WO1998032007A1 - Procede de detection d'oxydes d'azote et element de capteur permettant de detecter des oxydes azotes - Google Patents
Procede de detection d'oxydes d'azote et element de capteur permettant de detecter des oxydes azotes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998032007A1 WO1998032007A1 PCT/JP1998/000166 JP9800166W WO9832007A1 WO 1998032007 A1 WO1998032007 A1 WO 1998032007A1 JP 9800166 W JP9800166 W JP 9800166W WO 9832007 A1 WO9832007 A1 WO 9832007A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- detecting
- nitrogen oxides
- nitrogen oxide
- sensor element
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
- G01N27/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
- G01N27/12—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a solid body in dependence upon absorption of a fluid; of a solid body in dependence upon reaction with a fluid, for detecting components in the fluid
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
- G01N33/0036—Specially adapted to detect a particular component
- G01N33/0037—Specially adapted to detect a particular component for NOx
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a technology for detecting nitrogen oxides, and relates to a method for detecting such nitrogen oxides and a sensor element for nitrogen oxide detection that can be used for such detection.
- Nitrogen oxides are generated by oxidizing nitrogen contained in air and fuel when fuel is burned, and are substances that contribute to air pollution. Prevention and removal of nitrogen oxides are strongly demanded. Regarding the control of the release of nitrogen oxides, it is naturally necessary to detect and measure the concentration. For example, when adopting the emission prevention method by adjusting the combustion conditions, it is necessary to continuously monitor the nitrogen oxide concentration in the flue gas and adjust the combustion conditions based on the results. The technology for detecting selenium with high sensitivity is important.
- this electromotive force type sensor-and that take advantage of the principles of the concentration cell so far been a semiconductor sensor-using the known tin oxide (S N_ ⁇ 2) I have.
- conventionally known electromotive force sensors have excellent sensitivity to nitrogen dioxide (N 0 2 ) among nitrogen oxides, but it is difficult to detect low concentrations of N ⁇ .
- N 0 2 nitrogen dioxide
- NO nitrogen dioxide
- a semiconductor sensor using tin oxide measures concentration by measuring conductivity, and as a whole, has a relatively simple configuration.
- tin oxide has sensitivity to various gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) other than NO contained in exhaust gas, and has a problem in selectivity. Under such circumstances, the inventors have known as a superconducting material,
- the inventors investigated the possibility of detecting nitrogen oxides in various oxides including Bi.
- the temperature is not in the temperature range where the material exhibits oxygen ion conductivity, but rather in such a temperature range.
- the inventors have found that in a temperature range exhibiting a very low electron conductivity, they specifically respond to nitrogen oxides and change the conductivity, and thus completed the invention.
- the present application is specific to nitrogen oxides, and is difficult to respond to C 0 and H 2 , which are likely to be interfering gases in gas detection.
- B i 2 0 3 are known to have oxygen ion conductivity for a long time, to increase the oxygen ion conductivity, which B was added heteroatoms until i 2 0 3 (1 T. Takahashi , H. Iwahara and Y. Nagai, J. Applied Electrochemistry 2 (1972) 97-104, 2 H. Iwahara, T. Esaka and T. Sato, J. Solid State Chemistry 39, 173-180 (1981), 3 T Takahashi, H, Iwahara and T. Esaka,
- Additives (Ba, Ca, W, Nb, Ln, etc.) stabilize the ⁇ phase at low temperatures to increase oxygen ion conductivity. there were. Therefore, when this material is used for gas detection, it can only be applied to solid electrolyte type gas sensors, and for sensors with other detection methods, complex oxidation containing a large amount of metal elements other than Bi is used. There were only reports of semiconductor sensors for the products. This will be specifically described below.
- An application example of the oxygen ion conductor gas sensor (1) is an oxygen ion sensor that extracts an electromotive force based on the oxygen partial pressure difference between two electrodes (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 58-15067). Sensors are known that selectively allow gas to permeate and develop gas sensitivity. Zirconia is the most commonly used oxygen ion electrolyte for these sensors, but there are similar reports on bismuth compounds. In this case, a barrier is provided between the two electrodes formed on the solid electrolyte, and the oxygen potential near the two electrode surfaces is reduced by separating the test gas and the reference gas or by coating with a catalyst having different catalytic activities.
- the target gas is oxygen or this quasi sly combustible gases (CO, H 2, etc.), in such a material, its the oxygen ion conductivity is exhibited in Since it is at least above 400 ° C, gas detection is performed in a temperature range higher than this temperature range.
- CO, H 2, etc. this quasi sly combustible gases
- This type of sensor is called a semiconductor sensor, but it has a simpler element configuration than a solid-electrolyte sensor and can be designed at low cost.
- the B i 2 0 3 itself used in the electronic conduction region, the detection'll Utosuru art gas (particularly nitrogen oxides) is not known. This is because, from the B i 2 0 3 itself is recognized as a semiconductor is considered to be because it has been recognized that close to an insulator. That is, with respect to B i 2 0 3, p-type semiconductor to serve temperature In the temperature range (room temperature to 400 ° C, which is the target of the present application), the gas sensitivity characteristics have not been investigated at all because the resistance value is extremely high.
- B i 2 S r 2 C a C u 2 O 8 + z copper based composite oxide such as it has been reported that used as the nitrogen oxide sensor (Japanese Patent No. 8- 21814, Japanese Patent Kaihei 8-271467). These materials have p-type conductivity, and when nitrogen oxides are introduced, their resistance increases (decreases conductivity) compared to when they are not.
- Such a nitrogen oxide sensor material having p-type conductivity is a composite oxide or composition containing copper as an essential component, and its unique interaction has been considered to be caused by copper. Due to such factors, the ratio of Bi, which does not contain Cu in the crystal lattice and does not have superconductivity, is relatively high (50 at% or more in terms of metal element). Sensitivity to objects was not considered. Disclosure of the invention
- An object of the present invention is to have a simple structure and to selectively detect nitrogen oxides in relation to interfering gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and maintain this selective detection state for a long period of time.
- a sensor element for detecting nitrogen oxides that can be used for the detection is obtained.
- the characteristic means of the method for detecting nitrogen oxides of the present invention for detecting nitrogen oxides is gas detection comprising a metal oxide containing bismuth at least 50 at% in terms of a metal element.
- An object of the present invention is to detect nitrogen oxides by maintaining the temperature of a gas detection unit within a range of room temperature to 400 ° C. and detecting a change in conductivity of the gas detection unit.
- the term “metal element only” is used (for example, in the case of an oxide, the amount of oxygen is not considered), and the amount of Bi and other metal elements is measured in element units. is there. That is, if the amount of the Bi metal element is Am o 1 and the amount of the metal element other than B i is Bmol, it is defined as A / (A + B) X 100%.
- oxides containing bismuth in a predetermined amount or more respond specifically to nitrogen oxides (selectively), change their resistance, and detect nitrogen oxides.
- the above temperature range is not a temperature range in which the material mainly exhibits oxygen ion conductivity, but a temperature range in which the material mainly exhibits electronic conductivity, as will be described later with reference to FIG.
- the sensor element used in this method is provided with a gas detection section and an electrode section capable of detecting a change in conductivity of the gas detection section that changes due to contact with the nitrogen oxide.
- the gas detecting section is made of a metal oxide containing bismuth in an amount of 50 at% or more in terms of a metal element, and includes a heating means (sensor temperature setting means) capable of maintaining the gas detecting section at room temperature to 400 ° C. With this configuration, it can be suitably used for detecting nitrogen oxides.
- a material (metal oxide) constituting the gas detecting portion as an additive other than bismuth, a metal element which can have a valence of less than three and a metal element selected from In and Sn 1 It is preferable that at least one kind of element is contained.
- the resistance value of the element can be reduced, and a change in the resistance value in a low temperature range can be easily detected. Furthermore, the response and recovery characteristics at low temperatures can be improved.
- the gas detection section can be configured as a thin film formed on a substrate.
- the gas detector may be formed by a sintering method. Any of these methods is capable of increasing the specific surface area of contact with the combustion exhaust gas or the like, which is the test gas, and is preferable as a gas detection unit.
- a gas detection unit with high strength can be obtained.
- a binder material alumina (A 1 2 0 3), silica (S i 0 2) and the like.
- the use of the binder improves the physical strength of the gas detection section and reduces the number of failures.
- a catalyst that suppresses interfering gases other than nitrogen oxides from reaching the gas detection unit.
- the selectivity of the gas sensor element can be further increased. That, C o, have the effect of oxidizing the possible components that affect the sensor sensitivity of such H 2, CO oxidized, H 2, etc., at all gas the catalyst is present somewhat in the combustion exhaust gas or the like Since it does not affect the sensitivity of the sensor, selectivity and measurement accuracy are improved.
- the proposal regarding the positional relationship between the electrode parts used for resistance detection is as follows.
- Regarding the resistance value of the gas detection part part interposed between a pair of electrode parts at a temperature (room temperature ⁇ 4 0 0 ° C), to 1 0 6 Omega follows Do so that is to set the distance between the pair of electrode portions. By doing this. It is possible to easily detect the change in the resistance value of the gas detection portion due to the contact with the nitrogen oxides by the existing conventional resistance detection technology.
- a metal element can take the 'trivalent less than valence, the effect of the valence control, p-type increasing conductivity, in air, at operating temperature (room temperature ⁇ 4 0 0 ° C or less), the resistance between the electrode portions is set to be a 1 0 6 Omega hereinafter indicated above, and a pair Regarding the resistance value of the gas detecting portion located between the electrode portions, by providing the gas detecting portion with a conductive second phase that is insensitive to nitrogen oxides, the resistance value at the gas detecting portion is: in air, at the operating temperature, the so that Do less 1 0 6 Omega, constitutes a gas detection unit site.
- the second phase is a complex oxide of B i and S ⁇ , a complex oxide of B i and In, and the like. In this case, the second phase may be included in the entire gas detection unit.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a gas sensor element
- FIG. 2 is a detailed view of an electrode pattern.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the measurement results of the resistance values of the sensor of Example 1 with respect to various gases (measuring temperature of 325 ° C.),
- FIG. 4 is a graph (measurement temperature: 350 ° C.) showing the measurement results of resistance values for various gases with respect to the sensor of Example 1;
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of measuring the response to NO for the sensor of Example 1;
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results of measuring the sensitivity characteristics of the sensor of Example 1 to gas types different from the measurement temperature
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the results of measuring the sensitivity characteristics of the sensor of Example 1 with respect to gas types different from the concentration (immediately after device fabrication).
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the results of measuring the sensitivity characteristics of the sensor of Example 1 with respect to gas types different from the concentration (after 100 hours),
- FIG. 9 shows N i O / B i 5 is a graph showing the results of measuring the sensitivity characteristics of 5/95 sensors to gas types different from the measurement temperature.
- the gas detecting section 1 is formed by a sintering method, a thin film forming method, or the like.
- the gas detector 1 is formed on a substrate 4, and the substrate 4 has a built-in heater for heating the gas detector 1. Further, the gas detecting section 1 is provided with a comb-shaped electrode 2 as shown in FIG.
- the heater is formed separately from the substrate, and is mounted on the surface of the substrate opposite to the surface on which the gas detection unit is mounted.Also, even when the heater layer and the insulating layer are integrally formed, Alternatively, the substrate itself may be a heating element.
- a sintering method and a thin film forming method can be used as a method for forming the gas detecting portion on the substrate, and the thin film forming method includes a sputtering method, a vacuum evaporation method, and a laser ablation method. Method, CVD method and the like.
- Can be used in preparing the gas detection unit by sintering method is a binder first material which does not affect the sensitivity, alumina (A 1 2 0 3), silica (S i 0 2) or the like is exemplified it can.
- the material constituting the catalyst layer used for the gas detection unit may be a noble metal catalyst such as platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd), and may be attached to the surface of the gas detection unit.
- the gas detection unit may be attached by mixing with a raw material powder, a paste or the like and sintering.
- the electrode material of the gas sensor element of the present invention generally used noble metal-based materials such as gold, silver, and platinum can be used.
- the electrodes are mounted on the gas detector formed by the bismuth-containing oxide described above by a conventional technique. (Creation of gas detector)
- the raw material powders were weighed and mixed so as to have the composition described in the composition column of Table 1, calcined as necessary, pressed and molded, and then baked at a predetermined temperature to create a gas detection unit. .
- At least one pair of comb-shaped electrodes 2 is provided on the surface of the gas detection unit obtained as described above, and a heating substrate 1 is mounted on the surface of the gas detection unit 1 opposite to the electrode forming surface. , And the sensor.
- the resistance value of the gas detecting portion located between the pair of electrodes is determined by the operating temperature (from room temperature to 4 ° C) in air. in 0 0 ° C), such that less than 1 0 6 ⁇ , are set a short distance between the pair of electrode portions.
- the gas sensor element was heated and maintained at 300 to 400 ° C., and was brought into contact with the above-mentioned test gas to measure a change in resistance value.
- Table 2 shows the measurement results of the devices of the respective examples corresponding to Table 1.
- the sensitivity to CO 500 ppm was shown.
- a method for easily determining whether or not the semiconductor is p-type conductive is as follows.
- B i 2 ⁇ 3 no addition is based on specific adsorption phenomena NO below 4 0 0 ° C, but can exert selective sensor-characteristics, compact it, to thinning, its (Not the amount of resistance change in response to nitrogen oxides-the total resistance) is a problem, and the resistance of the device tends to be high. Therefore, it is necessary to consider reducing the specific resistance of the device. As one method for verifying this effect, as described above, the effect of various additives was intensively investigated.
- the method of lowering the non-resistance of the Bi 2 ⁇ 3 element is roughly divided into two methods: the effect of solid solution in the Bi 2 ⁇ 3 particles and the addition of a conductive second phase that does not affect the sensitivity. It is divided into two. In the former case, when classified according to the conduction mechanism, one or more of oxygen ion conductivity, p-type conductivity, and n-type conductivity can be improved. It is the preferred mode to increase. On the other hand, in the case of adding the second conductive phase which does not affect the sensitivity of the latter, it was found that effective NO sensing characteristics could be maintained for those whose p-type conductivity was the most dominant.
- B i 2 ⁇ 3 to which a metal element capable of taking a valence of less than 3 has been added is Element, the valence control effect of solid solution in the crystal lattice of the B i 2 0 3, further improved p-type conductivity (resistance value decreases), thereby facilitating the detection of a low temperature range (this Examples of the elements of such additives include Examples 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16). Among them, in Examples 5 and 15, the decrease in resistance (effect of valence control) is not remarkable. This added metal element is not sufficiently dissolved in B i 2 0 3, because that is precipitated. In Examples 17 and 18, metal elements having a valence of three or more, such as those in Examples 17 and 18, formed precipitates (conductive second phase) that did not affect sensitivity at the grain boundaries of crystal grains. Therefore, the resistance can be reduced and the selectivity can be maintained.
- V and Mo Other elements that can have a valence of three or more include V and Mo, but those added with these elements all have remarkable n-type conductivity.
- Ni, Cu and the like can be cited as those which can greatly increase the sensitivity of NO to the base material of Bi 2 O 3 by the addition thereof.
- the gas sensor element is heated to and maintained at 325 to 350 ° C, and the abscissa indicates the concentration of the gas to be detected in 100 ppm units, and the ordinate indicates the resistance value. Is displayed in ⁇ units. Figures 3 and 4 show the measurement results. It can be seen that the sensor of the present invention can selectively detect NO. C0 2 is not plotted in the relation shown above the scale, but showed nearly the same resistance value as that when contacted to the base gas, was found not to affect the detection of nitrogen oxides coexist . (Evaluation of resilience)
- the responsiveness was measured when the sample was brought into contact with a gas of 500 ppm, 250 ppm, 100 ppm, and 50 ppm in this order. The measurement results are shown in FIG.
- FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the operating temperature and the sensitivity [R g (resistance value to test gas) and R base (resistance value to base gas)] in this example.
- the horizontal axis is temperature (° C)
- the vertical axis is the sensitivity described above.
- the temperature range of 250 to 400 ° C. is preferable for detecting the selection of NO.
- this temperature range is a temperature range in which electron (hole) conductivity appears remarkably.
- the principle is the sensing scheme is classified into a solid electrolyte type, a temperature of only ionic conductivity occurs ten minutes Heating was a major premise, and it was necessary to heat it to a temperature higher than at least 400 ° C.
- the present invention is based on the discovery of a peculiar new phenomenon in which the N ⁇ sensitivity greatly exceeds the CO sensitivity at a low temperature of 400 ° C. or lower, which is the p-type conduction region.
- the NO sensitivity at 250 ppm far exceeds the CO sensitivity at 1000 ppm. This means that at 400 ° C, the sensitivity of NO decreases and the sensitivity of reducing gas increases. It is considered that the selective adsorption of NO occurs in the temperature range of 400 ° C or lower. From 200 ° C
- the device is preferably heated to 200 ° C. to 350 ° C.
- This system has a very high gas selectivity as shown in Example 13 shown in Table 2 above. Therefore, it is understood that it is preferable to include Ni as an additive, but the results of a study on the added amount (ratio to B i) are described below.
- Table 3 shows the manufacturing conditions of the device corresponding to Table 1 for this system material, and Table 4 shows the sensitivity characteristics when the addition amount to Ni corresponding to Table 2 was changed.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP98900413A EP1020721A4 (en) | 1997-01-20 | 1998-01-16 | METHOD FOR DETECTING STICHOXIDES, AND SENSOR ELEMENT FOR DETECTING VIN STICHOXIDES |
JP53411698A JP3845741B2 (ja) | 1997-01-20 | 1998-01-16 | 窒素酸化物の検出方法及び窒素酸化物検出用センサー素子 |
US09/214,322 US6306351B1 (en) | 1997-01-20 | 1998-01-16 | Nitrogen oxides detection method, and sensor element for detection of nitrogen oxides |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP734397 | 1997-01-20 | ||
JP9/7343 | 1997-01-20 |
Publications (1)
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WO1998032007A1 true WO1998032007A1 (fr) | 1998-07-23 |
Family
ID=11663308
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP1998/000166 WO1998032007A1 (fr) | 1997-01-20 | 1998-01-16 | Procede de detection d'oxydes d'azote et element de capteur permettant de detecter des oxydes azotes |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6306351B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1020721A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3845741B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20000068032A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1234868A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1998032007A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN106226366A (zh) * | 2016-08-30 | 2016-12-14 | 新疆朋成高科信息科技有限公司 | 采用阵列传感器的汽车尾气远程监测系统 |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6849239B2 (en) | 2000-10-16 | 2005-02-01 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Method and apparatus for analyzing mixtures of gases |
KR20030038818A (ko) * | 2000-10-16 | 2003-05-16 | 이 아이 듀폰 디 네모아 앤드 캄파니 | 가스의 혼합물을 분석하는 방법 및 장치 |
US8399883B2 (en) * | 2008-09-30 | 2013-03-19 | Iljin Copper Foil Co., Ltd. | Nitrogen-oxide gas sensor with long signal stability |
US9389212B2 (en) * | 2011-02-28 | 2016-07-12 | Honeywell International Inc. | NOx gas sensor including nickel oxide |
CN102980916A (zh) * | 2012-11-19 | 2013-03-20 | 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 | 氧化锆基NOx传感器及其制备方法 |
RU2636411C1 (ru) * | 2016-07-19 | 2017-11-23 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Омский государственный технический университет" | Датчик диоксида азота |
TWI763812B (zh) * | 2017-03-31 | 2022-05-11 | 日商大阪瓦斯股份有限公司 | 電化學裝置、能源系統、及固態氧化物型燃料電池 |
JP6910179B2 (ja) * | 2017-03-31 | 2021-07-28 | 大阪瓦斯株式会社 | 電気化学素子、電気化学モジュール、電気化学装置、エネルギーシステム、固体酸化物形燃料電池、および電気化学素子の製造方法 |
RU2697920C1 (ru) * | 2019-03-21 | 2019-08-21 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Омский государственный технический университет" | Полупроводниковый датчик диоксида азота |
RU2750854C1 (ru) * | 2020-12-25 | 2021-07-05 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Омский государственный технический университет"(ОмГТУ) | Полупроводниковый датчик диоксида азота |
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- 1998-01-16 US US09/214,322 patent/US6306351B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-01-16 JP JP53411698A patent/JP3845741B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-01-16 EP EP98900413A patent/EP1020721A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-01-16 KR KR1019997000865A patent/KR20000068032A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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JPH05332971A (ja) * | 1992-05-29 | 1993-12-17 | Osaka Gas Co Ltd | 窒素酸化物検出センサ |
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---|---|---|---|---|
CN106226366A (zh) * | 2016-08-30 | 2016-12-14 | 新疆朋成高科信息科技有限公司 | 采用阵列传感器的汽车尾气远程监测系统 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP3845741B2 (ja) | 2006-11-15 |
CN1234868A (zh) | 1999-11-10 |
US6306351B1 (en) | 2001-10-23 |
KR20000068032A (ko) | 2000-11-25 |
EP1020721A1 (en) | 2000-07-19 |
EP1020721A4 (en) | 2000-10-04 |
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