WO1996029154A1 - Coating composition, process for producing antireflective coatings, and coated articles - Google Patents
Coating composition, process for producing antireflective coatings, and coated articles Download PDFInfo
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- WO1996029154A1 WO1996029154A1 PCT/US1996/003605 US9603605W WO9629154A1 WO 1996029154 A1 WO1996029154 A1 WO 1996029154A1 US 9603605 W US9603605 W US 9603605W WO 9629154 A1 WO9629154 A1 WO 9629154A1
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- Prior art keywords
- alkyl
- amino
- coating composition
- poly
- coating
- Prior art date
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- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 239000006117 anti-reflective coating Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- -1 amino, hydroxy Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 148
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 79
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005903 acid hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 93
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 229920001577 copolymer Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 29
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 21
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- XFCMNSHQOZQILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethoxy]ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCOCCOC(=O)C(C)=C XFCMNSHQOZQILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004356 hydroxy functional group Chemical group O* 0.000 claims description 10
- JHQVCQDWGSXTFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-prop-2-enoxycarbonyloxyethoxy)ethyl prop-2-enyl carbonate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)OCCOCCOC(=O)OCC=C JHQVCQDWGSXTFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 9
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002734 metacrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004450 alkenylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- QIWKUEJZZCOPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical class CC(=C)C(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 QIWKUEJZZCOPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000008 (C1-C10) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003837 (C1-C20) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000006274 (C1-C3)alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- HIACAHMKXQESOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(prop-1-en-2-yl)benzene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1C(C)=C HIACAHMKXQESOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000006374 C2-C10 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical class Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000005250 alkyl acrylate group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- JKJWYKGYGWOAHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(prop-2-enyl) carbonate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)OCC=C JKJWYKGYGWOAHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920006217 cellulose acetate butyrate Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920008347 Cellulose acetate propionate Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002284 Cellulose triacetate Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N [(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-diacetyloxy-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5,6-triacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O1)OC(C)=O)COC(=O)C)[C@@H]1[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GTELLNMUWNJXMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.CCC(CO)(CO)CO GTELLNMUWNJXMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- UYMKPFRHYYNDTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenamine Chemical class NC=C UYMKPFRHYYNDTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- PXQLVRUNWNTZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanyl Chemical class [SH] PXQLVRUNWNTZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004400 (C1-C12) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- OOXMQACSWCZQLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,9-bis(ethenyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane Chemical compound C1OC(C=C)OCC21COC(C=C)OC2 OOXMQACSWCZQLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004423 acyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QUZSUMLPWDHKCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A dimethacrylate Chemical class C1=CC(OC(=O)C(=C)C)=CC=C1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(OC(=O)C(C)=C)C=C1 QUZSUMLPWDHKCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- STVZJERGLQHEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol dimethacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCOC(=O)C(C)=C STVZJERGLQHEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011167 hydrochloric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000027 (C1-C10) alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000006832 (C1-C10) alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000006545 (C1-C9) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003358 C2-C20 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005595 acetylacetonate group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005037 alkyl phenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012487 rinsing solution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- CBECDWUDYQOTSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylbut-3-enal Chemical compound CCC(C=C)C=O CBECDWUDYQOTSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- JTHNLKXLWOXOQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-propyl vinyl ketone Natural products CCCC(=O)C=C JTHNLKXLWOXOQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229920003251 poly(α-methylstyrene) Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 125000006755 (C2-C20) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-(-)-Propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003667 anti-reflective effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000001429 visible spectrum Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 23
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 21
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 18
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 125000000229 (C1-C4)alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 10
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 10
- WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)C WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 8
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 8
- BPSIOYPQMFLKFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOCC1CO1 BPSIOYPQMFLKFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 7
- BFXIKLCIZHOAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyltrimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[Si](C)(OC)OC BFXIKLCIZHOAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229920002574 CR-39 Polymers 0.000 description 6
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 5
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-nonene Chemical compound CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004506 ultrasonic cleaning Methods 0.000 description 4
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical class C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 3
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(methyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](C)(OCC)OCC CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 3
- ARXJGSRGQADJSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methoxypropan-2-ol Chemical compound COCC(C)O ARXJGSRGQADJSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SBASXUCJHJRPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound COCCOCCO SBASXUCJHJRPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LEJBBGNFPAFPKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethoxy)ethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCOCCOC(=O)C=C LEJBBGNFPAFPKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SJIXRGNQPBQWMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C(C)=C SJIXRGNQPBQWMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCLJOFJIQIJXHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[2-(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCOCCOCCOCCOC(=O)C=C HCLJOFJIQIJXHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ISJCMSNZKPMJGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxyethoxymethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOCCOCOC(=O)C=C ISJCMSNZKPMJGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KUDUQBURMYMBIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCOC(=O)C=C KUDUQBURMYMBIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- NECRQCBKTGZNMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-dimethylhex-1-yn-3-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(O)C#C NECRQCBKTGZNMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium sulfate Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002454 metastable transfer emission spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- RJMRIDVWCWSWFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl(tripropoxy)silane Chemical compound CCCO[Si](C)(OCCC)OCCC RJMRIDVWCWSWFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002816 methylsulfanyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])S[*] 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NINOYJQVULROET-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylethenamine Chemical compound CN(C)C=C NINOYJQVULROET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IQFXJRXOTKFGPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethenyl-n-ethylethanamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)C=C IQFXJRXOTKFGPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SRFLQIDBOUXPFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethenyl-n-phenylaniline Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1N(C=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRFLQIDBOUXPFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CSEKTVJPPOKBEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methyl-2-phenylethenamine Chemical compound CNC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 CSEKTVJPPOKBEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- LKEDKQWWISEKSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C LKEDKQWWISEKSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MDYPDLBFDATSCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C MDYPDLBFDATSCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAMGIHXCZNGARP-UHFFFAOYSA-M octadecanoate;tetra(nonyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCC[N+](CCCCCCCCC)(CCCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCCC OAMGIHXCZNGARP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HMZGPNHSPWNGEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C HMZGPNHSPWNGEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002113 octoxynol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UYDLBVPAAFVANX-UHFFFAOYSA-N octylphenoxy polyethoxyethanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CC(C)(C)C1=CC=C(OCCOCCOCCOCCO)C=C1 UYDLBVPAAFVANX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005304 optical glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=O VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GRDVGGZNFFBWTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl 2-methylprop-2-eneperoxoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OOC1=CC=CC=C1 GRDVGGZNFFBWTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WZESLRDFSNLECD-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl prop-2-eneperoxoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OOC1=CC=CC=C1 WZESLRDFSNLECD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QVKOLZOAOSNSHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-1-ene;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound CC=C.OC(=O)C=C QVKOLZOAOSNSHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BOQSSGDQNWEFSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)C(C)=C BOQSSGDQNWEFSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LYBIZMNPXTXVMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)C=C LYBIZMNPXTXVMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002572 propoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- NHARPDSAXCBDDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C NHARPDSAXCBDDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNXMTCDJUBJHQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C=C PNXMTCDJUBJHQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003381 solubilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- MUTNCGKQJGXKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tamibarotene Chemical compound C=1C=C2C(C)(C)CCC(C)(C)C2=CC=1NC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 MUTNCGKQJGXKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CC(N)C1 RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- WVVRGNHPOXVOFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetra(undecyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CCCCCCCCCCC)(CCCCCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCCCCC WVVRGNHPOXVOFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZXUCBXRTRRIBSO-UHFFFAOYSA-L tetrabutylazanium;sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC.CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC ZXUCBXRTRRIBSO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- DCSGYALTMAKEII-UHFFFAOYSA-O tetradecylazanium;nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[NH3+] DCSGYALTMAKEII-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- IFEQPQZVIZUZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetradodecylazanium;fluoride Chemical compound [F-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CCCCCCCCCCCC)(CCCCCCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCCCCCC IFEQPQZVIZUZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UQFSVBXCNGCBBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylammonium iodide Chemical compound [I-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC UQFSVBXCNGCBBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YQIVQBMEBZGFBY-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraheptylazanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCC[N+](CCCCCCC)(CCCCCCC)CCCCCCC YQIVQBMEBZGFBY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ODTSDWCGLRVBHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrahexylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCC[N+](CCCCCC)(CCCCCC)CCCCCC ODTSDWCGLRVBHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)OC LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HWNHOALELSLZGY-UHFFFAOYSA-L tetrapentylazanium;carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O.CCCCC[N+](CCCCC)(CCCCC)CCCCC.CCCCC[N+](CCCCC)(CCCCC)CCCCC HWNHOALELSLZGY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- GYZQBXUDWTVJDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributoxy(methyl)silane Chemical compound CCCCO[Si](C)(OCCCC)OCCCC GYZQBXUDWTVJDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WEUBQNJHVBMUMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloro(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CC[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl WEUBQNJHVBMUMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VIFIHLXNOOCGLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloro(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl)silane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)CC[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl VIFIHLXNOOCGLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GATGUNJRFUIHOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloro-[3-(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropan-2-yloxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(C(F)(F)F)OCCC[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl GATGUNJRFUIHOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DENFJSAFJTVPJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(ethyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](CC)(OCC)OCC DENFJSAFJTVPJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UNKMHLWJZHLPPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(oxiran-2-ylmethoxymethyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)COCC1CO1 UNKMHLWJZHLPPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SJQPASOTJGFOMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy-[1-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)ethyl]silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C(C)OCC1CO1 SJQPASOTJGFOMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFRRMEMOPXUROM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy-[1-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C(CC)OCC1CO1 NFRRMEMOPXUROM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWJUTPORTOUFDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy-[2-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)ethyl]silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCOCC1CO1 RWJUTPORTOUFDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFUDQABJYSJIQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy-[2-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CC(C)OCC1CO1 CFUDQABJYSJIQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CUVIJHAPWYUQIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy-[3-(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropan-2-yloxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCCOC(F)(C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)F CUVIJHAPWYUQIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLGNHOJUQFHYEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCC(F)(F)F JLGNHOJUQFHYEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FNBIAJGPJUOAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[1-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C(CC)OCC1CO1 FNBIAJGPJUOAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZNXDCSVNCSSUNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[2-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)ethyl]silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCOCC1CO1 ZNXDCSVNCSSUNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HTVULPNMIHOVRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[2-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CC(C)OCC1CO1 HTVULPNMIHOVRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[SiH](OC)OC YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940096522 trimethylolpropane triacrylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
- B32B17/10018—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising only one glass sheet
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/10688—Adjustment of the adherence to the glass layers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/006—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with materials of composite character
- C03C17/008—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with materials of composite character comprising a mixture of materials covered by two or more of the groups C03C17/02, C03C17/06, C03C17/22 and C03C17/28
- C03C17/009—Mixtures of organic and inorganic materials, e.g. ormosils and ormocers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/28—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with organic material
- C03C17/30—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with organic material with silicon-containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/46—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with organic materials
- C04B41/49—Compounds having one or more carbon-to-metal or carbon-to-silicon linkages ; Organo-clay compounds; Organo-silicates, i.e. ortho- or polysilicic acid esters ; Organo-phosphorus compounds; Organo-inorganic complexes
- C04B41/4905—Compounds having one or more carbon-to-metal or carbon-to-silicon linkages ; Organo-clay compounds; Organo-silicates, i.e. ortho- or polysilicic acid esters ; Organo-phosphorus compounds; Organo-inorganic complexes containing silicon
- C04B41/4922—Compounds having one or more carbon-to-metal or carbon-to-silicon linkages ; Organo-clay compounds; Organo-silicates, i.e. ortho- or polysilicic acid esters ; Organo-phosphorus compounds; Organo-inorganic complexes containing silicon applied to the substrate as monomers, i.e. as organosilanes RnSiX4-n, e.g. alkyltrialkoxysilane, dialkyldialkoxysilane
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
- C04B41/81—Coating or impregnation
- C04B41/82—Coating or impregnation with organic materials
- C04B41/84—Compounds having one or more carbon-to-metal of carbon-to-silicon linkages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D183/00—Coating compositions based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon, with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D183/04—Polysiloxanes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D183/00—Coating compositions based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon, with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D183/10—Block or graft copolymers containing polysiloxane sequences
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
- G02B1/11—Anti-reflection coatings
- G02B1/111—Anti-reflection coatings using layers comprising organic materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00241—Physical properties of the materials not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00405—Materials with a gradually increasing or decreasing concentration of ingredients or property from one layer to another
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/80—Optical properties, e.g. transparency or reflexibility
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
- Y10T428/31609—Particulate metal or metal compound-containing
- Y10T428/31612—As silicone, silane or siloxane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31652—Of asbestos
- Y10T428/31663—As siloxane, silicone or silane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31652—Of asbestos
- Y10T428/31667—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers, or aldehyde or ketone condensation product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/31935—Ester, halide or nitrile of addition polymer
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/31938—Polymer of monoethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon
Definitions
- the present invention relates to compositions for producing durable coatings. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel process for preparing a single-layer, broad band antireflective coating on solid substrates such as glass, ceramics, metals, and organic polymeric materials. Still more particularly, this invention relates to solid articles having on at least one surface thereof a durable coating of the present invention, or an antireflective coating formed by the process of the present invention.
- organoalkoxysilanes organoalkoxysilane-metal oxide sol-gel compositions, and combinations of acid hydrolyzed silicate, acid hydrolyzed epoxy/silane coupling agent, difunctional monomer, and photoinitiator are disclosed respectively in U.S. Patents 4,485,130; 4,753,827; and 5,120,811.
- U.S. 4,929,278 describes a sol-gel antireflective surface coating solution and a method for its preparation.
- the antireflective coating solution is prepared by subjecting a solution of silicon alkoxide and/or metal alkoxide to
- U.S. Patent 5,116,664 describes an antireflective layer formed by coating a lens with a siloxane- containing hard coat solution having at least one oxide sol, hardening the coated solution to give a hard coat layer, and immersing the lens into an acidic or alkaline solution to dissolve the oxide particles contained in the hard coat layer so as to make the layer non-uniform.
- Antireflective coatings formed by the dissolution of coating components using various acids and bases may undergo further dissolution during use of the coated article if it is exposed to acid rain or alkaline cleaning agents. Formation of antireflective coatings using vacuum deposition techniques requires costly equipment and precise control to meet exacting specifications. Consequently, there is a need for a cost effective process to produce durable, antireflective coatings.
- a sol-gel type coating composition i.e., a coating composition comprising the hydrolysis and condensation reaction products of silane monomer(s), acid catalyst and water, results in a durable, i.e., resistant to abrasion, coating.
- a coating composition comprising the hydrolysis and condensation reaction products of silane monomer(s), acid catalyst and water
- preformed oxide sol e.g., colloidal silica, colloidal antimony oxide and the like
- preformed water soluble metal salt with the novel process of the present invention produces a single-layer, durable, transparent and adherent antireflective coating.
- a film forming amount of a polymer having amino, hydroxy and carboxy, hydroxy and amino, amino and carboxy, or amino, hydroxy and carboxy functionality is included in the coating composition.
- Such polymer may be prepared from monomer(s) having at least one functional group selected from hydroxy, amino and/or carboxy groups.
- the polymer is compatible with the silane monomer, the hydrolysis and condensation reaction products of the silane monomer including by-product alcohol of the coating composition.
- This coating composition may be used to produce a single-layer, sol-gel, i.e., solution-gelation, durable, i.e., resistant to abrasion, adherent, cured coating on surfaces of solid substrates using conventional coating technology.
- the resultant coating may be treated in accordance with the novel process of the present invention to form an antireflective coating.
- the novel process of the present invention comprises applying the aforesaid novel coating composition, or an acid catalyzed sol-gel coating composition, that is substantially free of preformed oxide sol and water-soluble metal salt to the surface of a solid substrate, curing the applied coating composition, and treating the cured coating with an aqueous electrolyte solution for a time sufficient to produce a coating having a graded porosity that is antireflective over a broad range of the visible spectrum, i.e., 400 nanometers to 700 nanometers.
- the coating composition of the present invention is of the type comprising, in combination, the acid catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation products of a water-silane
- Such polymer may be prepared from monomer(s) having at least one functional group selected from hydroxy, amino and/or carboxy groups.
- Monomers that may be used to prepare the aforedescribed polymer include: hydroxy (C 2 -C 4 ) alkyl acrylates, hydroxy (C 2 -C 4 ) alky1 methacrylates, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, carboxy (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl acrylates, carboxy (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl methacrylates, amino substituted phenyl acrylates, amino substituted phenyl methacrylates, amino substituted phenyl (C 1 -C 9 )alkyl acrylates, amino substituted phenyl (C 1 -C 9 ) alkyl methacrylates, amino substituted phenoxy acrylates, amino substituted phenoxy methacrylates, amino substituted phenoxy (C 1 -C 9 ) alkyl acrylates, amino substituted phenoxy(C 1 -C 9 )alkyl methacrylates, amino (C 1 -C 9 ) alkyl acrylates
- substituted phenyl and phenoxy groups may have in addition to the amino substituent(s), further substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 9 alkyl, cyano, chloro, bromo, methoxy, nitro and methylthio.
- substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 9 alkyl, cyano, chloro, bromo, methoxy, nitro and methylthio.
- substituents on either the phenyl or phenoxy group may range from 1 to 5.
- the monomers used include
- hydroxy (C 2 -C 4 ) alkyl methacrylates acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, carboxy(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl acrylates, amino(C 1 -C 9 ) alkyl acrylates, and amino(C 1 -C 9 ) alkyl methacrylates.
- hydroxyalkyl acrylates and carboxyalkyl acrylates include 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl methacrylate, carboxymethyl acrylate, 2-carboxyethyl acrylate, 2-carboxypropyl acrylate, 3-carboxypropyl acrylate, 4-carboxybutyl acrylate, carboxymethyl methacrylate, 2-carboxyethyl methacrylate, 2-carboxypropyl methacrylate, 3-carboxypropyl methacrylate, 4-carboxybutyl methacrylate, and the like.
- amino substituted acrylates and methacrylates include the ortho, meta, and para substituted aminophenyl acrylates, amino phenethyl acrylate, amino phenheptyl acrylate, p-aminophenoxy acrylate, 2-(dimethyl amino)ethyl acrylate, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl acrylate, 3- (diethylamino)propyl acrylate, 2-t-butylaminoethyl acrylate, N,N-dibutylaminoethyl acrylate, 2-t-octylaminoethyl acrylate, 7-amino-3,4-dimethyloctyl acrylate, ortho, meta, and para substituted aminophenyl methacrylates, amino phenethyl methacrylate, amino phenheptyl methacrylate, p-aminophenoxy methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl meth
- vinylamines include vinylamine, N, N-dimethylvinylamine, N,N-diethylvinylamine, N-methyl-N-phenylvinylamine, N,N-diphenylvinylamine, and the like.
- composition of the present invention which are not prepared from monomer(s) having such functional used include but are not limited to cellulose ethers, such as sodium
- carboxymethylhydroxy ethyl cellulose amino deoxycellulose, 2-aminoethyl cellulose, 2-(N',N-diethylamino)ethyl cellulose, aminoethylhydroxypropyl cellulose, and the like.
- the polymer incorporated into the coating composition is present in amounts sufficient to form a coating or film in combination with the other components of the coating composition, i.e., a film forming amount, which typically is at a level of from about 1 to about 30 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition, and more particularly, is present in amounts of from about 1 to about 10 weight percent.
- a film forming amount typically is at a level of from about 1 to about 30 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition, and more particularly, is present in amounts of from about 1 to about 10 weight percent.
- the polymer should be compatible, i.e., capable of forming an organic-inorganic composite material with the acid catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation products of the water-silane monomer mixture including by-product alcohol resulting from the hydrolysis and condensation of the silane monomer.
- the presence of the polymer in the coating composition assists in the formation of a coating having a graded porosity, after the coating is applied to a solid surface, cured, and treated with an aqueous electrolyte solution.
- the thickness of the coating may range from about 80 nanometers to about 10 microns. Coatings thicker than 10 microns are contemplated; however, such thicker coatings may crack when cured.
- the polymer incorporated into the coating composition may contain from about 0 to about 99 weight percent, based on the total weight of the polymer, of moieties resulting from the polymerization of monomers having the aforedescribed functional groups with other monomers
- This latter group of monomers include, but are not limited to, C 1 -C 20 alkyl acrylates, C 2 -C 20 alkyl methacrylates, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl acrylates, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl methacrylates, C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyl acrylates, C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyl methacrylates, phenyl acrylates, phenyl methacrylates, phenyl (C 1 -C 9 ) alkyl acrylates, phenyl (C 1 -C 9 )alkyl methacrylates, substituted phenyl (C 1 -C 9 )alkyl acrylates, substituted phenyl (C 1 -C 9 ) alkyl methacrylates, phenoxy (Cx-Cg) alkyl acrylates, phenoxy
- alkoxy (C 2 -C 4 ) alkyl acrylates C 1 -C 4 alkoxy (C 2 -C 4 ) alkyl methacrylates, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy(C 1 -C 4 ) alkoxy(C 2 -C 4 ) alkyl
- Examples of such monomers include methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, isobutyl
- the polymer incorporated into the coating composition may be prepared by conventional solution
- This polymerization is usually carried out in an organic solvent under reflux conditions with an appropriate initiator having a specific decomposition half-life.
- the polymer conversion is usually better than 95 percent.
- Residual monomer in the product can be eliminated by further addition of initiator and longer hold time or both, as necessary.
- the level of residual monomer can be further reduced if necessary by redox initiators incorporated in the aqueous medium after inversion from a non-aqueous medium in cases where such inversion is possible and acceptable.
- the polymer may be prepared by aqueous emulsion or dispersion polymerization, where the
- polymerization is carried out in an aqueous medium in the presence of surface active agents using water soluble
- the film forming polymer will typically have a number average molecular weight of between about 500 and about 1,000,000, preferably between about 1,000 and about 100,000 and most preferably between about 1,500 and about 25,000.
- the coating composition also contains from about 1 to about 70 weight percent, preferably, from about 3 to about 55 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition, of at least one silane monomer represented by the following general formula: wherein R 1 may be C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 1 -C 20 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 haloalkenyl, phenyl, phenyl (C 1 -C 20 ) alkyl, C 1 -C 20 alkylphenyl, phenyl (C 2 -C 20 ) alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenylphenyl , glycidoxy(C 1 -C 20 ) alkyl, epoxycyclohexyl (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl, morpholino, amino (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl, amino (C 2 -C 20 )alkenyl,
- R 1 is a C 1 -C 00 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 10 alkenyl, phenyl, phenyl (C 1 -C 20 ) alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkylphenyl, glycidoxy (C 1 -C 10 ) alkyl, epoxycyclohexyl (C 1 -C 10 ) alkyl, morpholino, amino (C 1 -C 10 ) alkyl, amino (C 2 -C 10 ) alkenyl, mercapto(C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, mercapto(C 2 -C 10 ) alkenyl, cyano(C 1 -C 00 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 10 alkenyl, phenyl, phenyl (C 1 -C 20 ) alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkylpheny
- R 2 may be C 1 -C 20 alkylene, C 2 -C 20 alkenylene, phenylene, C 1 -C 20 alkylenephenylene, amino (C 1 -C 20 )alkylene, amino (C 2 -C 20 ) alkenylene;
- X may be hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C 1 -C 5 alkoxy, C 1 -C 5 alkoxy(C 1 -C 5 ) alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 acyloxy, phenoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylphenoxy, or C 1 -C 3
- R 2 is a C 1 -C 10 alkylene or C 2 -C 10 alkenylene group, phenylene, C 1 -C 10 alkylenephenylene, amino (C 1 -C 10 ) alkylene, amino (C 2 - C 10 ) alkenylene
- X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy (C 1 -C 3 ) alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 acyloxy, phenoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylphenoxy, or C 1 -C 2 alkoxyphenoxy, and the halo or halogen is chloro or fluoro.
- Suitable silane monomers include
- trimethoxysilane alpha-glycidoxyethyltriethoxysilane, beta-glycidoxyethyltrimethoxysilane, beta-glycidoxyethyltriethoxysilane, alpha-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, alpha-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane,
- the coating composition also contains a catalytic amount of water-soluble acid catalyst.
- a catalytic amount is that amount which is sufficient to cause polycondensation of the silane monomers and their subsequent cross-linking with the functional group-containing polymer.
- the catalytic amount of acid catalyst will range from about 0.01 to about 10.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition.
- the water-soluble acid catalyst may be an organic carboxylic acid or inorganic acid selected from the group consisting of acetic, formic, glutaric, maleic, nitric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acids. Water is also present in the coating composition in an amount sufficient to form the silane monomer hydrolysis products, the condensation products, and mixtures thereof, and to solubilize the acid catalyst. The sum of all of the components of the coating composition totals 100 weight percent.
- the coating composition may further contain from about 0 to about 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition, of a compound having the empirical formula:
- the coating composition contains from about 0 to about 10 weight percent of the compound represented by empirical formula II, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, boron, and zirconium, and Y is C 1 -C 5 alkoxy, e.g., methoxy and ethoxy.
- a compatible organic polymer substantially free of hydroxy, amino and carboxy functional groups may also be present in the coating composition in addition to the polymer having the aforedescribed functional groups.
- This compatible polymer may be present in amounts from about 0.1 to about 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition, more preferably in amounts of from about 1 to about 5 weight percent.
- Suitable organic polymers include polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, poly(C 1 -C 12 ) alkyl
- methacrylates poly (C 1 -C 12 ) alkyl acrylates, polyoxy (alkylene methacrylates), poly (alkoxylated phenol methacrylates), methylcellulose, ethylmethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl alcohol), polyesters, polyurethanes, poly (ethylene terephthalate), copoly (styrene-methylmethacrylate), copoly (styrene-acrylonitrile), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and polyvinylbutyral.
- a solvating amount of organic solvent may also be present in the coating composition.
- a solvating amount is that amount which is sufficient to solubilize the silane monomers in the coating composition.
- the solvating amount may represent up to about 80 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition.
- Suitable organic solvents include ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, C 1 -C 6 alkanol, and aliphatic alcohols of the empirical formula:
- solvents include methanol, ethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2-methoxy ethanol, 2-(2-ethoxymethoxy) ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
- the coating composition may also contain a leveling amount of surfactant.
- a leveling amount is that amount which is sufficient to allow the coating composition to spread evenly and homogeneously (or to level the coating composition) on the surface of the substrate to which it is applied.
- the surfactant is a liquid at the conditions of use and is used in amounts of from about 0.01 to about 1.0 weight percent, based on the weight of the silane monomer in the coating composition.
- Suitable surfactants include anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric surfactants, which are described in the Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Third Edition, Volume 22, pages 332 to 432.
- the anionic surfactants include carboxylic acids and their salts, sulfonic acids and their salts, sulfuric acid esters and their salts, phosphoric and polyphosphoric acid esters and their salts;
- the nonionic surfactants include ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated carboxylic esters, ethoxylated carboxylic amides, and
- the cationic surfactants include oxygen-free amines, oxygen-containing amines, amide-linked amines, and quaternary ammonium salts; and the amphoteric surfactants include imidazolinium derivatives, alkyl betaines, and amidopropyl betaines.
- the nonionic surfactants are preferred.
- the nonionic surfactant may be selected from the group consisting of ethoxylates of primary, secondary and branched paraffinic alcohols, wherein the alcohol contains from about 6 to 20 carbon atoms and the average number of ethoxy groups range from about 1 to about 20; aikyl phenol ethoxylates and dialkyl phenol ethoxylates, wherein each of the alkyl substituents contains from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms and the average number of ethoxy groups range from about 1 to about 24; benzyl, propyleneoxy, butyleneoxy, phenoxy and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy capped (C 6 -C 12 ) alkyl phenol ethoxylates, wherein the average number of propyleneoxy or butyleneoxy groups in the molecule may range from 1 to 5; glycerol esters of fatty acids containing from 4 to 22 carbon atoms; ethoxylates and propoxylates of fatty acids wherein the
- diethanoloamides where the fatty acid contains from 4 to 22 carbon atoms and the alkanolamide contains from 0 to 4 carbon atoms; amine ethoxylates such as tertiary amine ethoxylates, e.g., R 5 N(R')R", wherein R 5 is a group containing from about 4 to 22 carbon atoms, such as the residue of a fatty acid, and R 1 and R" are each ethoxy or polyethoxy groups having an average of 1 to 6 ethoxy groups; block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, e.g., ethoxylated polyoxypropylene glycols and propoxylated polyoxyethylene glycols; acetylenic diols and ethoxylated acetylenic diols; fluorosurfactants, i.e., a fluorocarbon containing organic, e.g., alkoxy, or inorganic, e.
- R 6 solubilizing (polar) groups that orient the hydrophilic portion of the surfactant in the aqueous phase
- capped nonionics represented by the formula R 6 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) s R 7 wherein R 6 is C 6 to C 20 linear or branched alkyl, R 7 is selected from halogen, e.g., chloro, fluoro or bromo, benzyl, phenoxy, C 1 to C 4 alkoxy or -O (C d H 2d O) e H, wherein d is 3 or 4 and e is 1 to 5, and s denotes the average number of ethylene oxide units and is a whole or fractional number ranging from 3 to 20.
- halogen e.g., chloro, fluoro or bromo, benzyl, phenoxy, C 1 to C 4 alkoxy or -O (C d H 2d O) e H, wherein d is 3 or 4 and e is 1 to 5, and s
- the nonionic surfactant is an ethoxylated alkyl phenol, such as the IGEPAL® DM surfactants or octyl phenoxypolyethoxyethanol (available as TRITON® X-100), an acetylenic diol such as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (available as SURFYNOL® 104), ethoxylated acetylenic diols, such as the SURFYNOL® 400 surfactant series,
- fluorosurfactants such as the FLUORAD® fluorochemical surfactant series
- capped nonionics such as the benzyl capped octyl phenol ethoxylates (available as TRITON® CF87), the propylene oxide capped alkyl ethoxylates, which are available as the PLURAFAC® RA series of surfactants, and octylphenoxyhexadecylethoxy benzyl ether.
- nonionic surfactant(s) is selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated alkyl phenols, fluoroaliphatic polymeric esters, such as FLUORAD® FC-430, and fluorinated alkyl polyoxyethylene ethanols, such as FLUORAD® FC-170-C.
- the coating composition may also contain from about 0 to about 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition, of a fluorinated silane.
- the fluorinated silane, as used herein may be defined as substances
- fluorinated silanes include trifluoroacetoxypropyl tri-(C 1 -C 2 )alkoxysilanes, 3- (heptafluoroisopropoxy)propyltrichlorosilane, 3- (heptafluoroisopropoxy)propyltriethoxysilane, N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) perfluorooctanoamide, N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) perfluoro(2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dioxanonanoyl)amide, (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)-1-dimethylchlorosilane, (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)-1-methyldichlorosilane, (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)-1-trichloro
- the coating composition of the present invention may be prepared by adding the acid catalyst to a reaction flask containing an aqueous suspension of the selected silane monomer (s). After mixing for about 5 minutes, the selected polymer (s) is added to the reaction flask and the contents are stirred until a clear solution is obtained. Organic solvent and/or surfactant may be added with additional stirring for from about 2 to about 18 hours depending on the acid catalyst used. For example, the use of a strong acid, such as nitric acid, would rapidly catalyze the hydrolysis reaction, whereas the use of a weak acid, such as acetic acid, would take longer.
- a strong acid such as nitric acid
- the pH of the coating solution is adjusted to from about 4 to about 5 with a compatible alkaline reagent, such as an aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide, if necessary.
- a compatible alkaline reagent such as an aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide, if necessary.
- the mixture Prior to use as a coating composition, the mixture is filtered through a suitable filter, such as a Whatman 934-AH filter.
- the coating composition of the present invention may be applied to the surface of a host material using any suitable conventional coating method.
- a coating method such as that described in U.S. Patent 3,971,872 may be used.
- Conventional coating methods include flow coating, dip coating, spin coating, roll coating, curtain coating and spray coating.
- the coating is typically done in an environment that is substantially free of dust.
- the coating may also be applied to a substrate previously coated with an antistatic, conductive, hardcoat, or a similar type of coating.
- the acid catalyzed sol-gel coating composition substantially free of preformed oxide sol and preformed water soluble metal salts may include polymerizable organic monomers or polymers that contain or that are free of the
- the silane monomer chosen may be selected on the basis of its impact on the time required for the aqueous electrolyte solution
- methyltriethoxy silane may be used in place of
- an amino containing silane such as aminopropyltrimethoxy silane
- the amount of certain silanes used such as gamma glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane, may be minimized.
- Other parameters such as abrasion resistance and percent transmission of the cured silane
- antireflective coating may be effected by the selection of the coating composition components. It is expected that one skilled in the art can make modifications to the formulation of the coating composition to obtain the desired
- Effective treatment techniques for plastics include ultrasonic cleaning; washing with an aqueous mixture of organic solvent, e.g., a 50:50 mixture of isopropanol :water or ethanol .-water; activated gas treatment, e.g., treatment with low temperature plasma or corona discharge, and chemical treatment such as hydroxylation, i.e., etching of the surface with an aqueous solution of alkali, e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, that may also contain a fluorosurfactant. See U.S. Patent 3,971,872, column 3, lines 13 to 25; U.S.
- the treatment used for cleaning glass surfaces will depend on the type of dirt present on the glass surface. Such treatments are known to those skilled in the art. For example, washing the glass with an aqueous solution that may contain a low foaming, easily rinsed detergent, followed by rinsing and drying with a lint-free cloth; and ultrasonic bath treatment in heated (about 50°C) wash water, followed by rinsing and drying. Pre-cleaning with an alcohol-based cleaner or organic solvent prior to washing may be required to remove adhesives from labels or tapes.
- the coating is cured by heating it to a temperature of between about 80°C and a temperature above which the substrate is damaged due to heating, e.g., 80°C to about 130°C.
- a temperature of between about 80°C and a temperature above which the substrate is damaged due to heating e.g. 80°C to about 130°C.
- organic polymeric materials may be heated up to about 130°C for a period of about 1 to 16 hours in order to cure the coating.
- temperatures While a range of temperatures has been provided for curing the coated substrate, it will be recognized by persons skilled in the art that temperatures other than those disclosed herein may be used. Additional methods for curing the coating composition include irradiating the coating with infrared, ultraviolet, gamma or electron radiation so as to promote the polymerization reaction of the polymerizable components in the coating.
- the process of producing an antireflective coating in accordance with the present invention comprises contacting the cured coating with an aqueous electrolyte solution for a time sufficient to produce a coating having graded porosity, i.e., a coating the porosity of which decreases through the thickness of the coating along a path starting at a point on the surface of the coating and proceeding to a point adjacent to the surface of the coated article.
- graded porosity causes a reduction of the refractive index of the coating.
- the refractive index of the coating is less than or equal to the refractive index of the substrate, more light will pass through the coating and less light will be reflected.
- a coating with graded porosity will demonstrate a broad band antireflective effect, i.e., reflect light over the entire range of the visible spectrum, i.e., from 400 to 700 nanometers.
- the cured coating is contacted with an aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention having a temperature of from about 20°C to the boiling
- aqueous electrolyte solution e.g., 100-103°C
- the application of ultrasonic frequencies, e.g., 40 to 50 Khz, to provide consistent cavitation where the cured coating is in contact with the aqueous electrolyte solution during the treatment step may reduce the time
- the treated coating may be contacted subsequently with an aqueous rinsing solution for a time and in a manner sufficient to remove residual products resulting from the treatment step and the coating subsequently dried.
- the aqueous electrolyte solution used in the process of the present invention comprises an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, tetra (C 1 -C 12 ) alkyl ammonium salts,
- tetra (C 1 -C 12 ) alkyl ammonium hydroxide metal salts, hydrates of said salts, metal hydroxides, hydrates of said hydroxides or mixtures thereof, having a pH from about 4 to about 12.
- the salt of the tetra (C 1 -C 12 ) alkyl ammonium salt or metal salt is selected from the group consisting of
- the metal of the aqueous metal salt solution is an alkaline earth metal or alkali metal. Suitable metals include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, magnesium, and strontium. Examples of aqueous electrolyte solutions include aqueous solutions of tetramethylammonium hydroxide,
- tetraethylammonium iodide tetrapropylammonium perchlorate, tetrabutylammonium sulfate, tetrapentylammonium carbonate, tetrahexylammonium chloride, tetraheptylammonium bromide, tetraoctylammonium citrate, tetranonylammonium stearate, tetradecyl ammonium nitrate, tetradecyltrimethylammonium phosphate, tetraundecylammonium sulfonate,
- tetradodecylammonium fluoride magnesium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, sodium iodide, lithium perchlorate, potassium acetate, calcium sulfate, barium citrate, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfonate, lithium nitrate, potassium bromide, stannic chloride, calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium carbonate, barium fluoride, sodium phosphate, calcium
- the concentration of the electrolyte in the aqueous electrolyte solution may vary widely, e.g., from the part per million range found in tap water to saturation levels for slightly soluble salts such as magnesium carbonate.
- the concentration of electrolyte will vary from about 0.0001 to about 1.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of the aqueous electrolyte solution.
- the substrates to which the coating compositions of the present invention may be applied include: glass, metals, ceramics, and organic polymeric materials.
- organic polymeric materials include polymers, i.e., polymers
- alkoxylated polyhydric alcohol acrylate monomers such as ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate monomers
- polymers i.e., homopolymers and copolymers, of polyfunctional, i.e., mono-, di-, tri-, or tetra- functional, acrylate and/or methacrylate monomers
- polyacrylates polymethacrylates, poly(C 1 -C 12 ) alkylacrylates such as a poly(methyl methacrylate), polyoxy (alkylene methacrylates) such as poly(ethylene glycol bis
- polyvinylbutyral and polymers i.e., homopolymers
- copolymers of diallylidene pentaerythritol, particularly copolymers with polyol (allyl carbonate) monomers, e.g., diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate), and acrylate monomers.
- polyol (allyl carbonate) monomers e.g., diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate)
- acrylate monomers e.g., diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate)
- Transparent copolymers and blends of transparent polymers are suitable as substrates for optical articles to which the coating composition of the present invention may be applied.
- the substrate is an optically clear polymerized organic material prepared from a thermoplastic polycarbonate resin, such as the carbonate-linked resin derived from bisphenol A and phosgene, which is sold under the trademark LEXAN; a polyester, such as the material sold under the trademark MYLAR; a poly(methyl methacrylate), such as the material sold under the trademark PLEXIGLAS; polymerizates of a polyol (allyl carbonate) monomer, especially diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate), which monomer is sold under the trademark CR-39, and polymerizates of copolymers of a polyol (allyl carbonate), e.g., diethylene glycol bis (allyl
- copolymers with aliphatic urethanes the terminal portion of which contain allyl or acrylyl functional groups, as described in U.S. Patent 5,200,483; poly(vinyl acetate),
- polyvinylbutyral, polyurethane polymers of members of the group consisting of diethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomers, diisopropenyl benzene monomers, and ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate monomers; cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene with methyl
- the organic polymeric material may be in the form of optical elements such as windows, piano and vision correcting ophthalmic lenses, exterior viewing surfaces of liquid crystal displays, cathode ray tubes e.g., video display tubes for televisions and computers, clear polymeric films, automotive transparencies, e.g., windshields, aircraft transparencies, plastic sheeting, etc.
- Application of the antireflective coating of the present invention to a polymeric film in the form of an "applique" may be accomplished using the methods described in column 17, line 28 to column 18, line 57 of U.S. Patent 5,198,267.
- Methyltrimethoxysilane 45 grams
- gammaglycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane 4.7 grams
- fluoroaliphatic polymeric ester surfactant 0.5 grams was added to the solution and the solution stirred for 30 minutes. The solution was filtered through a Whatman 934-AH filter prior to use as a coating composition.
- the resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 40 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was calculated to be 12,638.
- Methyltrimethoxysilane (216 grams), gammaglycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (21.6 grams),
- the resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 42.8 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was
- Step 2 of Example 1 was followed except that 4 grams of the polymer solution from Step 1 of Example 3 was used.
- the resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 41.9 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was calculated to be 13,941.
- Methyltrimethoxysilane 54 grams
- gammaglycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane 5.4 grams
- the resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 39.7 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was
- Step 2 of Example 4 The procedure of Step 2 of Example 4 was followed except that 4.8 grams of the polymer solution from Step 1 of Example 5 was used.
- Step 1 of Example 1 The procedure of Step 1 of Example 1 was used except for the following changes:
- the resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 37.5 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was calculated to be 5,765.
- Methyltrimethoxysilane (540 grams), gammaglycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (108 grams),
- the resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 41.8 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was
- Methyltrimethoxysilane (90 grams), gammaglycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (9 grams),
- FLUORAD® FC-430 a fluoroaliphatic polymeric ester surfactant (0.5 grams) was added to the solution and the solution was stirred for 30 minutes.
- the solution was
- the resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 39.4 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was
- the resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 40.5 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was
- Step 2 of Example 4 The procedure of Step 2 of Example 4 was followed except that 4.8 grams of the polymer solution from Step 1 of Example 9 was used.
- Step 2 The procedure of Step 1 of Example 1 was used except for the following changes: The resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 40.3 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was calculated to be 2,892. Step 2
- Step 1 of Example 1 The procedure of Step 1 of Example 1 was used except for the following: Charge 2 was added to the reaction flask over a 2 hour period instead of 3 hours; and the following changes to Charge 1 and Charge 2.
- the resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 39.5 percent.
- acetic acid 9.6 grams
- water 375 grams
- the resulting aqueous polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 24.3 percent.
- Test samples of 1/8 inch (0.3 centimeters) by 2 inches (5.1 centimeters) by 2 inches (5.1 centimeters) square polymerizates prepared from CR-39® diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate) monomer were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath filled with an ultrasonic cleaning solution for ten minutes and then soaked in either a 15 weight percent aqueous sodium hydroxide or tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution for about 5 minutes at 55 to 60°C as indicated in Table 1.
- the ultrasonic cleaner was a Branson B-220 model rated at 50/60 Hz, 117 volts and 1.0 amperes.
- the ultrasonic cleaning solution was prepared by diluting Fisherbrand Ultrasonic Cleaning Solution Concentrate with water in a ratio of 10:1 (water: concentrate).
- test samples were rinsed first with water, secondly with a 50:50 mixture of isopropanol:water, and then dried in a nitrogen gas stream.
- the coating compositions of Example I and Examples 1 through 11 were applied to the test samples by dip coating.
- the Coating Solution Age i.e., the number of days between preparation of the coating composition and coating of the test samples, is listed in Table 1.
- the withdrawal rate used was approximately 8 to 10 centimeters per minute.
- the coated test samples were dried and cured in an air-circulating oven for about 3 hours at 120°C.
- the coated and cured test samples were further treated by immersion in an aqueous electrolyte solution (tap water) containing the following cationic species in the following approximate concentrations: barium (0.04 ppm), calcium (31 ppm), iron (0.03 ppm), magnesium (7 ppm), sodium (8 ppm), silicon (1.8 ppm), strontium (0.12 ppm), zinc (0.02 ppm); and the following anionic species: fluoride (1 ppm), chloride (17 ppm), nitrate (1.7 ppm), and sulfate (81 ppm) maintained at a temperature of approximately 100°C for the Treatment Time (Minutes) listed in Table 1.
- Abrasion resistance of the coated and cured test samples prepared in Part A was determined using ASTM Test
- Method F735-81. The test samples were exposed to 300 cycles of oscillation in the ASTM Test Method.
- the Bayer Abrasion Resistance Index (BARI), listed in Table 1, was calculated by dividing the percent haze of an uncoated test sample made of a homopolymer prepared from CR-39® allyl diglycol carbonate monomer by the percent haze of the untreated (by immersion in the electrolyte solution) coated test sample. The resulting number is an indication of how much more abrasion resistant is the coated test sample compared to the uncoated test sample.
- the haze and percent luminous transmittance (defined as the ratio of transmitted to incident light multiplied by 100) of coated test samples before and after abrasion testing were measured with a Hunter Lab Model DP25P Colorimeter.
- Table 1 Listed in Table 1 are the Percent Transmittance levels before abrasion resistance testing and the highest Percent Transmittance level obtained after treatment with aqueous electrolyte for the Treatment Time indicated.
- the results in Table 1 show that the percent transmittance of the test samples coated with the coating compositions of Examples 1-11 increased at least 1.8 percent after treatment, while the sample coated with the coating composition of Example I increased only 0.4 percent, a larger increase in the percent of transmittance would be attained if the treatment time was lengthened.
- the BARI results showed that the test samples coated with the coating compositions of Examples 1 through 11 were more resistant to abrasion than the sample coated with Example I.
- Example 2 The coating composition of Example 2 was prepared except that 24 grams of the polymer solution of Step 1 was used. This coating composition was applied to several of the same type of square polymerizate test samples described in Example 12, Part A, cured, and tested according to the procedures of Part A and Part B of Example 12, except that the coating solution was aged for 7 days and the temperature of the aqueous electrolyte treatment was maintained at the levels listed in Table 2.
- Example 13 The procedure of Example 13 was followed except that the temperature of the aqueous electrolyte treatment was maintained at about 100°C and the composition of the aqueous electrolyte solution was varied as indicated in Table 3.
- the aqueous electrolyte solutions were prepared using water processed by reverse osmosis and to which individually was added the following chemicals: 0.01 weight percent of the indicated carbonate compound; an amount of metal hydroxide compound that resulted in a solution pH of 9 (or in the case of aluminum hydroxide was a saturated solution that was adjusted to a pH of 9 with ammonium hydroxide); and 0.01 weight percent of stannic chloride that was adjusted to a pH of 9 with ammonium hydroxide.
- Variations of the coating composition of Step 2 of Example 1 were prepared as Coating Compositions C and D.
- Coating Composition C differed from the coating composition of Example 1 by using the following components: gammaglycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (4.5 grams), acetic acid (6.3 grams), ethanol (40 grams) and 3.3 grams of the polymer solution of Step 1.
- Coating Composition D differed from Coating Composition C by using 5 grams of the polymer solution of Step 1. Both coating compositions were applied to several test samples of the same type of square polymerizates
- Example 12 Part A, cured, and tested according to the procedures of Parts A and B of Example 12, except that the coating solution was aged for 7 days and a different aqueous electrolyte solution was used.
- the aqueous electrolyte solution was used.
- electrolyte solution was water prepared by reverse osmosis that had its pH adjusted by the addition of hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to its pH levels listed in Table 4.
- Example 1 were prepared as Coating Compositions E-1 through E-7. After all of the components of the Coating Compositions listed in Table 5 were added to a reaction flask, the contents were stirred for from 60 to 80 minutes at room temperature. The pH of each coating composition was adjusted then to from 4.2 to 4.4 with the addition of a 25 weight percent aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. FLUORAD® FC-430 surfactant (0.1 gram) was added to each coating composition and the resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. Each solution was filtered through a Whatman 934-AH filter prior to use as a coating composition.
- the coating compositions were applied to several test samples of the same type of square polymerizates described in Example 12, Part A, cured, and tested according to the procedures of Part A and Part B of Example 12 except that the coating solution was aged for 1 day, the aqueous electrolyte solution was a saturated solution of magnesium carbonate, and the test samples to which the coating was applied were first treated by soaking in a 15 weight percent aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution for about 5 minutes at 55 to 60°C.
- the test results are listed in Table 6
- the use of different silane monomers in the coating composition of Example 16 effected the treatment time required to obtain an antireflective coating.
- the use of APTMS with MTMS in composition E-5 resulted in an increase in the percent transmittance of 1.8 percent.
Abstract
The invention describes a composition for producing durable coatings and a process for preparing a single-layer broad band antireflective coating on solid substrates, such as glass, ceramics, metals, and organic polymeric materials. The coating composition comprises, in combination, acid catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation products of water-silane monomer mixture and a film forming amount of a polymer having functional groups selected from amino, hydroxy and carboxy, hydroxy and amino, amino and carboxy, and amino, hydroxy and carboxy. The described process comprises applying the aforesaid coating composition (or an acid catalyzed sol-gel coating composition) substantially free of preformed oxide sol and water soluble metal salt to the surface of a solid substrate, curing the applied coating, and treating the cured coating with an aqueous electrolyte solution for a time sufficient to produce a coating having graded porosity which is antireflective over a broad band of the visible spectrum.
Description
COATING COMPOSITION, PROCESS FOR PRODUCING ANTIREFLECTIVE COATINGS, AND COATED ARTICLES
Description of the Invention
The present invention relates to compositions for producing durable coatings. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel process for preparing a single-layer, broad band antireflective coating on solid substrates such as glass, ceramics, metals, and organic polymeric materials. Still more particularly, this invention relates to solid articles having on at least one surface thereof a durable coating of the present invention, or an antireflective coating formed by the process of the present invention.
It is known that the surfaces of solid substrates that have been subjected to treatments or machining to provide a polish, gloss, or another surface aspect, as required by technical or decorative requirements, must be protected by suitable coatings to prevent any alteration of the surface condition. Such protection is more necessary when the surface is more fragile or subject to the risks of alteration or degradation as in the case of, for example, glass, ceramics, and organic polymeric materials which may be scratched or opacified from the effects of friction, abrasion, or even shock. The use of protective coatings based on
organoalkoxysilanes, organoalkoxysilane-metal oxide sol-gel compositions, and combinations of acid hydrolyzed silicate, acid hydrolyzed epoxy/silane coupling agent, difunctional monomer, and photoinitiator are disclosed respectively in U.S. Patents 4,485,130; 4,753,827; and 5,120,811.
It is also known that it is desirable to reduce reflection on reflective surfaces such as optical articles or elements, e.g., windows, ophthalmic lenses, transparent
sheets, films, display surfaces, and the like. The amount of reflected light from such surfaces can be reduced by means of an antireflective coating. The advantages of such coatings, as reported by K.H. Guenther in Thin Film Coating Technology for Ophthalmic Lenses, SPIE, 601, Ophthalmic Optics, 1985, pages 76-87, are the elimination of ghost images due to multiple internal reflections, and of disturbing reflection to the wearer and the external viewer. As a consequence, the wearer not only sees better, but also looks better.
The use of a single layer to form antireflective coatings to reduce reflection losses and increase the light transmission of optical glass and optical plastic articles is described in U.S. Patents 4,929,278 and 5,116,644.
U.S. 4,929,278 describes a sol-gel antireflective surface coating solution and a method for its preparation. The antireflective coating solution is prepared by subjecting a solution of silicon alkoxide and/or metal alkoxide to
hydrolysis and condensation in a reaction system containing water and catalyst in an alcohol solution, aging the reaction system to form a sol-gel hydrolyzation-condensation polymeric reaction product, reliquifying the resulting gel and diluting the reliquified sol-gel reaction product to produce the surface coating solution. U.S. Patent 5,116,664 describes an antireflective layer formed by coating a lens with a siloxane- containing hard coat solution having at least one oxide sol, hardening the coated solution to give a hard coat layer, and immersing the lens into an acidic or alkaline solution to dissolve the oxide particles contained in the hard coat layer so as to make the layer non-uniform.
Antireflective coatings formed by the dissolution of coating components using various acids and bases may undergo further dissolution during use of the coated article if it is
exposed to acid rain or alkaline cleaning agents. Formation of antireflective coatings using vacuum deposition techniques requires costly equipment and precise control to meet exacting specifications. Consequently, there is a need for a cost effective process to produce durable, antireflective coatings.
It has now been discovered that incorporating a polymer having certain functional groups in a sol-gel type coating composition, i.e., a coating composition comprising the hydrolysis and condensation reaction products of silane monomer(s), acid catalyst and water, results in a durable, i.e., resistant to abrasion, coating. Treatment of such coating (or an acid catalyzed sol-gel coating alone)
substantially free of preformed oxide sol, e.g., colloidal silica, colloidal antimony oxide and the like, and preformed water soluble metal salt with the novel process of the present invention produces a single-layer, durable, transparent and adherent antireflective coating.
In accordance with the present invention, a film forming amount of a polymer having amino, hydroxy and carboxy, hydroxy and amino, amino and carboxy, or amino, hydroxy and carboxy functionality is included in the coating composition. Such polymer may be prepared from monomer(s) having at least one functional group selected from hydroxy, amino and/or carboxy groups. The polymer is compatible with the silane monomer, the hydrolysis and condensation reaction products of the silane monomer including by-product alcohol of the coating composition. This coating composition may be used to produce a single-layer, sol-gel, i.e., solution-gelation, durable, i.e., resistant to abrasion, adherent, cured coating on surfaces of solid substrates using conventional coating technology. Moreover, the resultant coating may be treated in
accordance with the novel process of the present invention to form an antireflective coating.
The novel process of the present invention comprises applying the aforesaid novel coating composition, or an acid catalyzed sol-gel coating composition, that is substantially free of preformed oxide sol and water-soluble metal salt to the surface of a solid substrate, curing the applied coating composition, and treating the cured coating with an aqueous electrolyte solution for a time sufficient to produce a coating having a graded porosity that is antireflective over a broad range of the visible spectrum, i.e., 400 nanometers to 700 nanometers.
Detailed Description Of The Invention
The coating composition of the present invention is of the type comprising, in combination, the acid catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation products of a water-silane
monomer(s) mixture and a film forming amount of a polymer, i.e., homopolymer, copolymer, terpolymer, etc., having amino, hydroxy and carboxy, hydroxy and amino, amino and carboxy, or amino, hydroxy and carboxy functional group(s). Such polymer may be prepared from monomer(s) having at least one functional group selected from hydroxy, amino and/or carboxy groups.
Monomers that may be used to prepare the aforedescribed polymer include: hydroxy (C2-C4) alkyl acrylates, hydroxy (C2-C4) alky1 methacrylates, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, carboxy (C1-C4) alkyl acrylates, carboxy (C1-C4) alkyl methacrylates, amino substituted phenyl acrylates, amino substituted phenyl methacrylates, amino substituted phenyl (C1-C9)alkyl acrylates, amino substituted phenyl (C1-C9) alkyl methacrylates, amino substituted phenoxy acrylates, amino substituted phenoxy methacrylates, amino substituted
phenoxy (C1-C9) alkyl acrylates, amino substituted phenoxy(C1-C9)alkyl methacrylates, amino (C1-C9) alkyl acrylates, aminofC!- C9) alkyl methacrylates, and vinylamines. The amino
substituted phenyl and phenoxy groups may have in addition to the amino substituent(s), further substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-C9 alkyl, cyano, chloro, bromo, methoxy, nitro and methylthio. The total number of
substituents on either the phenyl or phenoxy group may range from 1 to 5. Preferably, the monomers used include
hydroxy (C2-C4) alkyl methacrylates, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, carboxy(C1-C4) alkyl acrylates, amino(C1-C9) alkyl acrylates, and amino(C1-C9) alkyl methacrylates.
Examples of hydroxyalkyl acrylates and carboxyalkyl acrylates include 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl methacrylate, carboxymethyl acrylate, 2-carboxyethyl acrylate, 2-carboxypropyl acrylate, 3-carboxypropyl acrylate, 4-carboxybutyl acrylate, carboxymethyl methacrylate, 2-carboxyethyl methacrylate, 2-carboxypropyl methacrylate, 3-carboxypropyl methacrylate, 4-carboxybutyl methacrylate, and the like.
Examples of amino substituted acrylates and methacrylates include the ortho, meta, and para substituted aminophenyl acrylates, amino phenethyl acrylate, amino phenheptyl acrylate, p-aminophenoxy acrylate, 2-(dimethyl amino)ethyl acrylate, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl acrylate, 3- (diethylamino)propyl acrylate, 2-t-butylaminoethyl acrylate, N,N-dibutylaminoethyl acrylate, 2-t-octylaminoethyl acrylate, 7-amino-3,4-dimethyloctyl acrylate, ortho, meta, and para
substituted aminophenyl methacrylates, amino phenethyl methacrylate, amino phenheptyl methacrylate, p-aminophenoxy methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2- (diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 3-(diethylamino)propyl methacrylate, 2-t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, N,N-dibutyl aminoethyl methacrylate, 2-t-octylaminoethyl methacrylate, 7-amino-3,4-dimethyloctyl methacrylate and the like. Examples of vinylamines include vinylamine, N, N-dimethylvinylamine, N,N-diethylvinylamine, N-methyl-N-phenylvinylamine, N,N-diphenylvinylamine, and the like.
Other polymers having the aforedescribed functional groups that are contemplated for use in the coating
composition of the present invention which are not prepared from monomer(s) having such functional used include but are not limited to cellulose ethers, such as sodium
carboxymethylhydroxy ethyl cellulose, amino deoxycellulose, 2-aminoethyl cellulose, 2-(N',N-diethylamino)ethyl cellulose, aminoethylhydroxypropyl cellulose, and the like.
The polymer incorporated into the coating composition is present in amounts sufficient to form a coating or film in combination with the other components of the coating composition, i.e., a film forming amount, which typically is at a level of from about 1 to about 30 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition, and more particularly, is present in amounts of from about 1 to about 10 weight percent. In order to form a homogeneous and transparent coating composition, the polymer should be compatible, i.e., capable of forming an organic-inorganic composite material with the acid catalyzed hydrolysis and
condensation products of the water-silane monomer mixture including by-product alcohol resulting from the hydrolysis and condensation of the silane monomer. The presence of the polymer in the coating composition assists in the formation of a coating having a graded porosity, after the coating is applied to a solid surface, cured, and treated with an aqueous electrolyte solution. The thickness of the coating may range from about 80 nanometers to about 10 microns. Coatings thicker than 10 microns are contemplated; however, such thicker coatings may crack when cured.
The polymer incorporated into the coating composition may contain from about 0 to about 99 weight percent, based on the total weight of the polymer, of moieties resulting from the polymerization of monomers having the aforedescribed functional groups with other monomers
substantially free of hydroxy, carboxy and/or amino functional groups to form copolymers, terpolymers, etc. This latter group of monomers include, but are not limited to, C1-C20 alkyl acrylates, C2-C20 alkyl methacrylates, C2-C20 alkenyl acrylates, C2-C20 alkenyl methacrylates, C5-C8 cycloalkyl acrylates, C5-C8 cycloalkyl methacrylates, phenyl acrylates, phenyl methacrylates, phenyl (C1-C9) alkyl acrylates, phenyl (C1-C9)alkyl methacrylates, substituted phenyl (C1-C9)alkyl acrylates, substituted phenyl (C1-C9) alkyl methacrylates, phenoxy (Cx-Cg) alkyl acrylates, phenoxy (C1-C9) alkyl
methacrylates, substituted phenoxy (C1-C9) alkyl acrylates, substituted phenoxy(C1-C9) alkyl methacrylates, C1-C4
alkoxy (C2-C4) alkyl acrylates, C1-C4 alkoxy (C2-C4) alkyl methacrylates, C1-C4 alkoxy(C1-C4) alkoxy(C2-C4) alkyl
acrylates, C1-C4 alkoxy (C1-C4) alkoxy (C2-C4) alkyl
methacrylates, C2-C4 oxiranyl acrylates, C2-C4 oxiranyl methacrylates, copolymerizable di-, tri- or tetra- acrylate
monomers, copolymerizable di-, tri-, or tetra- methacrylate monomers and perfluoroalkylethyl methacrylate monomer mixtures available as ZONYL®TM. A description of such monomers is found in U.S. Patent 5,330,686 in column 2, line 31 to column 4, line 22, which description is incorporated herein by reference.
Examples of such monomers include methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, isobutyl
methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, nonyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, isodecyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, isodecyl
acrylate, ethylene methacrylate, propylene methacrylate, isopropylene methacrylate, butane methacrylate, isobutylene methacrylate, hexene methacrylate, 2-ethylhexene methacrylate, nonene methacrylate, isodecene methacrylate, ethylene
acrylate, propylene acrylate, isopropylene, hexene acrylate,
2-ethylhexene acrylate, nonene acrylate, isodecene acrylate, cyclopentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl cyclohexyl acrylate, benzyl methacrylate, o-bromobenzyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, nonylphenyl methacrylate, benzyl acrylate, o-bromobenzyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, nonylphenyl acrylate, phenethyl methacrylate, phenoxy methacrylate, phenylpropyl methacrylate, nonylphenylethyl methacrylate, phenethyl acrylate, phenoxy acrylate, phenylpropyl acrylate, nonylphenylethyl acrylate, 2- ethoxyethoxymethyl acrylate, ethoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-ethoxyethoxymethyl acrylate, ethoxyethoxyethyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, glycidyl acrylate, 2,3-epoxybutyl methacrylate, 2,3-epoxybutyl acrylate, 3,4-epoxybutyl
acrylate, 3,4-epoxybutyl methacrylate, 2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate, 2,3-epoxypropyl acrylate, 2-methoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-butoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, 2-butoxyethyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate,
tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol-A-dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,2-propane diol diacrylate, 1,3-propane diol diacrylate, 1,2-propane diol dimethacrylate, 1,3-propane diol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butane diol diacrylate, 1,3 -butane diol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butane diol dimethacrylate, 1,5 pentane diol diacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1,6-hexane diol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylol propane trimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, dipropylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylol propane triacrylate, glycerol triacrylate, glycerol trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, and the like.
The polymer incorporated into the coating composition may be prepared by conventional solution
polymerization techniques that are well known in the art.
This polymerization is usually carried out in an organic solvent under reflux conditions with an appropriate initiator having a specific decomposition half-life. The polymer conversion is usually better than 95 percent. Residual monomer in the product can be eliminated by further addition of initiator and longer hold time or both, as necessary. The level of residual monomer can be further reduced if necessary by redox initiators incorporated in the aqueous medium after
inversion from a non-aqueous medium in cases where such inversion is possible and acceptable.
Alternately, the polymer may be prepared by aqueous emulsion or dispersion polymerization, where the
polymerization is carried out in an aqueous medium in the presence of surface active agents using water soluble
initiators, which are commonly inorganic peroxydisulfates.
The film forming polymer will typically have a number average molecular weight of between about 500 and about 1,000,000, preferably between about 1,000 and about 100,000 and most preferably between about 1,500 and about 25,000.
The coating composition also contains from about 1 to about 70 weight percent, preferably, from about 3 to about 55 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition, of at least one silane monomer represented by the following general formula:
wherein R1 may be C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 haloalkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, C2-C20 haloalkenyl, phenyl, phenyl (C1-C20) alkyl, C1 -C20 alkylphenyl, phenyl (C2-C20) alkenyl, C2-C20 alkenylphenyl , glycidoxy(C1-C20) alkyl, epoxycyclohexyl (C1-C20)alkyl, morpholino, amino (C1-C20)alkyl, amino (C2-C20)alkenyl,
mercapto (C1-C20)alkyl, mercapto (C2-C20)alkenyl, cyano(C;L-
C2o) alkyl, cyano (C2-C20) alkenyl, acryloxy, methacryloxy, or halogen. The halo or halogen may be bromo, chloro, or fluoro. Preferably, R1 is a C1-C00 alkyl, C1-C10 haloalkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, phenyl, phenyl (C1-C20) alkyl, C1-C10 alkylphenyl, glycidoxy (C1-C10) alkyl, epoxycyclohexyl (C1-C10) alkyl, morpholino, amino (C1-C10) alkyl, amino (C2-C10) alkenyl,
mercapto(C1-C10)alkyl, mercapto(C2-C10) alkenyl, cyano(C1-C10) alkyl, cyano(C2-C10)alkenyl, or halogen and the halo or halogen is chloro or fluoro.
In formula I, R2 may be C1-C20 alkylene, C2-C20 alkenylene, phenylene, C1-C20 alkylenephenylene, amino (C1-C20)alkylene, amino (C2-C20) alkenylene; X may be hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C1-C5 alkoxy, C1-C5 alkoxy(C1-C5) alkoxy, C1-C4 acyloxy, phenoxy, C1-C3 alkylphenoxy, or C1-C3
alkoxyphenoxy, said halo or halogen being bromo, chloro or fluoro; m and n are each an integer of from 0 to 2; and the sum of m and n is an integer of from 0 to 3. Preferably, R2 is a C1-C10 alkylene or C2-C10 alkenylene group, phenylene, C1-C10 alkylenephenylene, amino (C1-C10) alkylene, amino (C2- C10) alkenylene, X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 alkoxy (C1-C3) alkoxy, C1-C2 acyloxy, phenoxy, C1-C2 alkylphenoxy, or C1-C2 alkoxyphenoxy, and the halo or halogen is chloro or fluoro.
Suitable silane monomers include
glycidoxymethyltriethoxysilane, alpha-glycidoxyethyl
trimethoxysilane, alpha-glycidoxyethyltriethoxysilane, beta-glycidoxyethyltrimethoxysilane, beta-glycidoxyethyltriethoxysilane, alpha-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, alpha-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane,
beta-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, beta-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-glycidoxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, gamma-glycidoxypropyldimethylethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxyethoxysilane, methyltriacetoxysilane, methyltripropoxysilane, methyltributoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, gamma-mer-
captopropyltrimethoxysilane, chloromethyltrimethoxysilane, chloromethytriethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane,
gamma-chloropropylmethyldimethoxysilane, gamma-chloropropylmethyldiethoxysilane, tetramethylorthosilicate,
tetraethylorthosilicate, hydrolyzates of such silane monomers, and mixtures of such silane monomers and hydrolyzates thereof.
The coating composition also contains a catalytic amount of water-soluble acid catalyst. A catalytic amount is that amount which is sufficient to cause polycondensation of the silane monomers and their subsequent cross-linking with the functional group-containing polymer. Typically, the catalytic amount of acid catalyst will range from about 0.01 to about 10.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition. The water-soluble acid catalyst may be an organic carboxylic acid or inorganic acid selected from the group consisting of acetic, formic, glutaric, maleic, nitric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acids. Water is also present in the coating composition in an amount sufficient to form the silane monomer hydrolysis products, the condensation products, and mixtures thereof, and to solubilize the acid catalyst. The sum of all of the components of the coating composition totals 100 weight percent.
The coating composition may further contain from about 0 to about 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition, of a compound having the empirical formula:
M(Y)p II wherein M is a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, zirconium, boron, tin, indium, antimony, and zinc, Y is selected from the group consisting of C1-C10 alkoxy and acetylacetonato, and p is an integer equivalent to
the valence of M. Preferably, the coating composition contains from about 0 to about 10 weight percent of the compound represented by empirical formula II, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, boron, and zirconium, and Y is C1-C5 alkoxy, e.g., methoxy and ethoxy.
A compatible organic polymer substantially free of hydroxy, amino and carboxy functional groups may also be present in the coating composition in addition to the polymer having the aforedescribed functional groups. This compatible polymer may be present in amounts from about 0.1 to about 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition, more preferably in amounts of from about 1 to about 5 weight percent. Suitable organic polymers include polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, poly(C1-C12) alkyl
methacrylates, poly (C1-C12) alkyl acrylates, polyoxy (alkylene methacrylates), poly (alkoxylated phenol methacrylates), methylcellulose, ethylmethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl alcohol), polyesters, polyurethanes, poly (ethylene terephthalate), copoly (styrene-methylmethacrylate), copoly (styrene-acrylonitrile), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and polyvinylbutyral.
A solvating amount of organic solvent may also be present in the coating composition. A solvating amount is that amount which is sufficient to solubilize the silane monomers in the coating composition. The solvating amount may represent up to about 80 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition. Suitable organic solvents include ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, C1-C6 alkanol, and aliphatic alcohols of the empirical formula:
[(R3)iR4] (C1-C6)OH III
wherein R3 and R4 are each C1-C4 alkoxy, and i is the integer 0 or 1. Such solvents include methanol, ethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2-methoxy ethanol, 2-(2-ethoxymethoxy) ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
The coating composition may also contain a leveling amount of surfactant. A leveling amount is that amount which is sufficient to allow the coating composition to spread evenly and homogeneously (or to level the coating composition) on the surface of the substrate to which it is applied.
Preferably, the surfactant is a liquid at the conditions of use and is used in amounts of from about 0.01 to about 1.0 weight percent, based on the weight of the silane monomer in the coating composition. Suitable surfactants include anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric surfactants, which are described in the Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Third Edition, Volume 22, pages 332 to 432.
Particularly, the anionic surfactants include carboxylic acids and their salts, sulfonic acids and their salts, sulfuric acid esters and their salts, phosphoric and polyphosphoric acid esters and their salts; the nonionic surfactants include ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated carboxylic esters, ethoxylated carboxylic amides, and
fluorosurfactants; the cationic surfactants include oxygen-free amines, oxygen-containing amines, amide-linked amines, and quaternary ammonium salts; and the amphoteric surfactants include imidazolinium derivatives, alkyl betaines, and amidopropyl betaines. The nonionic surfactants are preferred.
More particularly, the nonionic surfactant may be selected from the group consisting of ethoxylates of primary, secondary and branched paraffinic alcohols, wherein the
alcohol contains from about 6 to 20 carbon atoms and the average number of ethoxy groups range from about 1 to about 20; aikyl phenol ethoxylates and dialkyl phenol ethoxylates, wherein each of the alkyl substituents contains from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms and the average number of ethoxy groups range from about 1 to about 24; benzyl, propyleneoxy, butyleneoxy, phenoxy and C1-C4 alkoxy capped (C6-C12) alkyl phenol ethoxylates, wherein the average number of propyleneoxy or butyleneoxy groups in the molecule may range from 1 to 5; glycerol esters of fatty acids containing from 4 to 22 carbon atoms; ethoxylates and propoxylates of fatty acids wherein the fatty acids contain from 4 to 22 carbon atoms and the average number of ethoxy or propoxy groups is from 1 to 24; sorbitan fatty acid esters wherein the fatty acids contain from 4 to 22 carbon atoms and ethoxylated sorbitan fatty acids esters wherein the average number of ethoxy groups is from about 3 to 20; fatty acid alkanolamides, such as fatty acid
diethanoloamides, where the fatty acid contains from 4 to 22 carbon atoms and the alkanolamide contains from 0 to 4 carbon atoms; amine ethoxylates such as tertiary amine ethoxylates, e.g., R5N(R')R", wherein R5 is a group containing from about 4 to 22 carbon atoms, such as the residue of a fatty acid, and R1 and R" are each ethoxy or polyethoxy groups having an average of 1 to 6 ethoxy groups; block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, e.g., ethoxylated polyoxypropylene glycols and propoxylated polyoxyethylene glycols; acetylenic diols and ethoxylated acetylenic diols; fluorosurfactants, i.e., a fluorocarbon containing organic, e.g., alkoxy, or inorganic, e.g., sulfate, surface active and water
solubilizing (polar) groups that orient the hydrophilic portion of the surfactant in the aqueous phase; and capped nonionics represented by the formula R6(OCH2CH2)sR7 wherein R6
is C6 to C20 linear or branched alkyl, R7 is selected from halogen, e.g., chloro, fluoro or bromo, benzyl, phenoxy, C1 to C4 alkoxy or -O (CdH2dO)eH, wherein d is 3 or 4 and e is 1 to 5, and s denotes the average number of ethylene oxide units and is a whole or fractional number ranging from 3 to 20.
Advantageously, the nonionic surfactant is an ethoxylated alkyl phenol, such as the IGEPAL® DM surfactants or octyl phenoxypolyethoxyethanol (available as TRITON® X-100), an acetylenic diol such as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (available as SURFYNOL® 104), ethoxylated acetylenic diols, such as the SURFYNOL® 400 surfactant series,
fluorosurfactants, such as the FLUORAD® fluorochemical surfactant series, and capped nonionics such as the benzyl capped octyl phenol ethoxylates (available as TRITON® CF87), the propylene oxide capped alkyl ethoxylates, which are available as the PLURAFAC® RA series of surfactants, and octylphenoxyhexadecylethoxy benzyl ether.
Still more particularly, the nonionic surfactant(s) is selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated alkyl phenols, fluoroaliphatic polymeric esters, such as FLUORAD® FC-430, and fluorinated alkyl polyoxyethylene ethanols, such as FLUORAD® FC-170-C.
The coating composition may also contain from about 0 to about 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition, of a fluorinated silane. The fluorinated silane, as used herein may be defined as substances
representable by the empirical formula:
F(CF2)gCH2CH2Si(CH3)hZ3-h, wherein Z is chloro, methoxy or ethoxy, g is an integer selected from the integers 1 to 10, and h is the integer 0, 1 or 2.
Examples of such fluorinated silanes include trifluoroacetoxypropyl tri-(C1-C2)alkoxysilanes, 3-
(heptafluoroisopropoxy)propyltrichlorosilane, 3- (heptafluoroisopropoxy)propyltriethoxysilane, N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) perfluorooctanoamide, N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) perfluoro(2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dioxanonanoyl)amide, (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)-1-dimethylchlorosilane, (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)-1-methyldichlorosilane, (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)-1-trichlorosilane, tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl-1-triethoxysilane, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyldimethylchlorosilane, (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)methydichlorosilane, (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)methyldimethoxysilane, (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)methyldimethoxysilane, (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) trichlorosilane , (3 , 3 , 3 -trifluoropropyl ) trimethoxysilane, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilane,
1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyldimethylchlorosilane, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecylmethyldichlorosilane, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorotrichlorosilane, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorotriethoxysilane,
1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctylmethyldichlorosilane, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane, and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane.
The coating composition of the present invention may be prepared by adding the acid catalyst to a reaction flask containing an aqueous suspension of the selected silane monomer (s). After mixing for about 5 minutes, the selected polymer (s) is added to the reaction flask and the contents are stirred until a clear solution is obtained. Organic solvent and/or surfactant may be added with additional stirring for from about 2 to about 18 hours depending on the acid catalyst used. For example, the use of a strong acid, such as nitric acid, would rapidly catalyze the hydrolysis reaction, whereas the use of a weak acid, such as acetic acid, would take longer. The pH of the coating solution is adjusted to from
about 4 to about 5 with a compatible alkaline reagent, such as an aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide, if necessary. Prior to use as a coating composition, the mixture is filtered through a suitable filter, such as a Whatman 934-AH filter.
The coating composition of the present invention, or an acid catalyzed sol-gel coating composition, substantially free of preformed oxide sol and preformed water soluble metal salts, i.e., metal salts having a solubility in water of greater than 30 grams per 100 grams of water at 25°C, may be applied to the surface of a host material using any suitable conventional coating method. A coating method such as that described in U.S. Patent 3,971,872 may be used. Conventional coating methods include flow coating, dip coating, spin coating, roll coating, curtain coating and spray coating.
Application of the coating is typically done in an environment that is substantially free of dust. The coating may also be applied to a substrate previously coated with an antistatic, conductive, hardcoat, or a similar type of coating.
The acid catalyzed sol-gel coating composition substantially free of preformed oxide sol and preformed water soluble metal salts may include polymerizable organic monomers or polymers that contain or that are free of the
aforedescribed hydroxy, amino, and/or carboxy functional groups. If the coating composition is substantially free of the aforementioned monomers and/or polymers, the silane monomer chosen may be selected on the basis of its impact on the time required for the aqueous electrolyte solution
treatment of the cured coating to produce a graded porosity. For example, to reduce the treatment time necessary,
methyltriethoxy silane may be used in place of
methyltrimethoxy silane, an amino containing silane, such as
aminopropyltrimethoxy silane, may be added or the amount of certain silanes used, such as gamma glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane, may be minimized. Other parameters such as abrasion resistance and percent transmission of the cured
antireflective coating may be effected by the selection of the coating composition components. It is expected that one skilled in the art can make modifications to the formulation of the coating composition to obtain the desired
characteristics of the cured antireflective coating.
It is typical to treat the surface of the substrate to be coated prior to applying the coating composition for the purposes of cleaning the surface and promoting adhesion.
Effective treatment techniques for plastics, such as those prepared from CR39® allyl diglycol carbonate monomer, include ultrasonic cleaning; washing with an aqueous mixture of organic solvent, e.g., a 50:50 mixture of isopropanol :water or ethanol .-water; activated gas treatment, e.g., treatment with low temperature plasma or corona discharge, and chemical treatment such as hydroxylation, i.e., etching of the surface with an aqueous solution of alkali, e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, that may also contain a fluorosurfactant. See U.S. Patent 3,971,872, column 3, lines 13 to 25; U.S.
Patent 4,904,525, column 6, lines 10 to 48; and U.S. Patent 5,104,692, column 13, lines 10 to 59, which describe surface treatments of organic polymeric materials.
The treatment used for cleaning glass surfaces will depend on the type of dirt present on the glass surface. Such treatments are known to those skilled in the art. For example, washing the glass with an aqueous solution that may contain a low foaming, easily rinsed detergent, followed by rinsing and drying with a lint-free cloth; and ultrasonic bath treatment in heated (about 50°C) wash water, followed by
rinsing and drying. Pre-cleaning with an alcohol-based cleaner or organic solvent prior to washing may be required to remove adhesives from labels or tapes.
Following application of the coating composition to the treated surface of the substrate, the coating is cured by heating it to a temperature of between about 80°C and a temperature above which the substrate is damaged due to heating, e.g., 80°C to about 130°C. For example, organic polymeric materials may be heated up to about 130°C for a period of about 1 to 16 hours in order to cure the coating.
While a range of temperatures has been provided for curing the coated substrate, it will be recognized by persons skilled in the art that temperatures other than those disclosed herein may be used. Additional methods for curing the coating composition include irradiating the coating with infrared, ultraviolet, gamma or electron radiation so as to promote the polymerization reaction of the polymerizable components in the coating.
The process of producing an antireflective coating in accordance with the present invention comprises contacting the cured coating with an aqueous electrolyte solution for a time sufficient to produce a coating having graded porosity, i.e., a coating the porosity of which decreases through the thickness of the coating along a path starting at a point on the surface of the coating and proceeding to a point adjacent to the surface of the coated article. The graded porosity causes a reduction of the refractive index of the coating. When the refractive index of the coating is less than or equal to the refractive index of the substrate, more light will pass through the coating and less light will be reflected. A coating with graded porosity will demonstrate a broad band antireflective effect, i.e., reflect light over the
entire range of the visible spectrum, i.e., from 400 to 700 nanometers.
More particularly, the cured coating is contacted with an aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention having a temperature of from about 20°C to the boiling
temperature of the aqueous electrolyte solution, e.g., 100-103°C, for a time sufficient to produce a coating having a graded porosity. The application of ultrasonic frequencies, e.g., 40 to 50 Khz, to provide consistent cavitation where the cured coating is in contact with the aqueous electrolyte solution during the treatment step may reduce the time
necessary to produce an antireflective coating. The treated coating may be contacted subsequently with an aqueous rinsing solution for a time and in a manner sufficient to remove residual products resulting from the treatment step and the coating subsequently dried.
The aqueous electrolyte solution used in the process of the present invention comprises an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, tetra (C1-C12) alkyl ammonium salts,
tetra (C1-C12) alkyl ammonium hydroxide, metal salts, hydrates of said salts, metal hydroxides, hydrates of said hydroxides or mixtures thereof, having a pH from about 4 to about 12.
Preferably, the salt of the tetra (C1-C12) alkyl ammonium salt or metal salt is selected from the group consisting of
carbonate, carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, nitrate,
perchlorate, phosphate, halide, e.g., fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide salts and mixtures of such salts having a pH from about 7 to about 9. Preferably, the metal of the aqueous metal salt solution is an alkaline earth metal or alkali metal. Suitable metals include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, magnesium, and strontium.
Examples of aqueous electrolyte solutions include aqueous solutions of tetramethylammonium hydroxide,
tetraethylammonium iodide, tetrapropylammonium perchlorate, tetrabutylammonium sulfate, tetrapentylammonium carbonate, tetrahexylammonium chloride, tetraheptylammonium bromide, tetraoctylammonium citrate, tetranonylammonium stearate, tetradecyl ammonium nitrate, tetradecyltrimethylammonium phosphate, tetraundecylammonium sulfonate,
tetradodecylammonium fluoride, magnesium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, sodium iodide, lithium perchlorate, potassium acetate, calcium sulfate, barium citrate, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfonate, lithium nitrate, potassium bromide, stannic chloride, calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium carbonate, barium fluoride, sodium phosphate, calcium
stearate, hydrates of such salts, and mixtures of such salts or hydrates thereof.
The concentration of the electrolyte in the aqueous electrolyte solution may vary widely, e.g., from the part per million range found in tap water to saturation levels for slightly soluble salts such as magnesium carbonate.
Typically, the concentration of electrolyte will vary from about 0.0001 to about 1.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of the aqueous electrolyte solution.
The substrates to which the coating compositions of the present invention may be applied include: glass, metals, ceramics, and organic polymeric materials. Examples of organic polymeric materials include polymers, i.e.,
homopolymers and copolymers, of polyol (allyl carbonate) monomers, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomers,
diisopropenyl benzene monomers, and alkoxylated polyhydric
alcohol acrylate monomers, such as ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate monomers, polymers, i.e., homopolymers and copolymers, of polyfunctional, i.e., mono-, di-, tri-, or tetra- functional, acrylate and/or methacrylate monomers, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, poly(C1-C12) alkylacrylates such as a poly(methyl methacrylate), polyoxy (alkylene methacrylates) such as poly(ethylene glycol bis
methacrylates), poly (ethoxylated phenol methacrylates), such as poly (ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylates) cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene chloride), polyurethanes, thermoplastic polycarbonates, polyesters, poly (ethylene terephthalate), polystyrene, copoly (styrene-methyl methacrylates) copoly(styrene-acrylonitrile),
polyvinylbutyral and polymers, i.e., homopolymers and
copolymers, of diallylidene pentaerythritol, particularly copolymers with polyol (allyl carbonate) monomers, e.g., diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate), and acrylate monomers.
Transparent copolymers and blends of transparent polymers are suitable as substrates for optical articles to which the coating composition of the present invention may be applied. Preferably, the substrate is an optically clear polymerized organic material prepared from a thermoplastic polycarbonate resin, such as the carbonate-linked resin derived from bisphenol A and phosgene, which is sold under the trademark LEXAN; a polyester, such as the material sold under the trademark MYLAR; a poly(methyl methacrylate), such as the material sold under the trademark PLEXIGLAS; polymerizates of a polyol (allyl carbonate) monomer, especially diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate), which monomer is sold under the trademark CR-39, and polymerizates of copolymers of a polyol
(allyl carbonate), e.g., diethylene glycol bis (allyl
carbonate), with other copolymerizable monomeric materials, such as copolymers with vinyl acetate, and copolymers with a polyurethane having terminal diacrylate functionality, as described in U.S. Patent 4,360,653 and 4,994,208; and
copolymers with aliphatic urethanes, the terminal portion of which contain allyl or acrylyl functional groups, as described in U.S. Patent 5,200,483; poly(vinyl acetate),
polyvinylbutyral, polyurethane, polymers of members of the group consisting of diethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomers, diisopropenyl benzene monomers, and ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate monomers; cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene with methyl
methacrylate, vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile.
The organic polymeric material may be in the form of optical elements such as windows, piano and vision correcting ophthalmic lenses, exterior viewing surfaces of liquid crystal displays, cathode ray tubes e.g., video display tubes for televisions and computers, clear polymeric films, automotive transparencies, e.g., windshields, aircraft transparencies, plastic sheeting, etc. Application of the antireflective coating of the present invention to a polymeric film in the form of an "applique" may be accomplished using the methods described in column 17, line 28 to column 18, line 57 of U.S. Patent 5,198,267.
The present invention is more particularly described in the following examples which are intended as illustrative only, since numerous modifications and variations therein will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Example 1
Step 1
The following materials were added to a suitable reaction vessel equipped with an agitator, a reflux column, a thermocouple, and a heating mantle:
Charge 1 was initially added to the reaction vessel and heat was applied with agitation until the reflux
temperature was reached. Charge 2 was fed into the reaction vessel in a continuous manner over a period of 3 hours. The reflux temperature was maintained throughout the addition of Charge 2. With the completion of the addition of Charge 2, the reaction mixture was held for an additional 3 hours at the
reflux temperature. The contents of the reaction vessel were then cooled and transferred to a suitable container. The resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 40.6 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was calculated to be 10,862.
Step 2
Methyltrimethoxysilane (45 grams), gammaglycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (4.7 grams),
tetraethylorthosilicate (15 grams), acetic acid (6 grams), and water (30 grams) were added to a reaction flask. The solution was stirred for 5 minutes. The polymer solution of Step 1 (4 grams) was added to the reaction flask which was stirred until a clear solution was obtained. Ethanol (30 grams) was added and the clear solution was maintained at room temperature for about 18 hours. Afterwards, FLUORAD® FC-430, a
fluoroaliphatic polymeric ester surfactant (0.5 grams) was added to the solution and the solution stirred for 30 minutes. The solution was filtered through a Whatman 934-AH filter prior to use as a coating composition.
Example 2
Step 1
The resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 40 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was calculated to be 12,638.
Step 2)
Methyltrimethoxysilane (216 grams), gammaglycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (21.6 grams),
tetraethylorthosilicate (72 grams), acetic acid (28.8 grams), and water (144 grams) were added to a reaction flask. The solution was stirred for 5 minutes. The polymer solution of Step 1 (19.2 grams) was added to the reaction flask and the contents stirred until a clear solution was obtained. Ethanol (192 grams) was added and the clear solution was maintained at 30°C for 4 hours and then at room temperature for about 14 hours. Afterwards, FLUORAD® FC-430, a fluoroaliphatic polymeric ester surfactant (2 grams), was added to the solution and the solution stirred for 30 minutes. The solution was filtered through a Whatman 934-AH filter prior to use as a coating composition.
Example 3
Step 1
The procedure of Step 1 of Example 1 was used except for the following changes:
The resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 42.8 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was
calculated to be 11,762.
Step 2
The procedure of Step 2 of Example 1 was followed except that 4 grams of the polymer solution from Step 1 of Example 3 was used.
Example 4
Step 1
The procedure of Step 1 of Example 1 was used except for the following changes:
The resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 41.9 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was calculated to be 13,941.
Step 2
Methyltrimethoxysilane (54 grams), gammaglycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (5.4 grams),
tetraethylorthosilicate (18 grams), acetic acid (7.2 grams), and water (36 grams) were added to a reaction flask. The solution was stirred for 5 minutes. The polymer solution of Step 1 (4.8 grams) was added to the reaction flask, the contents of which were stirred until a clear solution was obtained. Ethanol (48 grams) was added and the clear solution was maintained at room temperature for about 18 hours.
Afterwards, FLUORAD® FC-430, a fluoroaliphatic polymeric ester surfactant (0.5 grams) was added to the solution and the solution was stirred for 30 minutes. The solution was filtered through a Whatman 934-AH filter prior to use as a coating composition.
Example 5
Step 1
The procedure of Step 1 of Example 1 was used except for the following changes:
The resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 39.7 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was
calculated to be 11,939.
Step 2
The procedure of Step 2 of Example 4 was followed except that 4.8 grams of the polymer solution from Step 1 of Example 5 was used.
Example 6
Step 1
The procedure of Step 1 of Example 1 was used except for the following changes:
The resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 37.5 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was calculated to be 5,765.
Step 2
Methyltrimethoxysilane (540 grams), gammaglycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (108 grams),
tetraethylorthosilicate (18 grams), acetic acid (72 grams), and water (360 grams) were added to a reaction flask. The solution was stirred for 5 minutes. The polymer solution of Step 1 (480 grams) was added to the reaction flask, the contents of which were stirred until a clear solution was obtained. 1-Propanol (480 grams) was added and the clear solution was maintained at room temperature for about 18 hours. Afterwards, FLUORAD® FC-430, a fluoroaliphatic polymeric ester surfactant (5 grams) was added to the solution and the solution was stirred for 30 minutes. The solution was filtered through a Whatman 934-AH filter prior to use as a coating composition.
Example 7
Step 1
The procedure of Step 1 of Example 1 was used except for the following changes:
The resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 41.8 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was
calculated to be 11,533.
Step 2
Methyltrimethoxysilane (90 grams), gammaglycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (9 grams),
tetraethylorthosilicate (30 grams), acetic acid (12 grams), and water (60 grams) were added to a reaction flask. The solution was stirred for 5 minutes. The polymer solution of Step 1 (6 grams) was added to the reaction flask, the contents of which were stirred until a clear solution was obtained.
Ethanol (40 grams) was added and the clear solution was maintained at room temperature for about 18 hours.
Afterwards, FLUORAD® FC-430, a fluoroaliphatic polymeric ester surfactant (0.5 grams) was added to the solution and the
solution was stirred for 30 minutes. The solution was
filtered through a Whatman 934-AH filter prior to use as a coating composition.
Example 8
Step 1
The procedure of Step 1 of Example 1 was used except for the following changes:
The resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 39.4 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was
calculated to be 5,072.
Step 2
The procedure of Step 2 of Example 1 was followed except that 4 grams of the polymer solution from Step 1 of Example 8 was used.
Example 9
Step 1
The procedure of Step 1 of Example 1 was used except for the following changes:
The resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 40.5 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was
calculated to be 8,638.
Step 2
The procedure of Step 2 of Example 4 was followed except that 4.8 grams of the polymer solution from Step 1 of Example 9 was used.
Example 10
Step 1
The procedure of Step 1 of Example 1 was used except for the following changes:
The resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 40.3 percent and the number average molecular weight of the polymer was calculated to be 2,892. Step 2
The procedure of Step 2 of Example 4 was followed except that 4.8 grams of the polymer solution from Step 1 of Example 10 was used. Example 11
Step 1
The procedure of Step 1 of Example 1 was used except for the following: Charge 2 was added to the reaction flask over a 2 hour period instead of 3 hours; and the following changes to Charge 1 and Charge 2.
The resulting polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 39.5 percent. In order to recover the polymer in an aqueous solution by inversion, acetic acid (9.6 grams) and water (375 grams) were added to the polymer solution with mixing and the polymer solution was heated to 98°C and held at that temperature for 3 hours with agitation. The resulting aqueous polymer solution had a total solids content, based on total solution weight, of 24.3 percent.
Step 2
The procedure of Step 2 of Example 4 was followed except that 4.8 grams of the polymer solution from Step 1 of Example 11 was used.
Example I
The procedure of Step 2 of Example 2 was followed except that no polymer product was added. Example 12
Part A
Test samples of 1/8 inch (0.3 centimeters) by 2 inches (5.1 centimeters) by 2 inches (5.1 centimeters) square polymerizates prepared from CR-39® diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate) monomer were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath filled with an ultrasonic cleaning solution for ten minutes and then soaked in either a 15 weight percent aqueous sodium hydroxide or tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution for about 5 minutes at 55 to 60°C as indicated in Table 1. The ultrasonic cleaner was a Branson B-220 model rated at 50/60 Hz, 117 volts and 1.0 amperes. The ultrasonic cleaning solution was prepared by diluting Fisherbrand Ultrasonic Cleaning Solution Concentrate with water in a ratio of 10:1 (water: concentrate).
Afterwards, the test samples were rinsed first with water, secondly with a 50:50 mixture of isopropanol:water, and then dried in a nitrogen gas stream. The coating compositions of Example I and Examples 1 through 11 were applied to the test samples by dip coating. The Coating Solution Age, i.e., the number of days between preparation of the coating composition and coating of the test samples, is listed in Table 1. The withdrawal rate used was approximately 8 to 10 centimeters per minute. Afterwards, the coated test samples were dried and cured in an air-circulating oven for about 3 hours at 120°C. The coated and cured test samples were further treated by immersion in an aqueous electrolyte solution (tap water) containing the following cationic species in the following approximate concentrations: barium (0.04 ppm), calcium (31
ppm), iron (0.03 ppm), magnesium (7 ppm), sodium (8 ppm), silicon (1.8 ppm), strontium (0.12 ppm), zinc (0.02 ppm); and the following anionic species: fluoride (1 ppm), chloride (17 ppm), nitrate (1.7 ppm), and sulfate (81 ppm) maintained at a temperature of approximately 100°C for the Treatment Time (Minutes) listed in Table 1.
Part B
Abrasion resistance of the coated and cured test samples prepared in Part A was determined using ASTM Test
Method F735-81. The test samples were exposed to 300 cycles of oscillation in the ASTM Test Method. The Bayer Abrasion Resistance Index (BARI), listed in Table 1, was calculated by dividing the percent haze of an uncoated test sample made of a homopolymer prepared from CR-39® allyl diglycol carbonate monomer by the percent haze of the untreated (by immersion in the electrolyte solution) coated test sample. The resulting number is an indication of how much more abrasion resistant is the coated test sample compared to the uncoated test sample. The haze and percent luminous transmittance (defined as the ratio of transmitted to incident light multiplied by 100) of coated test samples before and after abrasion testing were measured with a Hunter Lab Model DP25P Colorimeter. Listed in Table 1 are the Percent Transmittance levels before abrasion resistance testing and the highest Percent Transmittance level obtained after treatment with aqueous electrolyte for the Treatment Time indicated.
The results in Table 1 show that the percent transmittance of the test samples coated with the coating compositions of Examples 1-11 increased at least 1.8 percent after treatment, while the sample coated with the coating composition of Example I increased only 0.4 percent, a larger increase in the percent of transmittance would be attained if the treatment time was lengthened. The BARI results showed that the test samples coated with the coating compositions of Examples 1 through 11 were more resistant to abrasion than the sample coated with Example I.
Example 13
The coating composition of Example 2 was prepared except that 24 grams of the polymer solution of Step 1 was used. This coating composition was applied to several of the same type of square polymerizate test samples described in Example 12, Part A, cured, and tested according to the procedures of Part A and Part B of Example 12, except that the coating solution was aged for 7 days and the temperature of the aqueous electrolyte treatment was maintained at the levels listed in Table 2.
The results of Table 2 demonstrate the inverse relationship that exists between Treatment Temperature and Treatment Time, i.e., an increase in the Percent Transmittance (After) is obtained with higher temperatures and shorter contact time periods as well as with lower temperatures and longer contact time intervals. Also demonstrated is that an antireflective surface, as measured by an increase in percent transmittance, is obtained by treatment with an aqueous electrolyte over a wide range of temperature levels and time intervals.
Example 14
The procedure of Example 13 was followed except that the temperature of the aqueous electrolyte treatment was maintained at about 100°C and the composition of the aqueous electrolyte solution was varied as indicated in Table 3. The aqueous electrolyte solutions were prepared using water processed by reverse osmosis and to which individually was added the following chemicals: 0.01 weight percent of the indicated carbonate compound; an amount of metal hydroxide compound that resulted in a solution pH of 9 (or in the case of aluminum hydroxide was a saturated solution that was adjusted to a pH of 9 with ammonium hydroxide); and 0.01 weight percent of stannic chloride that was adjusted to a pH of 9 with ammonium hydroxide.
The results of Table 3 show that various inorganic electrolytes in aqueous solution can be used in the process of the present invention to treat substrates to which coating compositions of the present invention have been applied and cured. These treatments resulted in an improvement of the antireflective nature of the surface as demonstrated by an increase in the Percent Transmittance (After).
Example 15
Variations of the coating composition of Step 2 of Example 1 were prepared as Coating Compositions C and D.
Coating Composition C differed from the coating composition of Example 1 by using the following components: gammaglycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (4.5 grams), acetic acid (6.3
grams), ethanol (40 grams) and 3.3 grams of the polymer solution of Step 1. Coating Composition D differed from Coating Composition C by using 5 grams of the polymer solution of Step 1. Both coating compositions were applied to several test samples of the same type of square polymerizates
described in Example 12, Part A, cured, and tested according to the procedures of Parts A and B of Example 12, except that the coating solution was aged for 7 days and a different aqueous electrolyte solution was used. The aqueous
electrolyte solution was water prepared by reverse osmosis that had its pH adjusted by the addition of hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to its pH levels listed in Table 4.
The results of Table 4 demonstrate the effect of having different amounts of functionalized polymer in the coating composition on the treatment time required to attain the same percent transmittance. Generally, the time of treatment necessary to obtain a given transmittance was less for Coating Composition D (higher level of polymer) in the pH range between 4 and 11. At a pH above or below this range, the level of polymer did not have an observable effect on the treatment time. Also, when the pH was below 4, a decrease in the percent transmittance was observed.
Example 16
Variations of the coating composition of Step 2 of
Example 1 were prepared as Coating Compositions E-1 through E-7. After all of the components of the Coating Compositions listed in Table 5 were added to a reaction flask, the contents were stirred for from 60 to 80 minutes at room temperature. The pH of each coating composition was adjusted then to from
4.2 to 4.4 with the addition of a 25 weight percent aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. FLUORAD® FC-430 surfactant (0.1 gram) was added to each coating composition and the resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. Each solution was filtered through a Whatman 934-AH filter prior to use as a coating composition.
The coating compositions were applied to several test samples of the same type of square polymerizates described in Example 12, Part A, cured, and tested according to the procedures of Part A and Part B of Example 12 except that the coating solution was aged for 1 day, the aqueous electrolyte solution was a saturated solution of magnesium carbonate, and the test samples to which the coating was applied were first treated by soaking in a 15 weight percent aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution for about 5 minutes at 55 to 60°C. The test results are listed in Table 6
The results of Table 6 demonstrate that the process of the present invention can be used to produce coatings having a graded porosity, as measured by an increase in percent transmittance, after aqueous electrolyte treatment, of cured coating compositions substantially free of the
functional-group containing organic polymers of the type used in the coating compositions of the present invention.
Furthermore, the use of different silane monomers in the coating composition of Example 16 effected the treatment time required to obtain an antireflective coating. For example, the increase in percent transmittance for coating composition E-1, which contained MTES, was 2.2 percent, whereas the increase for coating composition E-4, containing MTMS, was 0.5 percent. Also, the use of APTMS with MTMS in composition E-5 resulted in an increase in the percent transmittance of 1.8 percent.
The present invention has been described with reference to specific details of particular embodiments thereof. It is not intended that such details be regarded as limitations upon the scope of the invention except insofar as and to the extent that they are included in the accompanying claims.
Claims
1. A coating composition comprising, in combination, the acid catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation products of a water-silane monomer mixture, and a film-forming amount of a polymer having functional groups selected from the group consisting of amino, hydroxy and carboxy, hydroxy and amino, amino and carboxy, and amino, hydroxy and carboxy, said polymer being compatible with said silane monomer and the acid catalyzed condensation products of said silane monomer, said coating composition forming a coating that exhibits an increase in luminous transmittance after treatment with an aqueous electrolyte solution.
2. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein said polymer is prepared from monomers selected from the group consisting of hydroxy (C2-C4) alkyl acrylates, hydroxy (C2-C4)alkyl methacrylates, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, carboxy (C1-C4) alkyl acrylates, carboxy (C1 -C4 ) alkyl methacrylates, amino substituted phenyl acrylates, amino substituted phenyl methacrylates, amino substituted phenyl ( C1 -C9)alkyl acrylates, amino substituted phenyl(C1 - C9 )alkyl methacrylates, amino substituted phenoxy acrylates, amino substituted phenoxy methacrylates, amino substituted
phenoxy (C1-C9) alkyl acrylates, amino substituted phenoxy (C1-C9)alkyl methacrylates, amino (C1-C9) alkyl acrylates, amino(C1-C9)alkyl methacrylates, vinylamines, and mixtures of said monomers.
3. The coating composition of claim 2 wherein said monomers are selected from the group consisting of hydroxy (C2-C4)alkyl methacrylates, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, carboxy (C2-C4)alkyl acrylate, amino(C1 - C9 )alkyl acrylates, amino (C1 - C9 )alkyl methacrylates, and mixtures of said monomers.
4. The coating composition of claim 1 wherein said polymer is prepared from said monomers and additional monomers substantially free of hydroxy, carboxy and amino functional groups.
5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the silane monomer is present in the coating composition in amounts of from about l to 70 weight percent, based on the total weight of said coating composition, and is representable by the following general formula: wherein R1 is C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 haloalkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, C2-C20 haloalkenyl, phenyl, phenyl (C1-C20)alkyl, C1-C20 alkylphenyl, phenyl (C2- C20)alkenyl, C2-C20 alkenylphenyl, glycidoxy (C2-C20)alkyl, epoxycyclohexyl(C2-C20)alkyl,
morpholino, amino (C1-C20) alkyl, amino(C2-C20 )alkenyl, mercapto (C1-C20)alkyl, mercapto (C2 -C20)alkenyl, cyano(C1-C20)alkyl, cyano(C2 -C20)alkenyl, acryloxy, methacryloxy, or halogen, R2 is C1-C20 alkylene, C2-C20 alkenylene, phenylene, C2-C20 alkylenephenylene, amino(C1-C20)alkylene, amino(C2-C20) alkenylene, X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C1-C5 alkoxy, C1-C5 alkoxy (C1-C5)alkoxy, C1-C4 acyloxy, phenoxy, C1-C3
alkylphenoxy, or C1-C3 alkoxyphenoxy, said halo or halogen being bromo, chloro or fluoro, m and n are each an integer of from 0 to 2, and the sum of m and n is an integer of from 0 to 3.
6. The coating composition of claim 5 wherein: (a) the amount of said silane monomer is from about 3 to 55 weight percent, R1 is a C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 (halo) alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, phenyl, phenyl (C1-C10) alkyl, C1-C10 alkylphenyl, glycidoxy (C1-C10) alkyl, epoxycyclohexyl (C1-C10)alkyl, morpholino, amino (C1-C10)alkyl, amino(C2 -C10)alkenyl, mercapto (C1-C10)alkyl, mercapto (C2-C10)alkenyl, cyano(C1 -C10)alkyl, cyano(C2-C10)alkenyl, or halogen, R2 is a C1-C10 alkylene or C2-C10 alkenylene group, phenylene, C1-C10 alkylenephenylene, amino (C1-C10)alkylene, amino (C2- C10)alkenylene, X is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 alkoxy(C1-C3)alkoxy, C1-C2 acyloxy, phenoxy, C1-C2 alkylphenoxy, or C1-C2 alkoxyphenoxy, said halo or halogen being chloro or fluoro; and
(b) a catalytic amount of a water-soluble acid selected from the group consisting of acetic, formic,
glutaric, maleic, nitric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acids is present.
7. The coating composition of claim 1 further comprising components selected from the group consisting of:
(a) from about 0 to about 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition, of a compound having the empirical formula M(Y)p , wherein M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Al, Zr, B, Sn, In,
Sb, and Zn, and Y is selected from the group consisting of C1- C10 alkoxy, acetylacetonato, and p is an integer equivalent to the valence of M;
(b) from about 0 to about 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the coating composition, of a compound having the formula F(CF2)gCH2CH2Si(CH3)hZ3-h, wherein Z is chloro, methoxy, or ethoxy, g is an integer of from 1 to 10, and h is an integer of from 0 to 2;
(c) a binding amount of organic polymer substantially free of the functional groups hydroxy, carboxy, and amino;
(d) a solvating amount of organic solvent; and
(e) a leveling amount of surfactant.
8. The coating composition of claim 7 wherein: (a) the amount of said compound (a) is from about
0 to 10 weight percent, M is selected from the group
consisting of Ti , Al, B, and Zr, and Y is C1 -C5 alkoxy;
(b) said organic polymer (c) is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, poly(C1-C12)alkyl methacrylates, poly(C1-C12)alkyl acrylates,
polyoxy (alkylene methacrylates), poly(alkoxylated phenol methacrylates), cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, poly (vinyl acetate), poly (vinyl alcohol), poly (vinyl
chloride), poly (vinylidene chloride), thermoplastic
polycarbonates, polyesters, polyurethanes, poly (ethylene terephthalate), copoly (styrene-methylmethacrylate),
copoly (styrene-acrylonitrile), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), and polyvinylbutyral;
(c) said surfactant is a nonionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of C8-C13 alkyl phenol ethoxylates, fluoroaliphatic polymeric esters, and fluorinated alkyl polyoxyethylene ethanols; and
(d) said organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, C1-C6 alkanol, and aliphatic alcohol of the empirical formula [(R3)iR4] (C1-C6)OH, wherein R3 and R4 are each C1 -C4 alkoxy, and i is the integer 0 or 1.
9. An article comprising, in combination, a solid substrate and on at least one surface thereof the cured coating composition of claim 1.
10. The article of claim 9 wherein said substrate is selected from the group consisting of glass, ceramics, metals, and solid organic polymeric materials.
11. The article of claim 10 wherein said solid organic polymeric material is selected from the group
consisting of polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, poly(C1-C12) alkyl methacrylates, polyoxy (alkylene methacrylates), poly (alkoxylated phenol methacrylates), cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, poly (vinyl acetate), poly (vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl chloride), poly (vinylidene chloride), thermoplastic polycarbonates, polyesters, polyurethanes, poly (ethylene terephthalate), polystyrene, poly(alpha methylstyrene), copoly (styrene-methylmethacrylate), copoly (styrene-acrylonitrile), polyvinylbutyral and polymers of members of the group consisting of polyol (allyl carbonate) monomers, polyfunctional acrylate monomers, polyfunctional methacrylate monomers, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomers,
diisopropenyl benzene monomers, alkoxylated polyhydric alcohol monomers and diallylidene pentaerythritol monomers.
12. The article of claim 11 wherein said solid organic polymeric material is a homopolymer or copolymer of monomer (s) selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, methyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol bis methacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinylbutyral, urethane, diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate), diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diisopropenyl benzene, and ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate.
13. An article comprising, in combination, a solid substrate and on at least one surface thereof the cured coating composition of claim 4.
14. An article comprising, in combination, a substrate and on at least one surface thereof the cured coating composition of claim 6.
15. An article comprising, in combination, a substrate and on at least one surface thereof the cured coating composition of claim 8.
16. A process for preparing an antireflective coating on a substrate comprising:
(a) applying to a solid substrate an acid
catalyzed sol -gel coating composition substantially free of preformed oxide sol and water soluble metal salt;
(b) curing the applied coating composition; and (c) treating said cured coating with an aqueous electrolyte solution for a time sufficient to produce a coating having a graded porosity.
17. The process of claim 16 wherein step (c) is performed with an aqueous electrolyte solution at a
temperature from about 20°C to about the boiling temperature of said electrolyte solution.
18. The process of claim 17 wherein said aqueous electrolyte solution is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, tetra (C1-C12) alkyl ammonium salt, tetra (C1-C12)alkyl ammonium hydroxide, metal salts, metal hydroxide, hydrates of said salts, hydrates of said hydroxides, or mixtures thereof, said solution having a pH from about 4 to about 11.
19. The process of claim 18 wherein said salt of the aqueous solution of tetra (C1-C12) alkyl ammonium salt or metal salts is selected from the group consisting of
carbonate, carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, nitrate,
perchlorate, phosphate, halide, and mixtures of such salts, said aqueous solution having a pH from about 7 to about 9.
20. The process of claim 19 wherein said metal is an alkaline earth or alkali metal.
21. The process of claim 16 further comprising the steps of contacting said treated cured coating with an aqueous rinsing solution for a time sufficient to remove residual products resulting from the treatment of step (c) from the surface of the coating and drying the coating.
22. A process for preparing an antireflective coating on a substrate comprising:
(a) applying to a solid substrate the coating composition of claim 1;
(b) curing the applied coating composition; and (c) treating said cured coating with an aqueous inorganic electrolyte solution for a time sufficient to produce a coating having a graded porosity.
23. An article comprising, in combination, a substrate and on at least one surface thereof an
antireflective coating prepared by the process of claim 16.
24. The article of claim 23 wherein said substrate is selected from the group consisting of glass, ceramics, metals, and solid organic polymeric materials.
25. The article of claim 24 wherein said solid organic polymeric material is selected from the group
consisting of polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyf^-
C12) alkyl methacrylates, polyoxy (alkylene methacrylates), poly (alkoxylated phenol methacrylates), cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, poly (vinyl acetate), poly (vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl chloride), poly (vinylidene chloride), thermoplastic polycarbonates, polyesters, polyurethanes, poly (ethylene terephthalate), polystyrene, poly(alpha methylstyrene), copoly (styrene-methylmethacrylate), copoly (styrene-acrylonitrile), polyvinylbutyral and polymers of members of the group consisting of polyol (allyl carbonate) monomers, polyfunctional acrylate monomers, polyfunctional methacrylate monomers, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomers,
diisopropenyl benzene monomers, alkoxylated polyhydric alcohol monomers and diallylidene pentaerythritol monomers.
26. The article of claim 25 wherein said solid organic polymeric material is a homopolymer or copolymer of a monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, methyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol bis methacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinylbutyral, urethane, diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate), diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diisopropenyl benzene, and ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate.
27. An article comprising, in combination, a substrate and on at least one surface thereof an
antireflective coating prepared by the process of claim 20.
28. An article comprising, in combination, a substrate and on at least one surface thereof an
antireflective coating prepared by the process of claim 21.
29. An article comprising, in combination, a substrate and on at least one surface thereof an
antireflective coating prepared by the process of claim 22
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5580819A (en) | 1996-12-03 |
AU5094496A (en) | 1996-10-08 |
US5744243A (en) | 1998-04-28 |
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