WO1997023748A1 - Flush lighting system for cleanroom - Google Patents
Flush lighting system for cleanroom Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997023748A1 WO1997023748A1 PCT/US1996/020410 US9620410W WO9723748A1 WO 1997023748 A1 WO1997023748 A1 WO 1997023748A1 US 9620410 W US9620410 W US 9620410W WO 9723748 A1 WO9723748 A1 WO 9723748A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- modular
- filter
- lighting fixture
- sealing member
- walls
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/52—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filters embodying folded corrugated or wound sheet material
- B01D46/521—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filters embodying folded corrugated or wound sheet material using folded, pleated material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/0002—Casings; Housings; Frame constructions
- B01D46/0005—Mounting of filtering elements within casings, housings or frames
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/10—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filter plates, sheets or pads having plane surfaces
- B01D46/12—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filter plates, sheets or pads having plane surfaces in multiple arrangements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L1/00—Enclosures; Chambers
- B01L1/04—Dust-free rooms or enclosures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B9/00—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
- E04B9/006—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation with means for hanging lighting fixtures or other appliances to the framework of the ceiling
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B9/00—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
- E04B9/02—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation having means for ventilation or vapour discharge
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
- F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
- F24F3/16—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by purification, e.g. by filtering; by sterilisation; by ozonisation
- F24F3/167—Clean rooms, i.e. enclosed spaces in which a uniform flow of filtered air is distributed
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2267/00—Multiple filter elements specially adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D2267/30—Same type of filters
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2279/00—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses
- B01D2279/50—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses for air conditioning
- B01D2279/51—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses for air conditioning in clean rooms, e.g. production facilities for electronic devices, laboratories
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2221/00—Details or features not otherwise provided for
- F24F2221/02—Details or features not otherwise provided for combined with lighting fixtures
Definitions
- the present invention relates to improving the airflow in a cleanroom by providing a constant downward airflow across the entire area of a cleanroom ceiling.
- Cleanrooms are vital components of many manufacturing processes. For example, a cleanroom environment is necessary for semiconductor wafer processing techniques to minimize wafer contamination. As the size of critical dimensions of semiconductor circuits decreases, the air purity requirements in cleanroom environments will need to become even more stringent.
- a system must be developed to reduce or eliminate dead air channels in cleanroom environments.
- One alternative currently utilized places a screen with beveled edges underneath the ceiling filters. The beveled edges of the screen aid in blowing filtered air across the space underneath light wells.
- Another alternative currently utilized inco ⁇ orates holes in the sides of the walls which comprise the light well, thereby allowing some air to flow through the light well. Both of these current systems permit some airflow underneath light wells.
- these alternatives do not provide a dedicated source of filtered air to the light wells, thereby permitting continuous downward, laminar airflow across the entire area of a cleanroom ceiling. It would therefore be desirable to develop a system which enables filtered air to flow downward through the light well itself.
- Another problem in the prior art relates to the methods utilized in adjoining modular members of a ceiling system.
- Most systems require that adjacent modular members first be placed within a sealing relation to each other, for example, by lifting an adjacent member to a position next to its complementary member. Then, most systems require the user to utilize some type of mechanical adapter, such as a clamp, to lock the modules into position. Alternately, some system adhesively attach filters within plenum assemblies.
- mechanical adapter such as a clamp
- the apparatus and methods of the present invention present a flush lighting system which permits filtered downward airflow across the entire area of a cleanroom ceiling. Filtered air will therefore pass through the light wells themselves in a continuous downward flow. Continuous downward airflow will also be maintained in between light wells, thereby creating filtered airflow across the entire area of a cleanroom ceiling. Also, the present invention provides a unique method of joining modular units of a ceiling system by utilizing a support structure to lock the units together.
- the present invention includes a lighting fixture comprising a housing having a lower and an upper opening and comprising a plurality of walls.
- the lower opening may be configured to receive a plate-like member positioned in the lower opening, and the upper opening may be configured to receive an air filter.
- a first primary sealing member may be positioned along at least one of the plurality of walls adapted to interengage a first complementary sealing member of a proximate wall to effect a seal therebetween; and a second primary sealing member may be positioned along at least one of the plurality of walls and above the first sealing member adapted to interengage a second complementary sealing member associated with the air filter to effect a seal therebetween.
- the present invention also includes a modular lighting fixture for cleanrooms comprising a housing having first and second openings and comprising a plurality of walls having a first and second portion.
- the first opening may be configured to receive a plate-like member positioned in the first opening
- the second opening may be configured to receive an air filter.
- a first primary sealing member may be positioned along the first portion of at least one of the plurality of walls adapted to interengage a first modular member adjacent at least one of the plurality of walls to effect a seal therebetween
- a second primary sealing member may be positioned along the second portion of at least one of the plurality of walls adapted to interengage a second modular member adjacent at least one of the plurality of walls to effect a seal therebetween.
- the present invention also includes a modular ceiling system comprising a walled housing having a lower and an upper opening, the lower opening configured to support an air-permeable membrane, the upper opening configured to receive a first air filter, a first sealing member positioned along each wall of the housing adapted to interengage a proximate wall to effect a seal therebetween, and a second sealing member positioned along each wall and above the first sealing member adapted to interengage the first air filter to effect a seal therebetween; a proximate walled housing enclosing a second air filter and adapted to be sealed to the walled housing so that the housings are substantially vertically flush; and a frame adapted to surround the walled housing and the proximate walled housing and sealably engage the housings, thereby creating a modular unit.
- one object of the present invention is to provide filtered airflow downwardly over a lightwell structure. It is another object of the present invention to provide modular components to a flush lighting system which are readily installed and removed by means of a locking assembly. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of installation and removal of modular components of a flush lighting system utilizing a locking assembly.
- FIG. 1 is a bottom view of a modular flush lighting system according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a light well and adjoining filters according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view of the perimeter of a modular flush lighting system adjoined to a filter.
- FIG. 5 is a side cross-sectional view of the perimeter of a modular flush lighting system depicting the light well end detail.
- FIG. 7 is a side cross-sectional view of a modular flush lighting system utilized in conjunction with a ceiling grid frame system.
- FIG. 8 is a side cross-sectional view of a deformed structural panel configuration utilized in conjunction with a plenum construction including a modular flush lighting system.
- FIG. 9 is a side cross-sectional view of a modular flush lighting system of the present invention in conjunction with an entire air supply module.
- FIG. 1 is a bottom view of a modular flush lighting ceiling system according to the present invention.
- the ceiling module 1 includes a plurality of filter units 34 and light well covers 50, through which filtered air flows uniformly down towards the floor of the cleanroom. Interspersed between the filter units 34 are a plurality of flush light wells which are covered by the light well covers 50.
- the light well covers 50 may be, for example, of perforated polycarbonate material, such as perforated lexan, which permits filtered air to pass through. However, any known substantially transparent perforated material may be used.
- Above the covers 50 are the light sources 15 which are not shown in FIG. 1.
- Above the light sources 15 are the filter units 22, not shown in FIG. 1, through which filtered air flows uniformly down towards the floor of the cleanroom.
- the system is supported by perimeter frame structure 70, which is located around the perimeter of the filter and lighting units.
- a module system according to the present invention may include light wells at both ends of the module, as shown in
- the flush light system includes a light well extrusion 10, upper filter frame 20, lower filter extrusion 30, supporting members 40, and a light well cover 50. All of the extrusions and the filter frame may be, for example, fabricated from aluminum.
- the light well extrusion 10 encloses the light source 15.
- the light source 15 may be, for example, a T8 fluorescent lamp.
- the lower filter extrusion 30 mates to the light well extrusion 10 by means of the sealing members 14 on either side of the light well extrusion 10.
- the upper filter frame 20 mates with and seals at the light well extrusion 10 by means of the sealing members 23 on either side of the filter frame 20. Both sealing members 14 and sealing members 23 may be, for example, knife-edge flanges. However, any known sealing mechanism, such as a clamp, may be used.
- the sides of light well extrusion 10 may be slotted with openings. These openings allow filtered air from upper filter frame 20 to pass through the gap 16 which is present between light well extrusion 10 and the adjoining extrusions. This filtered air passes through the gap 16 and flows in a downward direction through the cleanroom.
- Upper filter frame 20 encloses a filter 22.
- the filter 22 may be, for example, a HEPA filter or an ULPA filter.
- the filter may range in size from approximately 40 to 100 mm, for example, and may preferably be a
- the filter frame 20 may include another method for cleaning air, such as advanced filtering media, for example, a filter constructed from Gore-Tex material.
- upper filter frame 20 is rigid and sealed upon encapsulation of the filter pack 22 within the filter frame 20.
- Upper filter frame 20 may be constructed from, for example, press form aluminum.
- the filter pack 22 may be encapsulated within the perimeter of filter frame 20 using a polyurethane material, and preferably a catalyzed polyurethane.
- the top of filter extrusion 30 may also include an adapter. This adapter would be utilized to insert a plenum above the flush lighting system of the present invention, in the event that a motorized filter module or terminal filter is desired.
- the lower filter extrusion 30 is supported by support members 40.
- These support members 40 may be, for example, clips, however any known support mechanism, such as a pin, may be used.
- the clips 40 may be constructed of, for example, spring steel, tempered stainless steel, or beryllium.
- the clips 40 are inserted into a slit extruded into the exterior portion of the light well extrusion 10, below the trough 32 of the filter extmsion 30.
- the clips are peened into place in the slits of light well extmsion 10.
- four clips will be used to support a filter extmsion 30.
- the clips may vary in length taking into consideration varied filter sizes and their respective weights.
- the sides of light well extmsion 10 may be slotted with openings. These openings allow filtered air from upper filter extrusion 21 to pass through the gap 16 which is present between light well extmsion 10 and the adjoining extmsions. This filtered air passes through the gap 16 and flows in a downward direction through the cleanroom.
- upper filter extmsion 21 includes a trough 18 which may be filled with a sealing compound.
- the sealing compound may be, for example, a gel sealing compound, such as silicon gel. It is noted by those skilled in the art that this configuration is transposed from the typical system, wherein the light well extmsion contains the trough.
- This trough 18 permits the upper filter extmsion 21 to mate with the light well extmsion 10 at the knife-edge flange 12.
- the mating of the knife-edge flange 12 and the trough 18 automatically positions the filter extmsion 21 so that it remains sealed in place above the light well extmsion 10. It is preferred that the knife-edge flange 12 be aligned vertically to the base of trough 18.
- a sealing compound is not necessary to seal the light well extrusion 10 to filter extmsion 21, and the present invention may utilize any known sealing mechanism, such as a gasket sealing system, to adequately perform the sealing function.
- the filter extmsion 21 is supported by supporting members 40.
- these supporting members may be, for example, clips made of spring steel, stainless steel, beryllium, or the like.
- the clips 40 are inserted into a slit extmded into the interior portion of the light well extrusion 10, below the trough 18 of the filter extmsion 21. It is preferred that four clips be used to support the filter extmsion 21.
- the clips may vary in length taking into consideration varied filter sizes and their respective weights.
- the clips are peened into place in the slits of light well extmsion 10. To install the filter extmsion 21 into position above light well extrusion 10, it is lifted into the opening within light well extrusion 10. The filter extrusion 21 is then raised until the clips 40 lock into place under troughs 18. At this point, the knife-edge flanges 12 will be mated with the troughs 18 and the upper filter extmsion 21 will be locked into proper position.
- the light sources 15 may be installed into the light well extmsions 10, as is known to those skilled in the art. After the light sources 15 have been installed, the light well covers 50 may be snapped into position underneath the light sources.
- a small tool may be utilized to remove the filter extmsion 21 from its position above the light well extmsion 10. First, one side of the filter extmsion 21 must be raised slightly. Then the tool is in turn pushed upward on each clip 40 until it disengages from under the trough 18. When all of the clips are thereby disengaged, the filter extrusion 21 may be removed from the light well extmsion 10.
- FIG. 4 shows the perimeter frame extmsion 70, which forms the support for the entire perimeter of the module system of the present invention.
- Perimeter frame extmsion 70 includes a comer reinforcement angle 72, a knife-edge flange 74, and two screw thread bosses 76, which are used for module joining.
- the comer reinforcement angle 72 is assembled in the same fashion as comer reinforcement angle 38 of lower filter extmsion 30, as discussed above.
- the comer joints of frame 70 are welded after being driven together.
- the perimeter frame extmsion may be adjacent to a filter extmsion 30, as shown in FIG. 4.
- this filter extmsion 30 is sealed in position by placing knife-edge flange 74 of the perimeter frame extmsion in trough 32 and locking the trough 32 in place with clips 40.
- a skirt extmsion 80 may be joined to the exterior side of the perimeter frame extmsion 70.
- This skirt extmsion 80 forms a cover for the perimeter frame 70.
- the top portion of the skirt extrusion 80 provides a flange for fastening a plenum to the top of the module.
- the skirt extmsion 80 includes two countersink races 82, which are the proper size to receive the screws 84 which are used to join the skirt extmsion 80 to the perimeter frame extrusion 70.
- the surface 88 of the skirt extmsion 80 which is in between countersink races 82 may be countersunk to permit a snap-in cover 86 to be inserted to hide the screws 84.
- This snap-in cover 86 therefore forms a continuous finished appearance around the perimeter of the module unit 1.
- FIG. 5 shows an alternative embodiment, wherein the perimeter frame extmsion 70 may be adjacent to a light well extrusion 10.
- a channel 15 is fabricated at the ends of light well extmsion 10.
- the channel 15 may be made of, for example, aluminum.
- This channel 15 is fabricated above the point at which knife-edge flange 74 of the perimeter frame extmsion 70 and light well extmsion 10 meet at the end of light well extrusion 10.
- the combination of channel 15, lightwell extmsion 10, and knife-edge flange 74 therefore forms a closed raceway which comprises the trough 75.
- the trough 75 may be filled with sealing compound, for example, a gel sealing compound, such as silicon gel.
- the lower portion of upper filter frame 20 mates with this trough to form a seal between the light well extmsion 10 and the perimeter frame extmsion 70. Also as shown in FIG. 5, the connection of light well extrusion 10 and perimeter frame extmsion 70 is further strengthened by fastening a screw 84 to light well extmsion 10 through screw thread boss 76.
- FIG. 6 shows a module system, wherein two module units 1 are joined together at their respective skirt extmsions 80.
- the two modules are joined by means of binding post bolts 92, which are mated through countersink races 82.
- a reinforcing bar 94 may be placed in between the skirt extrusions 80 which are to be joined.
- This reinforcing bar 94 may be, for example, of steel material.
- the bar 94 may extend along the entire length of the module.
- FIG. 6 shows a bottom perimeter flange 89 of a plenum which is attached to the flange at the top of skirt extmsion 80.
- Bottom perimeter flange 89 may be made of a suitable material, for example, aluminum.
- the bottom perimeter flange 89 may be attached by fastening several screws through the bottom perimeter flanges 89 and skirt extmsion 80.
- filter extmsion 30 may also include an adapter 37 which is used to engage a bottom perimeter flange 89 of a plenum 89.
- Adapter 37 may be fastened to filter extmsion 30 by means of, for example, several screws or may be an extmded part of filter extmsion 30.
- the deformation pattern of the panels 100 is designed to stiffen the sidewalls and the top panels of any attached plenums so that subframes are not required.
- the plenums are an enclosure within the deformed panels 100 and form an integral truss effect within the panels 100. These panels provide strength to the sides and the top panels which are required to support the weight of service personnel.
- the plug fan 65 creates a flow of air in a generally horizontal direction which the baffle 63 distributes uniformly in a downward manner to the filters of the present invention. More specific information regarding operation and construction of a ceiling module including a baffle and plug fan can be found in U.S. Patent No.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU13412/97A AU1341297A (en) | 1995-12-22 | 1996-12-19 | Flush lighting system for cleanroom |
EP96944929A EP0868632A4 (en) | 1995-12-22 | 1996-12-19 | Flush lighting system for cleanroom |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US916395P | 1995-12-22 | 1995-12-22 | |
US60/009,163 | 1995-12-22 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997023748A1 true WO1997023748A1 (en) | 1997-07-03 |
Family
ID=21735954
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1996/020410 WO1997023748A1 (en) | 1995-12-22 | 1996-12-19 | Flush lighting system for cleanroom |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5865674A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0868632A4 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1207802A (en) |
AU (1) | AU1341297A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997023748A1 (en) |
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EP1607539A1 (en) * | 2004-06-18 | 2005-12-21 | clean-tek GmbH Reinraumtechnik | Clean room ceiling |
EP3189283A4 (en) * | 2014-09-04 | 2018-04-25 | Camfil AB | Filter housing |
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US6871983B2 (en) * | 2001-10-25 | 2005-03-29 | Tir Systems Ltd. | Solid state continuous sealed clean room light fixture |
US7833299B2 (en) * | 2005-02-03 | 2010-11-16 | Strionair, Inc. | Filters and filter assemblies with bypass seal |
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US20110122603A1 (en) * | 2005-09-12 | 2011-05-26 | Gary Peter Shamshoian | Integrated laboratory light fixture |
US7815327B2 (en) * | 2005-09-12 | 2010-10-19 | Gary Peter Shamshoian | Integrated light fixture and ventilation means |
US7513086B2 (en) * | 2006-03-17 | 2009-04-07 | Mod-Tec, Llc | Fan filter mounting frame |
US7918911B2 (en) * | 2007-08-03 | 2011-04-05 | Cleanpak International | Perimeter seal for passageways between adjacent air-handling plenums |
CN102042531A (en) * | 2009-10-15 | 2011-05-04 | 九合工程股份有限公司 | Aluminum frame combined type lamp special for cleaning room |
WO2012131636A2 (en) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-10-04 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Solid state lighting strip for mounting in or on a panel support element of a modular panel system |
US20140273803A1 (en) * | 2013-06-05 | 2014-09-18 | Fontanesi and Kann Company | Airflow diffuser with integrated light fixture |
CN103398334B (en) * | 2013-07-30 | 2015-07-29 | 苏州净化工程安装有限公司 | A kind of recessed light fixture |
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-
1996
- 1996-12-18 US US08/769,733 patent/US5865674A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-12-19 CN CN96199766A patent/CN1207802A/en active Pending
- 1996-12-19 EP EP96944929A patent/EP0868632A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-12-19 AU AU13412/97A patent/AU1341297A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-12-19 WO PCT/US1996/020410 patent/WO1997023748A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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US916396A (en) | 1909-02-23 | 1909-03-23 | Fred Bennitt | Process of roasting and sintering ore. |
US4671811A (en) * | 1984-02-29 | 1987-06-09 | Flanders Filters, Inc. | Laminar flow clean room |
US4560395A (en) | 1984-04-17 | 1985-12-24 | Environmental Air Control, Inc. | Compact blower and filter assemblies for use in clean air environments |
US4946484A (en) * | 1988-02-05 | 1990-08-07 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Support for clean room ceiling grid system |
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1607539A1 (en) * | 2004-06-18 | 2005-12-21 | clean-tek GmbH Reinraumtechnik | Clean room ceiling |
EP3189283A4 (en) * | 2014-09-04 | 2018-04-25 | Camfil AB | Filter housing |
US10363508B2 (en) | 2014-09-04 | 2019-07-30 | Camfil Ab | Filter housing |
US10363507B2 (en) | 2014-09-04 | 2019-07-30 | Camfil Ab | Filter housing |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0868632A4 (en) | 2000-12-27 |
US5865674A (en) | 1999-02-02 |
AU1341297A (en) | 1997-07-17 |
EP0868632A1 (en) | 1998-10-07 |
CN1207802A (en) | 1999-02-10 |
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