WO1996028739A1 - Electricity measurement apparatus - Google Patents

Electricity measurement apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996028739A1
WO1996028739A1 PCT/GB1996/000539 GB9600539W WO9628739A1 WO 1996028739 A1 WO1996028739 A1 WO 1996028739A1 GB 9600539 W GB9600539 W GB 9600539W WO 9628739 A1 WO9628739 A1 WO 9628739A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sensor
electricity
output signal
measurement apparatus
signal
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1996/000539
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Janez Trontelj
Original Assignee
Horstmann Timers & Controls Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Horstmann Timers & Controls Limited filed Critical Horstmann Timers & Controls Limited
Priority to AT96904978T priority Critical patent/ATE217090T1/en
Priority to AU48881/96A priority patent/AU702196B2/en
Priority to US08/913,500 priority patent/US6037763A/en
Priority to EP96904978A priority patent/EP0879419B1/en
Priority to DE69621047T priority patent/DE69621047T2/en
Publication of WO1996028739A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996028739A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R21/00—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor
    • G01R21/08—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor by using galvanomagnetic-effect devices, e.g. Hall-effect devices

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electricity measurement apparatus and a method of electricity measurement, in particular for current measurement, power measurement and Watthour metering.
  • I is the total current
  • A is the cross sectional area of the conductor.
  • This value l A is the current density J.
  • the sensor output signal has a voltage. VH. which is proportional to the magnetic field strength B at the sensor, and a bias current IB flowing through the sensor as follows:
  • VH S x B x IB (Equation 2).
  • the proportionality coefficient S is the sensitivity of the sensor. By keeping constant the current through the Hall sensor, a linear relationship is achieved between the detected
  • Hall sensors produce Direct Current (D.C.) offset errors, which are independent of the direction (positive or negative) with which the bias current IB is applied to the sensor.
  • the bias current IB is selected to be proportional to the electricity mains supply voltage.
  • the current IB and detected magnetic field B are both Alternating Current (A.C.) signals which vary according to a sine relation. Accordingly, the output voltage VH follows a sine squared relation where D.C. offsets are components of the resultant VH signal.
  • D.C. offsets can also occur due to the electronic circuits associated with the subsequent processing operations.
  • the present invention preferably proudes an electrical measurement apparatus comprising supply means operative to supply a rectified A.C. supply signal to a sensor, the sensor being operative to detect magnetic field strength due to A.C. current flow along a conductor and to provide an output signal dependent on detected field strength and the rectified A C supply signal, the output signal following a sine-squared relation with alternating positive and negative sign in each half cycle, and filtering means operative to remove a component due to a D.C. offset error from the output signal
  • the rectified A.C. signal is preferably a rectified A.C. bias current signal
  • the filtering means preferably comprises a capacitor
  • the A.C mains signal is the alternating voltage signal of an electrical supply netwoik to which the conductor is connected.
  • the senor is a Hall sensor and the supply signal to the sensor is a current signal
  • the supply signal is preferably proportional to the electricity mains supply voltage
  • the output signal from a sensor is preferably a voltage signal
  • the A C current flow along the conductor is preferably an electricity mains supply current
  • the present invention also provides a method of measuring electricity flow along a conductor
  • BAD ORIGINAL J> including the steps of supplying a rectified A.C. supply signal to a sensor, the sensor detecting magnetic field strength due to A.C. current flow along a conductor and providing an output signal dependent on detected field strength and the rectified A.C. supply signal, the output signal following a sine-squared relation with alternating positive and negative sign in each half cycle, and filtering to remove a component due to D.C. offset error from the output signal.
  • Figure 1 is a circuit diagram for an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 2 shows wave forms for supply current and output Hall ⁇ oltage in a circuit according to the present invention.
  • Figure 3 shows corresponding wave forms to Figure 2 for a typical known circuit (prior art) for comparison.
  • this invention relates to apparatus and a method for eliminating D.C. voltage offset errors in a multiplying circuit used in an energy measurement circuit.
  • the preferred method of energy measurement is based on the alternating current flow to be measured producing an alternating magnetic field B. that field being detected using an electronic circuit containing an Hall effect device.
  • the A.Créage to be measured is convened to a Hall bias current IB and applied across the Hall effect device.
  • the resulting Hall voltage VH is
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic of a circuit capable of producing an instantaneous Hall bias current. IB. of amplitude proportional to the instantaneous A.C. voltage applied to the input port A.
  • the circuit is arranged to produce an instantaneous Hall bias current which is in phase with the applied A.C. voltage during the positive half cycle of the A.C. voltage, and is 180 degrees out of phase with the applied A.C. voltage during the negative half cycle of the applied A.C. voltage.
  • VH A Sin : 0 for 0 in the range 0 to ⁇
  • this waveform can be expressed as:
  • VH A S ⁇ n : 0 V0 ⁇ [0. ⁇ )
  • V means "for all values of” ⁇ means "is in the range”
  • V0 ⁇ [0. ⁇ ” signifies "for all values of 0 in the interval from and including 0 up to but not including ⁇ ".
  • the instantaneous amplitude of this alternating S ⁇ n : 0 voltage w aveform is proportional to the multiplication of the instantaneous amplitude of the alternating magnetic field B and the Hall bias current IB. Since the Hall bias current IB is proportional to the A C ⁇ oltage applied to the input port A and the alternating magnetic field B is proportional to the alternating current flow through the conductor, the amplitude of the alternating S ⁇ n ⁇ 0 Hall ⁇ oltage waveform.
  • the production of the alternating S ⁇ n : 0 Hall voltage waveform VH allows simple elimination of any unwanted D C voltages in the circuit by filtering out D C voltages using ⁇ D.C blocking capacitor. Unwanted D.C voltages can occur due to Hall effect device D.C offsets and amplifier D.C. offsets D C voltages on the Hall voltage VH can also be caused by external D.C. magnetic fields All of these D.C voltages are simply removed by using a simple D.C. blocking capacitor.
  • the circuit shown in figure 1 also centres the alternating Sin : 0 Hall voltage waveform. VH, on Vref allowing the Hall effect device to be operated in its linear region.
  • VDD is the positive circuit supply voltage typically 5VoltsDC.
  • VSS is the negative circuit supply voltage typically OVoltsDC and Vref is typically the voltage midpoint between these, typically 2.5VoltsDC.
  • the approach is to generate ⁇ Hall bias current IB proportional to the applied A.C voltage in two different ways for each of the two half cycles of the A.C voltage applied to input A
  • the A.C voltage is applied to the input A of resistor RA r
  • bias current is created with the same polarity as du ⁇ ng the negative half cycle. This is achieved by Resistor RA, and Transistors M2A and M2B. A bias current IB2 is generated and flows through transistor M2B which matches the current flowing through RA and transistor M2A. This matching is achieved since transistor M2A and M2B are arranged in what is commonly known as a "current mirror' There is a small error in this second half cycle of the A.C. voltage to Hall bias current conversion since transistor M2A fails to operate below around 2VoltsDC. This is compensated for by amplifier A2. transistor M5 and resistor RB which create the bias current IBerr during this inoperative region. The resistance value of resistor RB is essentially the same as the resistance value of resistor RA.
  • the circuit has created the desired rectified Hall bias current IB.
  • the econd half of the circuit using transistors K.M 1 , K.M2, M4A. M4B. K.M3/2 and M3 is included to centre the Hall voltage VH on Vref.
  • the Hall voltage is maintained such that the midpoint of its amplitude takes the midpoint value between maximum possible output voltage VDD and minimum possible output ⁇ oltage VSS of the Hall device.
  • Vref is 2.5V D.C. where the maximum possible Hall voltage output is 5V and the minimum is OV
  • the Hall voltage thus varies around its midpoint output where the response of the Hall device is most linear.
  • the Hall voltage is centred on Vref by careful control of the current into the Hall device
  • the Hall bias current IB flows through M3 from the supplv VDD, through the Hall device and becomes either IB 1. IB2 or IBerr.
  • the centre voltage of the Hall device can however be varied by changing the impedance of transistor M3
  • the input to control this voltage Vref is at M4B
  • Transistors M4A and M4B are arranged as a Long Tailed Pair le. with their emitters connected to ⁇ current source.
  • the current source is generated by transistors K.M 1 and K.M2. This current source is proportional to the Hall bias currents IB 1 and IB2 since the same control signals are input to K.M 1 and K.M2 as M l and M2A.
  • Transistors K.M3/2 and M3 are arranged as a "current mirror", with current IM 1 flowing through K.M3/2 being mirrored through M3.
  • the factor K is typically 1/10 vvhich helps reduce the overall current consumption of the circuit.

Abstract

An electricity meter includes a sensor supplied with a rectified A.C. supply signal, the sensor detecting the strength of magnetic field induced by current flow along a conductor and providing an output signal following a sine-squared relation with alternating positive and negative sign in each half cycle, the output signal being filtered to remove a component due to D.C. offset error.

Description

ELECTRICITY MEASUREMENT APPARATUS
The present invention relates to an electricity measurement apparatus and a method of electricity measurement, in particular for current measurement, power measurement and Watthour metering.
When current flows through a conductor, a rotational magnetic field is set up. The magnitude of this magnetic field is proportional to the density of current flowing:
B α I/A (Equation 1 )
where I is the total current, and A is the cross sectional area of the conductor. This value l A is the current density J.
It is known to use sensors, such as Hall effect sensors, to measure current flow though a conductor by detecting the magnetic field. For example, using a Hall effect sensor, the sensor output signal has a voltage. VH. which is proportional to the magnetic field strength B at the sensor, and a bias current IB flowing through the sensor as follows:
VH = S x B x IB (Equation 2).
The proportionality coefficient S is the sensitivity of the sensor. By keeping constant the current through the Hall sensor, a linear relationship is achieved between the detected
BAD ORIGI MJ_ magnetic field and output voltage.
If such a sensor is placed near a conductor, the two equations ( ! ) and (2) above can be combined allowing current flow to be determined:
VH α J (Equation 3).
Hall sensors produce Direct Current (D.C.) offset errors, which are independent of the direction (positive or negative) with which the bias current IB is applied to the sensor. Conventionally, the bias current IB is selected to be proportional to the electricity mains supply voltage. The current IB and detected magnetic field B are both Alternating Current (A.C.) signals which vary according to a sine relation. Accordingly, the output voltage VH follows a sine squared relation where D.C. offsets are components of the resultant VH signal.
Other D.C. offsets can also occur due to the electronic circuits associated with the subsequent processing operations.
The effects of D.C. offsets are minimised conventionally by using large Hall sensors, in particular so called "external" sensors not integrated with other processing circuitry on an integrated circuit such as a silicon chip. The conventional principle applied is that the larger the Hall sensor is. the larger is the Hall voltage w hich it provides relative to its D.C. offset error.
The present invention is defined in the claims to which reference should now be made.
* B~AD ORIGINAL (f *jf Preferred features are laid out in the subclaims
The present invention preferably proudes an electrical measurement apparatus comprising supply means operative to supply a rectified A.C. supply signal to a sensor, the sensor being operative to detect magnetic field strength due to A.C. current flow along a conductor and to provide an output signal dependent on detected field strength and the rectified A C supply signal, the output signal following a sine-squared relation with alternating positive and negative sign in each half cycle, and filtering means operative to remove a component due to a D.C. offset error from the output signal The rectified A.C. signal is preferably a rectified A.C. bias current signal The filtering means preferably comprises a capacitor The A.C mains signal is the alternating voltage signal of an electrical supply netwoik to which the conductor is connected.
It will be seen that preferred embodiments of the invention have the advantage that components due to D.C. offset errors are cancelled. This is done in a simple and automatic manner In consequence, further adv antages arise In particular, sensors can be made sufficiently small that multiple sensors can be integrated on a single silicon chip
Preferably, the sensor is a Hall sensor and the supply signal to the sensor is a current signal The supply signal is preferably proportional to the electricity mains supply voltage The output signal from a sensor is preferably a voltage signal The A C current flow along the conductor is preferably an electricity mains supply current
The present invention also provides a method of measuring electricity flow along a conductor
BAD ORIGINAL J> including the steps of supplying a rectified A.C. supply signal to a sensor, the sensor detecting magnetic field strength due to A.C. current flow along a conductor and providing an output signal dependent on detected field strength and the rectified A.C. supply signal, the output signal following a sine-squared relation with alternating positive and negative sign in each half cycle, and filtering to remove a component due to D.C. offset error from the output signal.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the drawings in which:-
Figure 1 is a circuit diagram for an embodiment of the invention: and
Figure 2 shows wave forms for supply current and output Hall \ oltage in a circuit according to the present invention; and
Figure 3 shows corresponding wave forms to Figure 2 for a typical known circuit (prior art) for comparison.
As described this invention relates to apparatus and a method for eliminating D.C. voltage offset errors in a multiplying circuit used in an energy measurement circuit. The preferred method of energy measurement is based on the alternating current flow to be measured producing an alternating magnetic field B. that field being detected using an electronic circuit containing an Hall effect device. The A.C voitage to be measured is convened to a Hall bias current IB and applied across the Hall effect device. The resulting Hall voltage VH is
β*D ORIGINAL (ft proportional to the instantaneous power being conducted.
Figure 1 shows a schematic of a circuit capable of producing an instantaneous Hall bias current. IB. of amplitude proportional to the instantaneous A.C. voltage applied to the input port A. The circuit is arranged to produce an instantaneous Hall bias current which is in phase with the applied A.C. voltage during the positive half cycle of the A.C. voltage, and is 180 degrees out of phase with the applied A.C. voltage during the negative half cycle of the applied A.C. voltage. These waveforms are shown on figure 2.
When an alternating magnetic field is applied to the Hall effect device in a plane which perpendicular to the direction of Hall bias current flow, an alternating Sin:0 Hall voltage waveform VH is generated by the Hall effect device. This waveform is shown on figure 2 and is a piecewise waveform following:
Sin:0 for positive half cycles
-Sin:0 for negative half cycles
where 0 is phase (being representative of time). This waveform can be expressed mathematically as:
VH = A Sin:0 for 0 in the range 0 to π
-A Sin 0 for 0 in the range π to 2π
RAD ORIGINAL 0 More strictly, this waveform can be expressed as:
VH = A Sιn:0 V0ε[0.π)
-A Sιn 0 V0ε[π.2π) where A is a constant and 0 is representative of time following the equation 0=2πtt. with f being a signal frequency in Hertz and t being time in seconds
Where the symbols have the following meanings.
V means "for all values of" ε means "is in the range"
'[' means from and including the value stated immediately after the bracket (The mathematical term is a "closed limit"). ')' means up to but not including the value stated immediately before the bracket. (The mathematical term is an "open limit")
Therefore, the expression "V0ε[0.πι" signifies "for all values of 0 in the interval from and including 0 up to but not including π".
The instantaneous amplitude of this alternating Sιn:0 voltage w aveform is proportional to the multiplication of the instantaneous amplitude of the alternating magnetic field B and the Hall bias current IB. Since the Hall bias current IB is proportional to the A C \ oltage applied to the input port A and the alternating magnetic field B is proportional to the alternating current flow through the conductor, the amplitude of the alternating Sιn~0 Hall \ oltage waveform.
BAD ORIGINAL Λ VH. is proportional to the instantaneous power flow
The production of the alternating Sιn:0 Hall voltage waveform VH allows simple elimination of any unwanted D C voltages in the circuit by filtering out D C voltages using α D.C blocking capacitor. Unwanted D.C voltages can occur due to Hall effect device D.C offsets and amplifier D.C. offsets D C voltages on the Hall voltage VH can also be caused by external D.C. magnetic fields All of these D.C voltages are simply removed by using a simple D.C. blocking capacitor.
The circuit shown in figure 1 also centres the alternating Sin:0 Hall voltage waveform. VH, on Vref allowing the Hall effect device to be operated in its linear region.
In the circuit VDD is the positive circuit supply voltage typically 5VoltsDC. VSS is the negative circuit supply voltage typically OVoltsDC and Vref is typically the voltage midpoint between these, typically 2.5VoltsDC.
Detailed description of circuit
Referring again to figure 1 , the approach is to generate α Hall bias current IB proportional to the applied A.C voltage in two different ways for each of the two half cycles of the A.C voltage applied to input A
The A.C voltage is applied to the input A of resistor RA r
8*D O ,G,NAL During negative half cycles of the A.C. voltage, applied to input A. the A.C. voltage is converted to Hall bias current IB 1 by Resistor RA, Transistor M l and Amplifier Al in a conventional fashion
During the positive half cycle, bias current is created with the same polarity as duπng the negative half cycle. This is achieved by Resistor RA, and Transistors M2A and M2B. A bias current IB2 is generated and flows through transistor M2B which matches the current flowing through RA and transistor M2A. This matching is achieved since transistor M2A and M2B are arranged in what is commonly known as a "current mirror' There is a small error in this second half cycle of the A.C. voltage to Hall bias current conversion since transistor M2A fails to operate below around 2VoltsDC. This is compensated for by amplifier A2. transistor M5 and resistor RB which create the bias current IBerr during this inoperative region. The resistance value of resistor RB is essentially the same as the resistance value of resistor RA.
As thus far described, the circuit has created the desired rectified Hall bias current IB. The econd half of the circuit using transistors K.M 1 , K.M2, M4A. M4B. K.M3/2 and M3 is included to centre the Hall voltage VH on Vref. The Hall voltage is maintained such that the midpoint of its amplitude takes the midpoint value between maximum possible output voltage VDD and minimum possible output \ oltage VSS of the Hall device. For example the Hall voltage VH is centred on Vref where Vref is 2.5V D.C. where the maximum possible Hall voltage output is 5V and the minimum is OV The Hall voltage thus varies around its midpoint output where the response of the Hall device is most linear.
The Hall voltage is centred on Vref by careful control of the current into the Hall device
8 RAD ORIGINAL which is controlled by transistor M3. The Hall bias current IB flows through M3 from the supplv VDD, through the Hall device and becomes either IB 1. IB2 or IBerr. The centre voltage of the Hall device can however be varied by changing the impedance of transistor M3 The input to control this voltage Vref is at M4B Transistors M4A and M4B are arranged as a Long Tailed Pair le. with their emitters connected to α current source. The current source is generated by transistors K.M 1 and K.M2. This current source is proportional to the Hall bias currents IB 1 and IB2 since the same control signals are input to K.M 1 and K.M2 as M l and M2A. Transistors K.M3/2 and M3 are arranged as a "current mirror", with current IM 1 flowing through K.M3/2 being mirrored through M3.
Since these components are interconnected with a feedback loop through the Hall device back to M4A. a description of circuit operation is best given by examples of what happens under certain conditions as described below.
If the voltage VH 1 at the gate of M4A is equal to Vref on the gate of M4B then equal currents will flow through M4A and M4B. The currents through M4A and M4B are controlled by K M l and K.M2 and are equal to K.IB at all times as described earlier. Hence K.IB/2 flows through M4A and M4B respectively It follow s that K.IB/2 flows through K.M3/2 Since K.M3/2 and M3 are arranged as α "current mirror ', the current K.IB/2 is mirrored across to M3 with a gain in magnitude of 2/K. Therefore current IB flows in M3. exactly as needed to keep equilibrium.
If the v oltage VH1 at the gate of M4A is lower than Vref. less current will flow through M4A than M4B Since the total current through M4A and M4B must be K.IB. transistor
βAD ORIGINAL (ft K.M3/2 will conduct more than K.IB/2. Therefore M3 will try to conduct more than IB. This leads to an increase in voltage on the R contact of the Hall device until VHl equals Vref.
If the voltage VHl at the gate of M4A is higher than Vref. more current will flow through M4A than M4B. Since the total current through M4A and M4B must be K.IB. transistor K.M3/2 will conduct less than K.IB/2. Therefore M3 will try to conduct less than IB. This leads to a decrease in voltage on the R contact of the Hall device until VHl equals Vref.
Hence it is shown that the second desired factor of holding the Hall device centred on Vref is achieved by the second half of the circuit.
The factor K is typically 1/10 vvhich helps reduce the overall current consumption of the circuit.
10 BAD R,GINΛL

Claims

1. An electricity measurement apparatus comprising supply means operative to supply α rectified A.C. supply signal to α sensor, the sensor being operative to detect magnetic field strength due to A.C. electricity flow along a conductor and to prov ide an output signal dependent on detected field strength and the rectified A.C. supply signal, the output signal following a sine-squared relation with alternating positive and negative sign in each half cycle, and filtering means operative to remove a component due to a D.C. offset error from the output signal.
2. An electricity measurement apparatus accordingly to claim 1. in which the rectified A.C. signal is a rectified A.C. current signal.
3. An electricity measurement apparatus according to claim 1 or claim 2. in vvhich the filtering means preferably comprises a capacitor.
4 An electricity measurement apparatus according to any preceding claim, in which components due to D.C. offset errors cancel.
5 An electricity measurement apparatus according to any preceding claim, in vvhich the sensor is a Hall sensor
6 An electricity measurement apparatus according to any preceding claim, in vvhich the rectified A.C. supply signal to the sensor is proportional to the electricity mains supply voltage
BAD OR/G,NAL 7 An electricity measurement apparatus according to any preceding claim, in which the output signal from a sensor is preferably a voltage signal
8 An electricity measurement apparatus according to any preceding claim, in which the A C electricity flowing along the conductor is an electricity mains supply current
9 An electricity measurement apparatus according to any preceding claim, in vvhich the sensor output signal is maintained so that its amplitude midpoint is at least approximately at a reference signal level midway between minimum and maximum possible amplitudes of the output signal
10 A method of measuring electricity flow along α conductor including the steps of supplying a rectified A C supply signal to a sensor, the sensor detecting magnetic field strength due to A.C electricity flow along a conductor and providing an output signal dependent on detected field strength and the rectified A C supply signal, the output signal following a sine-squared relation with alternating positive and negative sign in each half cycle, and filtering to remove a component due to D C offset error from the output signal
1 1 A method according to claim 10. in which the filtering is undertaken by α capacitor
12 A method according to claim 10 or claim 1 1. in vvhich the sensor is α Hall effect device
BAD ORIGINAL |
PCT/GB1996/000539 1995-03-16 1996-03-08 Electricity measurement apparatus WO1996028739A1 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT96904978T ATE217090T1 (en) 1995-03-16 1996-03-08 ELECTRICITY MEASUREMENT APPARATUS
AU48881/96A AU702196B2 (en) 1995-03-16 1996-03-08 Electricity measurement apparatus
US08/913,500 US6037763A (en) 1995-03-16 1996-03-08 Electricity measurement apparatus using hall effect sensor having rectified bias current
EP96904978A EP0879419B1 (en) 1995-03-16 1996-03-08 Electricity measurement apparatus
DE69621047T DE69621047T2 (en) 1995-03-16 1996-03-08 ELECTRICITY MEASURING DEVICE

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB9505314.6A GB9505314D0 (en) 1995-03-16 1995-03-16 Electricity measurement apparatus
GB9505314.6 1995-03-16

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1996028739A1 true WO1996028739A1 (en) 1996-09-19

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US (1) US6037763A (en)
EP (1) EP0879419B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE217090T1 (en)
AU (1) AU702196B2 (en)
DE (1) DE69621047T2 (en)
GB (1) GB9505314D0 (en)
IN (1) IN187455B (en)
WO (1) WO1996028739A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA962127B (en)

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CN112834812A (en) * 2021-01-06 2021-05-25 南京能晶电子科技有限公司 Hall current sensor chip with strong anti-interference capability

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AU766435B2 (en) * 1999-04-12 2003-10-16 Chk Wireless Technologies Australia Pty Limited Apparatus and method for electrical measurements on conductors
CN112834812A (en) * 2021-01-06 2021-05-25 南京能晶电子科技有限公司 Hall current sensor chip with strong anti-interference capability

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ZA962127B (en) 1997-11-06
EP0879419A1 (en) 1998-11-25
DE69621047D1 (en) 2002-06-06
AU702196B2 (en) 1999-02-18
US6037763A (en) 2000-03-14
IN187455B (en) 2002-04-27
EP0879419B1 (en) 2002-05-02
ATE217090T1 (en) 2002-05-15
DE69621047T2 (en) 2002-12-19
AU4888196A (en) 1996-10-02
GB9505314D0 (en) 1995-05-03

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