WO1998057656A1 - A combined pharmaceutical preparation comprising parathyroid hormone and a bone resorption inhibitor - Google Patents

A combined pharmaceutical preparation comprising parathyroid hormone and a bone resorption inhibitor Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998057656A1
WO1998057656A1 PCT/SE1998/001095 SE9801095W WO9857656A1 WO 1998057656 A1 WO1998057656 A1 WO 1998057656A1 SE 9801095 W SE9801095 W SE 9801095W WO 9857656 A1 WO9857656 A1 WO 9857656A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
bone
parathyroid hormone
months
administration
inhibitor
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Application number
PCT/SE1998/001095
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
John Dietrich
Sverker Ljunghall
Sven SJÖGREN
Original Assignee
Allelix Biopharmaceuticals Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Priority to CA2294101A priority Critical patent/CA2294101C/en
Priority to AU79458/98A priority patent/AU753477B2/en
Application filed by Allelix Biopharmaceuticals Inc. filed Critical Allelix Biopharmaceuticals Inc.
Priority to AT98929965T priority patent/ATE275419T1/en
Priority to DK98929965T priority patent/DK1001802T3/en
Priority to JP50425999A priority patent/JP4989811B2/en
Priority to US09/125,247 priority patent/US6284730B1/en
Priority to EP98929965A priority patent/EP1001802B1/en
Priority to DE69826132T priority patent/DE69826132T2/en
Publication of WO1998057656A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998057656A1/en
Priority to HK00107524A priority patent/HK1029738A1/en
Priority to US10/389,797 priority patent/US7018982B2/en
Priority to US11/305,339 priority patent/US7507715B2/en
Priority to US12/351,558 priority patent/US7749543B2/en
Priority to US12/822,089 priority patent/US8153588B2/en
Priority to US13/405,093 priority patent/US8765674B2/en
Priority to US14/285,437 priority patent/US20140256632A1/en

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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22Hormones
    • A61K38/29Parathyroid hormone (parathormone); Parathyroid hormone-related peptides
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13Amines
    • A61K31/135Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A61K31/138Aryloxyalkylamines, e.g. propranolol, tamoxifen, phenoxybenzamine
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/452Piperidinium derivatives
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/59Compounds containing 9, 10- seco- cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66Phosphorus compounds
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66Phosphorus compounds
    • A61K31/662Phosphorus acids or esters thereof having P—C bonds, e.g. foscarnet, trichlorfon
    • A61K31/663Compounds having two or more phosphorus acid groups or esters thereof, e.g. clodronic acid, pamidronic acid
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66Phosphorus compounds
    • A61K31/675Phosphorus compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pyridoxal phosphate
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • A61P19/10Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/12Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for electrolyte homeostasis
    • A61P3/14Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for electrolyte homeostasis for calcium homeostasis
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/18Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the parathyroid hormones

Definitions

  • bone is continuously subject to remodeling.
  • This is a process where bone resorption is closely linked to bone formation, through the concerted action of the bone active cells, i.e. the bone forming osteoblasts and the bone resorbing osteoclasts. These cells together form what is called a basal multicellular (metabolic) unit, or BMU.
  • the remodeling process starts with activation of the lining cells (the cells that cover the unmineralized bone).
  • the lining cells resorb the unmineralized bone, then retract and leave room for the osteoclasts which resorb the old, mineralized bone and create an environment which attracts the osteoblast to the same site.
  • the osteoblasts thereafter lay down the organic matrix, which subsequently is becoming mineralized to form new bone.
  • the resulting bone mass is thus determined by the balance between resorption by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts.
  • the coupling phenomenon means that even when the intention is to produce a positive balance per cycle it is still necessary to start with bone resorption.
  • a BMU cycle takes 3 to 6 months to complete.
  • the rate by which the basal metabolic (multicellular) units are being activated, the activation frequency also plays a role.
  • a high activation frequency increases the rate by which bone is being lost if there is a negative balance per remodeling cycle.
  • activation frequency is increased the space that is being occupied by remodeling, the remodeling space, is also increased. This will give a lowered bone mass, since a greater portion of the bone is subject to resorption as part of the remodeling process.
  • Osteoporosis is a disease which is characterized by a reduced amount of bone tissue, usually of normal composition, which has reduced strength due to a combination of low bone mass and impaired architecture, and therefore carries an increased risk of fractures.
  • osteoporosis is the result of negative bone balance per remodeling cycle, i.e. less bone is formed than is being resorbed.
  • a specific disease as responsible for the loss of bone (e.g. malabsorption of calcium and hypersecretion of corticosteroid hormones) but in the majority of patients no such disorder is identified.
  • Such patients are classified as having "primary" osteoporosis. Bone is lost with advancing age in both sexes, but in females there is generally an increased rate of loss during the first years after the menopause (hence the term "postmenopausal" osteoporosis).
  • a number of agents have been used for the prevention and treatment of bone loss and osteoporosis, e.g. estrogen, vitamin D and bisphosphonates, such as alendronate (for a review, see: Osteoporosis (Marcus, R., Feldman, D. and Kelsey, F., Eds.) Academic Press, San Diego, 1996).
  • Such agents mainly act through inhibition of bone resorption.
  • the antireso ⁇ tive agents can retard bone loss but, by definition, they do not increase bone mass within each remodeling unit. Many patients with fractures have severe bone loss at the time they come to clinical attention. Inhibition of bone resorption might not be enough to prevent fracture recurrences. Therefore it is urgent to develop therapies that can increase bone mass, i.e. anabolic agents.
  • Parathyroid hormone is an 84 amino acid polypeptide which is normally secreted from the parathyroid glands. PTH has an important physiological role to maintain serum calcium within a narrow range. Furthermore, it has anabolic properties when given intermittently. This has been well documented in a number of animal and open clinical studies, recently reviewed by Dempster, D.W. et al. (Endocrine Reviews 1993, vol. 14, 690-709). PTH has a multitude of effects on bone. Part of it is through the remodeling cycle. PTH causes both increased activation frequency and a positive balance per cycle.
  • Human PTH may be obtained through peptide synthesis or from genetically engineered yeast, bacterial or mammalian cell hosts. Synthetic human PTH is commercially available from Bachem Inc., Bubendorf, Switzerland. Production of recombinant human parathyroid hormone is disclosed in e.g. EP-B-0383751. PTH when given alone, to a patient with osteoporosis, will stimulate bone formation within each remodeling cycle and cause a positive bone balance within each cycle. At the same time the number of remodeling units will greatly increase, i.e. the activation frequency is enhanced. These two mechanisms act in different directions on bone mass.
  • the activation frequency is doubled.
  • bone mass or bone density
  • bone mineral density is increased by 5 to 10% per year in the lumbar spine and is largely unaffected in the femoral neck, which contains a higher proportion of cortical bone.
  • the presently known methods for treatment of osteoporosis utilize bone reso ⁇ tion inhibition of the BMU cycle, but have the drawbacks that their onset of effect is slow and limited, and that they only cause moderate increases of bone mineral density (bone mass) and may therefore be insufficient for the treatment of patients with osteoporosis in a stage where there is high risk of recurrent fractures. Furthermore, it has not been shown that present methods can improve on the altered architecture that is a hallmark of advanced osteoporosis.
  • a method of treatment of bone metabolism disorders utilizing the order of events in the BMU cycle, and comprising administering a bone active phosphonate and, sequentially, parathyroid hormone, is disclosed in WO 96/07417 (The Procter & Gamble Company).
  • the bone active phosphonate is given for a period of greater than about 6 months, in various dosage regimens, but always prior to PTH.
  • Hodsman, A. et al. J. Bone and Mineral Research, Vol. 10, Suppl. 1, abstract No. P288, p. S200, 1995 discloses a clinical trial involving treatment with PTH for 28 days, with our without sequential calcitonin for 42 days, with this cycle repeated at 3 months intervals for 2 years. Patients were then crossed over to clodronate, 28 days per 3 months, for one year. However, there was no beneficial effect in bone density from this sequential PTH/bisphosphonate treatment regimen.
  • WO 97/31640 discloses a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) an estrogen agonist antagonist; and (b) a bone activating compound, such as parathyroid hormone.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) an estrogen agonist antagonist; and (b) a bone activating compound, such as parathyroid hormone.
  • the periods of treatment are broadly defined and it is stated that the said compounds can be administered for periods from about three months to about three years.
  • the present invention is thus based on the concept of remodeling.
  • overriding the reso ⁇ tive phase of the BMU over several consecutive cycles it fortifies the anabolic action of PTH.
  • prolonging the treatment over several BMU cycles it takes advantage of the opposite influences on the activation frequency which is increased by PTH and later reduced by bisphosphonates.
  • WO 96/07417 discloses a method of treatment of bone metabolism disorders, comprising administering a bone active phosphonate and, subsequently, parathyroid hormone.
  • the bone active phosphonate was thus given prior to PTH.
  • the order of treatment regimens provides principally different treatment responses. Slowing down the remodeling cycle with a reso ⁇ tion inhibitor would limit the maximum anabolic effect that can be obtained with PTH.
  • PTH is given first over several BMU cycles, not only will it enhance the BMU positive bone balance significantly, it will also increase activation frequency to such an extent that effects of subsequent antireso ⁇ tive therapy will be enhanced.
  • a bisphosphonate is given after PTH treatment, in order not only to maintain bone mass on the higher level by its antireso ⁇ tive action, but also to increase BMD by filling in the increased remodeling space through the reduction of activation frequency.
  • treatment with an agent that increases the activation frequency must be of sufficient duration, i.e. it must cover several BMU cycles (e.g. 6 to 12 months). Only then can the full potential of the treatment, with regards to increases in BMD, develop. It has thus su ⁇ risingly been found that the method of treatment according to the invention achieves the advantageous result that bone mass is first rapidly increased during PTH treatment and thereafter further bone mineral density is gained, compared to the results achieved with bisphosphonates alone without prior activation by PTH.
  • the present invention provides in a first aspect a combined pharmaceutical preparation comprising parathyroid hormone and a bone reso ⁇ tion inhibitor, said preparation being adapted for (a) the administration of parathyroid hormone during a period of approximately 6 to 24 months, preferably about 12 (or above 12) months to 24 months or about 12 (or above 12) months to 18 months, or more preferably about 18 months; and (b) after the administration of said parathyroid hormone has been terminated, the administration of a bone reso ⁇ tion inhibitor during a period of approximately 6 to 36 months, preferably about 12 to 36 months or about 12 to 18 months, or more preferably about 12 months.
  • This sequence of treatments can be repeated at intervals of one to five years, until BMD has reached a value corresponding to "young normal mean".
  • the interval between treatments coincides with the period of one treatment cycle, i.e. 12 to 60 months, preferably 24 to 60 months or 24 to 42 months, or more preferably 30 to 36 months.
  • PTH parathyroid hormone
  • thyroid hormone encompasses full-length PTH(l-84) as well as PTH fragments. It will thus be understood that fragments of PTH variants, in amounts giving equivalent biological activity to PTH(l-84), can be inco ⁇ orated in the formulations according to the invention, if desired. Fragments of PTH inco ⁇ orate at least the amino acid residues of PTH necessary for a biological activity similar to that of intact PTH. Examples of such fragments are PTH(1-31), PTH(l-34), PTH(l-36), PTH(l-37), PTH(l-38), PTH(1- 41), PTH(28-48) and PTH(25-39).
  • thyroid hormone also encompasses variants and functional analogues of PTH.
  • the present invention thus includes pharmaceutical formulations comprising such PTH variants and functional analogues, carrying modifications like substitutions, deletions, insertions, inversions or cyclisations, but nevertheless having substantially the biological activities of parathyroid hormone.
  • Stability-enhanced variants of PTH are known in the art from e.g. WO 92/11286 and WO 93/20203.
  • Variants of PTH can e.g. inco ⁇ orate amino acid substitutions that improve PTH stability and half-life, such as the replacement of methionine residues at positions 8 and/or 18, and replacement of asparagine at position 16.
  • Cyclized PTH analogues are disclosed in e.g. WO 98/05683.
  • the invention includes a preparation as described above wherein the said parathyroid hormone is selected from the group consisting of: (a) full-length parathyroid hormone; (b) biologically active variants of full-length parathyroid hormone;
  • biologically active should be understood as eliciting a sufficient response in a bioassay for PTH activity, such as the rat osteosarcoma cell-based assay for PTH-stimulated adenylate cyclase production (see Rodan et al. (1983) J. Clin. Invest. 72, 1511; and Rabbani et al. (1988) Endocrinol. 123, 2709).
  • the PTH to be used in the pharmaceutical preparation according to the invention is preferably recombinant human PTH, such as full-length recombinant human PTH.
  • Parathyroid hormone can be subcutaneously administered in an amount of approximately 0.1 to 5 ⁇ g/kg body weight, preferably 0.5 to 3 ⁇ g/kg, or more preferably 1 to 2.5 ⁇ g/kg body weight.
  • nasally or pulmonary, PTH can be administered in an amount of 0.1 ⁇ g to 15 mg/kg.
  • the said bone reso ⁇ tion inhibitor can be a bisphosphonate, e.g. alendronate; or a substance with estrogen-like effect, e.g. estrogen; or a selective estrogen receptor modulator, e.g. raloxifene, tamoxifene, droloxifene, toremifene, idoxifene, or levormeloxifene; or a calcitonin-like substance, e.g. calcitonin; or a vitamin D analog; or a calcium salt.
  • a bisphosphonate e.g. alendronate
  • a substance with estrogen-like effect e.g. estrogen
  • a selective estrogen receptor modulator e.g. raloxifene, tamoxifene, droloxifene, toremifene, idoxifene, or levormeloxifene
  • a calcitonin-like substance e.g. calcit
  • the said bone reso ⁇ tion inhibitor is preferably administered in an amount of 0.05 to 500 mg, preferably around 10 mg.
  • the invention provides the use of parathyroid hormone in combination with a bone reso ⁇ tion inhibitor in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of bone-related diseases, in particular osteoporosis, said medicament being adapted for (a) the administration of parathyroid hormone during a period of approximately 6 to 24 months; (b) after the administration of parathyroid hormone has been terminated, the administration of a bone reso ⁇ tion inhibitor during a period of approximately 12 to 36 months.
  • the parathyroid hormone and the bone reso ⁇ tion inhibitor are as defined above.
  • the invention provides a method of treatment or prevention of bone- related diseases, in particular osteoporosis, which comprises administering to a mammal, including man, in need of such treatment an effective amount of a pharmaceutical preparation as defined in the above. Consequently, such a method comprises administering to a mammal, including man, in need of such treatment (a) an effective amount of parathyroid hormone during a period of approximately 6 to 24 months; and (b) after the administration of parathyroid hormone has been terminated, an effective amount of a bone reso ⁇ tion inhibitor during a period of approximately 12 to 36 months.
  • the invention also includes a method of treatment or prevention of bone-related diseases which comprises administering, to a patient who has already been subject to treatment with parathyroid hormone during a period of approximately 6 to 24 months, after the administration of parathyroid hormone has been terminated, an effective amount of a bone reso ⁇ tion inhibitor during a period of approximately 12 to 36 months.

Abstract

The invention relates to a combined pharmaceutical preparation comprising parathyroid hormone and a bone resorption inhibitor, said preparation being adapted for (a) the administration of parathyroid hormone during a period of approximately 6 to 24 months; (b) after the administration of parathyroid hormone has been terminated, the administration of a bone resorption inhibitor during a period of approximately 12 to 36 months.

Description

PHARMACEUTICAL USE
TECHNICAL FIELD
A COMBINED PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARAΗON COMPRISING PARATHYROID HORMONE AND A BONE RESORPTION INHIBITOR
BACKGROUND ART
Bone formation and resorption
In the adult individual (males as well as females) bone is continuously subject to remodeling. This is a process where bone resorption is closely linked to bone formation, through the concerted action of the bone active cells, i.e. the bone forming osteoblasts and the bone resorbing osteoclasts. These cells together form what is called a basal multicellular (metabolic) unit, or BMU. The remodeling process starts with activation of the lining cells (the cells that cover the unmineralized bone). The lining cells resorb the unmineralized bone, then retract and leave room for the osteoclasts which resorb the old, mineralized bone and create an environment which attracts the osteoblast to the same site. The osteoblasts thereafter lay down the organic matrix, which subsequently is becoming mineralized to form new bone. The resulting bone mass is thus determined by the balance between resorption by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts.
Consequently, there is a close relationship between the actions of the two cell types which is referred to as "coupling"; bone resorption always precedes bone formation. The coupling phenomenon means that even when the intention is to produce a positive balance per cycle it is still necessary to start with bone resorption. Typically, a BMU cycle takes 3 to 6 months to complete. The rate by which the basal metabolic (multicellular) units are being activated, the activation frequency, also plays a role. A high activation frequency increases the rate by which bone is being lost if there is a negative balance per remodeling cycle. When activation frequency is increased the space that is being occupied by remodeling, the remodeling space, is also increased. This will give a lowered bone mass, since a greater portion of the bone is subject to resorption as part of the remodeling process.
The above outlined sequence of events is well known in the art and has formed the basis for the understanding of metabolic bone diseases and possible ways for their treatments.
Osteoporosis is a disease which is characterized by a reduced amount of bone tissue, usually of normal composition, which has reduced strength due to a combination of low bone mass and impaired architecture, and therefore carries an increased risk of fractures. In terms of remodeling, osteoporosis is the result of negative bone balance per remodeling cycle, i.e. less bone is formed than is being resorbed. In a small proportion of patients it is possible to determine a specific disease as responsible for the loss of bone (e.g. malabsorption of calcium and hypersecretion of corticosteroid hormones) but in the majority of patients no such disorder is identified. Such patients are classified as having "primary" osteoporosis. Bone is lost with advancing age in both sexes, but in females there is generally an increased rate of loss during the first years after the menopause (hence the term "postmenopausal" osteoporosis).
Bone resorption inhibitors
A number of agents have been used for the prevention and treatment of bone loss and osteoporosis, e.g. estrogen, vitamin D and bisphosphonates, such as alendronate (for a review, see: Osteoporosis (Marcus, R., Feldman, D. and Kelsey, F., Eds.) Academic Press, San Diego, 1996). Such agents mainly act through inhibition of bone resorption. By reducing the resorbed amount in each remodeling cycle, while keeping the formation intact, it is possible to reduce the negative bone balance and retard bone loss. At the same time they reduce the activation frequency and since the remodeling space is reduced there is only a limited increase of bone mass.
Most studies with bisphosphonates indicate that they increase bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in the actively treated patients with around 1 to 5%, depending on dose and type of bisphosphonate, during the first year of treatment, when compared with control patients given placebo. Both patients and controls generally receive calcium supplementation to ensure adequate calcium nutrition.
The antiresoφtive agents can retard bone loss but, by definition, they do not increase bone mass within each remodeling unit. Many patients with fractures have severe bone loss at the time they come to clinical attention. Inhibition of bone resorption might not be enough to prevent fracture recurrences. Therefore it is urgent to develop therapies that can increase bone mass, i.e. anabolic agents.
Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an 84 amino acid polypeptide which is normally secreted from the parathyroid glands. PTH has an important physiological role to maintain serum calcium within a narrow range. Furthermore, it has anabolic properties when given intermittently. This has been well documented in a number of animal and open clinical studies, recently reviewed by Dempster, D.W. et al. (Endocrine Reviews 1993, vol. 14, 690-709). PTH has a multitude of effects on bone. Part of it is through the remodeling cycle. PTH causes both increased activation frequency and a positive balance per cycle.
Human PTH may be obtained through peptide synthesis or from genetically engineered yeast, bacterial or mammalian cell hosts. Synthetic human PTH is commercially available from Bachem Inc., Bubendorf, Switzerland. Production of recombinant human parathyroid hormone is disclosed in e.g. EP-B-0383751. PTH when given alone, to a patient with osteoporosis, will stimulate bone formation within each remodeling cycle and cause a positive bone balance within each cycle. At the same time the number of remodeling units will greatly increase, i.e. the activation frequency is enhanced. These two mechanisms act in different directions on bone mass.
During therapy with PTH it has been calculated that the activation frequency is doubled. Although this will mean that the remodeling space is increased, bone mass (or bone density) is increased in trabecular bone. Thus bone mineral density is increased by 5 to 10% per year in the lumbar spine and is largely unaffected in the femoral neck, which contains a higher proportion of cortical bone. These two sites are where the most common and clinically important fractures occur in the population, both in males and females.
The presently known methods for treatment of osteoporosis utilize bone resoφtion inhibition of the BMU cycle, but have the drawbacks that their onset of effect is slow and limited, and that they only cause moderate increases of bone mineral density (bone mass) and may therefore be insufficient for the treatment of patients with osteoporosis in a stage where there is high risk of recurrent fractures. Furthermore, it has not been shown that present methods can improve on the altered architecture that is a hallmark of advanced osteoporosis.
A method of treatment of bone metabolism disorders, utilizing the order of events in the BMU cycle, and comprising administering a bone active phosphonate and, sequentially, parathyroid hormone, is disclosed in WO 96/07417 (The Procter & Gamble Company). In that method, the bone active phosphonate is given for a period of greater than about 6 months, in various dosage regimens, but always prior to PTH.
Hodsman, A. et al. (J. Bone and Mineral Research, Vol. 10, Suppl. 1, abstract No. P288, p. S200, 1995) discloses a clinical trial involving treatment with PTH for 28 days, with our without sequential calcitonin for 42 days, with this cycle repeated at 3 months intervals for 2 years. Patients were then crossed over to clodronate, 28 days per 3 months, for one year. However, there was no beneficial effect in bone density from this sequential PTH/bisphosphonate treatment regimen.
WO 97/31640 (publication date 4 September 1997) discloses a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) an estrogen agonist antagonist; and (b) a bone activating compound, such as parathyroid hormone. However, the periods of treatment are broadly defined and it is stated that the said compounds can be administered for periods from about three months to about three years.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Different combinations are conceivable for treating osteoporosis with resoφtion inhibitors and anabolic agents. The starting point for treatment, i.e. when the patient comes to the attention of the clinic, is a decreasing BMD (bone mineral density), due to the net formation rate being below the net resoφtion rate. Initial administration of a resoφtion inhibitor will reduce resoφtion rate by reducing the remodeling space and the activation frequency. Subsequent administration of an anabolic agent will then increase activation frequency and create an increased remodeling space. This coupling between resoφtion and reformation allows the formation rate to increase above the resoφtion rate and lead to increases in BMD. The resoφtion activity is a prerequisite for subsequent bone formation within the BMU.
However, it has suφrisingly been found that when the anabolic agent was administered initially, i.e. as the starting point, and is then followed by administration of the resoφtion inhibitor, the total increase in BMD is not only maintained but also much further increased. It appears that the initial increase in activation frequency by the anabolic agent creates not only formation of new bone, but also a large remodeling space. Subsequent administration by the resoφtion inhibitor, inhibits further increases in the remodeling space, by decreasing the activation frequency. Upon closing, or diminishing, the existing remodeling space, BMD is then allowed to increase more than was achieved during treatment with the anabolic agent alone during the first period.
The present invention is thus based on the concept of remodeling. By overriding the resoφtive phase of the BMU over several consecutive cycles, it fortifies the anabolic action of PTH. In addition, by prolonging the treatment over several BMU cycles, it takes advantage of the opposite influences on the activation frequency which is increased by PTH and later reduced by bisphosphonates.
As mentioned above, WO 96/07417 discloses a method of treatment of bone metabolism disorders, comprising administering a bone active phosphonate and, subsequently, parathyroid hormone. The bone active phosphonate was thus given prior to PTH. The order of treatment regimens provides principally different treatment responses. Slowing down the remodeling cycle with a resoφtion inhibitor would limit the maximum anabolic effect that can be obtained with PTH. On the other hand, if PTH is given first over several BMU cycles, not only will it enhance the BMU positive bone balance significantly, it will also increase activation frequency to such an extent that effects of subsequent antiresoφtive therapy will be enhanced.
According to the present invention, a bisphosphonate is given after PTH treatment, in order not only to maintain bone mass on the higher level by its antiresoφtive action, but also to increase BMD by filling in the increased remodeling space through the reduction of activation frequency.
A BMU cycle, involving activation, resoφtion, formation, typically takes 3 to 6 months to complete. The number of BMU cycles acting concurrently determines the remodeling space. In order to create an increased and sustained remodeling space, treatment with an agent that increases the activation frequency must be of sufficient duration, i.e. it must cover several BMU cycles (e.g. 6 to 12 months). Only then can the full potential of the treatment, with regards to increases in BMD, develop. It has thus suφrisingly been found that the method of treatment according to the invention achieves the advantageous result that bone mass is first rapidly increased during PTH treatment and thereafter further bone mineral density is gained, compared to the results achieved with bisphosphonates alone without prior activation by PTH. These findings are in contrast to previous studies in humans.
Consequently, the present invention provides in a first aspect a combined pharmaceutical preparation comprising parathyroid hormone and a bone resoφtion inhibitor, said preparation being adapted for (a) the administration of parathyroid hormone during a period of approximately 6 to 24 months, preferably about 12 (or above 12) months to 24 months or about 12 (or above 12) months to 18 months, or more preferably about 18 months; and (b) after the administration of said parathyroid hormone has been terminated, the administration of a bone resoφtion inhibitor during a period of approximately 6 to 36 months, preferably about 12 to 36 months or about 12 to 18 months, or more preferably about 12 months.
This sequence of treatments can be repeated at intervals of one to five years, until BMD has reached a value corresponding to "young normal mean". Preferably, the interval between treatments coincides with the period of one treatment cycle, i.e. 12 to 60 months, preferably 24 to 60 months or 24 to 42 months, or more preferably 30 to 36 months.
The term "parathyroid hormone" (PTH) encompasses naturally occurring human PTH, as well as synthetic or recombinant PTH (rPTH).
Further, the term "parathyroid hormone" encompasses full-length PTH(l-84) as well as PTH fragments. It will thus be understood that fragments of PTH variants, in amounts giving equivalent biological activity to PTH(l-84), can be incoφorated in the formulations according to the invention, if desired. Fragments of PTH incoφorate at least the amino acid residues of PTH necessary for a biological activity similar to that of intact PTH. Examples of such fragments are PTH(1-31), PTH(l-34), PTH(l-36), PTH(l-37), PTH(l-38), PTH(1- 41), PTH(28-48) and PTH(25-39). The term "parathyroid hormone" also encompasses variants and functional analogues of PTH. The present invention thus includes pharmaceutical formulations comprising such PTH variants and functional analogues, carrying modifications like substitutions, deletions, insertions, inversions or cyclisations, but nevertheless having substantially the biological activities of parathyroid hormone. Stability-enhanced variants of PTH are known in the art from e.g. WO 92/11286 and WO 93/20203. Variants of PTH can e.g. incoφorate amino acid substitutions that improve PTH stability and half-life, such as the replacement of methionine residues at positions 8 and/or 18, and replacement of asparagine at position 16. Cyclized PTH analogues are disclosed in e.g. WO 98/05683.
Consequently, the invention includes a preparation as described above wherein the said parathyroid hormone is selected from the group consisting of: (a) full-length parathyroid hormone; (b) biologically active variants of full-length parathyroid hormone;
(c) biologically active parathyroid hormone fragments; and
(d) biologically active variants of parathyroid hormone fragments.
In this context, the term "biologically active" should be understood as eliciting a sufficient response in a bioassay for PTH activity, such as the rat osteosarcoma cell-based assay for PTH-stimulated adenylate cyclase production (see Rodan et al. (1983) J. Clin. Invest. 72, 1511; and Rabbani et al. (1988) Endocrinol. 123, 2709).
The PTH to be used in the pharmaceutical preparation according to the invention is preferably recombinant human PTH, such as full-length recombinant human PTH. Parathyroid hormone can be subcutaneously administered in an amount of approximately 0.1 to 5 μg/kg body weight, preferably 0.5 to 3 μg/kg, or more preferably 1 to 2.5 μg/kg body weight. Orally, nasally or pulmonary, PTH can be administered in an amount of 0.1 μg to 15 mg/kg.
The said bone resoφtion inhibitor can be a bisphosphonate, e.g. alendronate; or a substance with estrogen-like effect, e.g. estrogen; or a selective estrogen receptor modulator, e.g. raloxifene, tamoxifene, droloxifene, toremifene, idoxifene, or levormeloxifene; or a calcitonin-like substance, e.g. calcitonin; or a vitamin D analog; or a calcium salt.
The said bone resoφtion inhibitor is preferably administered in an amount of 0.05 to 500 mg, preferably around 10 mg.
In a further aspect, the invention provides the use of parathyroid hormone in combination with a bone resoφtion inhibitor in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of bone-related diseases, in particular osteoporosis, said medicament being adapted for (a) the administration of parathyroid hormone during a period of approximately 6 to 24 months; (b) after the administration of parathyroid hormone has been terminated, the administration of a bone resoφtion inhibitor during a period of approximately 12 to 36 months. The parathyroid hormone and the bone resoφtion inhibitor are as defined above.
In yet a further aspect, the invention provides a method of treatment or prevention of bone- related diseases, in particular osteoporosis, which comprises administering to a mammal, including man, in need of such treatment an effective amount of a pharmaceutical preparation as defined in the above. Consequently, such a method comprises administering to a mammal, including man, in need of such treatment (a) an effective amount of parathyroid hormone during a period of approximately 6 to 24 months; and (b) after the administration of parathyroid hormone has been terminated, an effective amount of a bone resoφtion inhibitor during a period of approximately 12 to 36 months.
The invention also includes a method of treatment or prevention of bone-related diseases which comprises administering, to a patient who has already been subject to treatment with parathyroid hormone during a period of approximately 6 to 24 months, after the administration of parathyroid hormone has been terminated, an effective amount of a bone resoφtion inhibitor during a period of approximately 12 to 36 months. EXAMPLE OF THE INVENTION
Postmenopausal females (n=172) with osteoporosis were given intact human PTH (1-84), as a subcutaneous injection, for one year in doses from 50 to 100 micrograms daily. It was shown that bone mineral density of the spine was increased in the lumbar spine, on the average by 8%. Increases in individual patients were considerably more than 10%. The changes of the femoral neck were smaller and ranged from 1 to 3 %.
When administration of PTH was interrupted, some patients (approximately 60) were given the bisphosphonate alendronate in a standard dose of 10 mg for one year. After the combined treatment, bone mineral density was further increased in that group of patients. The average gain in the femoral neck over the two years was 6% and of the lumbar spine 15%. Again, some individual responses were considerably larger and amounted to more than 25% in the spine.
These new observations demonstrate that it is possible to achieve an enhanced effect on bone mineral density with the sequential administration of PTH and bisphosphonates.

Claims

1. A combined pharmaceutical preparation comprising parathyroid hormone and a bone resoφtion inhibitor, said preparation being adapted for (a) the administration of parathyroid hormone during a period of approximately 6 to 24 months; and (b) after the administration of said parathyroid hormone has been terminated, the administration of a bone resoφtion inhibitor during a period of approximately 6 to 36 months.
2. A combined pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 1, adapted for said administration of parathyroid hormone for approximately 12 to 24 months.
3. A combined pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 2, adapted for said administration of parathyroid hormone for approximately 18 months.
4. A combined pharmaceutical preparation according to any one of claims 1 to 3, adapted for said administration of bone resoφtion inhibitor for approximately 12 to 36 months.
5. A combined pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 4, adapted for said administration of bone resoφtion inhibitor for approximately 12 to 18 months.
6. A combined pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 5, adapted for said administration of bone resoφtion inhibitor for approximately 12 months.
7. A preparation according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the said parathyroid hormone is selected from the group consisting of:
(a) full-length parathyroid hormone;
(b) biologically active variants of full-length parathyroid hormone;
(c) biologically active parathyroid hormone fragments; and
(d) biologically active variants of parathyroid hormone fragments.
8. A preparation according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the said bone resoφtion inhibitor is a bisphosphonate.
9. A preparation according to claim 8 wherein the said bisphosphonate is alendronate.
10. A preparation according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the said bone resoφtion inhibitor is a substance with estrogen-like effect.
1 1. A preparation according to claim 10 wherein the said substance with estrogen-like effect is estrogen.
12. A preparation according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the said bone resoφtion inhibitor is a selective estrogen receptor modulator.
13. A preparation according to claim 12 wherein the said selective estrogen receptor modulator is selected from the group consisting of raloxifene, tamoxifene, droloxifene, toremifene. idoxifene, or levormeloxifene
14. A preparation according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the said bone resoφtion inhibitor is a calcitonin-like substance.
15. A preparation according to claim 14 wherein the said calictonin-like substance is calcitonin.
16. A preparation according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the said bone resoφtion inhibitor is a vitamin D analog.
17. A preparation according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the said bone resoφtion inhibitor is a calcium salt.
18. Use of parathyroid hormone in combination with a bone resoφtion inhibitor in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of bone-related diseases, said medicament being adapted for (a) the administration of parathyroid hormone during a period of approximately 6 to 24 months; (b) after the administration of parathyroid hormone has been terminated, the administration of a bone resoφtion inhibitor during a period of approximately 12 to 36 months.
19. The use according to claim 18, wherein said medicament is adapted for administration of parathyroid hormone for approximately 12 to 24 months.
20. The use according to claim 19 wherein said medicament is adapted for administration of parathyroid hormone for approximately 18 months.
21. The use according to any one of claims 18 to 20, wherein said medicament is adapted for administration of bone resoφtion inhibitor for approximately 12 to 36 months.
22. The use according to claim 21, adapted for said administration of bone resoφtion inhibitor for approximately 12 to 18 months.
23. The use according to claim 22, adapted for said administration of bone resoφtion inhibitor for approximately 12 months.
24. The use according to any one of claims 18 to 23 wherein the said parathyroid hormone is selected from (a) full-length parathyroid hormone;
(b) biologically active variants of full-length parathyroid hormone;
(c) biologically active parathyroid hormone fragments; and
(d) biologically active variants of parathyroid hormone fragments.
25. The use according to any one of claims 18 to 24 wherein the said bone resoφtion inhibitor is as defined in any one of claims 8 to 17.
26. The use according to any one of claims 18 to 25 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of osteoporosis.
27. A method of treatment or prevention of bone -related diseases which comprises administering to a mammal, including man, in need of such treatment an effective amount of a pharmaceutical preparation according to any one of claims 1 to 17.
28. A method of treatment or prevention of bone-related diseases which comprises administering to a mammal, including man, in need of such treatment (a) an effective amount of parathyroid hormone during a period of approximately 6 to 24 months; and (b) after the administration of parathyroid hormone has been terminated, an effective amount of a bone resoφtion inhibitor during a period of approximately 6 to 36 months.
29. A method of treatment or prevention of bone-related diseases which comprises administering, to a patient who has already been subject to treatment with parathyroid hormone during a period of approximately 6 to 24 months, after the administration of parathyroid hormone has been terminated, an effective amount of a bone resoφtion inhibitor during a period of approximately 6 to 36 months.
30. A method of treatment or prevention of bone-related diseases according to any one of claims 27 to 29, adapted for said administration of parathyroid hormone for approximately 12 to 24 months.
31. A method of treatment or prevention of bone-related diseases according to claim 30, adapted for said administration of parathyroid hormone for approximately 18 months.
32. A method of treatment or prevention of bone-related diseases according to any one of claims 27 to 31, adapted for said administration of bone resoφtion inhibitor for approximately 12 to 36 months.
33. A method of treatment or prevention of bone-related diseases according to claim 32, adapted for said administration of bone resoφtion inhibitor for approximately 12 to 18 months.
34. A method of treatment or prevention of bone-related diseases according to claim 33, adapted for said administration of bone resoφtion inhibitor for approximately 12 months.
35. The method according to any one of claims 27 to 34 wherein the said parathyroid hormone is selected from
(a) full-length parathyroid hormone;
(b) biologically active variants of full-length parathyroid hormone;
(c) biologically active parathyroid hormone fragments; and (d) biologically active variants of parathyroid hormone fragments.
36. The method according to any one of claims 27 to 35 wherein the said bone resoφtion inhibitor is as defined in any one of claims 8 to 17.
37. The method according to any one of claims 27 to 36 for the treatment of osteoporosis.
PCT/SE1998/001095 1997-06-19 1998-06-08 A combined pharmaceutical preparation comprising parathyroid hormone and a bone resorption inhibitor WO1998057656A1 (en)

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EP98929965A EP1001802B1 (en) 1997-06-19 1998-06-08 A combined pharmaceutical preparation comprising parathyroid hormone and a bone resorption inhibitor
DE69826132T DE69826132T2 (en) 1997-06-19 1998-06-08 PHARMACEUTICAL COMBINATION PREPARATION FROM PARATHORMONE AND AN INHIBITOR OF BONE RESORPTION
AT98929965T ATE275419T1 (en) 1997-06-19 1998-06-08 PHARMACEUTICAL COMBINATION PREPARATION OF PARATHORMONE AND A BONE RESORPTION INHIBITOR
AU79458/98A AU753477B2 (en) 1997-06-19 1998-06-08 A combined pharmaceutical preparation comprising parathyroid hormone and a bone resorption inhibitor
JP50425999A JP4989811B2 (en) 1997-06-19 1998-06-08 Combined pharmaceutical preparation containing parathyroid hormone and bone resorption inhibitor
US09/125,247 US6284730B1 (en) 1997-06-19 1998-06-08 Methods useful in the treatment of bone resorption diseases
DK98929965T DK1001802T3 (en) 1997-06-19 1998-06-08 Pharmaceutical combination drug of parathyroid hormone and a bone resorption inhibitor
CA2294101A CA2294101C (en) 1997-06-19 1998-06-08 A combined pharmaceutical preparation comprising parathyroid hormone and a bone resorption inhibitor
HK00107524A HK1029738A1 (en) 1997-06-19 2000-11-23 A combined pharmaceutical preparation comprising parathyroid hormone and a bone resorption inhibitor.
US10/389,797 US7018982B2 (en) 1997-06-19 2003-03-18 Methods useful in the treatment of bone resorption diseases
US11/305,339 US7507715B2 (en) 1997-06-19 2005-12-19 Methods useful in the treatment of bone resorption diseases
US12/351,558 US7749543B2 (en) 1997-06-19 2009-01-09 Methods useful in the treatment of bone resorption diseases
US12/822,089 US8153588B2 (en) 1997-06-19 2010-06-23 Methods useful in the treatment of bone resorption diseases
US13/405,093 US8765674B2 (en) 1997-06-19 2012-02-24 Methods useful in the treatment of bone resorption diseases
US14/285,437 US20140256632A1 (en) 1997-06-19 2014-05-22 Methods useful in the treatment of bone resorption diseases

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