said resistor (14) is located outside the integrated circuit.
6. A termination-network and a control circuit according to any of claims 1-5, characterized in that the control circuit comprises an operational amplifier.
PCT/SE1995/000146 1994-02-25 1995-02-13 A termination network and a control circuit WO1995024089A2 (en)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1019960704659A KR100257850B1 (en) 1994-02-25 1995-02-13 A termination network and a control circuit
BR9506874A BR9506874A (en) 1994-02-25 1995-02-13 Termination network and a control circuit to control the termination network
AU18649/95A AU686763B2 (en) 1994-02-25 1995-02-13 A termination network and a control circuit
MX9603267A MX9603267A (en) 1994-02-25 1995-02-13 A termination network and a control circuit.
JP7522850A JPH09509806A (en) 1994-02-25 1995-02-13 Termination network and control circuit
DE69531236T DE69531236T2 (en) 1994-02-25 1995-02-13 CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR A LINE CLOSING DEVICE
EP95910836A EP0746934B1 (en) 1994-02-25 1995-02-13 A termination network and a control circuit
NO963476A NO963476L (en) 1994-02-25 1996-08-21 Termination network and control circuit
FI963296A FI963296A (en) 1994-02-25 1996-08-23 A selection network and a control circuit

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9400657-4 1994-02-25
SE9400657A SE9400657D0 (en) 1994-02-25 1994-02-25 One, a control voltage generating, circuit

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1995024089A2 true WO1995024089A2 (en) 1995-09-08
WO1995024089A3 WO1995024089A3 (en) 1995-10-05

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/SE1995/000146 WO1995024089A2 (en) 1994-02-25 1995-02-13 A termination network and a control circuit

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (1) US5726582A (en)
EP (1) EP0746934B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH09509806A (en)
KR (1) KR100257850B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1083195C (en)
AU (1) AU686763B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9506874A (en)
CA (1) CA2181678A1 (en)
DE (1) DE69531236T2 (en)
FI (1) FI963296A (en)
MX (1) MX9603267A (en)
NO (1) NO963476L (en)
SE (1) SE9400657D0 (en)
WO (1) WO1995024089A2 (en)

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US7382667B2 (en) 2001-11-28 2008-06-03 Micron Technology, Inc. Active termination circuit and method for controlling the impedance of external integrated circuit terminals
US7715256B2 (en) 2001-11-28 2010-05-11 Round Rock Research, Llc Active termination circuit and method for controlling the impedance of external integrated circuit terminals
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BR9506874A (en) 1997-09-09
SE9400657D0 (en) 1994-02-25
CN1083195C (en) 2002-04-17
WO1995024089A3 (en) 1995-10-05
US5726582A (en) 1998-03-10
NO963476L (en) 1996-08-21
AU686763B2 (en) 1998-02-12
KR100257850B1 (en) 2000-06-01
EP0746934A1 (en) 1996-12-11
CN1141702A (en) 1997-01-29
EP0746934B1 (en) 2003-07-09
CA2181678A1 (en) 1995-09-08
MX9603267A (en) 1997-03-29
DE69531236T2 (en) 2004-05-27
KR970701467A (en) 1997-03-17
DE69531236D1 (en) 2003-08-14
FI963296A0 (en) 1996-08-23
FI963296A (en) 1996-08-23
JPH09509806A (en) 1997-09-30
AU1864995A (en) 1995-09-18

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