WO1997005938A1

WO1997005938A1 - Systems and methods for separating erythrocytes

Info

Publication number: WO1997005938A1
Application number: PCT/US1996/007717
Authority: WO
Inventors: Jose C. Deniega; Daniel H. Duff
Original assignee: Baxter International Inc.
Priority date: 1995-08-09
Filing date: 1996-05-22
Publication date: 1997-02-20
Also published as: US6080322A; EP0997158A3; DE69633876D1; EP0784496B1; AU5932896A; JPH10507395A; EP0997158B1; US5762791A; EP0784496A4; NO971602D0; DE69629657D1; CA2198696C; DE69633876T2; NO971602L; EP0784496A1; CA2198696A1; DE69629657T2; ATE282442T1; ATE248011T1; EP0997158A2

Abstract

Blood separation systems and methods utilize a membrane separation device (52) comprising a gap (60) between a microporous membrane (64) and a surface (56) facing the microporous membrane (64), one of the microporous membranes (64) and the surface (56) being rotatable relative to the other to cause separation of whole blood in the gap (60) into plasma and concentrated red blood cells. The systems and methods include an inlet pump element (20) and a drive element (46) coupled to the membrane separation device (52) and the steps of commanding the inlet pump element (20) and the drive element (46) as a function of the known beginning hematocrit value to obtain concentrated red blood cells having a high end hematocrit value that remains substantially constant despite variances in the known beginning hematocrit value.

Description

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SEPARATING ERYTHROCYTES

Field of the Invention: The invention generally relates to blood collection and processing systems and methods. In a more particular sense, the invention relates to systems and methods for collecting concentrated red blood cells for transfusion or long term storage.

BacKcrround of the Invention:

Today, most whole blood collected from donors is not itself stored and used for transfusion. Instead, the whole blood is sepa- rated into its clinically proven components (typi¬ cally red blood cells, platelets, and plasma) , which are themselves individually stored and used to treat a multiplicity of specific conditions and diseased states. For example, the red blood cell component is used to treat anemia; the concen¬ trated platelet component is used to control thrombocytopenic bleeding; and the platelet-poor plasma component is used as a volume expander or as a source of Clotting Factor VIII for the treat- ment of hemophilia.

Systems composed of multiple, intercon¬ nected plastic bags have met widespread use and acceptance in manually collecting these blood com¬ ponents for storage. A typical manual collection procedure collects 450 ml of whole blood from a donor in a primary bag. The donor departs, and the primary bag is centrifuged to separate the whole blood into plasma and red blood cells. For a typical donor, the manual collection procedure yields about 250 ml of concentrated red blood cells and about 200 ml of plasma, which are each expressed from the primary bag into individual storage bags. A majority of the platelets reside either with the plasma or with the red blood cells, depending upon the amount of centrifugal force exerted. Leukocytes typically reside pri¬ marily with the red blood cells. These leukocytes can be removed by filtration either before or af¬ ter storage and prior to transfusion. Manual collection procedures typically produce relatively high concentrations of red blood cells, which typically have hematocrits af¬ ter centrifugal separation of about 70% to 80%. Hematocrit expresses the percentage volume of red blood cells to whole, or total, blood volume. In comparison, the hematocrit of whole blood for a typical healthy donor before centrifugation is about 40% to 45%, although whole blood hematocrits do vary significantly among donors from the 30 percentile range into the 50 percentile range. In the United States, federal regulations prohibit individuals with whole blood hematocrits of 38% and below from donating blood.

In the United States, federal regulations also prohibit collecting more than 250 ml of red blood cells from an individual donor during a given collection procedure. These federal regula¬ tions further require a six week interval between red blood cell collections. Manual and automated blood collection procedures, called plasmapheresis, have been de¬ veloped for collecting increased volumes of plasma from an individual donor at more frequent inter¬ vals. During plasmapheresis, red blood cells are returned to the donor, so that greater total vol¬ umes of whole blood can be processed. The result is greater total volumes of plasma collected, which typically range between 400-450 ml (for man¬ ual plasmapheresis) up to 880 ml (for automated plasmapheresis procedures) .

Fischel United States Patent 5,034,135, entitled "Blood Fractionation System and Method," discloses a membrane separation device widely used today for performing automated plasmapheresis. The device employs a rotating microporous membrane to separate whole blood into platelet poor plasma, which is retained, and concentrated red blood cells, which are returned to the donor. Prince et al. United States Patents 4,879,040 and 5,069,792 describe control systems for optimizing plasma flow using the rotating membrane device, based in part upon monitoring transmembrane pressure.

While very effective in optimizing the collection of plasma, these control systems, as implemented in the Prince et al. '040 and '792

Patents, are not practically adapted for the col¬ lection of red blood cells for storage. This is because, as implemented in the Prince et al. '040 and '792 Patents, the hematocrit of the concen- trated red blood cell collected is highly depend¬ ent upon the whole blood hematocrit of the donor. That is, the hematocrit of the concentrated red blood cell output for a low hematocrit donor will be lower than the hematocrit of the concentrated red blood cell output for a high hematocrit donor. The need still exists for systems and methods that marry the collection of red blood cells in uniformly high concentrations, comparable to those of centrifugal whole blood separation procedures, with the collection of plasma in in¬ creased volume amounts comparable to those of at least manual plasmapheresis procedures. The need particularly exists for such systems and methods that can achieve these objectives uniformly for all donors, including those having relatively low whole blood hematocrits. The need is further in¬ tensified for systems that can accomplish low cost, efficient red blood cell collection on a par with manual systems, but in an automated fashion. Summary of the Invention:

One aspect of the invention provides blood separation systems and methods utilizing a membrane separation device comprising a gap be¬ tween a microporous membrane and a surface facing the microporous membrane, one of the microporous membrane and the surface being rotatable relative to the other to cause separation of whole blood in the gap into plasma and concentrated red blood cells. The systems and methods include an inlet pump element coupled to the membrane separation device to convey whole blood having a known begin¬ ning hematocrit value into the gap for separation. The systems and methods also include a drive ele¬ ment coupled to the membrane separation device to cause rotation of the rotatable one of the microporous membrane and the facing surface. Ac¬ cording to this aspect of the invention, the sys¬ tems and methods command the inlet pump element and the drive element as a function of the known beginning hematocrit value. This command tech- nique obtains concentrated red blood cells having an end hematocrit value that remains substantially constant despite variances in the known beginning hematocrit value. In a preferred embodiment, the systems and methods command the inlet pump element at a targeted pumping rate according to a first func¬ tion that increases the pumping rate as the begin¬ ning hematocrit value increases, up to a pre- scribed maximum pump rate. In this preferred em¬ bodiment, the systems and methods command the drive element at a targeted rotation rate accord¬ ing to a second function that increases the rate of rotation as the known beginning hematocrit value decreases, up to a maximum rate of rotation.

In a preferred embodiment, the systems and methods also include an outlet pump element that conveys concentrated red blood cells from the separation device. In this preferred embodiment, the systems and methods command the outlet pump element based upon sensing transmembrane pressure. In particular, the systems and methods derive a targeted transmembrane pressure according to a function that takes into account the known begin- ning hematocrit value, the pumping rate targeted for the inlet pump element, and the rotation rate targeted for the drive element. The systems and methods compare monitored transmembrane pressure with targeted transmembrane pressure and command the outlet pump element according to the compari¬ son.

This aspect of the invention makes possi¬ ble the separation and collection of red blood cells suitable for collection and long term stor- age at high concentrations (i.e., about 70% hemat- ocrit) for all values of beginning hematocrit typ¬ ically encountered in normal healthy blood donors (i.e., from about 38% hematocrit to about 56% he¬ matocrit and more) . At the same time, this aspect of the invention makes it possible to maintain high plasma separation efficiencies to yield from the same red blood cell donor about 450 ml to 500 ml of plasma suitable for collection, fraction¬ ation, or long term storage. Another aspect of the invention provides a blood separation systems and methods using a membrane separation device comprising a gap be¬ tween a microporous membrane and a surface facing the microporous membrane. One of the microporous membrane and the surface is rotatable relative to the other to cause separation of whole blood in the gap into plasma and concentrated red blood cells. The concentrated red blood cells contain a population of leukocytes. The systems and methods includes a container coupled to the device for collecting red blood cells separated by the de¬ vice. The container has a characteristic benefi¬ cial to storing concentrated red blood cells for at least twenty-four hours after separation in the device. According to this aspect of the inven¬ tion, the systems and methods include a filter to reduce the leukocyte population in red blood cells after separation in the device and prior to stor¬ age in the container. This aspect of the invention stems from the discovery that red blood cells processed in a rotating membrane separating device, particularly when collected in high hematocrit concentrations at or near 70%, demonstrate significantly lower hemolysis levels before and after long term stor- age in a leukocyte-reduced condition, compared to comparable high hematocrit concentrations col¬ lected according to the invention in which the population of leukocytes is not reduced. Another aspect of the invention provides a blood separation system comprising a pump ele¬ ment that conveys blood at a command flow rate. The system includes a sensing element that incrementally measures weight of blood conveyed by the pump element over time and derives therefrom an actual flow rate. According to this aspect of the invention, a processing element compares the actual flow rate to the command flow rate and gen¬ erates an output based upon the comparison. A control element transmits rate adjustment commands to the pump element based upon the output to main¬ tain the actual flow at or near the command flow rate.

This aspect of the invention employs gravimetric monitoring of blood flow rates to maintain command flow rates at or near a targeted value.

Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon review of the following description, drawings, and appended claims. Brief Description of the Drawings:

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a blood collection system of the present invention, com- prising a disposable blood processing set includ¬ ing a rotating microporous membrane assembly mounted on a durable blood processing device;

Fig. 2 is a schematic view of the dispos¬ able blood processing set associated with the blood collection system shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a perspective view, partially broken away and in section, of the rotating microporous membrane assembly that forms a part of the disposable blood processing set shown in Fig. 2;

Fig. 4 is a schematic view of the blood collection system shown in Fig. 1 being operated in a first draw cycle;

Fig. 5 is a schematic view of the blood collection system shown in Fig. 1 being operated in a first return cycle;

Fig. 6 is a schematic view of the blood collection system shown in Fig. 1 being operated in a second draw cycle; Fig. 7 is a schematic view of the blood collection system shown in Fig. 1 being operated in a second return cycle;

Fig. 8 is a schematic view of the blood collection system shown in Fig. 1 being operated in a third and final draw cycle;

Fig. 9 is a schematic view of the blood collection system shown in Fig. 1 being operated in a third and final return cycle;

Figs. IOA and B are schematic views of the blood collection system shown in Fig. 1 being manipulated to remove leukocytes from the concen¬ trated red blood cells before storage;

Fig. 11 is a graph showing an enhanced fluid characteristic curve and its intersection with a control curve to establish an elevated set point for transmembrane pressure that optimizes plasma separation efficiency, particularly for lower donor hematocrits;

Fig. 12 is a schematic view of the ele- ments of the controller associated with the system shown in Fig. 1, including a separation enhance¬ ment element that augments the operation of the TMP control element and vein control element of the controller to separate red blood cells of a uniformly high hematocrit, regardless of donor hematocrit;

Fig. 13 is a graph showing the relation¬ ship between donor hematocrit and the speed of rotation of a rotary membrane separation device that the separation enhancement element of the controller implements to produce red blood cells of a uniformly high hematocrit, regardless of do¬ nor hematocrit;

Fig. 14 is a graph showing the relation- ship between donor hematocrit and the flow rate of whole blood into a rotary membrane separation de¬ vice that the separation enhancement element of the controller implements to produce red blood cells of a uniformly high hematocrit, regardless of donor hematocrit; and

Fig. 15 shows a family of curves showing the relationship between donor hematocrit, the speed of rotation of the rotary membrane separa¬ tion device, and the flow rate of whole blood, which is used by the vein control element to con¬ trol the speed of rotation when a collapsed vein condition is detected, requiring a reduction of the flow rate of whole blood. Description of the Preferred Embodiments: Fig. 1 shows a blood collection system 10 that embodies the features of the invention.

According to the invention, the system 10 serves to collect concentrated red blood cells from donors in uniformly high hematocrits compara- ble to those achieved by manual collection proce- dures, while at the same time collecting plasma in uniformly increased volume amounts comparable to those achieved by at least manual plasmapheresis procedures. The system 10 achieves these dual ob- jectives in an automated fashion, by processing a donor's whole blood extra- corporeally over a rel¬ atively short period of time (i.e., less than 30 minutes) , using a single phlebotomy needle in suc¬ cessive blood draw and blood return cycles. The details of these cycles will be described later.

As Fig. 1 shows, the system 10 includes a blood processing device 12, which constitutes a durable hardware element. The system 10 also in¬ cludes a blood processing set 14 (see Fig. 2 as well) , which constitutes a single use, disposable element. At the outset of a blood processing pro¬ cedure, the operator mounts the set 14 (as Fig. 2 shows) in a prescribed fashion upon the device 12 (as Fig. 1 shows) . At the end of the blood pro- cessing procedure, the operator removes the set 14 from the device and discards it, except for con¬ tainers in which blood components are collected for storage or further processing after the donor has departed. A. The Blood Processing Device

Referring to Fig. 1, the blood processing device 12 includes a cabinet 16 carrying various electrically operated elements. These elements include first, second, and third peristaltic pumps, respectively 18, 20, and 22. A pump cover 24, common to the pumps 18/20/22, pivots to open and close access to the pumps 18/20/22. Fig. 1 shows the pump cover 24 to be open, and the clos¬ ing of the pump cover 24 is indicated by an arrow in Fig. 1. All pumps 18/20/22 are capable of op- eration at variable speeds under the command of an on board microprocessor-based controller 48, as will be described later. The controller 48 re¬ ceives input from the operator regarding desired operating objectives and issues commands to the operative elements of the device 12 to achieve them.

The operative elements also include first, second, third, and fourth tubing clamps, respectively 26, 28, 30, and 32. In the illus¬ trated and preferred embodiment, the clamps 26/28/30/32 are of a conventional, electrically actuated variety under the command of the control¬ ler 48. The operative elements further include first and second pressure sensors 34 and 36; first and second weight scales 38 and 40; and container supports 42 and 44. The operative elements also include a motor-driven driver 46. Operation of all these elements, except the passive supports 42 and 44, is commanded by the controller 48.

Addition details of the structure these operative elements are not essential to the under¬ standing of the invention. However, such addi- tional details are disclosed in copending Patent

Application Serial No. 08/153,615, entitled "Peri¬ staltic Pumping Assembly," filed November 17, 1993 and are incorporated herein by reference. B. The Blood Processing Set Referring now principally to Figs.2 and

3, the blood processing set 14 includes a membrane filtration device 52 that separates whole blood into its cellular and non-cellular components. The device 52 is described and claimed in Fischel U.S. Patent 5,034,135, previously referred to, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The device 52 (see Fig. 3) includes a housing 54 having an interior wall 56. The hous¬ ing 54 carries an interior rotor or spinner 58. A gap 60 extends between the exterior of the rotor

58 and the housing's interior wall 56. The gap 60 constitutes a zone where blood separation occurs.

In the illustrated embodiment, the gap 60 has a width of about 0.020 inch and a length of about 3.0 inches. An inlet 62 leads into the gap 60 at the bottom of the separation zone.

The rotor 58 carries a microporous mem¬ brane 64. The pore size of the membrane 64 is in the range of about 0.4 μm to 0.8 μ . The pores of the membrane 64 block passage of the cellular com¬ ponents of whole blood, notably red blood cells, platelets, and leukocytes. The pores of the mem¬ brane 64 allow passage of the noncellular plasma constituent of whole blood. The separated cellular components, which remain in the gap 60, exit the separation zone through a first outlet 66. A series of channels 68 on the rotor 58 behind the membrane 64 carry the noncellular plasma component to a second out- let 70.

Bearings (not shown) carry the rotor 58 for rotation within the housing 54. In use, the housing 54 is mounted on the cabinet 16 (see Fig. 1) , where the rotor 58 is magnetically coupled to the driver 46. The driver 46 rotates the rotor 58 at a selected surface velocity. When rotated, the membrane-carrying rotor 58 creates movement of the whole blood in the gap 60. This movement (which takes the form of vortices technically known as Taylor Vortices) induces transport of the cellular components away from the membrane 64 while the noncellular plasma component is transported to the membrane 64 for filtration through the membrane 64. Enhanced membrane separation of plasma from red blood cells (and platelets and leukocytes) occurs.

It should be appreciated that, in an al¬ ternative embodiment, the interior wall 56 of the housing 54 could carry the membrane 64. Rotation of the rotor 58 (which, in this alterative embodi¬ ment, is free of a membrane) will cause the same vortices to develop and lead to the same enhanced separation results.

Referring back to Fig. 2, the set 14 in- eludes an array of flexible medical grade plastic tubing that conveys fluid into and out of the sep¬ aration device 52. A first tube 74 carrying a phlebotomy needle 76 communicates with the whole blood inlet 62 of the separation device 52. In use (see Fig. 1) , the first tube 74 is strung on the cabinet 16 in operative association with the second peristaltic pump 20. The pump 20 conveys whole blood through the first tube 74 from a donor into the gap 60 for separation. Also in use, the portion of the tube 74 downstream of the pump 20 makes operative contact with the clamp 26. Under the control of the controller 48, the clamp 26 thereby serves to open and close blood flow through the first tube 74. A first auxiliary branch 78 coupled to the first tube 74 carries a pressure transducer 80 for sensing whole blood pressure downstream of the pump 20. In use (see Fig. 1), the transducer 80 is mounted in operative association with the pres- sure sensor 34 on the cabinet 16. The sensor 34 monitors the donor's vein pressure, generating an output Pl, which will be described in greater de¬ tail later.

A second auxiliary branch 82 coupled to the first tube 74 near the inlet 62 carries a pressure transducer 84. In use (see Fig. 1), the transducer 84 is mounted in operative association with the pressure sensor 36 on the cabinet. The sensor 36 thereby monitors whole blood pressure entering the separation gap 60, which closely cor¬ responds with the pressure across the membrane 64, called transmembrane pressure or TMP. The output of the sensor 36 is referred to as P2, which will be described in greater detail later. A second tube 86 communicates with the first tube 74 near the phlebotomy needle. The second tube 86 carries a conventional spike cou¬ pler 88 for connection to a container 90 holding a conventional anticoagulant, like ACD. The second tube 86 also includes an in line drip chamber 92 and sterility filter 96.

In use, the container 90 is hung on the support 42 above the cabinet 16. Also in use (see Fig. 1) , the second tube 86 is strung in operative association with the first pump 18. The first pump 18 thereby serves to convey anticoagulant into the whole blood conveyed by the second pump 20. The controller 48 drives the first pump 18 at a prescribed rate relative to the first pump 18 to meter anticoagulant into the whole blood in a set ratio, which is typically about 1 volume part of anticoagulant to 8 to 10 volume parts of whole blood.

A third tube 96 communicates with the second outlet 70 of the separation device 52 to convey plasma from the separation gap 60 to a con¬ nected container 98. In the illustrated and pre¬ ferred embodiment, the container 98 is integrally connected to the third tube 96. In use (see Fig. 1) , the third tube 96 is mounted on the cabinet 16 to make operative contact with the clamp 32. The clamp 32 thereby serves to open and close plasma flow through the third tube 96 into the container 98, as commanded by the controller 48. Also in use, the container 98 is hung in association with the weight scale 40. Through the weight scale 40, the controller 48 monitors the volume of plasma collecting in the container 98.

A fourth tube 100 communicates with the first outlet 66 of the separation device 52 to convey red blood cells (with associated platelets and leukocytes) from the separation gap 60 to a connected container 102. In the illustrated and preferred embodiment, the container 102 is inte- grally connected to the fourth tube 100, which enters at the top of the container 102 (see Fig. 2).

In use (see Fig. 1) , the fourth tube 100 is strung in operative association with the third pump 22. The pump 22 thereby serves to convey red blood cells (with associated platelets and leuko¬ cytes) from the separation gap 60 to the container 102, as commanded by the controller 48. Also in use, the container 102 is hung in association with the weight scale 38. Through the weight scale 38, the controller 48 monitors the volume of red blood cells collecting in the container 102.

A fifth tube 104 communicates with the container 102. In the illustrated and preferred embodiment, the fifth tube 104 is integrally con- nected at the bottom of the container 102 (see Fig. 2) .

In use (see Fig. 1) , the fifth tube 104 is mounted on the cabinet 16 to make operative contact with the clamp 30. The clamp 30 thereby serves to open and close red blood cell flow through the fifth tube 96 from the container 102, as commanded by the controller 48. An auxiliary branch 106 couples the first tube 74 in fluid flow communication with the fifth tube 104 upstream of the clamp 30.

The pump 20 is capable of operation in reverse directions under the direction of the con¬ troller 48. The pump 20 thereby serves, when oper- ated in a clockwise direction with the clamp 26 opened and the clamp 30 closed, to draw whole blood from the donor in a first direction through the tube 74 into the separation device 52. When operated in a counterclockwise direction with the clamp 26 closed and the clamp 30 opened, the pump 20 also serves to draw red blood cells from the container 102 in a reverse direction through tube 74 for return to the donor.

A sixth tube 110 also communicates with the fifth tube 104. The sixth tube 110 carries a conventional spike coupler 112 for connection to a container 114 holding a storage solution for the red blood cells. One such solution is disclosed in Grode et al U.S. Patent 4,267,269. Another such solution is conventionally called "SAG-M" solution. In use (see Fig. 1) , the container 114 is hung on the support 44 at the side of the cabi¬ net 16.

The sixth tube 110 also includes an in line filter 116 containing a conventional fibrous filtration medium suited for the removal of leuko¬ cytes from red blood cells. The filtration medium can include cotton wool, cellulose acetate or an¬ other synthetic fiber like polyester. The filter 116 can be commercially procured, for example, from the Pall Corporation (PALL™ WBF1) or Asahi Medical Company (SEPACELL™ RS2000) .

A bypass tube 118 joins the sixth tube 110 upstream and downstream of the filter 116. The bypass tube 118 includes an in line, one-way valve 120 for allowing fluid flow in a direction away from, but not toward, the container 114. The sixth tube 110 also includes a conventional manual roller clamp 122 near the junction of the sixth tube 110. Another conventional manual roller clamp 124 is also present in the sixth tube 110 between the upstream end of the filter 116 and the upstream junction between the sixth tube 110 and bypass tube 118. A seventh tube 126 communicates with the auxiliary branch 106. The seventh tube 126 carries a conventional spike coupler 128 for connection to a container 130 holding a sterile fluid, like sa¬ line. The seventh tube 126 also includes an in line drip chamber 132 and sterility filter 134. In use (see Fig. 1) , the container 130 is hung on the support 42 above the cabinet 16, next to the anti¬ coagulant container 90. The seventh tube 126 is also mounted on the cabinet 16 to make operative contact with the clamp 28. The clamp 28 thereby serves to open and close sterile fluid flow from the container 130, as commanded by the controller 48.

The sterile fluid is used to initially prime the disposable set 14 before use. And, as will be described in greater detail later, the sterile fluid can also be used as a replacement fluid conveyed to the donor at certain stages of blood processing. C. The Controller

The flow of plasma filtrate through the outlet 70 will increase linearly as TMP increases, until the TMP forces red blood cells into the mem¬ brane 64, blocking it. At this point the TMP rises steeply in a non-linear manner. This rela¬ tionship between TMP and plasma flow rate defines a fluid characteristic curve for each combination of whole blood flow rate (which is the rate at which the whole blood inlet pump 20 is operated and will be referred to as RATE_yB) , speed of rota¬ tion of the rotor 58 (which the controller 48 com¬ mands through the driver 46 and will be referred to as ROTOR) , and whole blood hematocrit of the donor (which will be referred to as HCT_UB) . Fig. 11 shows a representative fluid charac-teristic curve 138 for one such combination.

As Fig. 12 shows, the controller 48 in¬ cludes a TMP control element 136. The element 136 monitors pressure P2 sensed by sensor 36 at the whole blood inlet 62 of the separation device 52. As before explained, pressure P2 essential repre¬ sents the TMP of the separation device 52. The control element 136 compares the sensed TMP to a set TMP (designated TMP_SET) and varies the pumping rate of the red blood cell pump 22 to stabilize sensed TMP (i.e., P2) at TMP_SET.

As Fig. 11 shows, TMP_SET lies at the in¬ tersection of the fluid characteristic curve 138 and a control curve 140. The TMP control element 136 derives the control curve 140 at the outset of every procedure. The control element 136 ini¬ tially measures P2 at one low filtrate rate and fits a straight line curve having a given slope to the initial sensed point. The slope of the curve, expressed in terms of change of TMP (ΔTMP) over the change in the flow rate of plasma (ΔRATE_p) , is a function of the type of microporous membrane 64 used. For example, when the microporous membrane 64 comprises a nylon material, the slope is 26. When the microporous membrane comprises a polycarbonate material, the slope is 13.

In this way, the controller 136 forms a linear prediction curve 142 (shown in phantom lines in Fig. 11) . As Fig. 11 shows, the linear portion of the fluid characteristic curve 138 typ¬ ically follows the slope of the linear prediction curve 142. The TMP control element 136 translates the linear prediction curve 142 upward by a pre¬ scribed, empirically determined amount, designated Δmm Hg in Fig. 11. In the illustrated embodi¬ ment, the positive offset ΔmmHg between the linear prediction curve 142 and the control curve 140 is about 24 mm Hg.

Further details of the derivation of the fluid characteristic curve 138 and the control curve 140 are not essential to the invention. These details are set forth in US 4,879,040, which is incorporated herein by reference.

As Fig. 12 also shows, the controller 48 further includes a vein control element 144. The element 144 monitors pressure Pl sensed by sensor 34 downstream of the whole blood pump 20 (see Fig. 4) . Pressure Pl essential represents the vein pressure of the donor, which is a negative pres- sure. A decrease in vein pressure Pl below an empirically determined amount (P1_SET) indicates the collapse of the phlebotomy vein. The control ele¬ ment 144 continuously compares the sensed Pl with P1_SET and varies the pumping rate of the whole blood inlet pump 20 (RATE_yB) maximize the numerical value of Pl without exceeding the numerical value of P1_SET.

Further details of the vein control ele¬ ment 144 are not essential to the invention. These details are described in US 4,657,529, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The TMP control element 136 and the vein control element 144 operating as just described will provide plasma separation efficiency (EFF) that varies according to HCT_UB as set forth in the following Table 1:

TABLE 1

HCT_UB EFF ^HCTRBC

38 . 5% 63% 63%

45% 56% 65%

52 . 5% 55% 71%

where:

RATE_n

EFF(%)

RATE - (l -HC (1)

WB'

where:

RATE_p is the flow rate of plasma through the outlet 170.

RATE_UB is the flow rate of whole blood through the inlet 62.

Table 1 shows that EFF increases as HCT, UB decreases. Still, as Table 1 shows, the increase in EFF is not enough at lower HCT_WB values to main¬ tain a concentrated red blood cell hematocrit (HCT_RBC) at or near 70%.

According to the invention, the control- ler 48 augments the operation of the TMP control element 136 and the vein control element 144 to separate red blood cells suitable for collection and long term storage at high concentrations (i.e., about 70% hematocrit) for all values of ^HCT _WB typically encountered in normal healthy blood donors (i.e., from about 38% hematocrit to about 56% hematocrit and more) . At the same time, the controller 48 maintains high plasma separation efficiencies to yield from the same red blood cell donor about 450 ml to 500 ml of plasma suitable for collection, fractionation, or long term stor¬ age.

The inventors have discovered that in¬ creasing the rotational speed (ROTOR) of the rotor 58 during separation has the effect of extending the linear portion of the fluid characteristic curve without trauma to red blood cells, creating an enhanced fluid characteristic curve 138(1), shown in Fig. 11. As Fig. 11 shows, the new fluid characteristic curve 138(1) intersects the control curve 140 at higher point, resulting in a higher TMP_SET . Operating at a higher TMP_SET results in a higher RATE_p and, therefore, a higher EFF.

The inventors have also discovered that there is a critical interrelationship among HCT_UB, ROTOR (expressed in revolutions per minute or RPM) , and RATE_UB (expressed in ml/min) that, in combination with TMP control at TMP_SET, optimizes EFF to achieve consistent, high HCT_RBC for all nor- mal donor HCT_WB. This interrelationship in effect defines a family of enhanced fluid characteristic curves 138(1) for combinations of HCT_UB, ROTOR, and RATE_yB. The intersections of the enhanced fluid characteristic curves 138(1) with the control curve 140 define a family of higher TMP_SET points. The higher TMP_SET points produce, over the range of normal HCT_UB, both a consistent, uniform high yield of plasma (about 400 ml to 450 ml) and a likewise consistent, uniform high yield of red blood cells (about 250-275 ml) at a relatively high concentra¬ tion (HCT_RBC of about 70%) .

Fig. 13 shows in graphical form the just described relationship discovered between HCT_yg and ROTOR for a rotating membrane separation device 52 of the type described above. Fig. 13 demonstrates the general principle, that, as HCT_UB decreases, ROTOR must be increased to optimize EFF sufficient to obtain a consistent, uniform high HCT_RBC. The relationship expressed in the graph in Fig. 13 can be expressed mathematically as follows:

AHCT MAX - AHCT WB _ AHCT MAX - AHCT MIN

ROTOR - ROTOR MIN ROTOR - ROTOR (2) MAX MIN

where:

AHCT_HAX is the maximum anticoagulated he¬ matocrit of whole blood that will be processed. This value is derived as follows:

AHCT MAX = HCT MAX ' (1 - AQ ' ft V>))

where:

HCT_MAχ is the set maximum donor whole blood hematocrit that will be processed. This value is set by the manufacturer taking into ac- count prevailing governmental regulations and clinical experience with the particular separation device 52. For the separation device 52 described above, a nominal value for HCT_MAχ of about 57 can be used.

AC is the selected anticoagulant ratio. For example, for an anticoagulant ratio of 8%, AC = .08

AHCT_H!M is the minimum anticoagulated he- matocrit of whole blood that will be processed. This value is derived as follows:

where:

HCT_HIN is the set minimum donor whole blood hematocrit that will be processed. This value is also set by the operator taking into ac¬ count prevailing governmental regulations and clinical experience with the particular separation device 52. For the separation device 52 described above, a nominal value for HCT_HIN of about 38 can be used.

AHCT_UB is the anticoagulated hematocrit of the donor's whole blood entering the separation device 52, derived as follows:

AHCT WB = HCT WB ' (1 - AC) ' ))

ROTOR,^ and ROTOR^ are, respectively, the maximum and minimum rotational speeds set for the rotor 58 for the prescribed range of hematocrits between AHCT_HIH and AHCT_HAχ. These speeds are prees¬ tablished by the manufacturer, taking into account operational constraints of the driver 46, the sep- aration device 52, and clinical or experimental experience with the separation device 52. RO OR^ takes into account clinical or experimental data regarding the onset of clinically significant trauma to cellular components when exposed to the high shear conditions within the rotating membrane separation device 52, given the prescribed range of hematocrits between AHCT_HI(J and AHCT_HAχ. OTOR^ takes into account clinical or experimental data regarding the onset of Taylor Vortex conditions within the gap 60 of the device 52 sufficient to create movement of cellular components away from the rotating membrane 64 while plasma is carried toward the rotating membrane 64 for collection, also given the prescribed range of hematocrits between AHCT_HIM and AHCT_HAχ. For the separation de¬ vice 52 described above, and given the range of minimum and maximum hematocrits of 38% to 56%, nominal values of ROTOR^ = 4000 RPM and ROTOR^ = 3600 RPM can be used.

Solving Equation (2) for ROTOR yields the following expression:

ROTOR - ROTOR

ROTOR = ROTOR - { -ϋϋ- L' (AHCT - AHCT )] (fi)

MAX AHCT - AHCT -* ^M'" '

MAX MW

Fig. 14 shows in graphical form the rela¬ tionship discovered between HCT_UB and RATE_UB for a rotating membrane separation device 52 of the type described above. Fig. 14 demonstrates the general principle that, as HCT_WB increases, RATE_yB must be increased to optimize EFF sufficient to obtain a consistent, uniform high HCT_RBC. This is because (see Equation (1)), as RATE_UB decreases, EFF is increased, as long as other operating conditions remain the same.

It is necessary to consider both the re¬ lationship between HCT_gB and RATE_WB and the rela¬ tionship between HCT_UB and ROTOR at the same time. This is because, as HCT_U8 decreases, it is not al¬ ways possible to increase ROTOR high enough to alone optimize EFF because of the constraints im¬ posed by ROTOR„_Aχ and AHCT_{HAχ or} „,„.

The relationship expressed in the graph in Fig. 14 can be expressed mathematically and solved for RATE_yB, as follows:

RATE - RATE

RATE = [ 1 . L: (AHCT - AHCT )} + RATE ft)

^VB AHCT - AHCT ^VB M/Λ^{Γ M!N} * '

MAX MIN

where :

RATE_HAX and RATE_H]N are, respectively, the maximum and minimum flow rates (expressed in ml/min) set for the pump 20, taking into account AHCT_MAχ and AHCT_HIM. These flow rates are estab¬ lished by the manufacturer taking into account operational constraints of the pump 20 and clini¬ cal or experimental experience. RATE_HIH takes into account, given the prescribed range of minimum and maximum hematocrits, minimum flow rate conditions required for effective separation conditions in the separation device 52 without unduly prolonging exposure to the blood to the high shear conditions present within the gap 60, thereby causing trauma. RATE_HAχ takes into account, also given the pre¬ scribed range of minimum and maximum hematocrits, maximum flow rates of drawing whole blood from a typical donor without causing discomfort or expe- riencing vein collapse. For the separation de¬ vice 52 described above, and given the range of minimum and maximum hematocrits of 38% to 56%, nominal values of RATE_HAχ = 100 ml/min and RATE_HIM = 80 ml/min can be used.

According to the invention, the control- ler 48 includes a separation enhancement element 146 (see Fig. 12) that augments the operation of the TMP control element 136 and the vein control element 144, by taking into account the interrela¬ tionships described above among HCT_UB, ROTOR, and RATEB ^•

The separation enhancement element 146 includes an input 148 that receives from the oper¬ ator the value of HCT_UB for the individual donor whose blood is to be collected. The input 148 also receives from the donor the selected antico¬ agulant ratio AC. From these, the separation en¬ hancement element 146 calculates AHCT_yg, using Equation (5) . The input 148 receives also receives the targeted red blood cell collection volume (^RBCτ_arget) ^{and tϊιe} targeted plasma collection volume (PLASMA_{T et}) from the operator at the outset of a given procedure. The input 148 can comprise touch pad entry keys 150 on the device 12 (as Fig. 1 shows) . The separation enhancement element 146 includes in manufacturer-installed memory the pre¬ vailing set operating parameters RATE_{MAX and HIM};

^R0T0RMAX and HIM • ^{3nd AHCT}MAX and H.N ^•

From this input, the separation enhance- ment element 146 derives ROTOR according to the relationships expressed in Equation (6) . The sep¬ aration enhancement element 146 also derives from this input RATE_UB according to the relationships expressed in Equation (7) . The separation enhancement element 146 commands the TMP control element 136 to derived TMP_SET using the enhanced fluid characteristic curve 138(1) that the particular combination of HCT_WB ; ROTOR; and RATE_UB defines. The separation enhancement element 146 also commands the driver 46 to spin the rotor 58 at ROTOR. The construct of Equation (6) assures that ROTOR^ < ROTOR < ROTOR^.

The separation enhancement element also commands the vein control element 144 to maintain pump 20 at RATE_yB. The construct of Equation (7) assures that RATE_HIN < RATE_yB < RATE_HAχ.

The vein control element 144 controls the pump 20 at RATE_yB, unless sensed Pl < P_SET, indicat- ing a vein collapse condition. In this instance, the vein control element 144 reduces RATE_yB by a prescribed percentage increment (for example, by 5% of RATE_WB) . The vein control element 144 also commands the driver 46 to reduce ROTOR based upon functions of Equations (6) and Equation (7) , as the family of curves shown in Fig. 15 demonstrate.

The x-axis of Fig. 15 shows RATE_yB (in ml/min) increasing from the lowest possible flow rate (RATE_yB = 0) to the maximum possible blood flow rate RATE_yg prescribed according to the func¬ tion expressed by Equation (7) , given a HCT^ fall¬ ing within the prescribed range of minimum and maximum hematocrits of 38% to 56%, and given the prescribed RATE_HAX and RATE_HIN. The y-axis of Fig 15 shows ROTOR increas¬ ing from a prescribed minimum possible rotational rate permitted at RATE_UB = 0 (which, for the device 54 described above, is set at 2200 RPM) to the maximum possible rotation rate ROTOR prescribed according to the function expressed in Equation (6) , given a HCT_yB again falling within the pre¬ scribed range of minimum and maximum hematocrits of 38% to 56%, and given the prescribed ROTOR^ and ROTOR^. From this, a family of curves setting

RATE_UB as a function of ROTOR for a given HCT_UB and can be drawn, three of which (Curves A, B, and C) are shown in Fig. 15. Curve A represents the RATE_yB / ROTOR function for maximum HCT_UB = 56%, extending from the intersection of ATE^ = 0/ROTOR = 2200 to the intersection of RATE_yB = 100 ml/min (derived by Equation (7)) /ROTOR = 3600 RPM (de¬ rived by Equation (6) . Curve B represents the RATE_yg / ROTOR function for minimum HCT_UB = 38%, extending from the intersection of RATE_yB = 0/ROTOR = 2200 to the intersection of RATE_yg = 80 ml/min (derived by Equation (7)) /ROTOR = 4000 RPM (de¬ rived by Equation (6) . Curve C represents the RATE_yB / ROTOR function for an intermediate (and typical) hematocrit value HCT_UB = 45%, extending from the intersection of RATE_yB = 0/ROTOR = 2200 to the intersection of RATE_yB = 87 ml/min (derived by Equation (7)) /ROTOR = 3860 RPM (derived by Equa¬ tion (6) . Based upon the Fig. 15 family of curves, and given HCT_UB and the incrementally reduced RATE_yg, the vein control element 144 derives ROTOR. For example, if HCT_UB = 45%, and the incrementally reduced RATE_WB = 70 ml/min, ROTOR = 3300 RPM. if sensed Pl continues to indicate a vein collapse condition, the vein control element 144 makes another incremental decrease to the pump rate and adjustment to the rate of rotation, as above described, and so on until the collapsed vein condition is eliminated. The vein control element 144 then proceeds to incrementally in¬ crease the pump rate and adjust the speed of rota¬ tion over time, as above described, to seek to return the pump rate to RATE_yB and the rotor driver rate to ROTOR, or as close to these prescribed conditions that Pl will allow.

The vein control element 144 also con¬ trols the pump 18 in synchrony with the pump 20 to assure that the desired anticoagulant ratio AC is maintained.

Meanwhile, the TMP control element 136 senses P2 and commands the pump 22 at a RATE_RBC that will maintain P2 = TMP_SET.

Concurrent with the operation of the TMP control element 136 and vein control element 144 as just described, the separation enhancement ele¬ ment 146 receives input from the weight scales 38 and 40, relating to the volumes of concentrated red blood cells and plasma being collected. The element 146 commands a toggle control element 152 based upon this input, the RBC_Ta , and the PLASMA_{Tar et} specified by the operator. The element 152 toggles the system 10 between operation in successive blood draw modes and blood return modes, consistent with conventional single needle procedures.

During the blood draw mode, the system 10 operates the pump 20 in the forward direction to draw whole blood from the donor for separation into red blood cells, which collect in the con¬ tainer 102, and plasma, which collects in the con¬ tainer 98. After a first prescribed volume of concentrated red blood cells is processed, the separation enhancement element 146 commands the element 152 to switch the system 10 to a return mode. During the return mode, the system 10 oper¬ ates the pump 20 in the reverse direction to draw concentrated red blood cells from the container 102 for return to the donor. The separation en- hance ent element 146 compares collected plasma and red blood cell volumes to RBC_Ta and PLASMA_Tar and derives a second prescribed volume of whole blood to be processed. The separation enhancement element 146 then commands the element 152 to switch the system 10 back to a draw mode to collect this prescribed volume. The separation enhancement element 146 continues to command tog¬ gling between successive draw and return modes, while monitoring the weight scales 38 and 40, un- til RBC_Ta and PLASMA_{γ t} are achieved.

In the illustrated and preferred embodi¬ ment, while red blood cells collect in the con¬ tainer 102, the separation enhancement element 146 also samples the output of the weight scale 38 over time. The separation enhancement element 146 derives the actual flow rate RATE_RβC._Real of red blood cells into the container by the change in container 102 weight over time. The separation enhancement element 146 compares RATE_RBC._REAL to RATE_RBC commanded by the TMP control element 136 and derives a difference, if any. The separation enhancement element 146 periodically issues ad¬ justment commands to the pump 22 based upon the difference to assure that RATE_RBC._Real corresponds to the command RATE_RBC issued by the TMP control ele¬ ment 136.

Likewise, in the illustrated and pre¬ ferred embodiment, while plasma collects in the container 98, the separation enhancement element 146 samples the output of weight scale 40 over time. The separation enhancement element 146 de¬ rives the actual flow rates of plasma RATE_pLASHA__Real of plasma into the container 98 by the change in container 98 weight over time. The separation enhancement element 146 adds RATE_pLASHA._Real and

RATE_RBC._REAL to derive RATE_UB.Rea( . Alternatively, the separation enhancement element 146 can convert RATE_RBC._Real into RATE_yB._Reat, without using the weight scale 40 output to derive RATE_pLASMA._Real, as follows:

RATE WB-Real,

The separation enhancement element 146 compares the derived RATE_yB._Real to RATE_yg commanded by the vein control element 144 (as above de¬ scribed) and derives a difference, if any. The separation enhancement element 146 periodically issues adjustment commands to the pump 20 based upon the difference to assure that RATE_yB._Reat corre¬ sponds with the command RATE_UB issued by the vein control element 136.

EXAMPLE 1 Figs. 4 to 9 and Table 2 exemplify the operation of the system shown in Figs. 1 to 3 un¬ der the control of the controller 48 in a manner that embodies the features of the invention.

In this Example, a rotating membrane sep- aration device of the type and dimensions describe above is used. In this Example, the operator en¬ ters the following prescribed condition inputs to the separation enhancement element 146: HCT_WB = 46 (%) RBC_Tapget = 250 ml

PLASMA_Target = 475 ml RATE_MAχ = 100 ml/min RATE_HIM = 80 ml/min ROTOR^_j, = 4000 RPM ROTOR^ = 3600 RPM ^AHCTHAX ^{= 56} (^%)

AHCT_HIH = 38 (%)

AC = 8 (%)

Based upon this input, the separation enhancement element 146 derives ROTOR = 3835 RPM

RATE_yB = 88 ml/min

At the beginning of the procedure, the

TMP control element 136 derives TMP_SET and the vein control element 144 sets P_SET. The separation enhancement element 146 commands three successive draw/return cycles. The following Table 2 summarizes the blood volumes and times for the three cycles.

TABLE2

CYCLE WHOLE RED PLASMA SALINE TIME BLOOD BLOOD VOLUME VOLUME (MIN) VOLUME CELL (ML) (ML) (ML) VOLUME

(ML)

1. DRAW 451 275 148 5.26 Note: 28 ml constitutes residual prim¬ ing volume

RE¬ 0 -275 0 0 2.11 TURN

2. DRAW 473 275 198 0 5.26

RETURN 0 0 0 240 1.85

(SALINE)

RETURN 0 -179 0 0 1.38

(RED

BLOOD

CELLS)

3. DRAW 308 179 129 0 3.42

RETURN 0 -25 0 0 .19

TOTALS 1232 250 475 240 19.47

Fig. 4 schematically shows fluid flow and associated fluid volumes using the Cycle 1 draw mode. Fig. 5 schematically shows fluid flow and associated fluid flow volumes during the Cycle 1 return mode.

Fig. 6 schematically shows fluid flow and associated fluid flow volumes during the Cycle 2 draw mode. Fig. 7 schematically shows fluid flow and associated fluid flow volumes during the Cycle 2 return mode, during which red blood cells and saline are sequentially returned to the donor, with saline being returned first, followed by red blood cells.. Fig. 8 schematically shows fluid flow and associated fluid flow volumes during the Cycle 3 draw mode. Fig. 9 schematically shows fluid flow and associated fluid flow volumes during the Cycle 3 final return mode.

D. Leukoreduction of Collected Red

Blood Cells In the illustrated and preferred embodi¬ ment (see Fig. 2) , the set 14 includes a leukoreduction filter 116, as previously de¬ scribed. Figs. IOA and B show the sequence of using the filter 116 to remove leukocytes from the concentrated red blood cells collecting the pre¬ ceding Example. The sequence is performed anu- ally, after the donor has been disconnected from the system 10.

The operator first opens the roller clamp 122. The operator takes the container 114 off the support 44 and lifts it above the container 102. The operator transfers by gravity flow the storage solution from the container 114 (as Fig. 10A shows) , through the bypass path 118 with the one¬ way valve 120 and the sixth and fifth tubes 110/104 into the red blood cells in the container 102 (which is still preferable supported on the weight scale 38 at this time) . The operator pref¬ erably returns the container 114 (now empty) to the support 44. The container 102 now contains the volume of collected red blood cells and the addi- tional volume of storage solution (indicated as 250 ml(+) in Fig. 10A) .

The operator takes the container 102 off the weight scale 38 and gently squeezes the con¬ tainer 102 to mix the red blood cells with the storage solution in the container 102. The opera- tor then opens the roller clamp 124 and lifts the container 102 above the container 114 (now on the support 44) . Red blood cells and storage solution flow through the fifth tube 104, sixth tube 110, and through the filter 116 into the container 114 (as Fig. 10B shows) . Leukocytes are thereby re¬ moved from the red blood cells.

The leukocyte-reduced red blood cells and resident storage solution are retained in the con- tainer 114 for long term storage. The container 114 holds the collected volume of red blood cells plus the additional volume of storage solution (designated 250 ml(+) in Fig. 10B) . The collected volume of plasma is likewise retained in the con- tainer 98 for storage or further processing. The containers 114 and 98, along with the other con¬ tainers and tubing associated with the set 14, are made from conventional approved medical grade plastic materials, such as polyvinyl chloride plasticized with di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) . Containers made from such materials are known to demonstrate characteristics beneficial to the storage of either red blood cells or plasma for at least twenty-four hours after separation, for sub- sequent transfusion or processing.

The containers 114 and 98, with the blood components they hold, are separated from the set 14 by forming snap-apart seals in the tubes 104, 100, and 110, using, for example, a conventional heat sealing device like the Hematron® dielectric sealer sold by Baxter Healthcare Corporation.

The inventors have further discovered that red blood cells processed in the rotating membrane separating device 52 and collected ac- cording to the invention in high hematocrit con- centrations, demonstrate significantly lower hemo¬ lysis levels before and after long term storage in a leukocyte-reduced condition, compared to compa¬ rable high hematocrit concentrations collected according to the invention in which the population of leukocytes is not reduced. The following Table 3 summarizes the difference of hemoglobin levels under such conditions using commercially available leukocyte filters (Filter 1 = PALL™ WBF1 and Fil¬ ter 2 = Asahi SEPACELL™ RS2000) .

TABLE 3

Collected Collected Collected Manually

Using System Using System Using System Collected

10 With Pre- 10 with Pre- 10 Without Unfiltered

Storage Storage Pre-Storage Red Blood

Leukore¬ Leuko-reduc- Leuko-Reduc- Cells duction (Fil¬ tion (Filter tion ter 1)* 2)*

Avg HCT_RBC 68.7% 69.4% Comparable Typically to foregoing about 70% columns

Measured 0.08% ± 0.06% ± about 0.13% Typically

Hemolysis 0.02 0.01 about 0.08%

(%)

Storage Day 0**

(10 Samples)

Measured 0.30% ± 0.36% ± about 0.82% Typically

Hemolysis 0.04 0J7 about 0.56%

( )

Storage Day

42** (Same

10 Samples)

* Note: Both Filter 1 and Filter 2 reduced leuko¬ cyte (white blood cell) levels below 1 x 10⁵. ** Note: The red blood cell concentrations were stored in association with ADSOL® Storage Media, sold by Baxter Healthcare Corporation.

Table 3 shows acceptable hemolysis levels exist in high concentrated red blood cell products collected according to the invention (columns 1 to 3) . Table 3 also demonstrates that reducing the number of leukocytes from the highly concentrated red blood cell products reduces the hemolysis lev¬ els both at the outset of storage and at the end of the storage period (columns 1 and 2) , compared to highly concentrated red blood cells products that were not leuko-reduced before storage (column 3).

Various features of the invention are set forth in the claims that follow.

Claims

We Claim :

1. A blood separation system comprising a membrane separation device comprising a gap between a microporous membrane and a surface facing the microporous membrane, one of the microporous membrane and the surface being rotat¬ able relative to the other to cause separation of whole blood in the gap into plasma and concen¬ trated red blood cells containing a population of leukocytes, a container coupled to the device for collecting red blood cells separated by the de¬ vice, the container having a characteristic bene¬ ficial to storing concentrated red blood cells for at least twenty-four hours after separation in the device, and a filter to reduce the leukocyte popula¬ tion in red blood cells after separation in the device and prior to storage in the container.

2. A system according to claim 1 and further including a second container coupled to the device for collecting plasma sepa¬ rated by the device, the second container having a characteristic beneficial to storing plasma after separation in the device.

3. A blood separation system comprising a membrane separation device comprising a gap between a microporous membrane and a surface facing the microporous membrane, one of the microporous membrane and the surface being rotat¬ able relative to the other to cause separation of whole blood in the gap into plasma and concen¬ trated red blood cells, an inlet pump element coupled to the mem- brane separation device to convey whole blood hav- ing a known beginning hematocrit value into the gap for separation, a drive element coupled to the membrane separation device to cause rotation of the rotat- able one of the microporous membrane and the fac¬ ing surface, and control means for commanding the inlet pump element and the drive element as a function of the known beginning hematocrit value to obtain concentrated red blood cells having an end hemato¬ crit value that remains substantially constant despite variances in the known beginning hemato¬ crit value.

4. A system according to claim 3 and further including a container having a characteristic beneficial for storing concen¬ trated red blood cells for at least twenty-four hours to receive concentrated red blood cells from the membrane separation device.

5. A system according to claim 3 wherein the control means includes means for commanding the drive element to vary relative rotation between the membrane and the surface as a function of the known beginning hematocrit value.

6. A system according to claim 3 or 5 wherein the control means includes means for commanding the inlet pump element to vary con¬ veyance of whole blood as a function of the known beginning hematocrit value.

7. A blood separation system comprising a membrane separation device comprising a gap between a microporous membrane and a surface facing the microporous membrane, one of the microporous membrane and the surface being rotat¬ able relative to the other to cause separation of whole blood in the gap into plasma and concen¬ trated red blood cells, an inlet pump element coupled to the mem- brane separation device to convey whole blood hav¬ ing a known beginning hematocrit value into the gap for separation, a drive element coupled to the membrane separation device to cause rotation of the rotat- able one of the microporous membrane and the fac¬ ing surface, and a control element coupled to the inlet pump element and the drive element including an input for receiving the known beginning hematocrit value, a processing element to generate an inlet pump command signal as a first function of the known beginning hematocrit value and a rota¬ tion command signal as a second function of the known beginning hematocrit value, and an output transmitting the inlet pump command signal to the inlet pump element and the rotation command signal to the drive element.

8. A system according to claim 7 and further including a red blood cell container hav¬ ing a characteristic beneficial to storage of red blood cells for at least twenty-four hours, the red blood cell container communicating with the membrane separation device to receive concentrated red blood cells conveyed from the separation de¬ vice.

9. A system according to claim 8 wherein the concentrated red blood cells received in the red blood cell container contain a population of leukocytes, and further including an element to reduce the leukocyte population in the concentrated red blood cells received in the red blood cell con¬ tainer.

10. A blood separation system comprising a membrane separation device comprising a gap between a microporous membrane and a surface facing the microporous membrane, one of the microporous membrane and the surface being rotat¬ able relative to the other to cause separation of whole blood in the gap into plasma and concen¬ trated red blood cells, an inlet pump element coupled to the mem- brane separation device to convey whole blood hav¬ ing a known beginning hematocrit value into the gap for separation subject to a transmembrane pressure, a sensor for sensing the transmembrane pressure, a drive element coupled to the membrane separation device to cause rotation of the rotat¬ able one of the microporous membrane and the fac¬ ing surface, an outlet pump element coupled to the membrane separation device to convey concentrated red blood cells from the membrane separation de¬ vice, and a control element coupled to the inlet pump element, the drive element, the outlet pump element, and the sensor including an input for receiving the known beginning hematocrit value, a processing element to generate an inlet pump command signal as a first function of the known beginning hematocrit value received by the input, a rotation command signal as a second function of the known beginning hematocrit value received by the input, and an outlet pump command signal as a third function of transmembrane pres¬ sure sensed by the sensor, an output transmitting the inlet pump command signal to the inlet pump element, the rotation command signal to the drive element, and the outlet pump command signal to the outlet pump element, and a red blood cell container having a char¬ acteristic beneficial to storage of red blood cells for at least twenty-four hours, the red blood cell container communicating with the outlet pump element to receive concentrated red blood cells conveyed from the separation device, the concentrated red blood cells having as a result of the first, second, and third functions an end he- matocrit value that remains substantially constant despite variances in the known beginning hemato¬ crit value received by the input.

11. A system according to claim 10 wherein the concentrated red blood cells conveyed from the separation device contain a pop¬ ulation of leukocytes, and further including an element to reduce the leukocyte population in the concentrated red blood cells received in the red blood cell con¬ tainer.

12. A system according to claim 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 and further including a plasma container having a characteristic beneficial to storage of plasma communicating with the membrane separation device to receive plasma from the mem¬ brane separation device.

13. A blood separation system comprising a membrane separation device comprising a gap between a microporous membrane and a surface facing the microporous membrane, one of the microporous membrane and the surface being rotat¬ able relative to the other to cause separation of whole blood in the gap into plasma and concen¬ trated red blood cells, a first pump operable at a variable com- mand pumping rate, RATE., , to convey anticoagulated whole blood into the gap, the anticoagulated whole blood having a hematocrit HCT_WB when entering the gap, a driver coupled to the membrane separa- tion device to rotate the rotatable one of the membrane and surface at a variable command rate of rotation, ROTOR, to separate whole blood in the gap into plasma, which is passes from the gap through the membrane subject to a transmembrane pressure, and red blood cells, which remain in the gap, a sensor for sensing the transmembrane pressure, TMP_SENSED, a second pump operable at a variable com- mand pumping rate, RATE₂, to convey red blood cells from the gap at a hematocrit HCT_RBC, a controller coupled to the first pump, the second pump, the driver, and the sensor in¬ cluding an element for inputting HCT_UB , and a processing element to operate the first pump, the second pump, and the driver to maintain HCT_RBC at a desired value comprising an element that derives ROTOR according to a first function of HCT_UB that in¬ creases ROTOR as HCT_yB decreases, an element that derives RATE₁ according to a second function of HCT_UB that in¬ creases RATE₁ as HCT_UB increases, an element that derives a con¬ trol value for transmembrane pressure, TMP_set, ac¬ cording to a third function of HCT_UB ; ROTOR; and RATE,, and an element that commands the driver to rotate the membrane at ROTOR while com¬ manding the first pump to operate at RATE, while commanding the second pump to operate at RATE₂ to maintain TMP_c S_cE_uN.S_cE_rD, ~ TMPs_e„t.

14. A system according to claim 13 and further including a sensor for sens¬ ing whole blood pressure P_UB upstream of the first pump, and wherein the element that commands the first pump includes means for varying RATE, to maintain P_UB below a set value.

15. A blood separation system comprising a membrane separation device comprising a gap between a microporous membrane and a surface facing the microporous membrane, one of the microporous membrane and the surface being rotat¬ able relative to the other to cause separation of whole blood in the gap into plasma and concen¬ trated red blood cells, a first pump operable at a variable com- mand pumping rate, RATE,, to convey anticoagulated whole blood into the gap, the anticoagulated whole blood having a hematocrit HCT_UB when entering the gap, a driver coupled to the membrane separa- tion device to rotate the rotatable one of the membrane and the surface at a variable command rate of rotation, ROTOR, to separate whole blood in the gap into plasma, which is passes from the gap through the membrane subject to a transmem- brane pressure, and red blood cells, which remain in the gap, a sensor for sensing the transmembrane pressure, TMP_SENSED, a second pump operable at a variable com- mand pumping rate, RATE.,, to convey red blood cells from the gap at a hematocrit HCT_RBC, a controller coupled to the first pump, the second pump, the driver and the sensor includ¬ ing an element for inputting HCT_UB , and a processing element to operate the first pump, the second pump, and the driver to maintain HCT_RBC at a desired value according to processing steps comprising deriving ROTOR according to a first function of HCT_UB that increases ROTOR as HCT_WB de¬ creases, deriving RATE, according to a second function of HCT_UB that increases RATE, as HCT_UB in- creases, deriving a control value for trans¬ membrane pressure, TMP_set, according to a third function of HCT_UB; ROTOR; and RATE,, and commanding the driver to rotate the membrane at ROTOR while commanding the first pump to operate at RATE, while commanding the second pump to operate at RATE-, to maintain TMP_SENSED ~

™^Pset^•

16. A system according to claim 15 and further including a sensor for sens¬ ing whole blood pressure P_WB upstream of the first pump, and wherein the processing steps by which the processing element controls the first pump in¬ cludes varying RATE, to maintain P_UB below a set value.

17. A system according to claim 13 or 15 wherein the first function is expressed as follows:

ROTOR - ROTOR

ROTOR = ROTOR - [ £≥£ ^' (AHCT - AHCT )]

"AX AHCT - AHCT ^ M"*

MAX MIN

where: AHCT_HAχ is a set maximum anticoagulated hematocrit of whole blood that will be processed, derives as follows:

AHCT MAX = HCT MAX ^• (1 - AC) '

where:

HCT_HAχ is a set maximum donor whole blood hematocrit that will be processed; and

AC is a selected anticoagulant ra¬ tio;

AHCT_HIN is a set minimum anticoagulated hematocrit of whole blood that will be processed, derived as follows:

AHCT MAX = HCT MIN ' (1 - AC) '

where:

HCT_MIN is a set minimum donor whole blood hematocrit that will be processed;

AHCT_yB is anticoagulated hematocrit of the donor's whole blood entering the gap, derived as follows:

AHCT WB = HCT WB ' (^v1 - AQ '

and

ROTOR^ and ROTOR^ are, respectively, set maximum and minimum values for ROTATE taking into account AHCT_H,_N and AHCT_HIN.

18. A system according to claim 13 or 15 wherein the second function is expressed as follows:

RATE

AHCT MAX = HCT MAX ' (1 - AC) '

where:

AC is a selected anticoagulant ra¬ tio;

AHCT MAX = HCT MIN ' (1 - AC) '

where:

HCT_HIN is a set minimum donor whole blood hematocrit that will be processed;

AHCT_UB is anticoagulated hematocrit of the donor's whole blood entering the gap, derived as follows:

AHCT WB = HCT WB ' (I - AQ

and

RATE_HAχ and RATE_HIN are, respectively, maxi¬ mum and minimum values for RATE, , taking into ac- count AHCT_HAχ and AHCT_HIN.

19. A blood separation system according to claim 13 or 15 and further including a filter for reduc¬ ing leukocyte populations in red blood cells sepa- rated in the device.

20. A blood separation system according to claim 13 or 15 and further including a container for collecting red blood cells conveyed from the gap, the container having characteristics adapted for storing red blood cells for at least twenty-four hours after separation in the gap.

21. A blood separation system according to claim 20 and further including a filter for reduc¬ ing leukocyte populations in red blood cells stored in the container.

22. A blood separation method comprising the steps of separating whole blood into plasma and concentrated red blood cells by conveying whole blood having a known beginning hematocrit value into a gap defined between a microporous membrane and a stationary surface, one of which is rotated relative to the other, and controlling the separating step as a function of the known beginning hematocrit of the whole blood, to obtain concentrated red blood cells having an end hematocrit value that remains substantially constant despite variances in the known beginning hematocrit value.

23. A method according to claim 22 and further including the step of convey¬ ing the concentrated red blood cells into a con¬ tainer having a characteristic beneficial for storing concentrated red blood cells, and separating the container from the device to store the concentrated red blood cells in the container for at least twenty-four hours.

24. A method according to claim 22 wherein the separating step is controlled by varying at least the relative rotation between the membrane and the surface as a function of the known beginning hematocrit value.

25. A method according to claim 22 wherein the separating step is controlled by varying at least conveyance rate of whole blood as a function of the known beginning hematocrit value.

26. A method according to claim 22 wherein the separating step is controlled by varying the relative rotation between the mem¬ brane and the surface and conveyance rate of whole blood, both as a function of the known beginning hematocrit value.

27. A blood separation method comprising the steps of conveying whole blood into a membrane separation device comprising a gap between a microporous membrane and a surface facing the microporous membrane, one of the microporous mem¬ brane and the surface being rotatable relative to the other to cause separation of whole blood in the gap into plasma and concentrated red blood cells containing a population of leukocytes, and reducing the leukocyte population in con¬ centrated red blood cells after separation in the device.

28. A method according to claim 27 and further including the step of storing the concen¬ trated red blood cells in a container for at least twenty-four hours after reducing the leukocyte population.

29. A blood separation method comprising the steps of separating whole blood into plasma and concentrated red blood by conveying whole blood having a hematocrit value of between about 38% and about 56% into a gap defined between a microporous membrane and a stationary surface, one of which is rotated relative to the other, controlling the separating step as a function of the hematocrit value of the whole blood, to obtain concentrated red blood cells hav¬ ing a hematocrit value of about 70%, conveying the concentrated red blood cells into a container having a characteristic beneficial to storing red blood cells, and storing the concentrated red blood cells in the container for at least twenty-four hours after separation.

30. A method according to claim 29 and further including the step of reduc¬ ing numbers of leukocytes from the concentrated red blood cells after separation in the device and prior to storage in the container.

31. A blood separation system compris¬ ing a pump element that conveys blood at a command flow rate, a sensing element that incrementally mea¬ sures weight of blood conveyed by the pump element over time and derives therefrom an actual flow rate, a processing element that compares the actual flow rate to the command flow rate and gen¬ erates an output based upon the comparison, and a control element that transmits rate adjustment commands to the pump element based upon the output to maintain the actual flow at or near the command flow rate.

32. A blood separation system comprising a device that separates whole blood into at least one component part, a container, an outlet pump element coupled to the separation device and the container to convey the at least one component part from the separation device into the container, a weight sensor for sensing changes in weight of the container as the outlet pump element conveys the at least one component into the con¬ tainer, and a controller including a first element that commands the outlet pump element to convey the at least one component part from the separation device into the container at a command flow rate, a second element that monitors changes in weight sensed by the weight sensor over time and derives therefrom an actual rate at which the at least one component is being conveyed into the container, and a third element that compares the actual rate to the command flow rate and generates an output based upon the comparison.

33. A system according to claim 32 wherein the controller further includes a fourth element that generates a rate adjustment command to the outlet pump element based upon the output.

34. A system according to claim 33 wherein the fourth element generates the rate adjustment command until the actual rate cor¬ responds to the command flow rate.