WO1997027691A1 - A method of indicating mini cell size - Google Patents
A method of indicating mini cell size Download PDFInfo
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- WO1997027691A1 WO1997027691A1 PCT/SE1997/000118 SE9700118W WO9727691A1 WO 1997027691 A1 WO1997027691 A1 WO 1997027691A1 SE 9700118 W SE9700118 W SE 9700118W WO 9727691 A1 WO9727691 A1 WO 9727691A1
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- Prior art keywords
- size
- cell
- mini
- connection
- mini cell
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
- H04L12/42—Loop networks
- H04L12/427—Loop networks with decentralised control
- H04L12/433—Loop networks with decentralised control with asynchronous transmission, e.g. token ring, register insertion
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/36—Flow control; Congestion control by determining packet size, e.g. maximum transfer unit [MTU]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/30—Peripheral units, e.g. input or output ports
- H04L49/3009—Header conversion, routing tables or routing tags
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/04—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems for time-division multiplexing
- H04Q11/0428—Integrated services digital network, i.e. systems for transmission of different types of digitised signals, e.g. speech, data, telecentral, television signals
- H04Q11/0478—Provisions for broadband connections
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
- H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
- H04W28/06—Optimizing the usage of the radio link, e.g. header compression, information sizing, discarding information
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W92/00—Interfaces specially adapted for wireless communication networks
- H04W92/02—Inter-networking arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
- H04L2012/5603—Access techniques
- H04L2012/5604—Medium of transmission, e.g. fibre, cable, radio
- H04L2012/5607—Radio
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
- H04L2012/5625—Operations, administration and maintenance [OAM]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
- H04L2012/5629—Admission control
- H04L2012/563—Signalling, e.g. protocols, reference model
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
- H04L2012/5638—Services, e.g. multimedia, GOS, QOS
- H04L2012/5646—Cell characteristics, e.g. loss, delay, jitter, sequence integrity
- H04L2012/5652—Cell construction, e.g. including header, packetisation, depacketisation, assembly, reassembly
- H04L2012/5653—Cell construction, e.g. including header, packetisation, depacketisation, assembly, reassembly using the ATM adaptation layer [AAL]
- H04L2012/5656—Cell construction, e.g. including header, packetisation, depacketisation, assembly, reassembly using the ATM adaptation layer [AAL] using the AAL2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/22—Parsing or analysis of headers
Definitions
- This invention relates to telecommunication networks in general and to the transport network of a mobile telephone network.
- ATM cells are used for transmission of data.
- the payload of an ATM cell comprises mini cells.
- the size of mini cells to be used for an individual connection is explicit indicated in each one of the mini cells of said individual connection.
- Typically 6 to 10 bits are used for size indication.
- the size information is of static nature, i.e. it does not change, as long a ⁇ the mini cells don't change size.
- the speech rate should be changed from full to half, or should the service be changed from speech to data or should a variable rate speech codec be used or should congestion of the traffic between two nodes be reduced by making the mini cells of all connections between said nodes smaller.
- the explicit method of indicating mini cell size means that the bits used for size indication are overhead costs as regards the efficiency with which available band width is used as well as regards the efficiency with which mini cell size is indicated.
- a main object of the invention i ⁇ to provide a method for inicating the size of mini cells pertaining to an individual connection only when needed.
- indication of the mini cell size is needed only at instants when the mini cell size is changed. At such instants the new mini cell size to be used for the following mini cells of the connection are indicated.
- Another object of the invention i ⁇ to provide a method of dynamically changing the size of a mini cell during an ongoing connection.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a method for changing the size of a mini cell belonging to an individual connection with the aid of a mini cell.
- a mini cell u ⁇ ed for this purpose is called a control mini cell.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a method by which the control mini cell is sent in a control channel different from the channel in which mini cells containing user data are transported.
- a further object of the invention is to provide a synchronization mechanism for effecting change of mini cell size of an individual, ongoing connection.
- the synchronization mechanism is intended to be used when the control mini cells are transported in a channel which is different from the channel in which mini cell ⁇ containing user data mini cells are
- Figure 1 show ⁇ the format of an ATM cell tran ⁇ porting mini cells therein
- Figure 2 show ⁇ the header of a mini cell tran ⁇ ported in the ATM cell in Figure 1,
- Figure 3 shows an octet of the cell header of Figure 2, said octet comprising a fixed size length field for indi ⁇ cating the length of the mini cell,
- Figure 5 is a mapping table
- Figure 8 shows a fixed size length field and an extended fixed size length field created with the extension code method
- Figure 9 show ⁇ the basic format of a mini cell the header of which is provided with a short fixed length field and a length extension qualifier field LEQ comprising different extension codes
- Figure 10 is a table
- Figure 11 shows the extended format of a mini cell
- Figure 12 shows the mini cell of Figure 9 in its extended format when predefined extension codes are present in the length extension qualifier field
- Figure 13 is a table
- Figure 14 show ⁇ an operation and maintenance cell
- Figure 15 i ⁇ a block diagram showing a mini cell header analyzing unit used to extract, from the user data channel, the user data part of a mini cell in which the fixed size length field carrie ⁇ the non-linear coding
- Figure 16 hows a mini cell's header and user data as extracted from the user data channel
- Figure 18 is a block diagram of a modified mini cell header analyzing unit used to extract the user data part of a mini cell from a user data channel u ⁇ ing either the exten ⁇ ion code method or the exten ⁇ ion bit method
- Figure 19 is a block diagram showing a mini cell header analyzing unit used to extract the user data part of a mini cell from a user data channel using the bit extension method
- Figure 22 shows different tables which together span up an address space used on the links of the transport network in a mobile telephone sy ⁇ tem
- Figure 23 shows a mini cell's header provided with a synchronization bit used for synchronization of a message that orders change of the size of a mini cell
- Figure 24 shows a system global specific mini cell used for changing the size of mini cells belonging to an individual connection
- Figure 25 shows an OAM mini cell used for changing the size of mini cells belonging to the connection to which the OAM cell is related
- Figure 26 show ⁇ a ⁇ pecific mini cell used for changing the size of mini cells of a connection, said specific mini cell belonging to the connection the mini cells of which are to be modified
- Figure 29 illustrates units involved in a control plane signaling method used for changing the size of a mini cell, in accordance with the invention
- FIG. 30 illustrates in more detail the control plane signaling method described in Figure 23
- Figure 39 i ⁇ a block diagram illu ⁇ trating a fifth method of changing the ⁇ ize of mini cell ⁇
- Figure 41 is a signaling diagram relating to the fifth method.
- the payload comprise ⁇ user data relating to an individual connection.
- an ATM cell is disclosed which in its payload carries one or more mini cell ⁇ .
- FIG. 2 an example of a mini cell header 7 i ⁇ ⁇ hown to comprise 2 octets 8, 9.
- Other mini cell header sizes are also conceivable depending on the ATM system design.
- a mini cell header size of 3 octet ⁇ or more are also conceivable.
- the mini cell header 7 comprise ⁇ a circuit identifier CID, which identifie ⁇ the established connection/circuit, a payload type selector PTS which identifies different payload type ⁇ ⁇ uch as user data, control data, maintenance data, a length indicator LEN, and a header integrity check field/bit HIC, which supervises the header integrity.
- the length indicator LEN defines the ⁇ ize of the payload of the individual mini cell.
- the length indicator LEN is not necessary in the header and the user information length is instead configured into the system and into the ⁇ ervice.
- GSM full rate the user information length i ⁇ 35 octets
- PDC full rate it i ⁇ 20 octets
- D-AMPS full rate it is 23 octets.
- User information of different sizes i.e. user information with variable length: This is the preferred embodiment and will be described below.
- PTS field To use the PTS field in order to indicate user information with variable length i ⁇ a future proof solution.
- LEN field 10 comprising 6 bits cell sizes from 1 to 64 octets can be indicated. Should larger cell sizes be used for an individual connection, then the length of the fixed size length field 10 must be enlarged which in turn lead ⁇ to even more waste of band width.
- Figure 4 the fixed ⁇ ize length field 11 i ⁇ 3 bits. This gives a band width saving of 10% for an IS 95 voice coder that operates at 2 kbps (5 octets per 20 ms) .
- an extension bit in the fixed size LEN field 11 is used as a qualifier for extension of the LEN field 11 and the method is referred to as the extension bit method, or is one of the length field codes used a ⁇ qualifier for extension of the LEN field 11 in which case the method is referred to as the extension code method.
- extension bit 13 When the extension bit 13 is set the number of bits available for the mapping table 12 will increase from 3 to 6 bits leaving a mapping table 15 shown in Figure 7. Since the extension bit 13 is reserved for this purpose it cannot be used for code size mapping purposes.
- the basic format of the mini cell using this combined coding method is shown in Figure 9.
- the mini cell comprise ⁇ a header 21 of 2 octets and a payload part 22 which may comprise from 1 to 48 octet ⁇ .
- the four least significant bits of the length of the mini cell is indicated in a small fixed size length field 23, LEN field, in the header.
- the LEN field 23 comprises 4 bits.
- the header also comprise ⁇ a CID field 24 which occupies 8 bits and which identifies the circuit to which the mini cell belongs. Also in the header there is a length extension qualifier field 25, LEQ field, and a header integrity field 26, HIC field, both 2 bits long.
- the length extension qualifier LEQ 25 is defined as a length extension for the payload and as a header extension.
- LEQ takes the binary codes of 00, 01 and 10
- the mini cell has the basic format shown in Figure 9 and the code bits of LEQ constitute bits to be appended to the LEN field 23.
- the LEQ field will thus serve as an extension of the LEN field 23.
- the LEQ field 25 takes the binary code 11 this signifies that the basic cell format should be extended.
- the extended format is shown in Figure 11.
- the LEQ field 25 has a double meaning.
- the double meaning of LEQ is (i) it is used as 30 the two most significant bits of length indication, i.e. LEQ x 2 4 +LEN as shown in Figure 9 and (ii) it is used as indication of extended header format as shown in Figures 11 and 12, i.e. the LEN field 23 is interpreted as an extension qualifier field 27, EXQ field 27.
- the EXQ field 27 comprises 4 bits. Of the four bits of the EXQ field 27 the binary values of 0000 and 0001 are reserved for use together with a further length field 29, LENE field, in the manner shown in Figures 12 and 13.
- EXQ field 27 should be appended to the seven bits in the further LENE field 29 in a manner shown in the dashed rectangle 31 in Figure 13. This is similar to what shown in Figure 10. For the EXQ binary value of 0 this will give 128 different length values and for the EXQ binary value of 1 this will give another 128 different length values.
- an EXQ value of 0 is used to indicate mini cell lengths varying from 1 to
- 128 octets and an EXQ value of 1 is used to indicate mini cell lengths varying from 129 to 256 octets.
- the length of the mini cell shown in Figures 9 and 12 is indicated by using a linear coding.
- An EXQ value of 2 (binary 0010) is used to signify that the mini cell is an operation and maintenance cell, OAM cell, that comprises a header 32, and an OAM information field 33 as shown in Figure 14.
- the header 32 is similar to the header 21 in Figure 12.
- the binary code 11 is present and in the EXQ field 27 the binary code 0010 is present .
- EXQ code values lxxx are used as synchronization cells,- wherein xxx is timing information.
- a main requirement is that the header of the mini cell at the maximum has a length of 2 octets. Given this restriction the available bits are used in an efficient way to cover all ranges of values.
- Figures 9 , 11, 12, 14 preferred sizes are indicated under the respective fields. The indicated sizes are just examples and many other sizes of the different fields can be used.
- Other LEQ and EXQ codes than the indicated can be used as bits that are appended to the LEN field 23 and LENE field 29.
- FIG 15 a block schema of a cell header reading device is shown. It comprises a shift register 19, a first counter 20, a latch register 30, a ROM memory 40, a second counter 50 and a multiplexor 60.
- a bit stream comprising the user data of the mini cells is shifted into shift register 19 at one input thereof.
- a clock signal controls the frequency at which the data bits are shifted into the shift register 19.
- the clock signals are counted by the first counter 20 which is used to extract the fixed size length field 11 of a mini cell and write its data into the register 30.
- the fixed length field or rather the information therein is used as address to the ROM memory 40 which has been configured with the mapping table shown in Figure 5.
- an individual code in the following referred to as length code, will correspond to a specific length of the user data.
- the size of the user data (mini cell size minus the ⁇ ize of the header) is read and is sent to the second counter 50 which controls the multiplexor 60 such that at the output 61 thereof the user data will appear.
- the first counter 20 reads the binary code Oil from the user data channel. This code is used as address to the ROM memory and at thi ⁇ address the cell size 20 is stored. Accordingly the length of the user data should be 20 octets.
- the second counter 50 counts the following 20 octets bit by bit by counting a corresponding number of clock pulses.
- the multiplexor 60 is shown to have an arm 62 which is movable between the indicated two positions .
- Initially counter 50 sets the arm 62 to the lower position shown with dashed lines and no output data will appear at output 61.
- the second counter 50 receives the cell size from the ROM memory 40 it moves arm 62 into the upper position.
- arm 62 connects to a line 63 which in its turn is connected to the input user data channel.
- the second counter 50 has counted 20 octets it moves arm 62 back to its initial position and the correct number of octets has now been produced at output 61.
- a predefined number of length codes and cell sizes are stored in ROM 40.
- a RAM memory 70 is used to which length codes and cell sizes are written from a control system 80. In this manner it is possible to configure different specific mini cell sizes for individual mobile telephone systems .
- the mini cell sizes stored in ROM 40 are global in the sense that an individual length code, for example 101, relate to all connections which use mini cells with this length code.
- the comparator 90 and the subtractor 100 are the units that will handle the extended length field 14 so that the position in the header will be moved when the extension code is detected. Three extra bits will be added to the length field 11 and it is these extra bits that will be used to indicate the cell length. Accordingly the fixed size length field 11 is replaced with the extended length field 14 which is inserted into the data stream.
- FIG. 18 Compared with the operation of the circuit in Figure 15 or 17 where a field is written into the memory, in Figure 18 another field is written into the memory 70.
- the cell header reading device shown in Figure 18 can also be used in order to implement the extension bit method. This is indicated in Figure 19. From the register 30 that contains the fixed size length field 11 the extension bit 13 is extracted and is used to increase the address range. The extension bit will count down the first counter 20 with three bits, indicated by the subtractor 100. This implies that three new bits will be written into register 30 and these new three bits plus the old three bits, i.e. altogether six bits, are used to address the RAM memory 70 as symbolized by the six arrows. In this manner the number of cell sizes has been increased.
- the ROM memory 40 may have several different mapping tables of the kind shown in Figure 5.
- mapping table It is possible to change from one mapping table to another in response to a predefined length code provided in the header of a mini cell .
- this mammer it will be possible to switch from a first set of mini cell lengths, for example 4, 8, 16, 20 to a second set of lengths, for example 3, 6, 9, 12.
- a ROM memory 40 configured with the mapping table shown in Figure 5
- a RAM memory can be used for the same purpose. This will enable the control system 80 to write in new a new set of mini cell lengths in the RAM memory. The whole table can also be transferred in the control message.
- the control system 80 will receive a message which requests (a) that a connection should be set up between to identified end points and (b) that this connection shall use mini cells having a size of X octets.
- X is supposed to be an integer selected among the available cell sizes.
- the control system 80 will now use 7 as an address to the RAM memory 70 and will write at this address the mini cell size X.
- the cell header reading device shown in Figure 17 will then operate in the same manner as described. It should be noted that the mapping takes place at connection set-up.
- one and the same CID may relate to several different mini cell sizes depending on the fact that cells having the same CID can be transported on different virtual connections VC:s.
- This is illustrated in Figure 22 wherein a typical address structure used in an ATM network is shown.
- To each physical link, referred to as physical route, in the ATM network there is a physical link table 140 having a number of entries, for example the indicated entries 0-23.
- To each physical link is associated a respective VPI/VCI (virtual path/virtual identifier) table 150.
- VPI/VCI virtual path/virtual identifier
- VC connection identified with an VCI-/VPI value, there is as an example 256 mini cell connections each having its individual CID.
- a specific mini cell is used to indicate the new size in accordance with the method ⁇ described in connection with Figures 24-27.
- the new mini cell ⁇ ize is given in the payload 94.
- Four different types are used: 1) a specific EXQ-value defines a size indicator mini cell, as shown in Figure 26,
- the new mini cell size to be used for the following mini cells in a connection is indicated in the length field 94. All mini cells following the mini cells 91, 95, 97 in the data stream and having the same CID will have the new cell size and will have their size indicator set to zero thus indicating that the mini cell is used for user data.
- a mini cell comprising mini cell size change information will in the following be referred to a control mini cell. It should be noted that a control mini cell may comprise, further to mini cell size change information, other information such as user data, control data, OAM data etc.
- the mini cell size should be changed not to frequently, i.e. less frequent than each second, it is proposed in accordance with the present invention to change the size with a control message which is sent over the access protocol between a base station and a controlling node such as for example a mobile switching center MSC.
- the controlling node will be handling and controlling all equipment involved in the establishment of the mini cell connection, in particular the control system 80 in Figures 17, 18 and 19.
- the control message is sent over a channel which is different from that in which mini cells are transported. There will thu ⁇ be necessary to provide synchronization between the sending end of the mini cells and the receiving end of the same mini cells.
- FIG. 29 shows an embodiment of the cell size change method, in the following referred to as control plane signaling.
- a cell header reading device 83 identical to that shown in Figure 15 receives the user data bit stream 84 transmitted from a symbolically shown sending device 85.
- the control message 86 is sent in a bit stream 87 in a control channel.
- the bit stream 87 is not synchronized with the bit stream 84.
- a protocol handler for signaling messages 88 receives the control message and delivers it to the control system 80.
- a controlling node 100 is a MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center) in a GSM network.
- the controlling node 100 comprises a control system 80 which controls a transmission equipment 101.
- the transmission equipment in it ⁇ turn comprises a mini cell packetizing device 102 that comprises a cell header reading device 103 of the kind shown in Figures 15, 17, 18 and 19.
- a base station 104 in the GSM network has a similar transmission equipment 105 with a cell depacketizing device 106 that comprises a cell head reading device 107.
- the transmission equipment 101 has a non shown mini cell depacketizing device and the transmission equipment 105 has a non-shown mini cell packetizing device.
- the transmission equipments 101 and 105 are exchanging packets over a link 108.
- Several connections may exist simultaneously but for the sake of the example only one specific connection 109 is considered.
- the mini cells, symbolically shown at 110 and 111, used in the packets for connection 109 are supposed to have a length of 15 octets each. Traffic i ⁇ supposed to take place continuously on an on-demand basis.
- the control system 80 initiates a change of the size of the mini cells by sending a respective control message 112, 113 to each one of the transmission equipments 101 and 105.
- Each control message indicates that for connection 109 shall the mini cell size shall be changed to a new size of 23 octets .
- no immediate action is taken other than that each equipment now knows that the size is about to be changed to 23 octets. Not until the transmission equipment 105 has information to send it will act. The sequence of operations which then will take place will be described with reference to Figure 31.
- the receiving transmission equipment 105 will not react on the reception of the control message 112 until it has something to send.
- the next time the transmission equipment 105 has information to send it will send it in a packet 115 in which cells having the new cell length of 23 octets are used.
- Thi ⁇ first flag is flag 82 in Figure 29.
- the fir ⁇ t flag indicates that this mini cell 115 and the following ones are of the new length.
- the first flag in the first mini cell 115 acts as a synchronizing flag.
- the second flag in mini cell 116 acts as an acknowledgment flag that confirms to the transmission equipment 101 that the transmission equipment 105 has received the synchronizing flag.
- connection 109 is in a synchronized state in which both transmission equipments 101 and 105 are sending and receiving packets with the new length. In this manner the length of the mini cells used for a particular connection is changed while the connection remains established.
- control messages 112, 113 The new length is transmitted in control messages 112, 113.
- a control message is typically a separate cell, such as an OAM cell.
- OAM mini cells are sent over a separate connection or in connection 109.
- the use of control messages has no influence of the bandwidth available to the connection 109.
- the mini cell length i ⁇ to be changed this will cost only one binary digit, namely the flag bit, of a mini cell. In other words, only one bit needs to be used in the protocol for exchanging information between any two users in the mobile radio system. From bandwidth utilization point of view the control plane signaling method is effective.
- This method is an example of method 1 and illustrates how the control message is signaled to the transmission equipments 101, 105.
- a control mini cell is of type 2) above is used.
- the control mini cell is of the type shown in Figure 24 and contains a field 94 containing the new mini cell size.
- the CID value of the control mini cell is different from that of connection 109 the cell size of which is to be changed. Accordingly the control message is sent on a connection which is different from that over which user data is sent .
- control mini cell is not linked to sequence of the mini cells the size of which is to be modified.
- control mini cell there are two mutual independent connections; one, 125, for the control mini cell and another one, 109, for the user data mini cell ⁇ .
- control mini cell labeled 127
- the user data mini cell has a CID value of 0
- the user data mini cell has a
- Connection 109 is active sending packets, which all are filled with mini cells 128 of a length of 15 octet ⁇ , to tran ⁇ mis ⁇ ion equipment 105. At some instant the control system wants to change the mini cell size of the packets in the connection 109 from 15 to 23 octets.
- the control mini cell is sent in connection 125.
- the transmission equipment 101 When the transmission equipment 101 receives mini cell 130 the cell flag will indicate that the mini cell is formatted with the new length. The transmission equipment 101 will therefore depacketize cell 130 and all following mini cells using the new length of 23 octets. When transmission equipment 101 has anything to sent to the transmission equipment 105 it will use the new length as exemplified by arrow 131.
- next synchronization instant referred to above may occur when a new service is invoked by the control system or when the control system for other reasons want to change the cell size of the particular connection.
- the flag bit acts as a means of synchronization for switching from the old mini cell size to the new mini cell size.
- the synchronization is performed by the sending and receiving units themselves with no help from the control system.
- the transmis ⁇ ion equipment first to send sets the synchronization flag when it changes the length of the mini cells it transmit ⁇ .
- the receiving unit upon reception of the flag, starts to use the new length format .
- the transmission equipment first to send after reception of the control cell 127 is equipment 105. It could as well be transmission equipment 101.
- Method 2 operates quicker than method 1 since the control mini cell contains the new size and therefore the transmission equipment 101, 105 need not await to be contacted by the control system in order to have the new cell size.
- Method 2 has an attractive bandwidth utilization since the overhead in the payload is only one bit each time the size i ⁇ changed.
- the transmission equipment 105 is simple provided the control system 80 allows for cell modification of one connection at a time. If several connections shall change cells size simultaneously the implementation of the transmission equipment 105 will be more complex.
- mini cell ⁇ ize change in accordance with method 3 is handled by the operation and maintenance system and the control message for size change is transported in the traffic flow, that is the flow in which user data mini cells are transported.
- control mini cell is of type 3) above.
- the control mini cell is an OAM mini cell having an EXQ-value of 2 (binary 11) .
- the OAM cell shown in Figure 25, has a CID- value equal to that of the connection the cell size of which is to be changed. In other words the OAM cell i ⁇ transported in the same connection the cell size of which is to be changed. This will ensure that the control mini cell is in the right place in the mini cell flow of the connection the size of which shall be changed. With right place is meant that the control mini cell lies between two mini cells of different sizes which both belong to the connection the mini cell size of which shall be changed. In principle no synchronization mechanism will therefore be required.
- the transmission equipment handle user data mini cells at the traffic plane and they do not handle OAM mini cells.
- OAM mini cells are handled by the operation and maintenance system at the control plane.
- connection 109 shall change size of its mini cells.
- the mini cell ⁇ ize of thi ⁇ connection 109 shall be altered from 15 octets to 23 octet ⁇ .
- Figure 36 On thi ⁇ connection an OAM control mini cell 134 is inserted.
- the OAM control mini cell comprise ⁇ the new length of 23 octet ⁇ in its length field 94A ( Figure 25) .
- the control system 80 shown in Figure 36 comprises an OAM mini cell handler 133 and operates on the cell packetizing device 102 with the cell header reading device 103.
- Incoming packets to the cell packetizing device 102 arrive from the left in Figure 36 and outgoing packets leave to the right.
- the non shown cell packetizing unit of transmission equipment 105 will packetize them in packets which are sent to their destination along arrow 136.
- the transmission equipment 105 will lift the OAM control mini cell out of the data stream and send it, as indicated by arrow 137, to the control system 80 in which it is treated by the OAM cell handler 133.
- Logic residing in the OAM mini cell handler will interpret the OAM mini cell.
- OAM cells may be of many kinds.
- An OAM cell contains a message that indicates to the OAM handler 133 what kind of action to be taken by the control system in response to a received OAM cell. For example it can be a message ordering the control system 80 to measure the error bit rate.
- Another OAM cell may contain a message reporting a hardware malfunction to the control system 80.
- Still another OAM mini cell message is to order the control to test a multitude of mini cells in some respect, for example with regard to a check sum.
- the OAM mini cell 134 is linked to the instant of cell size change and although it belongs to the connection 109 the mini cell size of which is to be changed it appears as if no synchronization is required. This i ⁇ however not alway ⁇ true.
- the system design may also affect the behavior of method 3. Therefore it might be necessary to provide some synchronization mechanism. Why this is so will be described next .
- the transmission equipment 105 that terminates the connection 109 itself reads the OAM mini cell in order to learn it ⁇ type. If the OAM mini cell i ⁇ a cell size modification mini cell the receiving transmission equipment itself will handle the OAM cell and will start to receive and to send mini cells with the new length. This will eliminate the time delay referred to above in connection with interpretation and SI return transmission interval. Still method 3 will ensure that the instant at which the mini cell size i ⁇ changed will be in correct sequence. In this manner the transmission equipment will ensure that the mini cell size modification cell will be linked to the first mini cell that has the new cell size.According to this modification of method 3 the OAM cell is handled at the traffic plane.
- Method 3 From bandwidth utility point of view method 3 has no loss of bandwidth provided that the frequency at which the mini cell size is changed is moderate.
- Method 4 Method 4 .
- the control mini cell is terminated in the traffic plane.
- the loop 137 shown in Figure 36 is eliminated.
- control mini cell is of type 1) above the cell is of the type shown in Figure 26 wherein the CID value of the control cell is the same as that of the connection.
- the method will be described with reference to Figures 37 and 38.
- Figure 37 all units are the same as those described in connection with Figures 30 and 32.
- transmission equipment 101 is sending packets to transmission equipment 105 and that the packets are filled with mini cells 110 having the length of 15 octets.
- the control system 80 orders a change of the length of the cells.
- the new length shall be 23 octets .
- a cell size change order is sent to the transmission equipment 101, for example in an OAM cell.
- the transmission equipment 101 responds to this order by sending a control mini cell 119 of the type shown in Figure 26 to transmission equipment 105. All of the control mini cell 119 is used for carrying cell size change information.
- the receiving transmission equipment 105 must therefore change the packet size to 23 octets. The question i ⁇ when.
- the transmission equipment 101 sends the control cell 119 after the last one of the cells 110 of length 15 octets, then all further cells which are sent from the transmission equipment 101 may all have the new length of 23 octets. No additional synchronization will be needed.
- FIG. 38 illustrates the method.
- Figure 38 is similar to Figure 31 and will therefore not be described in detail.
- the order to change mini cell size is indicated by arrow 121.
- the control mini cell is indicated by arrow 122 and has a length of 15 octets. It cannot have the new length.
- the next mini cell 123 sent by the transmission equipment 101 and all mini cells following this are sent with the new ⁇ ize.
- a mechanism resident in the packetizing device 107 and the non-shown depacketizing device, will set the length of the mini cells that follow mini cell 122 to the new length of 23 octets. So when mini cell 123 as sent from the transmission equipment 101 arrives to the transmission equipment 105 it will be decoded with the new length. Similarly, when transmission equipment 105 sends its next mini cell 124, it will send it with the new length.
- the bandwidth loss adhering method 4 is proportional to the how often, i.e. the rate or frequency by which, the cell size is modified. It is only in connection with mini cell ⁇ ize change that overhead appears in the form of a control mini cell. Mini cells 110 and 120 contain no fields for cell ⁇ ize indication. Therefore they have no overhead relating to cell size indication. This is in contrast to the mini cell ⁇ described in connection with Figure ⁇ 4, 6, 9, 11, 12 which all contain a mini cell size indication.
- Method 4 will result in a complex implementation of the transmission equipment 101, 105 since they must be able to handle a great number of connections simultaneously and in a very short time.
- ATM is a connection oriented technique that defines point-to-point connections.
- Thi ⁇ is in contrast to a packet switched network which is of a connection-less nature. In a packet switched network packets that have the same destination can take different routes through the network and may therefore arrive in reversed time order.
- Method 5 is an improvement of method 4. Instead of using a complete mini cell for changing the size of the mini cells of an ongoing connection an optional field is inserted into a mini cell carrying user data. When the optional field is present it indicates the new size to be used for the mini cells of the connection. In method 5 the information to change size of the mini cells are transported in the traffic flow. According to method 5 a somewhat different message format is used. In principle an explicit, that is separate, length field is used. The method will be described with reference to Figures 39-41. In method 5 a cell size modification mini cell 170 of the type shown in Figure 27 is used. An optional field 171 is used to indicate the new length to be used for the mini cell ⁇ following this cell 170 and belonging to the same connection.
- connection is indicated by the CID in the header of the mini cell.
- extension bit 13 Figure 27 which when set indicates that the cell contains the optional length field 171. If the extension bit is set to 0 no field 171 is present in the cell 170.
- Method 5 will be described in connection with Figures 39- 41.
- Figure 39 is similar to Figures 30 and the same devices are shown.
- the control system 80 will send a cell size modification order 149 to the sending transmission equipment 101 only.
- the sending transmission equipment 101 sets flag 150, adds the optional length field 171 to the mini cell 170, states the new cell size in the added length field, 23 in the example, sends the mini cell in the new length format of 23 octets and continues to send all further mini cells with the new length.
- the control mini cell 170 transmission equipment 105 detects the flag.
- Method 5 will save bandwidth since the length field is not present all the time, as is the case with method 4, but i ⁇ present only when cell size modification is to take place.
- a modification of method 5 is to use the new length format beginning with the mini cell following the mini cell that contains the optional length field 171. In this case the old length format is applied to the mini cell that contains the optional length field. Comparison of methods 2-5.
- Methods 2 and 3 are more robust compared to methods 4 and 5 in that they require synchronization. If the control mini cell for some reason is lost, no synchronization will be achieved and no length modification will take place. Information will be transmitted and received with the old cell length and no information will be lost. Synchronization is achieved by sending two mini cells, one in each direction of the connection, comprising synchronizing information. The robustness will be increased but the change rate will be reduced by a factor of 2. In methods 4 and 5 no synchroni ⁇ zation is required. If the control cell is lost it will not be received at the receiving side. The transmitting side will change to the new cell size and will start to send the information in cells of the new length. The receiving side will continue to receive cells which it thinks still have the old size.
- method 5 is slightly inferior to the explicit length method. If, however, the change rate is each second cell, then method 5 is better than the explicate length method. If the change rate is one per each hundred cells, then method 5 i ⁇ superior to the explicit length method. Method 5 is preferred when the change rate is in the order of one length modification at each ten cell ⁇ .
- FIG 42 there is shown a mobile telephone system comprising an ATM network 200 with a sending unit 201 and a receiving unit 202 are connected via respective link 205 and 206.
- User data sources 203 are connected to the sending unit over a re ⁇ pective connection a ⁇ ⁇ hown ⁇ ymbolically by the lines 209.
- User data sinks 204 are connected to the receiving unit 202 over a respective connection 210.
- Connections 209, formed by mini cells, are multiplexed together in the sending unit 201 with a non shown multiplexor.
- demultiplexer in the receiving unit 202 that demulti ⁇ plexes mini cells belonging to connections which are termin- ated by the user data sinks 204.
- the sending unit 201 there is a mini cell header reading device 207 of the kind shown in Figure 12 and in the receiving unit there i ⁇ a similar mini cell header reading device 208 of the kind shown in Figure 12.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP97901895A EP0872093B1 (en) | 1996-01-25 | 1997-01-24 | A method of indicating mini cell size |
BR9707061A BR9707061A (en) | 1996-01-25 | 1997-01-24 | Processes for indicating the size of a mini cell belonging to an individual connection and for changing the size of a mini cell from a first size to a second size during an established connection |
JP52679197A JP3857728B2 (en) | 1996-01-25 | 1997-01-24 | Minicell size indication method |
AU15639/97A AU734354B2 (en) | 1996-01-25 | 1997-01-24 | A method of indicating mini cell size |
CA002242338A CA2242338C (en) | 1996-01-25 | 1997-01-24 | A method of indicating mini cell size |
DE69731276T DE69731276T2 (en) | 1996-01-25 | 1997-01-24 | METHOD FOR INDICATING THE SIZE OF MINICLES |
KR10-1998-0705712A KR100363210B1 (en) | 1996-01-25 | 1997-01-24 | How to display MiniCell size |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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SE9600279A SE515588C2 (en) | 1996-01-25 | 1996-01-25 | Mini cells with variable for size of payload in a mobile phone network |
SE9600279-5 | 1996-01-25 |
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PCT/SE1997/000118 WO1997027691A1 (en) | 1996-01-25 | 1997-01-24 | A method of indicating mini cell size |
PCT/SE1997/000117 WO1997027690A1 (en) | 1996-01-25 | 1997-01-24 | Mini cells with variable payload size |
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PCT/SE1997/000117 WO1997027690A1 (en) | 1996-01-25 | 1997-01-24 | Mini cells with variable payload size |
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EP (2) | EP0872093B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP2000504163A (en) |
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DE (1) | DE69731276T2 (en) |
RU (2) | RU2178624C2 (en) |
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US10694008B2 (en) | 2009-06-25 | 2020-06-23 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Method and device for processing data packets |
US10791204B2 (en) | 2009-06-25 | 2020-09-29 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Method and device for processing data packets |
US11323551B2 (en) | 2009-06-25 | 2022-05-03 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Method and device for processing data packets |
US11683403B2 (en) | 2009-06-25 | 2023-06-20 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Method and device for processing data packets |
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